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Horak I, Horn S, Pieters R. The benefit of using in vitro bioassays to screen agricultural samples for oxidative stress: South Africa's case. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:689-710. [PMID: 37814453 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2264739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Applied pesticides end up in non-target environments as complex mixtures. When bioavailable, these chemicals pose a threat to living organisms and can induce oxidative stress (OS). In this article, attention is paid to OS and the physiological role of the antioxidant defense system. South African and international literature was reviewed to provide extensive evidence of pesticide-induced OS in non-target organisms, in vivo and in vitro. Although in vitro approaches are used internationally, South African studies have only used in vivo methods. Considering ethical implications, the authors support the use of in vitro bioassays to screen environmental matrices for their OS potential. Since OS responses are initiated and measurable at lower cellular concentrations compared to other toxicity endpoints, in vitro OS bioassays could be used as an early warning sign for the presence of chemical mixtures in non-target environments. Areas of concern in the country could be identified and prioritized without using animal models. The authors conclude that it will be worthwhile for South Africa to include in vitro OS bioassays as part of a battery of tests to screen environmental matrices for biological effects. This will facilitate the development and implementation of biomonitoring programs to safeguard the South African environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilzé Horak
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suranie Horn
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Odetti LM, González ECL, Siroski PA, Simoniello MF, Poletta GL. How the exposure to environmentally relevant pesticide formulations affects the expression of stress response genes and its relation to oxidative damage and genotoxicity in Caiman latirostris. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104014. [PMID: 36375727 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the molecular stress responses thought the expression levels of catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes, and how these relate with cellular stress response considering oxidative damage to lipids, DNA and genotoxicity in blood of Caiman latirostris hatchlings exposed to pesticide formulations under ex situ conditions. Treatments were: negative control (NC-tap water), glyphosate 2% (GLY), cypermethrin 0.12% (CYP), chlorpyrifos 0.8% (CPF), and their ternary mixture (Mx3). The concentrations and schedule of application were those recommended in soybean crops. Soil and water showed pesticides residues in all exposed groups. Results showed a statistically significant increase in the micronucleus frequency and DNA damage, with an important oxidation in all exposed groups. The expression level of cat gene was significantly higher in CYP while the expression of hsp70 was significantly lower in GLY, CYP and Mx3, compared to NC. Pesticides tested showed alterations in expression levels, growth parameters, DNA damage and base oxidation under realistic exposure conditions, and can threaten, in the long term, the health status of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Odetti
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Evelyn C López González
- Lab. de Ecología Molecular Aplicada (LEMA) - Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral-UNL, CONICET), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; Proyecto Yacaré (MAyCC, Gob. Sta. Fe), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Siroski
- Lab. de Ecología Molecular Aplicada (LEMA) - Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral-UNL, CONICET), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; Proyecto Yacaré (MAyCC, Gob. Sta. Fe), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ma Fernanda Simoniello
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gisela L Poletta
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; Proyecto Yacaré (MAyCC, Gob. Sta. Fe), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Odetti LM, Simoniello MF, Poletta GL. Alterations in the Expression of Antioxidant Enzyme Genes in Response to Pesticide Exposure During Embryonic Development in the Native Reptile Species Caiman latirostris. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 110:3. [PMID: 36484838 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the expression levels of Catalase (cat) and copper, zinc Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-sod) genes involved in the antioxidant response in Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) blood, after embryonic exposure to the formulations cypermethrin (CYP), chlorpyrifos (CPF), glyphosate (GLY), and their binary and ternary mixtures. Experimental groups were: negative control (NC-distilled water), vehicle control (VC-ethanol), GLY-2%, CYP- 0.12%, CPF- 0.8%, a ternary mixture of them (TM), and three binary mixtures. The applications were made on the nest material in contact with the eggs at the beginning of the incubation period. After hatching, RNA was isolated from blood and expression levels analyzed through qPCR. The results showed downregulation in the expression of sod and cat genes in the three binary mixtures studied, compared to the controls. In addition, we found a possible antagonistic effect between different pesticides in the TM on the expression of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Odetti
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria - Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina.
| | - M F Simoniello
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria - Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G L Poletta
- Cát. Toxicol. y Bioq. Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria - Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000), Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré- Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Mendonça JDS, Hirano LQL, Santos ALQ, de Melo E Silva D, de Castro Pereira C, Costa MS, de Lima PN, Araújo APDC, Malafaia G, Ambrósio IS, de Moura Bife Castilho L, Dos Santos ALR, de Faria AM, de Andrade DV, Vieira LG. The exposure in ovo of embryos belonging to Amazonian turtle species Podocnemis expansa (Testudines) to commercial glyphosate and fipronil formulations impairs their growth and changes their skeletal development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156709. [PMID: 35718176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production; moreover, they can have direct and indirect effect on both flora and fauna. Aquatic organisms, among other animals, including reptiles, are mainly susceptible to contamination effects. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that the incubation of Podocnemis expansa eggs in substrate added with glyphosate and fipronil formulations changes their viability, interferes with their growth and induces bone alterations. Eggs collected in natural environment were artificially incubated in sand moistened with water added with glyphosate Atar 48, at concentrations of 65 or 6500 μg/L (groups G1 and G2, respectively), and with fipronil Regent 800 WG at 4 or 400 μg/L (groups F1 and F2, respectively) or, yet, with the combination of 65 μg/L glyphosate and 4 μg/L fipronil, or with 6500 μg/L glyphosate and 400 μg/L fipronil (groups GF1 and GF2, respectively). The level of exposure to the herein assessed pesticides was quantified at the end of the incubation period; it was done by dosing its concentration in eggshells. Eggs exposed to the tested pesticides did not have their viability affected by it; however, all embryos exposed to the tested pesticides showed lowered body mass at hatch, as well as impaired development. In addition, bone malformation in the scleral ossicular ring was observed in individuals in groups F1, F2 and GF1. Pesticides accumulated in eggshells at concentrations related to exposure level. Thus, the recorded results have evidenced some remarkably relevant, and previously unknown, impacts associated with the exposure of a species listed as lower risk/conservation dependent, which spends most of its life in the water, to two widely used pesticides, at a very sensitive stage of its life, namely: egg incubation on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Castro Pereira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos Costa
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Phâmella Neres de Lima
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Amplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Amplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Instituição Federal Goiano e Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Sayuri Ambrósio
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Lais de Moura Bife Castilho
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Denis Vieira de Andrade
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Telahigue K, Rabeh I, Mhadhbi L, Nechi S, Chelbi E, Ben Ali M, Hedfi A, Al-Harbi MS, Hajji T. Glyphosate exposure modulates lipid composition, histo-architecture and oxidative stress status and induces neurotoxicity in the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105099. [PMID: 35715038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most sprayed pesticide across the globe. Its toxicity to non-target marine organisms has recently piqued the scientific community's interest. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the potentially toxic effects of glyphosate on scallops, an ecologically and economically important bivalve group. To do that, specimens of the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber were exposed to different concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 μg L-1) of the technical-grade glyphosate acid (GLY) for 96 h. The detrimental effects of this pollutant were assayed at cellular and tissular levels. The obtained results showed that the GLY was able to induce oxidative stress in the gills and the digestive gland of F. glaber as revealed by the enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), protein carbonyls (PCO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid peroxides (LOOH) levels and the altered antioxidant defense system (the glutathione GSH content and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity). Additionally, GLY was found to alter the fatty acid profile, to exert a neurotoxic effect through the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and to provoke several histopathological damages in the two organs studied. The obtained results revealed that the pure form of GLY may exert toxic effects on F. glaber even at relatively low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Telahigue
- Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms (LR18ES41), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Rabeh
- Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms (LR18ES41), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Mhadhbi
- Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms (LR18ES41), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Nechi
- Anatomy and Cytology Service, CHU Mohamed Taher Maamouri hospital, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Chelbi
- Anatomy and Cytology Service, CHU Mohamed Taher Maamouri hospital, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amor Hedfi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S Al-Harbi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Hajji
- Lab. Of Biotechnology and Valorization fo Bio-GeResources (LR11ES31), Higher Institute of Biotechnology - Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University Manouba, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
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Tarboush NA, Almomani DH, Khabour OF, Azzam MI. Genotoxicity of Glyphosate on Cultured Human Lymphocytes. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:126-131. [PMID: 35240877 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211073514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most used herbicides in the world. Despite being widely used, a dispute exists whether glyphosate-based herbicides have a negative effect on human health, particularly genotoxic effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate glyphosate genotoxicity on cultured human lymphocytes. Cultured human lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations of glyphosate (20, 40, and 200 µmol/L). Four toxicity measures were examined: frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), production of 8-OHdG, and cell kinetics analysis. The results show that glyphosate induced significant (P < 0.05) increases in the levels of SCE at the highest used concentration (200 μmol/L). However, no significant elevation in SCE levels was observed at the lower examined concentrations (20 and 40 μmol/L). No significant changes in CA were detected at all examined concentrations (P = 0.86). Also, glyphosate did not induce changes to the normal level of 8-OHdG at all examined concentrations (P = 0.98). Last, no significant changes in either mitotic index or proliferative index were observed at any examined concentrations (P > 0.05). The results collectively indicate a lack of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of glyphosate in cultured human lymphocytes when dealing with environmentally relevant concentrations (20 and 40 μmol/L). However, being exposed to higher concentrations (200 μmol/L) led to slightly higher level of SCE. Therefore, we recommend cautionary measures when dealing with glyphosate-based herbicides for individuals, such as farmers, who may be extensively exposed to high concentrations of these herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duaa H Almomani
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, 37251Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, 37251Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muayad I Azzam
- School of Medicine, 54658The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Lanzarin G, Venâncio C, Félix LM, Monteiro S. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Effects in Zebrafish Larvae after Rapid Exposure to a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121784. [PMID: 34944599 PMCID: PMC8698920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most used herbicides in the world, carrying potentially adverse consequences to the environment and non-target species due to their massive and inadequate use. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to a commercial formulation of glyphosate, Roundup® Flex (RF), at environmentally relevant and higher concentrations in zebrafish larvae through the assessment of the inflammatory, oxidative stress and cell death response. Transgenic Tg(mpxGFP)i114 and wild-type (WT) zebrafish larvae (72 h post-fertilisation) were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 µg mL-1 of RF (based on the active ingredient concentration) for 4 h 30 min. A concentration of 2.5 µg mL-1 CuSO4 was used as a positive control. Copper sulphate exposure showed effectiveness in enhancing the inflammatory profile by increasing the number of neutrophils, nitric oxide (NO) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell death. None of the RF concentrations tested showed changes in the number of neutrophils and NO. However, the concentration of 10 µg a.i. mL-1 was able to induce an increase in ROS levels and cell death. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), the biotransformation activity, the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione, lipid peroxidation (LPO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were similar among groups. Overall, the evidence may suggest toxicological effects are dependent on the concentration of RF, although at concentrations that are not routinely detected in the environment. Additional studies are needed to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Lanzarin
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (L.M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular (IBMC), University of Porto (UP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (L.M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Sandra Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (L.M.F.); (S.M.)
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Guimarães ATB, Malafaia G. Multiple toxicity endpoints induced by carbon nanofibers in Amazon turtle juveniles: Outspreading warns about toxicological risks to reptiles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146514. [PMID: 34030253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNs) has been observed in different organisms; however, little is known about the impact of water polluted with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on reptiles. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the chronic effects (7.5 months) of 1 and 10 mg/L of CNF on Podocnemis expansa (Amazon turtle) juveniles (4 months old) based on different biomarkers. Increased total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations observed in the liver and brain (which suggests CNF uptake) were closely correlated to changes in REDOX systems of turtles exposed to CNFs, mainly to higher nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels. Increased levels of antioxidants such as total glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the exposed animals were also observed. The uptake of CNFs and the observed biochemical changes were associated with higher frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (assessed through micronucleus assays), as well as with both damage in erythrocyte DNA (assessed through comet assays) and higher apoptosis and necrosis rates in erythrocytes of exposed turtles. Cerebral and hepatic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) increased in turtles exposed to CNFs, and this finding suggested the neurotoxic effect of these nanomaterials. Data in the current study reinforced the toxic potential of CNFs and evidenced the biochemical, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, and neurotoxic effects of CNFs on P. expansa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institute and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institute and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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9
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Masood MI, Hauke NT, Nasim MJ, Sarfraz M, Naseem M, Schäfer KH. Neural stem cell-based in vitro bioassay for the assessment of neurotoxic potential of water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:72-86. [PMID: 33334539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture activities, industrialization and growing numbers of wastewater treatment plants along river banks collectively contribute to the elevated levels of neurotoxic pollutants in natural water reservoirs across Europe. We established an in vitro bioassay based upon neural stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of raw wastewater, treated sewage effluent, groundwater and drinking water. The toxic potential of water samples was evaluated employing viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration assays. We found that raw wastewater could reduce the viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and decreased the neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, neuronal neurite growth, astrocyte growth and cell migration. Treated sewage water also showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration. Our results indicated that relatively high concentrations of nitrogenous substances, pesticides, mercuric compounds, bisphenol-A, and phthalates, along with some other pollutants in raw wastewater and treated sewage water, might be the reason for the neuroinhibitory effects of these water samples. Our model successfully predicted the neurotoxicity of water samples collected from different sources and also revealed that the incomplete removal of contaminants from wastewater can be problematic for the developing nervous system. The presented data also provides strong evidence that more effective treatments should be used to minimize the contamination of water before release into major water bodies which may be considered as water reservoirs for human usage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Natalie Tamara Hauke
- Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Abwasserverband Bergstrasse, Altau 10, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany.
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10
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Masood MI, Naseem M, Warda SA, Tapia-Laliena MÁ, Rehman HU, Nasim MJ, Schäfer KH. Environment permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water can influence the fate of neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116179. [PMID: 33348142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The developing nervous system is highly vulnerable to environmental toxicants especially pesticides. Glyphosate pesticide induces neurotoxicity both in humans and rodents, but so far only when exposed to higher concentrations. A few studies, however, have also reported the risk of general toxicity of glyphosate at concentrations comparable to allowable limits set up by environmental protection authorities. In vitro data regarding glyphosate neurotoxicity at concentrations comparable to maximum permissible concentrations in drinking water is lacking. In the present study, we established an in vitro assay based upon neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to decipher the effects of two maximum permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water on the basic neurogenesis processes. Our results demonstrated that maximum permissible concentrations of glyphosate recognized by environmental protection authorities significantly reduced the cell migration and differentiation of NSCs as demonstrated by the downregulation of the expression levels of the neuronal ß-tubulin III and the astrocytic S100B genes. The expression of the cytoprotective gene CYP1A1 was downregulated whilst the expression of oxidative stresses indicator gene SOD1 was upregulated. The concentration comparable to non-toxic human plasma concentration significantly induced cytotoxicity and activated Ca2+ signalling in the differentiated culture. Our findings demonstrated that the permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water recognized by environmental protection authorities are capable of inducing neurotoxicity in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany; Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87550, Pakistan
| | - Salam A Warda
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany
| | | | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany; Department of Pediatric Surgery Mannheim, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
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11
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Refaie AA, Ramadan A, Sabry NM, Khalil WKB, Mossa ATH. Over-gene expression in the apoptotic, oxidative damage and liver injure in female rats exposed to butralin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31383-31393. [PMID: 32488703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study is the first report for studying the toxic effects of butralin herbicide on COX2, BAX, and Bcl2 gene expression, oxidative stress, and liver damage in female rats. Female rats were received butralin in drinking water for 28 days at concentration 4.16, 312, and 3120 mg/L that corresponded to the acceptable daily intake (ADI), no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and 10 NOAEL, respectively. Butralin decreased body weights and increased relative liver weight of female rats exposed to high dose. It caused significant elevation in liver function enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzymes were decreased in liver tissue by increasing the dose. Butralin induced over-expression in the apoptotic related genes including COX2, BAX, and Bcl2 and pathological alteration in the liver of female rats especially at a high dose. It can be concluded that butralin induced oxidative damage and liver injure. The mechanism of damage could be due to generate reactive oxygen species, and increase lipid peroxidation that causes over-expression in the apoptotic related genes including COX2, BAX, and Bcl2. From the Benchmark dose (BMD) approach, there is dose-dependent manner in body weight, AST, ALT, and ALP, and ALT is a very sensitive parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel A Refaie
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Ramadan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nevien M Sabry
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre (NRC), P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K B Khalil
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre (NRC), P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Tawab H Mossa
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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12
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Caiati C, Pollice P, Favale S, Lepera ME. The Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Apparently Controversial Effect on Human Health: An Updated Clinical Perspective. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:489-505. [PMID: 31613732 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191015191614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate (G) is the most common weed-killer in the world. Every year tons and tons of G are applied on crop fields. G was first introduced in the mid 1970s and since then its usage has gradually increased to reach a peak since 2005. Now G usage is approximately 100 -fold what it was in 1970. Its impact on human health was considered benign at the beginning. But over the years, evidence of a pervasive negative effect of this pesticide on humans has been mounting. Nonetheless, G usage is allowed by government health control agencies (both in the United States and Europe), that rely upon the evidence produced by the G producer. However, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 2015 has stated that G is probable carcinogenic (class 2A), the second highest class in terms of risk. OBJECTIVE In this review, we explore the effect of G on human health, focusing in particular on more recent knowledge. RESULTS We have attempted to untangle the controversy about the dangers of the product for human beings in view of a very recent development, when the so -called Monsanto Papers, consisting of Emails and memos from Monsanto came to light, revealing a coordinated strategy to manipulate the debate about the safety of glyphosate to the company's advantage. CONCLUSION The story of G is a recurrent one (see the tobacco story), that seriously jeopardizes the credibility of the scientific study in the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Caiati
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Pollice
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Erminio Lepera
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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13
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Hirano LQL, Alves LDS, Menezes-Reis LT, Mendonça JDS, Simões K, Santos ALQ, Vieira LG. Effects of egg exposure to atrazine and/or glyphosate on bone development in Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines, Podocnemididae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109400. [PMID: 31276883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate skeletal changes in Podocnemis unifilis embryos derived from artificially incubated eggs exposed to different concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate or atrazine and glyphosate mixture. Forty-two eggs were randomly allocated to one of seven trays containing vermiculite treated distilled water (control group) or the following solutions: 2 or 200 μg L-1 of atrazine (groups A1 and A2 respectively); 65 or 6500 μg L-1 of glyphosate (groups G1 and G2 respectively); 2 μg L-1 and 65 μg L-1 or 200 μg L-1 and 6500 μg L-1 of atrazine and glyphosate mixture (groups AG1 and AG2 respectively). Three eggs per tray were randomly collected on days 30 and 50 of the incubation period. Embryos were submitted to soft tissue diaphanization and stained with Alizarin red S or Alcian blue for morphological analysis of bone and cartilage tissues; histological analysis was performed to confirm ossification changes. Findings were compared between groups. Morphological changes were limited to sclerotic ring features and number of ribs. Malformations rates differed significantly (p < 0.05) between embryos in the control and treated groups A2, AG1 and AG2. Concurrent exposure to atrazine and glyphosate did not affect the presence or severity of embryonic malformations and was not associated with appendicular skeleton changes in P. unifilis embryos. However, further studies focusing on the axial skeleton with particular emphasis on rib abnormalities are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karina Simões
- (b)Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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14
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Córdova López AM, Sarmento RA, de Souza Saraiva A, Pereira RR, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Exposure to Roundup® affects behaviour, head regeneration and reproduction of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:453-461. [PMID: 31030151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand of glyphosate-based herbicides including Roundup® is rising in the tropics due to increase occurence of glyphosate-resistant weeds that require higher herbicide application rates but also because of their use associated with genetically engineered, glyphosate-tolerant crops. Consequently, there is now an excessive use of glyphosate in agricultural areas with potential adverse effects also for the surrounding aquatic environments. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina to acute and chronic exposures of Roundup®. Planarians were exposed to a range of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Roundup® to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) concerning its active ingredient glyphosate and also effects on locomotor velocity (pLMV), feeding rate, regeneration, reproductive parameters and morphological abnormalities. Regeneration endpoints included length of blastema and time for photoreceptors and auricles regeneration after decapitation, while effects on reproduction were assessed measuring fecundity (number of deposited cocoons) and fertility (number of hatchlings) over five weeks of exposure to glyphosate. The estimated 48 h LC50 of was 35.94 mg glyphosate/L. Dose dependent effects were observed for feeding, locomotion and regeneration endpoints with Lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values as low as 3.75 mg glyphosate/L. Chronic exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate significantly impaired fecundity and fertility rates of exposed planarians (median effective concentration, EC50 = 1.6 mg glyphosate/L for fecundity and fertility rates). Our results show deleterious effects of Roundup® on regeneration, behavior and reproduction of freshwater planarians and add important ecotoxicological data towards the environmental risk assessment of glyphosate-based herbicide in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Córdova López
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil; ICEMR Amazonia Laboratory and Emerging Diseases - Iquitos Headquarters, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, campus Campos Belos, 73840-000 Campos Belos, GO, Brazil
| | - Renata Ramos Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Verderame M, Scudiero R. How Glyphosate Impairs Liver Condition in the Field Lizard Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810): Histological and Molecular Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4746283. [PMID: 31218226 PMCID: PMC6536989 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4746283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of glyphosate, a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide, is currently a great matter of debate. As vertebrate insectivores, lizards protect plants from herbivorous insects increasing plant biomass via the trophic cascade and represent an important link between invertebrates and higher predators. A negative effect of glyphosate on lizards' survival could have major impacts at the ecological levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of the exposure to low doses of glyphosate on the liver of the wall lizard Podarcis siculus, a suitable bioindicator of soil pollution. Two different doses of pure glyphosate (0.05 and 0.5 μg/kg body weight) were orally administered every other day for 3 weeks to sexually mature males and females. The results demonstrated that both doses, despite being very low, are toxic for the liver that showed clear signs of suffering, regardless of sex. The histological analysis provided a scenario of severe hepatic condition, which degenerated until the appearance of fibrotic formations. The morphological observations were consistent with a loss of liver physiological functions. Immunocytochemical investigations allowed us to detect an involvement of antioxidant/cytoprotective proteins, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn SOD, known as SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), metallothionein (MT), and tumor suppressor protein 53, (p53) suggesting that the liver was trying to react against stress signals and damage induced by glyphosate. Finally, in situ hybridization and Real-Time PCR analysis showed the upregulation of estrogen receptor α and vitellogenin gene expression, thus demonstrating the xenoestrogenic action of glyphosate. The imbalance of the hormonal homeostasis could threaten the lizards' reproductive fitness and survival, altering the trophic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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16
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Madison JD, Austin S, Davis DR, Kerby JL. Bacterial Microbiota Response inGraptemys pseudogeographicato Captivity and Roundup®Exposure. COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-18-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Burella PM, Odetti LM, Simoniello MF, Poletta GL. Oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in Caiman latirostris (Broad-snouted caiman) exposed in ovo to pesticide formulations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:437-443. [PMID: 29908455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface used for agricultural production in Argentina significantly increased in recent years, mainly due to the expansion of soybean crops. As a result, the use of agrochemicals increased too. Many natural populations of Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) are affected by habitat fragmentation and the constant exposure to pesticides. This exposure could produce Reactive Oxygen Species. The negative imbalance between ROS generation and the capacity of the biological systems to eliminate the reactive intermediaries or avoid the damage is called Oxidative Stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in C. latirostris hatchlings after in ovo exposure to widely used pesticide formulations. Embryos were exposed by topical exposure on the eggshell, from the beginning of incubation period, to sub-lethal concentrations of two glyphosate formulations: PanzerGold® (PANZ) and Roundup® Full II (RU): 500, 750, 1000 μg/egg; to the endosulfan (END) formulation Galgofan® and the cypermethrin (CYP) formulation Atanor®: 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/ egg. Blood samples were taken to all animals immediately after hatching for the application and comparison of the following oxidative stress biomarkers between the exposed groups and their respective controls: lipoperoxidation through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), DNA base oxidation through the modified comet assay, and the activities of Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes. Our results showed lipoperoxidation in caiman exposed to END (10, 100, 1000 µg/egg), CYP (1, 10, 1000 µg/egg), RU (500, 1000 µg/egg) and PANZ (500, 1000 µg/egg), DNA base oxidation in those exposed to END (10, 100, 1000 µg/egg), CYP (1, 10 µg/egg) and PANZ (500, 750 µg/egg) as well as alteration in the activity of SOD in END 1 µg/egg and CYP (10, 1000 µg/egg). This study demonstrated the incidence of oxidative stress in animals exposed to pesticide formulations widely used in agricultural activity associated mainly with soybean crops, and add further information to that previously reported about pesticide effects in this native reptile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Burella
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 C1425FQB, CABA, Argentina
| | - L M Odetti
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 C1425FQB, CABA, Argentina
| | - M F Simoniello
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G L Poletta
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Proyecto Yacaré'' Lab. Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MMA), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 C1425FQB, CABA, Argentina.
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