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Li J, Lu Y, Chen H, Zheng D, Yang Q, Campos LC. Synthetic musks in the natural environment: Sources, occurrence, concentration, and fate-A review of recent developments (2010-2023). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171344. [PMID: 38432391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) have served as cost-effective substitutes for natural musk compounds in personal care and daily chemical products for decades. Their widespread use has led to their detection in various environmental matrices, raising concerns about potential risks. Despite numerous studies on SM levels in different natural environments, a systematic review of their contemporary presence is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by summarising recent research developments on SMs in diverse natural environments, including river water, lake water, seawater, estuarine water, groundwater, snow, meltwater, sediments, aquatic suspended matter, soils, sands, outdoor air, and atmospheric particulate matter. Covering the period from 2010 to 2023, the review focuses on four SM categories: nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic. It systematically examines their sources, occurrences, concentrations, spatial and temporal variations, and fate. The literature reveals widespread detection of SMs in the natural environment (freshwater and sediments in particular), with polycyclic musks being the most studied group. Both direct (e.g., wastewater discharges) and indirect (e.g., human recreational activities) sources contribute to SM presence. Levels of SMs vary greatly among studies with higher levels observed in certain regions, such as sediments in Southeast Asia. Spatial and temporal variations are also evident. The fate of SMs in the environment depends on their physicochemical properties and environmental processes, including bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, adsorption, phase exchange, hydro-dilution effects. Biodegradation and photodegradation can decrease SM levels, but may produce more persistent and eco-toxic products. Modelling approaches have been employed to analyse SM fate, especially for indirect processes like photodegradation or long-distance atmospheric transport. Future studies should further investigate the complex fate if SMs and their environmental influence. This review enhances understanding of SM status in the natural environment and supports efforts to control environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA
| | - Huanfa Chen
- Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Duan Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Qinlin Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Centre for Urban Sustainability and Resilience, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Liu YE, Luo XJ, Huang CC, Lu Q, Wang S, Mai BX. Insights into the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological implications of organophosphate triesters in surface sediments from polluted urban rivers across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170108. [PMID: 38232851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) are a kind of widespread contaminants in the world, particularly in China, which is a major producer and user of tri-OPEs. However, tri-OPE pollution in urban river sediments in China remains unclear. In current work, we carried out the first nationwide investigation to comprehensively monitor 10 conventional and five emerging tri-OPEs in sediments of 173 black-odorous urban rivers throughout China. Concentrations of 10 conventional and five emerging tri-OPEs were 3.8-1240 ng/g dw (mean: 253 ng/g dw) and 0.21-1107 ng/g dw (68 ng/g dw), respectively, and significantly differed among the cities sampled but generally decreased from Northeast and East China to Central and West China. These spatial patterns suggest that tri-OPE pollution was mainly from local sources and was controlled by the industrial and economic development levels in these four areas, as indicated by the significant correlations between tri-OPE concentrations and gross domestic production, gross industrial output, and daily wastewater treatment capacity. Although the tri-OPE composition varied spatially at different sites, which indicated different tri-OPE input patterns, it was commonly dominated by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (conventional tri-OPEs) and bisphenol A-bis(diphenyl phosphate) and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (emerging tri-OPEs). A risk assessment indicated that tri-OPEs in most sampling sediments had a low to moderate risk to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-E Liu
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chen-Chen Huang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tasselli S, Rogora M, Orrù A, Guzzella L. Behaviour of synthetic musk fragrances in freshwaters: occurrence, relations with environmental parameters, and preliminary risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109643-109658. [PMID: 37777704 PMCID: PMC10622367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the presence, possible sources, and potential ecological risks of synthetic musk fragrances in freshwaters and sediments of the main tributaries of a deep subalpine lake in Northern Italy. The total musk concentrations ranged from few ng L-1 up to values > 500 ng L-1, depending on river characteristics: water flow and the presence of wastewater effluents proved to be the main factors affecting fragrance concentrations. The water flow may indeed dilute fragrance input mainly deriving from treated wastewaters. Good correlations (determination coefficients > 0.60) between synthetic fragrances concentrations and parameters related to anthropogenic impacts confirmed this hypothesis: synthetic fragrances were mainly detected in most polluted rivers crossing urbanized areas. Sediment analysis highlighted accumulation of fragrances in this matrix. Concentrations of synthetic fragrances up to 329 ng g-1 organic carbon were measured in sediments of the most contaminated rivers Boesio and Bardello, which also show the highest nutrient content. The preliminary environmental risk assessment revealed that present levels of synthetic musk fragrances do not pose any risk to the studied environmental compartments. However, a probable medium risk level was evidenced during the dry season in the most contaminated rivers Boesio and Bardello. For these reasons, small rivers draining urbanized watersheds and affected by wastewater effluents should be considered synthetic musk contamination hotspots that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tasselli
- National Research Council - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), Via del Mulino 19, 20861, Brugherio, (MB), Italy.
| | - Michela Rogora
- National Research Council - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), L.Go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, (VB), Italy
| | - Arianna Orrù
- National Research Council - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), L.Go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, (VB), Italy
| | - Licia Guzzella
- National Research Council - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), Via del Mulino 19, 20861, Brugherio, (MB), Italy
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Wang T, Zou H, Li D, Gao J, Bu Q, Wang Z. Global distribution and ecological risk assessment of synthetic musks in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121893. [PMID: 37245793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks, as an alternative product of natural musks, are widely used in almost all fragrances of consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics and detergents. During the past few decades, the production of synthetic musks has been increasing year by year, subsequently followed by large concern about their adverse effects on ecosystems and human beings. Until now, several studies have reviewed the latest development of analytical methods of synthetic musks in biological samples and cosmetics products, while there is still lack of a systematic analysis of their global distribution in different environmental media. Thus, this review summarizes the occurrence of synthetic musks in the environment including biota around the world and explores their global distribution patterns. The results show that galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) are generally the most frequently detected synthetic musks in different samples with HHCB and AHTN being predominant. Higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN are normally found in western countries compared to Asian countries, indicating more consumptions of these musks in western countries. The persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of synthetic musks (mainly for polycyclic musks and nitro musks) are also discussed. The risk quotients (RQs) of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK in most waters and sediments are below 0.1, reflecting a low risk to aqueous and sediment-dwelling species. In some sites, e.g., close to STPs, high risks (RQs>1) are characterized. Currently, limited data are available for macrocyclic musks and alicyclic musks in terms of either occurrence or PBT properties. More studies with an expanded scope of chemical type, geographical distribution and (synergic) toxicological effects especially from a long-term point of view are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Zeng X, Hu Q, Zhang J, Song Q, Xu L, Liang Y, Wu Y, Yu Z. Regional Distribution of Atmospheric Organophosphate Tri-/Diesters in the Pearl River Delta: Possible Emission, Photo-degradation, and Atmospheric Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4415-4423. [PMID: 36883959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The regional characteristics of atmospheric organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were investigated by passive air samplers mounting quartz fiber filters. The analytes were found on a regional scale. Atmospheric OPEs, semi-quantified using sampling rates of particulate-bonded PAHs, were in the range of 537-2852 pg/m3 in spring and in the range of 106-2055 pg/m3 in summer, with tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate as the main components. While atmospheric Di-OPs were semi-quantified using sampling rates of SO42-, in the range of 22.5-5576 pg/m3 in spring and in the range of 66.9-1019 pg/m3 in summer, with di-n-butyl phosphate and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) being the main Di-OPs. Our results indicated that OPEs were mainly distributed in the central part of the region, which might be ascribed to the distribution of industry related to OPE-containing products. In contrast, Di-OPs were scattered in the PRD, suggesting local emission from their direct industrial application. Significantly lower levels of TCEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and DPHP were detected in summer than in spring, implying that these compounds might be partitioned off particles as the temperature increased and due to possible photo-transformation of TPHP and DPHP. The results also suggested the long-distance atmospheric transportation potential of Di-OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang M, Xiao Y, Li Y, Liu J. Optimistic effects of galaxolide and polystyrene microplastic stress on the physio-biochemical characteristics and metabolic profiles of an ornamental plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:350-360. [PMID: 36739842 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolide (HHCB) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics or nanoplastics have been widely recognized as emerging pollutants. However, very few efforts have been made to remove these contaminants from the environment using eco-friendly materials such as plant materials. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the physiological and biochemical effects and tolerance mechanisms of Mirabilis jalapa L. upon exposure to HHCB and PS. Our findings demonstrated that this ornamental plant was tolerant to HHCB and PS exposure. HHCB treatment increased antioxidant enzyme activity. However, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 206.85% when the plants were treated with 0.5 mg L-1 HHCB alone, whereas co-exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 HHCB and 500 nm PS increased SOD activity by 93.82%. Contaminant exposure also affected photosynthetic parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. In contrast, net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic pigment content were not significantly affected. HHCB aggregated heavily in the roots of the plant. Moreover, 500 nm PS could be absorbed by the root and transported to the shoot, and 5 μm PS would be transferred to the shoot under the carrying effect of HHCB. Co-exposure to HHCB and PS significantly changed the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways, thus affecting carbohydrate synthesis and energy metabolism in M. jalapa. These results provide a basis for the development of HHCB and PS remediation strategies using M. jalapa, an ornamental plant that is not only tolerant to organic contaminants but can also beautify the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yufang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianv Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Wang S, Zheng N, Sun S, Ji Y, An Q, Li X, Li Z, Zhang W. Bioaccumulation of organophosphorus flame retardants in marine organisms in Liaodong Bay and their potential ecological risks based on species sensitivity distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120812. [PMID: 36473644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in aquatic environments have received increasing concern, little information is available on their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in marine food webs. Consequently, the risks of OPFRs to marine ecosystems are unknown. In this study, seven OPFR compounds in marine biological samples collected from Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, were analyzed to evaluate their level and biological amplification effect in the marine food web. The total OPFRs of marine organisms in Liaodong Bay ranged from 2.60 to 776 ng/g ww, and lipids were critical factors affecting the concentration of OPFRs in marine species. Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the OPFRs most frequently detected in marine species. Still, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was dominant in most marine species (16/24), and the content of chlorinated OPFRs was highest. At the same time, alkyl OPFRs and aryl OPFRs accounted for the same proportion. No correlation between OPFR concentration and the trophic level was observed in marine organisms from Liaodong Bay. It was shown in the results of the species sensitivity distribution that TCIPP in Chinese seawater does not pose a potential ecological risk to marine species. However, much work remains to be done on accumulating information and the ecological risks of OPFRs in different marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China.
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Yining Ji
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Qirui An
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
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Lao Z, Li H, Liao Z, Liu Y, Ying G, Song A, Liu M, Liu H, Hu L. Spatiotemporal transitions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158807. [PMID: 36115395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent regulations on the use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, especially polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) have led a sharp increase in the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have become the subject of widespread environmental concern. To gain insights into their environmental transitions, we investigated the spatiotemporal trends and sources of 25 OPEs and 23 BFRs (21 PBDEs and two alternative BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the second economic/industrial region of China. Among them, PBDEs showed higher mean concentrations than OPEs and alt-BFRs in PRD sediments, a continual increase in most PRD areas, and positive correlations with most local socioeconomic parameters. The source analysis results indicated that all of these changes resulted from the substantial use/stock of PBDEs (especially deca-BDE) in this region, and BDE-209 displayed debromination in most sediments. OPEs demonstrated obvious increases in sediments from all major PRD rivers, especially those located in less-developed regions. This distribution might be related to the large-scale industry relocation from the central PRD area to its vicinities. Unexpectedly, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an important deca-BDE substitute, presented considerable declines in the PRD sediments while several novel OPEs showed considerably high proportions, especially aryl-substituted OPEs, which merit further screening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zicong Liao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yishan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lixin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Pan X, Liu A, Zheng M, Liu J, Du M, Wang L. Determination and environmental risk assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments of the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70542-70551. [PMID: 35588034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) would eventually settle in marine sediment. In this study, concentrations, spatial distributions, and ecological risks of seven OPFRs in sediment samples of the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated for the first time. Total concentration of all OPFRs ranged from 2.5 to 32.3 ng/g dry weight (dw), in which the abundance of tri-cresyl phosphates (TCPs) was the highest. OPFRs in the SCS were at a medium level compared with those from other parts of the world. The nearshore ocean current, ship transportation, and riverine inputs might influence the spatial distributions of OPFRs. The total inventory of six OPFRs in sediment was estimated to be 202.8 tons (16.7×104 km2). The hazard quotient (HQ) of OPFRs ranged from 0 to 3.2E-02, indicating the ignorable ecological risk of OPFRs in sediments of the SCS. This study provides insight into the occurrence of current-use OPFRs in the SCS which deserved long-term concern in the future due to their continuous terrigenous inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 834000, China
| | - Ming Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Du M, Zheng M, Liu A, Wang L, Pan X, Liu J, Ran X. Effects of emerging contaminants and heavy metals on variation in bacterial communities in estuarine sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155118. [PMID: 35398136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) and heavy metals (HMs) are universally present together in estuarine sediments; despite this, their effects on microbial communities have been widely studied separately, rather than in consort. In this study, the combined effects of ECs and HMs on microbial communities were investigated in sediments from 11 major river estuaries around the Bohai Sea, China. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the sediments. Using Shannon indices, total phosphorus and total organic carbon were shown to affect microbial community structure. Redundancy analysis of microbial variation implicated Cd and As as the greatest pollutants, followed by Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu; no impacts from galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were found. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the concentration of ECs increased the abundance of certain bacteria (e.g., Haliangium, Altererythrobacter, Gaiella and Erythrobacter), and therefore these can be used as potential contamination indicators. Shannon indices and Chao1 indices showed that there were differences in the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in the sediments of 11 rivers. The principal coordinate analysis displayed higher similarity of bacterial community composition in estuarine sediments in Liaoning province than other regions. The results can be used to predict changes in estuary ecosystems to maintain their ecological balance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 266061 Qingdao, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 266061 Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangbin Ran
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 266061 Qingdao, China
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11
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Jin W, Ma J, Chen X, Yan G. Changes in the Surface Water Nitrogen Content in the Upper Hun River Basin, Northeast China. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:4175218. [PMID: 35958794 PMCID: PMC9357724 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4175218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human activities have considerably increased nitrogen intake into waterways, resulting in the deterioration of water quality. The state of surface water requires special consideration in light of the water crisis caused by nitrogen pollution. In this study, the natural abundance of the nitrogen stable isotope (δ 15N) is measured and sampled in sediments and compared with the total dissolved nitrogen (DN) in four main Chinese tributaries of Hun River upper reach, including the Dasuhe, Beisanjia, Beikouqian, and Nanzamu tributaries. Results show that for the Dasuhe and Nankouqian tributaries, the δ 15N values of sediment samples in 2016 are all significantly higher than previous values in 2011. In the Dasuhe tributary, this change is attributed to the promotion of organic agricultural production under which chemical fertilizers are replaced by organic fertilizers. For the δ 15N values of the sediment in the Nankouqian tributary, the construction of the municipal sewer system and wastewater treatment facilities are the causes of this rising trend. The δ 15N values of nitrate released by facilities could be raised by microbial denitrification that is employed in the tertiary treatment process. Most of the δ 15N values of the sediments are distributed between soil and manure, indicating that nitrogen in the river water mainly comes from agriculture. All the surveyed tributaries except Dasuhe show a significant increase in DN. In addition, a significant positive correlation between the change ratio of the farmland area and DN in river water is observed, suggesting that the increase in nitrogen in river water from 2011 to 2016 is due to agriculture. Based on the abovementioned data, this study provides a basis for local governments to formulate management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guohui Yan
- Binzhou Business Environment Construction Service Center, Binzhou 256600, China
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12
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Zeng Y, Ke C, Liu Q, Huang K. Simultaneous Determination of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants in Water and Sediments by Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2079664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Zeng
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changliang Ke
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Chen JY, Hu HL, Feng L, Ding GH. Ecotoxicity assessment of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) exposure in Hoplobatrachus rugulosus tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133480. [PMID: 34974044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a widely used aromatic organophosphate flame retardant, is known to accumulate in organisms through water, air, and soil, consequently, causing toxicity. This study is the first to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicities of TPhP to amphibians. In the acute toxicity analysis, the 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) for GS35 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus tadpoles was 2.893 mg/L, and the 10% effect concentration (EC10) was 289 μg/L. After two weeks of exposure to low TPhP concentrations, the survival and metamorphosis rates of H. rugulosus tadpoles decreased, and the metamorphosis time was prolonged as the TPhP concentration increased. The threshold concentration that affected tadpole survival and metamorphosis time was 50 μg/L and 100 μg/L, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the condition factor and hepatic somatic index of the tadpole after metamorphosis; however, tadpole body mass and TPhP concentration were negatively correlated. Further, TPhP inhibited the expressions of Cu-Zn sod and cat, thereby reducing the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the tadpole liver. The threshold for affecting gene expression and enzymatic activity was 100 μg/L. These findings provide significant insights on the stress ecology of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Li Hu
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Lian M, Lin C, Xin M, Gu X, Lu S, Wang B, Ouyang W, Liu X, He M. Organophosphate esters in surface waters of Shandong Peninsula in eastern China: Levels, profile, source, spatial distribution, and partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118792. [PMID: 34998897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester (OPE) levels, profiles, sources, spatial distribution, and partitioning were firstly studied in the rivers of the Shandong Peninsula. A total of 53 water samples and 45 sediment samples were collected from the rivers and the sewage treatment plant in the peninsula to quantitate levels of 13 targeted OPEs. Total OPE concentrations ranged from 263 to 6676 ng L-1 in the water, and 39.3-360 ng g-1 in the sediment. TEP, TCPP, and TCEP together contributed more than 90% of total OPE content. TCEP and TCPP concentrations in the Xiaoqing River sediment were increased by approximately two and seven times from 2014 to 2019, respectively. Total OPE concentrations generally increased from upstream regions to the estuaries. The main OPE sources were municipal effluent in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) watershed and chemical industrial wastewater in the Laizhou Bay (LZB) watershed. TCPP, TEP, and TCEP were generally approaching equilibrium between sediment and overlying water, while TNBP, TIBP, and TBOEP effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. The riverine OPE flux was 0.66 ton/year to JZB and 3.58 ton/year to the LZB. TCPP and TCEP in municipal effluent, and TEP in chemical industrial wastewater should be regulated to protect Shandong Peninsula waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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15
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Vecchiato M, Bonato T, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Piazza R. Organic pollutants in protected plain areas: The occurrence of PAHs, musks, UV-filters, flame retardants and hydrocarbons in woodland soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149003. [PMID: 34274674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protected woodlands are rare and small portions of the plain territory of northern Italy, where agricultural, industrial and urban activities strongly dominate the landscape. Such natural areas are frequently set on river floodplains and are therefore potentially conditioned by the contamination brought by the surface waters. We investigated the occurrence of multiple categories of organic pollutants, including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Musk fragrances, UV-filters, organophosphorus and novel brominated Flame Retardants (FRs) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in woodland soils of eight different protected areas. The samples collected in the floodplains of the Po, Adige and Fratta rivers resulted more contaminated, with levels of PAHs up to 633 ng g-1. Moreover, these samples for the first time revealed the presence of personal care products, primarily 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and tonalide (AHTN), in soils of protected woodlands, reaching respectively 3.4 ng g-1 and 5.0 ng g-1, together with the occurrence of both organophosphorus and brominated FRs, with total concentrations up to 15 ng g-1. Higher concentrations of hydrocarbons, with TPH in the range 5-65 μg g-1, were instead reflecting the inputs of long chain n-alkanes from epicuticular waxes more than petrogenic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Bonato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Società Estense Servizi Ambientali (S.E.S.A. S.p.A.), Via Comuna 5/B, 35042 Este, PD, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
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16
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Li X, Li G, Chen B, Lin W, Zhang B. 3D-QSAR-aided toxicity assessment of synthetic musks and their transformation by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57530-57542. [PMID: 34089451 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are fragrance additives widely used in personal care products. SMs and their transformation by-products may reach the environment even after wastewater treatment, resulting in ecological and health concerns. The identification and toxicity assessment of SM by-products generated from different chemical and biological treatment processes have been rarely studied. This study established a 3D-QSAR model based on SMs' molecular structures (independent variable) and their lethal concentration (LC50) of mysid (dependent variable). The developed model was further used to predict the LC50 of SMs transformation by-products. Fifty-eight by-products of six common SMs (i.e., galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), phantolide (PHAN), traseolide (TRASE), celestolide (ADBI), and musk ketone (MK)) generated from biodegradation, photodegradation, advanced oxidation, and chlorination were identified through literature review and lab experiment as the model inputs. Predicted LC50 results indicated that the toxicity of 40% chlorination by-products is higher than their precursors. Biodegradation is an effective method to treat AHTN. The advanced oxidation may be the best way to treat HHCB. This is the first study on biotoxicity of SM transformation by-products predicted by the 3D-QSAR model. The research outputs helped to provide valuable reference data and guidance to improve management of SMs and other emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Guangzhu Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Municipal Wastewater Treatment, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Weiyun Lin
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada.
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17
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Merhabi F, Gomez E, Amine H, Rosain D, Halwani J, Fenet H. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of emerging and legacy contaminants in the Kadicha river in Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62499-62518. [PMID: 34212327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Kadicha river basin in Northern Lebanon is an illustrative example of multiple pressures encountered in the Mediterranean region: it is a small coastal river affected by rapid urbanization, population growth (drastically impacted by the influx of Syrian refugees), and a chronic default of wastewater treatment. In this context, multiple classes of contaminants may attain the river accumulating in sediment. However, very little information is available in the literature on the contamination status in such stressed Mediterranean contexts. This study proposed a first contamination evaluation of a small Mediterranean river submitted to multiple pressures. Two sediment sampling campaigns along sites impacted by increasing urban gradient within the Kadicha river basin were performed to determine the occurrence and the environmental risks of both emerging and legacy contaminants. The results revealed the detection of the 41 studied compounds. The highest concentrations were attained by PAHs and polycyclic musks (up to 311.79, 94.22, and 81.13 ng/g of dry weight for PAH, cashmeran, and galaxolide, respectively). The discontinuous urbanized upstream area and the estuary were the most contaminated areas of the river. An environmental risk assessment showed a hazard quotient (HQ) higher than 1 for both legacy and emerging compounds (EHMC and 4-MBC), indicating a potential risk to benthic species. Monitoring campaigns and implementation of wastewater treatment plants should be encouraged as the anthropogenic pressure on small Mediterranean rivers will increase over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmé Merhabi
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Water & Environment Science Laboratory, Faculty of Public Health (FSP III), Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Elena Gomez
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Helmieh Amine
- Water & Environment Science Laboratory, Faculty of Public Health (FSP III), Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - David Rosain
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jalal Halwani
- Water & Environment Science Laboratory, Faculty of Public Health (FSP III), Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hélène Fenet
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Tian B, Gao S, Huo S, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and fate of polycyclic musks in sediments from the catchment of Chaohu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:727. [PMID: 34655328 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine surface sediments from Chaohu Lake in China and from its six main tributaries were sampled to investigate the concentrations of two important polycyclic musks (PCMs), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran (galaxolide, HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tonalide, AHTN), as well as the concentration of 4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran-1-one (galaxolidon, HHCB-lactone), which is the main degradation product of HHCB. Except for the high concentrations of AHTN and HHCB measured in the Nanfei River (879 ng/g dw and 5,513 ng/g dw, respectively), the levels of AHTN and HHCB in the river sediments were 7.08-44.9 ng/g dw and 20.6-268 ng/g dw, respectively, which are slightly lower than those documented in various areas worldwide. The concentrations of AHTN and HHCB in the sediments of Chaohu Lake were one or two orders of magnitude lower than those in the tributary rivers and showed a clear regional distribution. The concentrations of HHCB-lactone were comparable to those of HHCB and presented a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of HHCB, suggesting that the HHCB-lactone originated directly from the degradation of HHCB in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or in the natural environment. The diagnostic ratios of HHCB/AHTN and HHCB-lactone/HHCB and the enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of these PCMs showed that the direct origins of the target PCMs in the study area were municipal and industrial wastewaters discharged from adjacent cities or point sources and that the HHCB-lactone in sediment originated from the natural degradation of HHCB in the rivers and the lake. The results of the risk assessment showed that the PCMs in the watershed sediments were unlikely to pose a threat to aquatic species. However, the effluents of industrial and municipal wastewaters that are discharged into the Nanfei River should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Shouliang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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19
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Li H, Song A, Liu H, Li Y, Liu M, Sheng G, Peng P, Ying G. Occurrence of Dechlorane series flame retardants in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116902. [PMID: 33743437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane series flame retardants (DECs), e.g. Dechlorane plus (DP), have reportedly showed an increase in consumption since the phase-out of traditional brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Here we investigated DP and 7 structural analogues, as well as its 2 dechlorinated products in 76 surficial sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the three important manufacturing bases of China. The concentration of Σ8DECs varied from 28.1 to 38,000 pg g-1 dw in the PRD sediments, dominated by DP and Mirex. Spatially, sedimental DP concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the municipal gross domestic product (GDP), population and sewage discharge of the PRD cities, but were insignificantly related to their industrial outputs. This indicates that DP in the PRD sediments mainly originated from urban activities instead of industrial ones. Although Mirex has been restricted for several decades, it demonstrated ubiquity in the PRD and considerably high levels in several termite control hot-spots (up to 34,200 pg g-1), implying its massive historical use in this subtropical region. Other DECs, however, exhibited quite low abundances, implying their limited applications in this region. In comparison to the historical data, sedimental DP concentrations presented an increasing trend in most rivers in the PRD except the West River. The fractions of anti-DP (fanti) showed insignificant deviations from its technical value, suggesting that no obvious anti-DP transformation occurred in most PRD sediments. However, anti-Cl11-DP, an important dechlorination product of anti-DP, was ubiquitously found in the PRD sediments, and its concentrations were significantly and positively associated with those of anti-DP. Therefore, anti-Cl11-DP in the PRD sediments was deemed as the impurity co-emitted with anti-DP rather than its dechlorination byproduct. Considering its ubiquity, increasing trend and persistence, DP in the PRD environments merits continuous concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Monitoring and Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Environment Administration of Pearl River Valley and South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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20
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Lyu Y, Ren S, Zhong F, Han X, He Y, Tang Z. Synthetic musk fragrances in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China: occurrences, profiles, and ecological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14597-14606. [PMID: 33216301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) in aquatic environments have been of increasing concern because of their potential characteristic of persistent, bioaccumulated, and ecological harm. However, little is known about the distribution of SMFs in river-lake systems. In this study, the occurrence and risks of six SMFs measured in sediments from Lake Chaohu (eastern China) and the rivers flowing into it were investigated. The total sedimentary SMF concentrations ranged from 2.43 to 15.5 ng/g in Lake Chaohu (median = 5.17 ng/g), and 2.34-104 ng/g in the rivers (median = 10.6 ng/g). Overall, moderate levels of SMFs were found in comparison with previous results from other areas. Galaxolide and tonalide dominated in the rivers whereas cashmeran was dominant in Lake Chaohu. A source assessment indicated that the discharge from industries contributed importantly to the pollution of SMFs in the studied waters, in addition to the inputs from domestic sewage. Our estimates suggested that the current sedimentary SMF concentrations were likely to pose extremely low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. However, more studies are needed to focus on the spatial and temporal trends in distribution as well as the ecotoxicological implications of SMFs in the Lake Chaohu area because there is a general lack of relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ying He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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21
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Xiong J, Li H, Ma X, Tan B, You J. A new configuration of polar organic chemical integrative sampler with nylon membranes to monitor emerging organophosphate ester contaminants in urban surface water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110891. [PMID: 32593097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester contaminants, including organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in surface water and pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms, thus it is important to develop effective methods for long-term monitoring of these emerging compounds. Polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has become a promising monitoring tool for waterborne contaminants, yet recent studies found that the commonly used polyethersulfone (PES) membrane strongly sorbed some moderately hydrophobic compounds, resulting in long lag-phase for chemical accumulation in POCIS. In the present study, 0.45-μm nylon membranes was selected as POCIS diffusion-limiting membrane to design a new POCIS-Nylon configuration for analyzing moderately hydrophobic OPPs and OPFRs in water. The POCIS-Nylon had negligible lag-phase due to low sorption of OPPs and OPFRs to nylon membrane. Meanwhile, linear accumulation time and sensitivity for target contaminants using POCIS-Nylon retained similar to the traditional POCIS. Water velocity and chemical concentration had little impact on sampling rate (Rs), validating that the POCIS-Nylon was suitable for various water conditions. Finally, the occurrence of OPPs and OPFRs in urban waterways of Guangzhou, China was evaluated using the POCIS-Nylon with Rs values that were calibrated in the laboratory. The average concentration of OPPs was 4.97 ± 1.35 ng/L (range: 2.64 ± 1.28-6.54 ± 0.18 ng/L) and the average concentration of OPFRs was 400 ± 88 ng/L (range: 316 ± 24-615 ± 36 ng/L) across nine sampling sites. The present study provides a way to resolve the inherent challenge of accumulating hydrophobic substances by POCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Baoxiang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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22
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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23
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Shi Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Kong D, Wu Q, Hong Y, Wang Y, Tam NFY, Leung JYS. Occurrence, composition and biological risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14852-14862. [PMID: 32060833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the production of brominated flame retardants has been gradually phased out, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as the substitutes. Given their toxicity and water solubility, OPEs may jeopardize the aquatic environment and organisms. Here, we examined the concentration, composition, and biological risk of OPEs in the water collected from the eight major waterways in the Pearl River Delta, a highly industrialized region in China. We found a widespread occurrence of OPEs in this region (∑9OPEs: 134 to 442 ng L-1), dominated by TCPP, TCEP, and TnBP. Halogenated OPEs were dominant over alkyl and aromatic OPEs. The biological risk of OPEs, mainly contributed by TPhP and TnBP, was low (RQ < 0.1). The contamination level of OPEs in the Pearl River Delta was likely associated with the degree of industrial activities. Although OPEs posed low risk to aquatic organisms, more attention should be paid to some OPEs in the future, such as TnBP, due to the high usage and toxicity. Considering the concentrations of OPEs worldwide and their usage, OPEs may become the emerging pollutants of global concern in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Monitoring and Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Environment Administration of Pearl River Valley and South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Yongming Du
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deguan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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24
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Zeng X, Xu L, Hu Q, Liu Y, Hu J, Liao W, Yu Z. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants/plasticizers in coastal sediments from the Taiwan Strait in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110843. [PMID: 32056631 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and spatial distributions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in marine sediment samples in the western Taiwan Strait were investigated and analyzed for the first time. The total OPE concentration (∑OPE) in sediments was in the range of 5263-34,232 pg/g (dry weight), with an average value of 12,796 pg/g. Generally, there was a higher abundance of non-halogenated OPEs than halogenated OPEs and aryl OPEs, with tributyl phosphate, tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and tri-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate being the main components. The ∑OPE concentrations in the western coastal and northern sampling sites were relatively high. The results indicated that OPEs in the study region originated mainly from terrestrial river inputs and local emission sources, as well as exogenous influxes by ocean currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weisen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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25
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Gao Y, Li G, Qin Y, Ji Y, Mai B, An T. New theoretical insight into indirect photochemical transformation of fragrance nitro-musks: Mechanisms, eco-toxicity and health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:68-75. [PMID: 31121517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of fragrance-associated synthetic musk is cause for serious concern due to their transformation and environmental impacts. In particular, nitro-musks are frequently detected in various matrices, including water, even though they were restricted because of carcinogenicity. Thus, using musk xylene as a model compound, the mechanism, eco-toxicity and health effects during OH-initiated transformation process were systematically studied using quantum chemistry and computational toxicology. Results indicate that musk xylene can be exclusively transformed via H-abstraction pathways from its methyl group, with total rate constants of 5.65 × 108-8.79 × 109 M-1 s-1, while the contribution of other pathways, including single-electron transfer and OH-addition pathways, were insignificant. The subsequent dehydrogenation intermediates (MX(H)) could further transform into cyclic, aldehyde and demethylation products. Based on toxicity assessments, all the transformation products exhibited decreased aquatic toxicity to fish in comparison with the parent musk xylene but they were still classified at toxic or very toxic levels, especially the cyclic products. More importantly, these products still exhibited carcinogenic activity during OH-initiated transformation and increased carcinogenicity relative to the parent musk xylene. This is the first time that the transformation mechanism and environmental impacts of nitro-musks have been explored through theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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26
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Xu L, Hu Q, Liu J, Liu S, Liu C, Deng Q, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence of organophosphate esters and their diesters degradation products in industrial wastewater treatment plants in China: Implication for the usage and potential degradation during production processing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:559-566. [PMID: 31026704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Influent, effluent and sludge samples were collected from eight industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Pearl River Delta, China. Samples were investigated for the occurrence of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and 7 organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs). Most of the 10 OPEs were detected at total concentrations of OPEs (∑OPEs) ranging from 65.8 to 2842 ng L-1 in influent samples and exhibited different composition profiles. The results indicated that OPEs were widely used with different proportions in versatile OPE-containing products. Meanwhile, ∑OPEs in effluent were found in the range of 6.37-2710 ng L-1; these residuals were subsequently transported to municipal WWTPs for further treatment and posed extra pressure on the plants. Seven Di-OPs, possible degradation products of the OPEs, were also detected in influent, effluent and sludge. The results suggested that OPEs underwent degradation during rigorous industrial manufacturing procedures, such as thermal processes, highly alkaline pH, or processes that involved metal/metal oxide. In addition, high levels of dibutyl phosphate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and diphenyl phosphate were found in influent suggesting their possible industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Saihong Liu
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Guangzhou Development District, Guangzhou, 510730, China
| | - Chengjian Liu
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Guangzhou Development District, Guangzhou, 510730, China
| | - Qinyu Deng
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Guangzhou Development District, Guangzhou, 510730, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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27
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Wang X, Zhu L, Zhong W, Yang L. Partition and source identification of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of Taihu Lake, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:43-50. [PMID: 30077037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China, and has been heavily polluted by surrounding industrial activities. This study aimed to investigate the sources of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in Taihu Lake, and their partitioning behaviors between sediment and water. The total concentrations of the eleven target OPEs (∑OPEs) in the water and sediment of Taihu Lake were 166-1530 ng/L and 2.82-47.5 ng/g dw, respectively. The ∑OPEs in both water and sediment generally decreased from northwest to southeast. Extremely high level of ∑OPEs (1410-15,300 ng/L) was found in the flow-in rivers passing through the OPE manufacturing regions in Yixing. In both water and sediment, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant OPEs. The sediment-water partitioning coefficients, log Koc, of OPEs were calculated based on paired sediment and water samples, and they displayed strong correlation with their log Kow (octanol-water), suggesting that their partition was dominated by hydrophobic interaction. Principle component analysis indicated that OPE manufacturing in Yixing was an important point source of OPEs, especially of TCIPP in Taihu Lake. Many OPE-related industries, such as electronic, textile, machine and plastic industries around Taihu Lake also made contributions to OPEs in the Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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28
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Zeng X, Hu Q, He L, Liu Z, Gao S, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risks of organophosphate esters and synthetic musks in sediments from the Hun River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:178-183. [PMID: 29804014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hun River is an important main tributary of the Liao River system. It is located in northeast China, and provides water resources for agriculture and industry. A man made reservoir (Dahuofang Reservoir, DHF) has been constructed mid-stream in the Hun River, supplying drinking water to surrounding cities. Pollution from organic contaminants is of great concern. In the present study, 40 sediment samples were collected and analyzed for the occurrence and distribution of two groups of emerging organic pollutants; namely, organophosphate esters (OPs) and synthetic musks (SMs). In all samples taken from upstream of the Hun River (UHR), downstream of the Hun River (DHR), and from DHF, the following concentrations were recorded: 0.141-4.39, 1.21-245, and 0.117-0.726 µg/kg galaxolide (HHCB), and 0.098-3.82, 2.79-213, 0.430-0.956 µg/kg tonalide (AHTN), respectively. For OPs, seven target analytes were detected in most of the sediment samples, with chlorinated OPs Tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate being the dominant components, at levels varied in the range of LOD-0.810, ND-49.6, and 0.532-3.18 µg/kg, and LOD-0.786, ND-60.1, and 0.352-1.32 µg/kg from UHR, DHR and DHF, respectively. The elevated levels of these target compounds were detected in DHR, including its two main tributaries, Xi River and Pu River, which drain through cities with industrial development and dense populations. Our results indicate that domestic and industrial wastewater contributed to OPs and SMs sediment pollution, posing low to medium ecological risks to sediment dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiong He
- Guangzhou Hexin Analyt Instrument Co Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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