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Jonker MTO, Diepens NJ. Improving Sediment Toxicity Testing for Very Hydrophobic Chemicals: Part 2-Exposure Duration, Upper Limit Test Concentrations, and Distinguishing Actual Toxicity from Physical Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1728-1739. [PMID: 38329278 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sediment toxicity testing with very hydrophobic organic chemicals (VHOCs) is challenging because of the chemicals' low aqueous solubilities and slow kinetics. The present study presents the results of experiments investigating whether the standard exposure duration of 28 days with benthic invertebrates is sufficient for VHOCs; above which concentrations in sediment VHOCs are present as "free phase," that is, crystals or non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs); and whether it is possible to discriminate between actual VHOC toxicity and physical effects caused by NAPLs through fouling of the test organisms. The results suggest that the standard sediment toxicity test duration is sufficient for obtaining steady-state VHOC concentrations in Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus, provided that spiking and equilibration are performed properly (i.e., no free phase present). Under these conditions, transient (days 3-20) peak-shaped toxicokinetics were observed, with steady-state concentrations reached at approximately 28 days. The concentration above which NAPLs are present, the so-called critical separate phase concentration (CSPC), was determined for several VHOCs by modeling and two experimental methods. Modeling resulted in unrealistic and variable data and therefore should be applied with caution. Experimentally determining CSPCs was successful and yielded values of approximately 1000 (400-2000) mg/kg dry weight, depending on the chemical. Finally, it was demonstrated that distinguishing actual toxicity from physical effects is possible by applying a well-considered test setup, combining toxicity tests with multiple invertebrates (including Lumbriculus, which serves as a negative control for fouling); a broad test concentration range, preferably up to at least 30 000 mg/kg; and passive sampling to localize the CSPC. Applying this setup, false-positive effects due to fouling, as well as false-negative results due to testing at too low concentrations (trying to stay below the CSPC), can be avoided. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1728-1739. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Gidley PT, Lotufo GR, Schmidt SN, Mayer P, Burgess RM. Quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment of PCBs available to sandworms ( Alitta virens) in activated carbon remediated sediment during ongoing sediment deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:814-823. [PMID: 38345076 PMCID: PMC11179148 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Marine mesoscale studies with sandworms (Alitta virens) were conducted to isolate important processes governing the exposure and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at contaminated sediment sites. Ex situ equilibrium sampling with silicone-coated jars, and in situ passive sampling with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were used to determine the performance of an activated carbon (AC) amendment remedy applied to the bed sediment. A quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment ('QTEA') was performed, showing that PCB concentrations in polymers at equilibrium with the surficial sediment were suited to measure and assess the remedy effectiveness with regard to PCB bioaccumulation in worms. In practice, monitoring the performance of sediment remedies should utilize a consistent and predictive form of polymeric sampling of the sediment. The present study found that ex situ equilibrium sampling of the surficial sediment was the most useful for understanding changes in bioaccumulation potential as a result of the applied remedy, during bioturbation and ongoing sediment and contaminant influx processes. The ultrathin silicone coatings of the ex situ sampling provided fast equilibration of PCBs between the sediment interstitial water and the polymer, and the multiple coating thicknesses were applied to confirm equilibrium and the absence of surface sorption artifacts. Overall, ex situ equilibrium sampling of surficial sediment could fit into existing frameworks as a robust and cost-effective tool for contaminated sediment site assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Gidley
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Stine N Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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3
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Ahmed ASS, Billah MM, Ali MM, Bhuiyan MKA, Guo L, Mohinuzzaman M, Hossain MB, Rahman MS, Islam MS, Yan M, Cai W. Microplastics in aquatic environments: A comprehensive review of toxicity, removal, and remediation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162414. [PMID: 36868275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has been a global concern because they are toxic and persistent and may serve as a vector for many legacies and emerging pollutants. MPs are discharged to aquatic environments from different sources, especially from wastewater plants (WWPs), causing severe impacts on aquatic organisms. This study mainly aims to review the Toxicity of MPs along with plastic additives in aquatic organisms at various trophic compartments and available remediation methods/strategies for MPs in aquatic environments. Occurrences of oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and alterations in enzyme activity, growth, and feeding performance were identical in fish due to MPs toxicity. On the other hand, growth inhibition and ROS formation were observed in most of the microalgae species. In zooplankton, potential impacts were acceleration of premature molting, growth retardation, mortality increase, feeding behaviour, lipid accumulation, and decreased reproduction activity. MPs togather with additive contaminants could also exert some toxicological impacts on polychaete, including neurotoxicity, destabilization of the cytoskeleton, reduced feeding rate, growth, survivability and burrowing ability, weight loss, and high rate of mRNA transcription. Among different chemical and biological treatments for MPs, high removal rates have been reported for coagulation and filtration (>86.5 %), electrocoagulation (>90 %), advanced oxidation process (AOPs) (30 % to 95 %), primary sedimentation/Grit chamber (16.5 % to 58.84 %), adsorption removal technique (>95 %), magnetic filtration (78 % to 93 %), oil film extraction (>95 %), and density separation (95 % to 100 %). However, desirable extraction methods are required for large-scale research in MPs removal from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shafiuddin Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Md Masum Billah
- Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science-CIRSA, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Italy
| | - Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Mohammad Mohinuzzaman
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - M Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenlong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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4
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Picone M, Distefano GG, Marchetto D, Russo M, Volpi Ghirardini A. Spiking organic chemicals onto sediments for ecotoxicological analyses: an overview of methods and procedures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31002-31024. [PMID: 35113376 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory testing with spiked sediments with organic contaminants is a valuable tool for ecotoxicologists to study specific processes such as effects of known concentrations of toxicants, interactions of the toxicants with sediment and biota, and uptake kinetics. Since spiking of the sediment may be performed by using different strategies, a plethora of procedures was proposed in the literature for spiking organic chemicals onto sediments to perform ecotoxicological analyses. In this paper, we reviewed the scientific literature intending to characterise the kind of substrates that were used for spiking (i.e. artificial or field-collected sediment), how the substrates were handled before spiking and amended with the organic chemical, how the spiked sediment was mixed to allow the homogenisation of the chemical on the substrate and finally how long the spiked sediment was allowed to equilibrate before testing. What emerged from this review is that the choice of the test species, the testing procedures and the physicochemical properties of the organic contaminant are the primary driving factors affecting the selection of substrate type, sediment handling procedures, solvent carrier and mixing method. Finally, we provide recommendations concerning storage and characterization of the substrate, equilibrium times and verification of both equilibration and homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Picone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30170, Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30170, Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Davide Marchetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30170, Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Martina Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30170, Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30170, Mestre, Venice, Italy
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5
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Burd B, Lowe C, Morales-Caselles C, Noel M, Ross P, Macdonald T. Uptake and trophic changes in polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the benthic marine food chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the physical and geochemical effects of sediment on the uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into marine sediment feeders and their transfer to higher trophic fauna. Sediment PBDEs increased with % total organic carbon (%TOC), organic carbon (OC) flux and grain size (%fines). Tissue PBDE variance was best explained ( R2 = 0.70) by sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS), PBDEs, and organic lability and input, with the highest values near wastewater outfalls. Dry weight tissue/sediment PBDEs declined with increasing sediment PBDEs, resulting in tissue dilution (ratio <1) at >10 000 pg/g in harbours. Ratios also decreased with increasing %fines, resulting in regional differences. These patterns imply that high levels of fines and high sediment concentrations make PBDEs less bioavailable. Dry weight PBDEs increased >100× between background deposit feeders and predators (polychaetes, crabs, bottom fish, seal), but lipid normalized PBDEs barely increased (<1.3%), suggesting remarkably high uptake in low-lipid sediment feeders, and that PBDEs don’t accumulate at higher trophic levels, but lipid content does. Filter feeders had lower lipid-normalized PBDEs than deposit feeders, highlighting the importance of food resources in higher trophic fauna for bioaccumulation. The most profound congener change occurred with sediment uptake, with nona/deca-BDEs declining and tetra-hexa-BDEs increasing. Harbour sediment feeders had more deca-BDEs than other samples, suggesting PBDEs mostly pass unmodifed through them. Deca-BDEs persist patchily in all tissues, reflecting variable dependence on sediment/pelagic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Burd
- Ecostat Research Ltd., North Saanich, Vancouver, BC V8L 5P6, Canada
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Chris Lowe
- Capital Regional District, Victoria, BC V8W 2S6, Canada
| | | | - Marie Noel
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Peter Ross
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Tara Macdonald
- Biologica Environmental Services Ltd., Victoria, BC V8T 5H2, Canada
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6
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Liu H, Yi X, Bi J, Wang P, Liu D, Zhou Z. The enantioselective environmental behavior and toxicological effects of pyriproxyfen in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:97-106. [PMID: 30412812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized nine pyriproxyfen (PYR) metabolites and developed a chiral residual analysis method for PYR with its metabolites in five soils using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Soil degradation research showed that higher organic matter content and bigger soil particle size were conducive to the degradation of PYR and metabolites. Metabolite A 4'-OH-PYR was mainly found in five soils. PYR and metabolite A performed enantioselective degradation in soil with half-lives ranging from 2.11 d to 9.69 d and 2.80 d to 13.30 d, respectively. The activity of dehydrogenase, sucrase was inhibited and catalase activity was promoted under the disturbance of PYR. Urease was more sensitive to PYR with uncertain influences. Most soil enzymes were not restored to their initial active state after 120 d. The toxicity of metabolites to earthworms was greater than that of the parent compound PYR. This study provides the basic degradation and toxicity data of chiral pesticide PYR and its main metabolites in soil ecosystem, which is of great significance for guiding safe use and comprehensive evaluation of PYR on environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiawei Bi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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7
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Burkhard LP, Lahren T, Highland TL, Hockett JR, Mount DR, Norberg-King TJ. Bioaccumulation of Highly Hydrophobic Chemicals by Lumbriculus variegatus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:129-141. [PMID: 30151657 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of highly hydrophobic chemicals (log KOW > 8) from contaminated sediments by Lumbriculus variegatus has been studied for relatively few chemicals, and the measured and model predicted biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) can differ by orders of magnitude. In the current study, sediment bioaccumulation tests with L. variegatus were performed on sediments dosed with chemicals having a wide range of predicted n-octanol/water partition coefficients (KOW; 106-1018), including some higher than most highly hydrophobic chemicals studied to date. The highly hydrophobic chemicals had biphasic elimination kinetics with compartments A and B having fast and slow elimination kinetics, respectively, and for compartment B, elimination followed first-order kinetics. For compartment A with fast elimination kinetics, the mechanism and its kinetic-order could not be determined. Steady-state BSAFs (kg organic carbon/kg lipid) of 0.015, 0.024, and 0.022 were derived for tetradecachloro-p-terphenyl, tetradecachloro-m-terphenyl, and octadecachloro-p-quaterphenyl, respectively. The high uncertainty in predicted KOWs for highly hydrophobic chemicals limited the comparison and evaluation of predicted BSAFs from the Arnot-Gobas food web model and BSAFs measured in this study. The results of this study point to the need to perform dietary assimilation efficiency studies with highly hydrophobic compounds to resolve uncertainties surrounding the estimation of their KOW and the need to understand mechanism and models for the biphasic elimination kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Burkhard
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Tylor Lahren
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Terry L Highland
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - James R Hockett
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - David R Mount
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Teresa J Norberg-King
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
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8
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Pei Y, Li H, You J. Determining equilibrium partition coefficients between lipid/protein and polydimethylsiloxane for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants using preloaded disks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:385-392. [PMID: 28448930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants is of great concern and understanding their partitioning to biological phases is crucial for estimating their bioaccumulation potential. The estimation, however, was of large uncertainty for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants (HHOCs) with log KOW>9 due to the challenge of quantifying their water concentrations. In the present study, partition coefficients between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and storage lipid (KSL,PDMS), membrane lipid (KML,PDMS) and protein (Kpro,PDMS) were measured for 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), covering log KOW from 5.07 to 11.6, using a preloaded PDMS depletion method. The values of KSL,PDMS, KML,PDMS and Kpro,PDMS were in the ranges of 5.36-52.5, 0.286-11.8 and 0.067-2.62g/g, respectively, being relatively constant although their KOW values extend more than six orders of magnitude. The relative sorption capacity of the biological phases showed storage lipid was the dominant sorption phase in biota, followed by membrane lipid and protein was the lowest. The KPDMS,pro values of the compounds with log KOW<9 were similar (0.382-14.9g/g) regardless of the thickness of preloaded PDMS disks (58-209μm). For HHOCs, however, KPDMS,pro values dropped when thinner PDMS disks were used, as a result of slow diffusion of HHOCs in PDMS. The KPDMS,pro values of HHOCs measured by 58-μm PDMS disks ranged from 1.78 to 6.85g/g, which was consistent with compounds with log KOW<9. This validated that partition coefficients between PDMS and biological phases were independent of chemical hydrophobicity, showing the advantage of using PDMS-based methods to directly estimate bioaccumulation potential of HHOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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9
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Díaz-Jaramillo M, Miglioranza KSB, Gonzalez M, Barón E, Monserrat JM, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Uptake, metabolism and sub-lethal effects of BDE-47 in two estuarine invertebrates with different trophic positions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:608-617. [PMID: 27017137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two microcosm types -sediment-biota and biota-biota- were constructed to simulate different pathways of BDE-47 uptake, metabolism and oxidative stress effects in two key estuarine invertebrates (polychaete Laeonereis acuta and crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus). In the sediment-biota experiment, both species were exposed to spiked sediments; an environmentally reported and a high concentration of BDE-47 for 2 weeks. In the biota-biota experiment, crabs were fed with polychaetes pre-exposed to BDE-47 in the sediment-biota experiment. The sediment-biota experiment first revealed that polychaetes significantly accumulated BDE-47 (biota-sediment accumulation factor >2; p < 0.05) to a much greater extent than the crab organs (muscle, hepatopancreas, gills) at both sediment concentrations. For oxidative stress responses, polychaete and crab tissues exposed to spiked sediment showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of only glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with respect to controls in both BDE-47 concentrations. No lipid peroxidation (TBARS) or total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) changes were evident in the species or organs exposed to either BDE-47 sediment concentration. The biota-biota experiment showed that feeding crabs with pre-exposed polychaetes caused BDE-47 accumulation in organs as well as significant amounts of BDE-47 eliminated through feces (p < 0.05). Unlike the sediment-biota exposure, crabs fed with pre-exposed BDE-47 polychaetes showed the most conspicuous oxidative stress responses. Significant changes in GST and ACAP in both hepatopancreas and gills, in addition to enhanced TBARS levels in the hepatopancreas with respect to controls (p < 0.05), revealed that BDE-47 assimilated by invertebrates represents a potential source of toxicity to their predators. No methoxylated metabolites (MeO-PBDEs) were detected during BDE-47 metabolism in the invertebrates in either of the two different exposure types. In contrast, hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PBDEs) were detected in polychaetes and crab organs/feces in both experiments. Our results demonstrate that PBDE hydroxylation is one of the main biotransformation routes of BDE-47 in estuarine animals, which could be associated with the oxidative stress responses found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Díaz-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina.
| | - K S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina
| | - M Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina
| | - E Barón
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Monserrat
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - E Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Yin D, Peng H, Yin H, Zhou S, Xiong S, Liu Z, Dang Z. Effect of Pb 2+, Cd 2+, Cu 2+ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the distribution and partition of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in a water–sediment system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17443k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in electronic waste dismantling areas has received increasing concern in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Su Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Shichang Xiong
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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11
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Xu P, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang H. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of ethofumesate enantiomers in earthworm Eisenia fetida. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:163-169. [PMID: 25048902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms represent an important food source for many vertebrates and as a result, predators may encounter toxic effects via the food chain from consumption of contaminated worms. Therefore, including an assessment of xenobiotic to worms in risk assessment procedures is advisable. Here we studied the acute toxicity, bioaccumulation and elimination of ethofumesate enantiomers in earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in a soil. A slight difference in toxicity to earthworm between two enantiomers was found, and the calculated LC50 values for (+)-, rac- and (-)-ethofumesate were 4.51, 5.93 and 7.98 μg/cm(2), respectively, indicating that the acute toxicity of ethofumesate enantiomers was enantioselective. Earthworm can uptake ethofumesate but the bioaccumulation curve did not reach the steady state. In the elimination experiment, the concentrations of ethofumesate in earthworm declined following a first-order decay model with a short half life of 1.8d. The bioaccumulation and elimination of ethofumesate in earthworm were both nonenantioselective. In combination with other studies, a linear relationship between Log BSAFs and Log Kow was observed, and the Log BSAFs increased with increasing Log Kow. But the elimination rate did not show any correlation with the Kow value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yinghuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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12
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Burd BJ, Macdonald TA, Macdonald RW, Ross PS. Distribution and uptake of key polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in benthic infauna relative to sediment organic enrichment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:310-334. [PMID: 24699838 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of a broader study of budgets, transport, and bioaccumulation of persistent organic contaminants in the Strait of Georgia, Canada, matching samples of sediment and bulk benthos were collected near two marine sewage outfalls, two large urban harbours, and background areas. Samples were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. We present data for those congeners that fell within the top six rankings by concentration (23 PCBs and 10 PBDEs) within at least one of the environmental media measured in other studies (air, water, sediments, benthos, pelagic biota). Multifactor regression analyses incorporating sediment characteristics (total organic carbon, fines) predicted uptake (r (2) = 0.74 to 0.98, p < 0.04) over the range of congeners and habitats examined. PBDEs were taken up by biota more readily than PCBs, suggesting a large, potentially available biological reservoir of PBDEs in sediments. Dominant congeners in benthos comprised PBDEs 47, 99, 209, and 100 and PCBs 138/163, 153, 101, 118, and 110. PBDE uptake was anomalously high near one wastewater outfall, likely due to selective feeding on PBDE-enriched particulates from that source. Conversely, outfalls supply food and sediments with PCB concentrations similar to ambient sediments. However, organic enrichment of sediments near outfalls clearly enhanced PCB uptake by benthos, probably due to greatly increased biomass turnover near these sources. Data suggest there to be an initial reservoir of PCBs in newly settled juvenile benthos, which is much less evident for PBDEs. This is likely a consequence of the ecosystem-wide distribution of legacy PCBs but not the more current-use PBDEs. Congener-uptake patterns were dependent on source and input dynamics, feeding methods, and contaminant metabolism or debromination, particularly of deca-BDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Burd
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada,
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13
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Lebrun JD, Leroy D, Giusti A, Gourlay-Francé C, Thomé JP. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Gammarus pulex: relative importance of different exposure routes and multipathway modeling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:107-113. [PMID: 24879528 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the exposure routes of an organism and its ability to regulate accumulated contaminants is a crucial step toward developing a biomonitor. To date, very little data are available on the bioaccumulation kinetics of PBDEs in freshwater biota. This study aims at investigating the potential use of a litter-degrader widely distributed in European freshwaters, Gammarus pulex, as an indicator of exposure to PBDEs. In aquatic microcosms, gammarids were exposed to a mixture of brominated congeners (BDE-28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) to assess their ability to bioconcentrate PBDEs. Results show that all tested congeners are highly internalized by G. pulex and uptake rates of PBDEs are closely related to their partition coefficients (Kow). The determination of the elimination rate of BDE-47, the congener most readily accumulated by gammarids, indicated that metabolism and excretion of this congener are low in G. pulex, which argues in favor of its use as a quantitative biomonitor. Finally, bioaccumulation experiments were performed using contaminated leaves to determine the relative importance of dietary uptake in the contamination of gammarids. Even though water is the preeminent exposure route, a significant uptake of BDE-47 through food was observed (27%). We propose a biodynamic model that takes into account both exposure routes to describe BDE-47 bioaccumulation. This study supports the use of this ubiquitous amphipod as an early warning monitor of the bioavailable contamination of freshwaters by PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie D Lebrun
- Irstea, UR HBAN - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, 92761 Antony, France; FIRE FR-3020, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Leroy
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Gourlay-Francé
- Irstea, UR HBAN - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, 92761 Antony, France; FIRE FR-3020, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
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14
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Zhang B, Li H, Wei Y, You J. Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane from field-collected sediment in the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2711-2718. [PMID: 24038512 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has made them widespread contaminants in abiotic environments, but data regarding their bioavailability to benthic organisms are sparse. The bioaccumulation potential of PBDEs and DBDPE from field-collected sediment was evaluated in the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus using a 49-d exposure, including a 28-d uptake and a 21-d elimination phase. All PBDEs and DBDPE were bioavailable to the worms with biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranging from 0.0210 g organic carbon/g lipid to 4.09 g organic carbon/g lipid. However, the bioavailability of highly brominated compounds (BDE-209 and DBDPE) was poor compared with that of other PBDEs, and this was confirmed by their relatively low freely dissolved concentrations (C(free)) measured by solid-phase microextraction. The inverse correlation between BSAFs and hydrophobicity was explained by their uptake (k(s)) and elimination (k(e)) rate constants. While ke changed little for PBDEs, ks decreased significantly when chemical hydrophobicity increased. The difference in bioaccumulation kinetics of brominated flame retardants in fish and the worms was explained by their physiological difference and the presence of multiple elimination routes. The appropriateness of 28-d bioaccumulation testing for BSAF estimation was validated for PBDEs and DBDPE. In addition, C(free) was shown to be a good indicator of bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Buttke DE, Wolkin A, Stapleton HM, Miranda ML. Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:176-82. [PMID: 22760441 PMCID: PMC4699554 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Buttke
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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16
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Klosterhaus SL, Stapleton HM, La Guardia MJ, Greig DJ. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in San Francisco Bay sediments and wildlife. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 47:56-65. [PMID: 22766500 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, <6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and <0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Klosterhaus
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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17
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Sacks VP, Lohmann R. Freely dissolved PBDEs in water and porewater of an urban estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:287-93. [PMID: 22243876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene passive samplers (PE) were deployed in Narragansett Bay, RI, to examine freely dissolved concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface, bottom, and sediment porewater. PBDE congeners in the water column and porewater were below 3 pg L(-1). In the surface water, only PBDE congeners containing up to 5 bromines were detected, while in the deeper water congeners 153 and 154 (6 bromines) were also detected. Activity ratios of surface-bottom water and porewater-bottom water suggested that lower brominated (di-tetra) congeners reached Narragansett Bay from surface waters and sediments. PBDEs in the surface water probably originated from a combination of air-water exchange, freshwater runoff, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants. It is suggested that deep water was the source of higher brominated PBDEs to the Bay implying that the more hydrophobic PBDEs reached depth on particles and/or that these congeners were degraded in sediments. On-going sources supply PBDEs to Narragansett Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Sacks
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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