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Zhou Q, Karunarathne P, Andersson-Li L, Chen C, Opgenoorth L, Heer K, Piotti A, Vendramin GG, Nakvasina E, Lascoux M, Milesi P. Recurrent hybridization and gene flow shaped Norway and Siberian spruce evolutionary history over multiple glacial cycles. Mol Ecol 2024:e17495. [PMID: 39148357 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Most tree species underwent cycles of contraction and expansion during the Quaternary. These cycles led to an ancient and complex genetic structure that has since been affected by extensive gene flow and by strong local adaptation. The extent to which hybridization played a role in this multi-layered genetic structure is important to be investigated. To study the effect of hybridization on the joint population genetic structure of two dominant species of the Eurasian boreal forest, Picea abies and P. obovata, we used targeted resequencing and obtained around 480 K nuclear SNPs and 87 chloroplast SNPs in 542 individuals sampled across most of their distribution ranges. Despite extensive gene flow and a clear pattern of Isolation-by-Distance, distinct genetic clusters emerged, indicating the presence of barriers and corridors to migration. Two cryptic refugia located in the large hybrid zone between the two species played a critical role in shaping their current distributions. The two species repeatedly hybridized during the Pleistocene and the direction of introgression depended on latitude. Our study suggests that hybridization helped both species to overcome main shifts in their distribution ranges during glacial cycles and highlights the importance of considering whole species complex instead of separate entities to retrieve complex demographic histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujie Zhou
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Piyal Karunarathne
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Universitäts Straße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lili Andersson-Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska L2:02, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Heer
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Eva Mayr-Stihl Professorship for Forest Genetics, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrea Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Elena Nakvasina
- Department of Forestry and Forest Management, Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pascal Milesi
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Goel M, Campoy JA, Krause K, Baus LC, Sahu A, Sun H, Walkemeier B, Marek M, Beaudry R, Ruiz D, Huettel B, Schneeberger K. The vast majority of somatic mutations in plants are layer-specific. Genome Biol 2024; 25:194. [PMID: 39049052 PMCID: PMC11267851 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant meristems are structured organs consisting of distinct layers of stem cells, which differentiate into new plant tissue. Mutations in meristematic layers can propagate into large sectors of the plant. However, the characteristics of meristematic mutations remain unclear, limiting our understanding of the genetic basis of somaclonal phenotypic variation. RESULTS Here, we analyse the frequency and distribution of somatic mutations in an apricot tree. We separately sequence the epidermis (developing from meristem layer 1) and the flesh (developing from meristem layer 2) of several fruits sampled across the entire tree. We find that most somatic mutations (> 90%) are specific to individual layers. Interestingly, layer 1 shows a higher mutation load than layer 2, implying different mutational dynamics between the layers. The distribution of somatic mutations follows the branching of the tree. This suggests that somatic mutations are propagated to developing branches through axillary meristems. In turn, this leads us to the unexpected observation that the genomes of layer 1 of distant branches are more similar to each other than to the genomes of layer 2 of the same branches. Finally, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that layer-specific mutations were only transcribed in the cells of the respective layers and can form the genetic basis of somaclonal phenotypic variation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we analyse the frequency and distribution of somatic mutations with meristematic origin. Our observations on the layer specificity of somatic mutations outline how they are distributed, how they propagate, and how they can impact clonally propagated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Goel
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - José A Campoy
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), CSIC, Saragossa, 50059, Spain
| | - Kristin Krause
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Illumina Solutions Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa C Baus
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anshupa Sahu
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hequan Sun
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Birgit Walkemeier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Randy Beaudry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David Ruiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- CEPLAS (Cluster of Excellence On Plant Sciences), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Howe J, Cornwallis CK, Griffin AS. Conflict-reducing innovations in development enable increased multicellular complexity. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232466. [PMID: 38196363 PMCID: PMC10777161 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obligately multicellular organisms, where cells can only reproduce as part of the group, have evolved multiple times across the tree of life. Obligate multicellularity has only evolved when clonal groups form by cell division, rather than by cells aggregating, as clonality prevents internal conflict. Yet obligately multicellular organisms still vary greatly in 'multicellular complexity' (the number of cells and cell types): some comprise a few cells and cell types, while others have billions of cells and thousands of types. Here, we test whether variation in multicellular complexity is explained by two conflict-suppressing mechanisms, namely a single-cell bottleneck at the start of development, and a strict separation of germline and somatic cells. Examining the life cycles of 129 lineages of plants, animals, fungi and algae, we show using phylogenetic comparative analyses that an early segregation of the germline stem-cell lineage is key to the evolution of more cell types, driven by a strong correlation in the Metazoa. By contrast, the presence of a strict single-cell bottleneck was not related to either the number of cells or the number of cell types, but was associated with early germline segregation. Our results suggest that segregating the germline earlier in development enabled greater evolutionary innovation, although whether this is a consequence of conflict reduction or other non-conflict effects, such as developmental flexibility, is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Howe
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Copenhagen University, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Feeley KJ, Bernal-Escobar M, Fortier R, Kullberg AT. Tropical Trees Will Need to Acclimate to Rising Temperatures-But Can They? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3142. [PMID: 37687387 PMCID: PMC10490527 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
For tropical forests to survive anthropogenic global warming, trees will need to avoid rising temperatures through range shifts and "species migrations" or tolerate the newly emerging conditions through adaptation and/or acclimation. In this literature review, we synthesize the available knowledge to show that although many tropical tree species are shifting their distributions to higher, cooler elevations, the rates of these migrations are too slow to offset ongoing changes in temperatures, especially in lowland tropical rainforests where thermal gradients are shallow or nonexistent. We also show that the rapidity and severity of global warming make it unlikely that tropical tree species can adapt (with some possible exceptions). We argue that the best hope for tropical tree species to avoid becoming "committed to extinction" is individual-level acclimation. Although several new methods are being used to test for acclimation, we unfortunately still do not know if tropical tree species can acclimate, how acclimation abilities vary between species, or what factors may prevent or facilitate acclimation. Until all of these questions are answered, our ability to predict the fate of tropical species and tropical forests-and the many services that they provide to humanity-remains critically impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.-E.); (R.F.); (A.T.K.)
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Hart M, Conrad J, Barrett E, Legg K, Ivey G, Lee PHU, Yung YC, Shim JW. X-linked hydrocephalus genes: Their proximity to telomeres and high A + T content compared to Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2023; 366:114433. [PMID: 37156332 PMCID: PMC10330542 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Proximity to telomeres (i) and high adenine and thymine (A + T) content (ii) are two factors associated with high mutation rates in human chromosomes. We have previously shown that >100 human genes when mutated to cause congenital hydrocephalus (CH) meet either factor (i) or (ii) at 91% matching, while two factors are poorly satisfied in human genes associated with familial Parkinson's disease (fPD) at 59%. Using the sets of mouse, rat, and human chromosomes, we found that 7 genes associated with CH were located on the X chromosome of mice, rats, and humans. However, genes associated with fPD were in different autosomes depending on species. While the contribution of proximity to telomeres in the autosome was comparable in CH and fPD, high A + T content played a pivotal contribution in X-linked CH (43% in all three species) than in fPD (6% in rodents or 13% in humans). Low A + T content found in fPD cases suggests that PARK family genes harbor roughly 3 times higher chances of methylations in CpG sites or epigenetic changes than X-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Joshua Conrad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Emma Barrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Legg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Gabrielle Ivey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Peter H U Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southcoast Health, Fall River, MA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yun C Yung
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scintillon Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Joon W Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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Yu H, Ma L, Zhao Y, Naren G, Wu H, Sun Y, Wu L, Zhang L. Characterization of nuclear DNA diversity in an individual Leymus chinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1157145. [PMID: 37346123 PMCID: PMC10280068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1157145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraorganismal genetic heterogeneity (IGH) exists when an individual organism harbors more than one genotype among its cells. In general, intercellular DNA diversity occurs at a very low frequency and cannot be directly detected by DNA sequencing from bulk tissue. In this study, based on Sanger and high-throughput sequencing, different species, different organs, different DNA segments and a single cell were employed to characterize nucleotide mutations in Leymus chinensis. The results demonstrated that 1) the nuclear DNA showed excessive genetic heterogeneity among cells of an individual leaf or seed but the chloroplast genes remained consistent; 2) a high density of SNPs was found in the variants of the unique DNA sequence, and the similar SNP profile shared between the leaf and seed suggested that nucleotide mutation followed a certain rule and was not random; and 3) the mutation rate decreased from the genomic DNA sequence to the corresponding protein sequence. Our results suggested that Leymus chinensis seemed to consist of a collection of cells with different genetic backgrounds.
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7
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Ueno S, Hasegawa Y, Kato S, Mori H, Tsukada H, Ohira H, Kaneko S. Rapid survey of de novo mutations in naturally growing tree species following the March 2011 disaster in Fukushima: The effect of low-dose-rate radiation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107893. [PMID: 37058973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of low-dose-rate radiation on genetics is largely unknown, particularly in natural environments. The Fukushima Dai-ich Nuclear Power Plant disaster resulted in the creation of contaminated natural lands. In this study, de novo mutations (DNMs) in germ line cells were surveyed from double-digest RADseq fragments in Japanese cedar and flowering cherry trees exposed to ambient dose rates ranging from 0.08 to 6.86 μGy h-1. These two species are among the most widely cultivated Japanese gymnosperm and angiosperm trees for forestry and horticultural purpose, respectively. For Japanese flowering cherry, open crossings were performed to produce seedlings, and only two candidate DNMs were detected from uncontaminated area. For Japanese cedar, the haploid megagametophytes were used as next generation samples. The use of megagametophytes from open crossing for next generation mutation screening had many advantages such as reducing exposure to radiation in contaminated areas because artificial crossings are not needed and the ease of data analysis owing to the haploid nature of megagametophytes. A direct comparison of the nucleotide sequences of parents and megagametophytes revealed an average of 1.4 candidate DNMs per megagametophyte sample (range: 0-40) after filtering procedures were optimized based on the validation of DNMs via Sanger sequencing. There was no relationship between the observed mutations and the ambient dose rate in the growing area or the concentration of 137Cs in cedar branches. The present results also suggest that mutation rates differ among lineages and that the growing environment has a relatively large influence on these mutation rates. These results suggested there was no significant increase in the mutation rate of the germplasm of Japanese cedar and flowering cherry trees growing in the contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneyoshi Ueno
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hasegawa
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shuri Kato
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan; Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1833-81 Todori, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0843, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsukada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohira
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
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8
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Tomimoto S, Satake A. Modelling somatic mutation accumulation and expansion in a long-lived tree with hierarchical modular architecture. J Theor Biol 2023; 565:111465. [PMID: 36931388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In a long-lived organism with a modular architecture, such as trees, somatic mutations accumulate throughout the long lifespan and result in genetic mosaicism in each module within the same individual. In recent years, next-generation sequencing technology has provided a snapshot of such intra-organismal genetic variability. However, the dynamic processes underlying the accumulation and expansion of somatic mutations during the growth remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a model to describe these processes in a form that can be applied to a real tree. Given that the proliferation dynamics of meristematic cells vary across plant species, multiple possible processes for elongation and branching were comprehensively expressed in our model. Using published data from a poplar tree, we compared the prediction of the models with the observation and explained the cell lineage dynamics underlying somatic mutations accumulation that were not evident from the snapshot of the sequenced data. We showed that the somatic genetic drift during growth increases inter-meristem mosaicism, resulting in genetically distinct branches and less integrity within an individual tree. We also showed that the somatic genetic drift during branching leads to the mutation accumulation pattern that does not reflect the tree topology. Our modelling framework can help interpret and provide further insights into the empirical findings of genetic mosaicism in long-lived trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Tomimoto
- Graduate School of Systems Life Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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López-Nandam EH, Albright R, Hanson EA, Sheets EA, Palumbi SR. Mutations in coral soma and sperm imply lifelong stem cell renewal and cell lineage selection. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221766. [PMID: 36651044 PMCID: PMC9846893 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In many animals, the germline differentiates early in embryogenesis, so only mutations that accumulate in germ cells are inherited by offspring. Exceptions to this developmental process may indicate other mechanisms have evolved to limit the effects of deleterious mutation accumulation. Stony corals are animals that can live for hundreds of years and have been thought to produce gametes from somatic tissue. To clarify conflicting evidence about germline-soma distinction in corals, we sequenced high coverage, full genomes with technical replicates for parent coral branches and their sperm pools. We identified post-embryonic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) unique to each parent branch, then checked if each SNV was shared by the respective sperm pool. Twenty-six per cent of post-embryonic SNVs were shared by the sperm and 74% were not. We also identified germline SNVs, those that were present in the sperm but not in the parent. These data suggest that self-renewing stem cells differentiate into germ and soma throughout the adult life of the colony, with SNV rates and patterns differing markedly in stem, soma and germ lineages. In addition to informing the evolution of germlines in metazoans, these insights inform how corals may generate adaptive diversity necessary in the face of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora H. López-Nandam
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability Science, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Rebecca Albright
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability Science, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Erik A. Hanson
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Sheets
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
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10
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Ji Y, Chen X, Lin S, Traw MB, Tian D, Yang S, Wang L, Huang J. High level of somatic mutations detected in a diploid banana wild relative Musa basjoo. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:67-77. [PMID: 36283995 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are thought to lack an early segregating germline and often retain both asexual and sexual reproduction, both of which may allow somatic mutations to enter the gametes or clonal progeny, and thereby impact plant evolution. It is yet unclear how often these somatic mutations occur during plant development and what proportion is transmitted to their sexual or cloned offspring. Asexual "seedless" propagation has contributed greatly to the breeding in many fruit crops, such as citrus, grapes and bananas. Whether plants in these lineages experience substantial somatic mutation accumulation is unknown. To estimate the somatic mutation accumulation and inheritance among a clonal population of plant, here we assess somatic mutation accumulation in Musa basjoo, a diploid banana wild relative, using 30 whole-genome resequenced samples collected from five structures, including leaves, sheaths, panicle, roots and underground rhizome connecting three clonal individuals. We observed 18.5 high proportion de novo somatic mutations on average between each two adjacent clonal suckers, equivalent to ~ 2.48 × 10-8 per site per asexual generation, higher than the per site per sexual generation rates (< 1 × 10-8) reported in Arabidopsis and peach. Interestingly, most of these inter-ramet somatic mutations were shared simultaneously in different tissues of the same individual with a high level of variant allele fractions, suggesting that these somatic mutations arise early in ramet development and that each individual may develop only from a few apical stem cells. These results thus suggest substantial mutation accumulation in a wild relative of banana. Our work reveals the significance of somatic mutation in Musa basjoo genetics variations and contribute to the trait improvement breeding of bananas and other asexual clonal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Milton Brian Traw
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dacheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ju Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Evo-devo perspectives on cancer. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:797-815. [PMID: 36250956 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The integration of evolutionary and developmental approaches into the field of evolutionary developmental biology has opened new areas of inquiry- from understanding the evolution of development and its underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms to addressing the role of development in evolution. For the last several decades, the terms 'evolution' and 'development' have been increasingly linked to cancer, in many different frameworks and contexts. This mini-review, as part of a special issue on Evolutionary Developmental Biology, discusses the main areas in cancer research that have been addressed through the lenses of both evolutionary and developmental biology, though not always fully or explicitly integrated in an evo-devo framework. First, it briefly introduces the current views on carcinogenesis that invoke evolutionary and/or developmental perspectives. Then, it discusses the main mechanisms proposed to have specifically evolved to suppress cancer during the evolution of multicellularity. Lastly, it considers whether the evolution of multicellularity and development was shaped by the threat of cancer (a cancer-evo-devo perspective), and/or whether the evolution of developmental programs and life history traits can shape cancer resistance/risk in various lineages (an evo-devo-cancer perspective). A proper evolutionary developmental framework for cancer, both as a disease and in terms of its natural history (in the context of the evolution of multicellularity and development as well as life history traits), could bridge the currently disparate evolutionary and developmental perspectives and uncover aspects that will provide new insights for cancer prevention and treatment.
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12
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Duan Y, Yan J, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Tao X, Ji H, Zhang M, Wang X, Wang L. Limited accumulation of high-frequency somatic mutations in a 1700-year-old Osmanthus fragrans tree. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2040-2049. [PMID: 35640149 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lifespan varies greatly between and within species. Mutation accumulation is considered an important factor explaining this life-history trait. However, direct assessment of somatic mutations in long-lived species is still rare. In this study, we sequenced a 1700-year-old sweet olive tree and analysed the high-frequency somatic mutations accumulated in its six primary branches. We found the lowest per-year mutation accumulation rate in this oldest tree among those studied via the whole-genome sequencing approach. Investigation of mutation profiles suggests that this low rate of high-frequency mutation was unlikely to result from strong purifying selection. More intriguingly, on a per-branching scale, the high-frequency mutation accumulation rate was similar among the long-lived individuals such as oak, wild peach and sweet olive investigated here. We therefore suggest the possibility that the accumulation of high-frequency somatic mutations in very long-lived trees might have an upper boundary due to both the possible limited number of stem cell divisions and the early segregation of the stem cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Duan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiping Yan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiuhua Tao
- Vegetable and Flowers Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1738 Liantang Middle Blvd, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Hongli Ji
- Vegetable and Flowers Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1738 Liantang Middle Blvd, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianrong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District. Nanjing 210023, China
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13
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Cruzan MB, Streisfeld MA, Schwoch JA. Fitness effects of somatic mutations accumulating during vegetative growth. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe unique life form of plants promotes the accumulation of somatic mutations that can be passed to offspring in the next generation, because the same meristem cells responsible for vegetative growth also generate gametes for sexual reproduction. However, little is known about the consequences of somatic mutation accumulation for offspring fitness. We evaluate the fitness effects of somatic mutations in Mimulus guttatus by comparing progeny from self-pollinations made within the same flower (autogamy) to progeny from self-pollinations made between stems on the same plant (geitonogamy). The effects of somatic mutations are evident from this comparison, as autogamy leads to homozygosity of a proportion of somatic mutations, but progeny from geitonogamy remain heterozygous for mutations unique to each stem. In two different experiments, we find consistent fitness effects of somatic mutations from individual stems. Surprisingly, several progeny groups from autogamous crosses displayed increases in fitness compared to progeny from geitonogamy crosses, likely indicating that beneficial somatic mutations occurred in some stems. These results support the hypothesis that somatic mutations accumulate during vegetative growth, but they are filtered by different forms of selection that occur throughout development, resulting in the culling of expressed deleterious mutations and the retention of beneficial mutations.
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14
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Popov VN, Syromyatnikov MY, Franceschi C, Moskalev AA, Krutovsky KV, Krutovsky KV. Genetic mechanisms of aging in plants: What can we learn from them? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101601. [PMID: 35278719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants hold all records in longevity. Their aging is a complex process. In the presented review, we analyzed published data on various aspects of plant aging with focus on any inferences that could shed a light on aging in animals and help to fight it in human. Plant aging can be caused by many factors, such as telomere depletion, genomic instability, loss of proteostasis, changes in intercellular interaction, desynchronosis, autophagy misregulation, epigenetic changes and others. Plants have developed a number of mechanisms to increase lifespan. Among these mechanisms are gene duplication ("genetic backup"), the active work of telomerases, abundance of meristematic cells, capacity of maintaining the meristems permanently active and continuous activity of phytohormones. Plant aging usually occurs throughout the whole perennial life, but could be also seasonal senescence. Study of causes for seasonal aging can also help to uncover the mechanisms of plant longevity. The influence of different factors such as microbiome communities, glycation, alternative oxidase activity, mitochondrial dysfunction on plant longevity was also reviewed. Adaptive mechanisms of long-lived plants are considered. Further comparative study of the mechanisms underlying longevity of plants is necessary. This will allow us to reach a potentially new level of understanding of the aging process of plants.
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15
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Liu J, Xia S, Zeng D, Liu C, Li Y, Yang W, Yang B, Zhang J, Slik F, Lindenmayer DB. Age and spatial distribution of the world's oldest trees. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36. [PMID: 35288993 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extremely old trees have important roles in providing insights about historical climatic events and supporting cultural values. Yet there has been limited work on the global distribution and conservation of these trees. We extracted information on 197,855 tree cores at 4,854 sites, and combined it with other tree age data from a further 156 sites, to determine the age of the world's oldest trees and quantify the factors influencing their global distribution. We found that extremely old trees >1,000 years are rare. Among 30 individual trees that exceeded 2,000 years old, 27 occurred in high mountains. Our model suggests that many of the existing oldest trees occur in high-elevation, cold and arid mountains with limited human disturbance. This pattern is markedly different from that of the tallest trees, which are more likely to occur in more mesic and productive locations. Global warming and expansion of human activities may induce rapid population declines of extremely old trees. New strategies, including targeted establishment of conservation reserves in remote regions, especially those in western Table 1 parts of China and USA, are required to protect these trees. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutional Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yingjun Li
- Research Centre for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Qinghai Research Centre of Qilian Mountain National Park, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability and Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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16
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Adamek K, Jones AMP, Torkamaneh D. Accumulation of somatic mutations leads to genetic mosaicism in cannabis. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20169. [PMID: 34806848 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is typically propagated using stem cuttings taken from mother plants to produce genetically uniform propagules. However, producers anecdotally report that clonal lines deteriorate over time and eventually produce clones with less vigor and lower cannabinoid levels than the original mother plant. While the cause of this deterioration has not been investigated, one potential contributor is the accumulation of somatic mutations within the plant. To test this, we used deep sequencing of whole genomes (>50×) to compare the variability within an individual cannabis cultivar Honey Banana plant sampled at the bottom, middle, and top. We called over six million sequence variants based on a reference genome and found that the top had the most by a sizable amount. Comparing the variants among the samples uncovered that nearly 600,000 (34%) were unique to the top while the bottom only contained 148,000 (12%), and middle with 77,000 (9%) unique variants. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify mutations in critical cannabinoid-terpene biosynthesis pathways. While none were identified as high impact, four genes contained more than double the average level of nucleotide diversity (π) in or near the gene. Two genes code for essential enzymes required for the cannabinoid pathway while the other two are in the terpene pathways, demonstrating that mutations were accumulating within these pathways and could influence their function. Overall, a measurable number of intraplant genetic diversity was discovered that could impact long-term genetic fidelity of clonal lines and potentially contribute to the observed decline in vigor and cannabinoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Adamek
- Dep. of Plant Agriculture, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Perez-Roman E, Borredá C, López-García Usach A, Talon M. Single-nucleotide mosaicism in citrus: Estimations of somatic mutation rates and total number of variants. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20162. [PMID: 34796688 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most of the hundreds of citrus varieties are derived from spontaneous mutations. We characterized the dynamics of single-nucleotide mosaicism in a 36-yr-old clementine (Citrus ×clementina hort. ex Tanaka) tree, a commercial citrus whose vegetative behavior is known in detail. Whole-genome sequencing identified 73 reliable somatic mutations, 48% of which were transitions from G/C to A/T, suggesting ultraviolet (UV) exposure as mutagen. The mutations accumulated in sectorized areas of the tree in a nested hierarchy determined by the branching pattern, although some variants detected in the basal parts were also found in the new growth and were fixed in some branches and leaves of much younger age. The estimate of mutation rates in our tree was 4.4 × 10-10 bp-1 yr-1 , a rate in the range reported in other perennials. Assuming a perfect configuration and taking advantage of previous counts on the number of total leaves of typical clementine trees, these mutation determinations allowed to estimate for the first time the total number of variants present in a standard adult tree (1,500-5,000) and the somatic mutations generated in a typical leaf flush (0.92-1.19). From an evolutionary standpoint, the sectoral distribution of somatic mutations and the habit of periodic foliar renewal of long-lived plants appear to increase genetic heterogeneity and, therefore, the adaptive role of somatic mutations reducing the mutational load and providing fitness benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Antoni López-García Usach
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
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18
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Ren Y, He Z, Liu P, Traw B, Sun S, Tian D, Yang S, Jia Y, Wang L. Somatic Mutation Analysis in Salix suchowensis Reveals Early-Segregated Cell Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5292-5308. [PMID: 34562099 PMCID: PMC8662653 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived plants face the challenge of ever-increasing mutational burden across their long lifespan. Early sequestration of meristematic stem cells is supposed to efficiently slow down this process, but direct measurement of somatic mutations that accompanies segregated cell lineages in plants is still rare. Here, we tracked somatic mutations in 33 leaves and 22 adventitious roots from 22 stem-cuttings across eight major branches of a shrub willow (Salix suchowensis). We found that most mutations propagated separately in leaves and roots, providing clear evidence for early segregation of underlying cell lineages. By combining lineage tracking with allele frequency analysis, our results revealed a set of mutations shared by distinct branches, but were exclusively present in leaves and not in roots. These mutations were likely propagated by rapidly dividing somatic cell lineages which survive several iterations of branching, distinct from the slowly dividing axillary stem cell lineages. Leaf is thus contributed by both slowly and rapidly dividing cell lineages, leading to varied fixation chances of propagated mutations. By contrast, each root likely arises from a single founder cell within the adventitious stem cell lineages. Our findings give straightforward evidence that early segregation of meristems slows down mutation accumulation in axillary meristems, implying a plant "germline" paralog to the germline of animals through convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Brian Traw
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dacheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Larson DA, Vargas OM, Vicentini A, Dick CW. Admixture may be extensive among hyperdominant Amazon rainforest tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2520-2534. [PMID: 34389989 PMCID: PMC9292926 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Admixture is a mechanism by which species of long-lived plants may acquire novel alleles. However, the potential role of admixture in the origin and maintenance of tropical plant diversity is unclear. We ask whether admixture occurs in an ecologically important clade of Eschweilera (Parvifolia clade, Lecythidaceae), which includes some of the most widespread and abundant tree species in Amazonian forests. Using target capture sequencing, we conducted a detailed phylogenomic investigation of 33 species in the Parvifolia clade and investigated specific hypotheses of admixture within a robust phylogenetic framework. We found strong evidence of admixture among three ecologically dominant species, E. coriacea, E. wachenheimii and E. parviflora, but a lack of evidence for admixture among other lineages. Accepted species were largely distinguishable from one another, as was geographic structure within species. We show that hybridization may play a role in the evolution of the most widespread and ecologically variable Amazonian tree species. While admixture occurs among some species of Eschweilera, it has not led to widespread erosion of most species' genetic or morphological identities. Therefore, current morphological based species circumscriptions appear to provide a useful characterization of the clade's lineage diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A. Larson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Oscar M. Vargas
- Department of Biological SciencesHumboldt State UniversityArcataCA95521USA
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)ManausAMCEP 69067‐375Brazil
| | - Christopher W. Dick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityRepublic of Panama
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20
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Lesaffre T. Population-level consequences of inheritable somatic mutations and the evolution of mutation rates in plants. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211127. [PMID: 34493080 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression, that is the decrease in fitness of inbred relative to outbred individuals, was shown to increase strongly as life expectancy increases in plants. Because plants are thought to not have a separated germline, it was proposed that this pattern could be generated by somatic mutations accumulating during growth, since larger and more long-lived species have more opportunities for mutations to accumulate. A key determinant of the role of somatic mutations is the rate at which they occur, which probably differs between species because mutation rates may evolve differently in species with constrasting life histories. In this paper, I study the evolution of the mutation rates in plants, and consider the population-level consequences of inheritable somatic mutations given this evolution. I show that despite substantially lower somatic and meiotic mutation rates, more long-lived species still tend to accumulate larger amounts of deleterious mutations because of the increased number of opportunities they have to acquire mutations during growth, leading to higher levels of inbreeding depression in these species. However, the magnitude of this increase depends strongly on how mutagenic meiosis is relative to growth, to the point of being close to non-existent in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lesaffre
- CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Yao N, Schmitz RJ, Johannes F. Epimutations Define a Fast-Ticking Molecular Clock in Plants. Trends Genet 2021; 37:699-710. [PMID: 34016450 PMCID: PMC8282728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic gains and losses of DNA methylation at CG dinucleotides are a frequent occurrence in plants. These spontaneous 'epimutations' occur at a rate that is 100 000 times higher than the genetic mutation rate, are effectively neutral at the genome-wide scale, and are stably inherited across mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. Mathematical models have been extraordinarily successful at describing how epimutations accumulate in plant genomes over time, making this process one of the most predictable epigenetic phenomena to date. Here, we propose that their high rate and effective neutrality make epimutations a powerful new molecular clock for timing evolutionary events of the recent past and for age dating of long-lived perennials such as trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank Johannes
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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22
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Eusemann P, Liesebach H. Small-scale genetic structure and mating patterns in an extensive sessile oak forest ( Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7796-7809. [PMID: 34188852 PMCID: PMC8216985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus) are major components of temperate forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere where they form intermediate or climax communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) forests represent the climax vegetation in eastern Germany and western Poland. Here, sessile oak forms pure stands or occurs intermixed with Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). A large body of research is available on gene flow, reproduction dynamics, and genetic structure in fragmented landscapes and mixed populations. At the same time, our knowledge regarding large, contiguous, and monospecific populations is considerably less well developed. Our study is an attempt to further develop our understanding of the reproduction ecology of sessile oak as an ecologically and economically important forest tree by analyzing mating patterns and genetic structure within adult trees and seedlings originating from one or two reproduction events in an extensive, naturally regenerating sessile oak forest. We detected positive spatial genetic structure up to 30 meters between adult trees and up to 40 meters between seedlings. Seed dispersal distances averaged 8.4 meters. Pollen dispersal distances averaged 22.6 meters. In both cases, the largest proportion of the dispersal occurred over short distances. Dispersal over longer distances was more common for pollen but also appeared regularly for seeds. The reproductive success of individual trees was highly skewed. Only 41 percent of all adult trees produced any offspring while the majority did not participate in reproduction. Among those trees that contributed to the analyzed seedling sample, 80 percent contributed 1-3 gametes. Only 20 percent of all parent trees contributed four or more gametes. However, these relatively few most fertile trees contributed 51 percent of all gametes within the seedling sample. Vitality and growth differed significantly between reproducing and nonreproducing adult trees with reproducing trees being more vital and vigorous than nonreproducing individuals. Our study demonstrates that extensive, apparently homogenous oak forests are far from uniform on the genetic level. On the contrary, they form highly complex mosaics of remarkably small local neighborhoods. This counterbalances the levelling effect of long-distance dispersal and may increase the species' adaptive potential. Incorporating these dynamics in the management, conservation, and restoration of oak forests can support the conservation of forest genetic diversity and assist those forests in coping with environmental change.
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Stability across the Whole Nuclear Genome in the Presence and Absence of DNA Mismatch Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051224. [PMID: 34067668 PMCID: PMC8156620 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the contribution of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) to the stability of the eukaryotic nuclear genome as determined by whole-genome sequencing. To date, wild-type nuclear genome mutation rates are known for over 40 eukaryotic species, while measurements in mismatch repair-defective organisms are fewer in number and are concentrated on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human tumors. Well-studied organisms include Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus, while less genetically tractable species include great apes and long-lived trees. A variety of techniques have been developed to gather mutation rates, either per generation or per cell division. Generational rates are described through whole-organism mutation accumulation experiments and through offspring–parent sequencing, or they have been identified by descent. Rates per somatic cell division have been estimated from cell line mutation accumulation experiments, from systemic variant allele frequencies, and from widely spaced samples with known cell divisions per unit of tissue growth. The latter methods are also used to estimate generational mutation rates for large organisms that lack dedicated germlines, such as trees and hyphal fungi. Mechanistic studies involving genetic manipulation of MMR genes prior to mutation rate determination are thus far confined to yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, and one chicken cell line. A great deal of work in wild-type organisms has begun to establish a sound baseline, but far more work is needed to uncover the variety of MMR across eukaryotes. Nonetheless, the few MMR studies reported to date indicate that MMR contributes 100-fold or more to genome stability, and they have uncovered insights that would have been impossible to obtain using reporter gene assays.
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Burian A. Does Shoot Apical Meristem Function as the Germline in Safeguarding Against Excess of Mutations? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707740. [PMID: 34421954 PMCID: PMC8374955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A genetic continuity of living organisms relies on the germline which is a specialized cell lineage producing gametes. Essential in the germline functioning is the protection of genetic information that is subjected to spontaneous mutations. Due to indeterminate growth, late specification of the germline, and unique longevity, plants are expected to accumulate somatic mutations during their lifetime that leads to decrease in individual and population fitness. However, protective mechanisms, similar to those in animals, exist in plant shoot apical meristem (SAM) allowing plants to reduce the accumulation and transmission of mutations. This review describes cellular- and tissue-level mechanisms related to spatio-temporal distribution of cell divisions, organization of stem cell lineages, and cell fate specification to argue that the SAM functions analogous to animal germline.
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25
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Orive ME, Krueger-Hadfield SA. Sex and Asex: A Clonal Lexicon. J Hered 2020; 112:1-8. [PMID: 33336685 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms across the tree of life have complex life cycles that include both sexual and asexual reproduction or that are obligately asexual. These organisms include ecologically dominant species that structure many terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as many pathogens, pests, and invasive species. We must consider both the evolution and maintenance of these various reproductive modes and how these modes shape the genetic diversity, adaptive evolution, and ability to persist in the species that exhibit them. Thus, having a common framework is a key aspect of understanding the biodiversity that shapes our planet. In the 2019 AGA President's Symposium, Sex and Asex: The genetics of complex life cycles, researchers investigating a wide range of taxonomic models and using a variety of modes of investigation coalesced around a common theme-understanding not only how such complex life cycles may evolve, but how they are shaped by the evolutionary and ecological forces around them. In this introduction to the Special Issue from the symposium, we give an overview of some of the key ideas and areas of investigation (a common clonal lexicon, we might say) and introduce the breadth of work submitted by symposium participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Orive
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294
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Estimation of the SNP Mutation Rate in Two Vegetatively Propagating Species of Duckweed. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4191-4200. [PMID: 32973000 PMCID: PMC7642947 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutation rate estimates for vegetatively reproducing organisms are rare, despite their frequent occurrence across the tree of life. Here we report mutation rate estimates in two vegetatively reproducing duckweed species, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza We use a modified approach to estimating mutation rates by taking into account the reduction in mutation detection power that occurs when new individuals are produced from multiple cell lineages. We estimate an extremely low per generation mutation rate in both species of duckweed and note that allelic coverage at de novo mutation sites is very skewed. We also find no substantial difference in mutation rate between mutation accumulation lines propagated under benign conditions and those grown under salt stress. Finally, we discuss the implications of interpreting mutation rate estimates in vegetatively propagating organisms.
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Shahryary Y, Symeonidi A, Hazarika RR, Denkena J, Mubeen T, Hofmeister B, van Gurp T, Colomé-Tatché M, Verhoeven KJ, Tuskan G, Schmitz RJ, Johannes F. AlphaBeta: computational inference of epimutation rates and spectra from high-throughput DNA methylation data in plants. Genome Biol 2020; 21:260. [PMID: 33023650 PMCID: PMC7539454 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stochastic changes in DNA methylation (i.e., spontaneous epimutations) contribute to methylome diversity in plants. Here, we describe AlphaBeta, a computational method for estimating the precise rate of such stochastic events using pedigree-based DNA methylation data as input. We demonstrate how AlphaBeta can be employed to study transgenerationally heritable epimutations in clonal or sexually derived mutation accumulation lines, as well as somatic epimutations in long-lived perennials. Application of our method to published and new data reveals that spontaneous epimutations accumulate neutrally at the genome-wide scale, originate mainly during somatic development and that they can be used as a molecular clock for age-dating trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Shahryary
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Plant Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748 Germany
| | - Aikaterini Symeonidi
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Plant Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
| | - Rashmi R. Hazarika
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Plant Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748 Germany
| | - Johanna Denkena
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
| | - Talha Mubeen
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Plant Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748 Germany
| | | | - Thomas van Gurp
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Colomé-Tatché
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV Netherlands
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
| | - Koen J.F. Verhoeven
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Tuskan
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Robert J. Schmitz
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748 Germany
- Department of Genetics, The University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, 30602 USA
| | - Frank Johannes
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Plant Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, Freising, 85354 Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748 Germany
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Haas FB, Fernandez-Pozo N, Meyberg R, Perroud PF, Göttig M, Stingl N, Saint-Marcoux D, Langdale JA, Rensing SA. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Charting of P. patens Reveals Accumulation of Somatic Mutations During in vitro Culture on the Scale of Natural Variation by Selfing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32733496 PMCID: PMC7358436 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Physcomitrium patens (Hedw.) Mitten (previously known as Physcomitrella patens) was collected by H.L.K. Whitehouse in Gransden Wood (Huntingdonshire, United Kingdom) in 1962 and distributed across the globe starting in 1974. Hence, the Gransden accession has been cultured in vitro in laboratories for half a century. Today, there are more than 13 different pedigrees derived from the original accession. Additionally, accessions from other sites worldwide were collected during the last decades. Methods and Results: In this study, 250 high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples and 25 gDNA samples were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analyses were performed using five different P. patens accessions and 13 different Gransden pedigrees. SNPs were overlaid with metadata and known phenotypic variations. Unique SNPs defining Gransden pedigrees and accessions were identified and experimentally confirmed. They can be successfully employed for PCR-based identification. Conclusion: We show independent mutations in different Gransden laboratory pedigrees, demonstrating that somatic mutations occur and accumulate during in vitro culture. The frequency of such mutations is similar to those observed in naturally occurring populations. We present evidence that vegetative propagation leads to accumulation of deleterious mutations, and that sexual reproduction purges those. Unique SNP sets for five different P. patens accessions were isolated and can be used to determine individual accessions as well as Gransden pedigrees. Based on that, laboratory methods to easily determine P. patens accessions and Gransden pedigrees are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B. Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Göttig
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nora Stingl
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Denis Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Laboratoire BVpam - FRE 3727, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- SYNMIKRO Center for Synthetic Microbiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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29
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Orr AJ, Padovan A, Kainer D, Külheim C, Bromham L, Bustos-Segura C, Foley W, Haff T, Hsieh JF, Morales-Suarez A, Cartwright RA, Lanfear R. A phylogenomic approach reveals a low somatic mutation rate in a long-lived plant. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192364. [PMID: 32156194 PMCID: PMC7126060 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations can have important effects on the life history, ecology, and evolution of plants, but the rate at which they accumulate is poorly understood and difficult to measure directly. Here, we develop a method to measure somatic mutations in individual plants and use it to estimate the somatic mutation rate in a large, long-lived, phenotypically mosaic Eucalyptus melliodora tree. Despite being 100 times larger than Arabidopsis, this tree has a per-generation mutation rate only ten times greater, which suggests that this species may have evolved mechanisms to reduce the mutation rate per unit of growth. This adds to a growing body of evidence that illuminates the correlated evolutionary shifts in mutation rate and life history in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Orr
- The Biodesign Institute and the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda Padovan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,CSIRO Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David Kainer
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Lindell Bromham
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - William Foley
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tonya Haff
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ji-Fan Hsieh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Reed A Cartwright
- The Biodesign Institute and the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Zheng X, Lin S, Fu H, Wan Y, Ding Y. The Bamboo Flowering Cycle Sheds Light on Flowering Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:381. [PMID: 32362903 PMCID: PMC7180196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is a perennial flowering plant with a distinctive life cycle: many bamboo species remain in the vegetative phase for decades, followed by mass synchronous flowering and subsequent death. The phenomenon of bamboo flowering is not fully understood, but its periodicity is a major research focus. Here, we collected information on bamboo flowering events by investigating historical documents and field studies at the Bamboo Research Institute of Nanjing Forestry University. We compiled information on more than 630 flowering events, 124 of which accurately recorded the flowering cycle time. We summarized the specific flowering cycles of 85 bamboo species, as well as four kinds of bamboo flowering habits in detail. We present a theory of the bamboo flowering cycle and discuss the reasons for the observed variations in bamboo flowering. This review also introduces two mechanisms by which bamboo forests are rejuvenated after flowering and explains the flowering phenomena of bamboo forests using the bamboo flowering cycle theory. Finally, we present suggestions for forest management strategies. Bamboo flowering is a normal physiological phenomenon, even though it has unique elements compared with flowering in other plants. The results presented here provide valuable reference material for understanding bamboo flowering and its periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huajun Fu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Wan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yulong Ding
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31
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López EH, Palumbi SR. Somatic Mutations and Genome Stability Maintenance in Clonal Coral Colonies. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 37:828-838. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOne challenge for multicellular organisms is maintaining genome stability in the face of mutagens across long life spans. Imperfect genome maintenance leads to mutation accumulation in somatic cells, which is associated with tumors and senescence in vertebrates. Colonial reef-building corals are often large, can live for hundreds of years, rarely develop recognizable tumors, and are thought to convert somatic cells into gamete producers, so they are a pivotal group in which to understand long-term genome maintenance. To measure rates and patterns of somatic mutations, we analyzed transcriptomes from 17 to 22 branches from each of four Acropora hyacinthus colonies, determined putative single nucleotide variants, and verified them with Sanger resequencing. Unlike for human skin carcinomas, there is no signature of mutations caused by UV damage, indicating either higher efficiency of repair than in vertebrates, or strong sunscreen protection in these shallow water tropical animals. The somatic mutation frequency per nucleotide in A. hyacinthus is on the same order of magnitude (10−7) as noncancerous human somatic cells, and accumulation of mutations with age is similar. Loss of heterozygosity variants outnumber gain of heterozygosity mutations ∼2:1. Although the mutation frequency is similar in mammals and corals, the preponderance of loss of heterozygosity changes and potential selection may reduce the frequency of deleterious mutations in colonial animals like corals. This may limit the deleterious effects of somatic mutations on the coral organism as well as potential offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora H López
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA
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