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Guo X, Li J, Qi Y, Chen J, Jiang M, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang H, Wang G, Wang X. Telomere length and micronuclei trajectories in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Correlating with cognitive impairment and brain amyloidosis in a sexually dimorphic manner. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14121. [PMID: 38450924 PMCID: PMC11113262 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Although studies have demonstrated that genome instability is accumulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the specific types of genome instability linked to AD pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we report the first characterization of the age- and sex-related trajectories of telomere length (TL) and micronuclei in APP/PS1 mice model and wild-type (WT) controls (C57BL/6). TL was measured in brain (prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, pituitary gland, and hippocampus), colon and skin, and MN was measured in bone marrow in 6- to 14-month-old mice. Variation in TL was attributable to tissue type, age, genotype and, to a lesser extent, sex. Compared to WT, APP/PS1 had a significantly shorter baseline TL across all examined tissues. TL was inversely associated with age in both genotypes and TL shortening was accelerated in brain of APP/PS1. Age-related increase of micronuclei was observed in both genotypes but was accelerated in APP/PS1. We integrated TL and micronuclei data with data on cognition performance and brain amyloidosis. TL and micronuclei were linearly correlated with cognition performance or Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in both genotypes but to a greater extent in APP/PS1. These associations in APP/PS1 mice were dominantly driven by females. Together, our findings provide foundational knowledge to infer the TL and micronuclei trajectories in APP/PS1 mice during disease progression, and strongly support that TL attrition and micronucleation are tightly associated with AD pathogenesis in a female-biased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jianfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Yanmei Qi
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Juanlin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Minyan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Lina Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Zetong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Han Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Gongwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
- Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell TherapyTaizhouZhejiangChina
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Kirsch-Volders M, Mišík M, de Gerlache J. Tetraploidy as a metastable state towards malignant cell transformation within a systemic approach of cancer development. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503764. [PMID: 38821671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, may be a natural physiological condition or pathophysiological such as in cancer cells or stress induced tetraploidisation. Its contribution to cancer development is well known. However, among the many models proposed to explain the causes, mechanisms and steps of malignant cell transformation, only few integrate tetraploidization into a systemic multistep approach of carcinogenesis. Therefore, we will i) describe the molecular and cellular characteristics of tetraploidy; ii) assess the contribution of stress-induced tetraploidy in cancer development; iii) situate tetraploidy as a metastable state leading to cancer development in a systemic cell-centered approach; iiii) consider knowledge gaps and future perspectives. The available data shows that stress-induced tetraploidisation/polyploidisation leads to p53 stabilisation, cell cycle arrest, followed by cellular senescence or apoptosis, suppressing the proliferation of tetraploid cells. However, if tetraploid cells escape the G1-tetraploidy checkpoint, it may lead to uncontrolled proliferation of tetraploid cells, micronuclei induction, aneuploidy and deploidisation. In addition, tetraploidization favors 3D-chromatin changes and epigenetic effects. The combined effects of genetic and epigenetic changes allow the expression of oncogenic gene expression and cancer progression. Moreover, since micronuclei are inducing inflammation, which in turn may induce additional tetraploidization, tetraploidy-derived genetic instability leads to a carcinogenic vicious cycle. The concept that polyploid cells are metastable intermediates between diploidy and aneuploidy is not new. Metastability denotes an intermediate energetic state within a dynamic system other than the system's state at least energy. Considering in parallel the genetic/epigenetic changes and the probable entropy levels induced by stress-induced tetraploidisation provides a new systemic approach to describe cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Towards prevention of aneuploidy-associated cellular senescence and aging: more questions than answers? MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108474. [PMID: 37866738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss how aneuploidy contributes to the aging process, and to identify plausible strategies for its prevention. After an overview of mechanisms leading to aneuploidy and the major features of cellular senescence, we discuss the link between (i) aneuploidy and cellular senescence; (ii) aneuploidy and aging; and (iii) cellular senescence and aging. We also consider (i) interactions between aneuploidy, micronuclei, cellular senescence and aging, (ii) the potential of nutritional treatments to prevent aneuploidy-associated senescence and aging, and (iii) knowledge and technological gaps. Evidence for a causal link between aneuploidy, senescence and aging is emerging. In vitro, aneuploidy accompanies the entry into cellular senescence and can itself induce senescence. How aneuploidy contributes in vivo to cellular senescence is less clear. Several routes depending on aneuploidy and/or senescence converge towards chronic inflammation, the major driver of unhealthy aging. Aneuploidy can induce the pro-inflammatory Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), either directly or as a result of micronucleus (MN) induction leading to leakage of DNA into the cytoplasm and triggering of the cGAS-STING pathway of innate immune response. A major difficulty in understanding the impact of aneuploidy on senescence and aging in vivo, results from the heterogeneity of cellular senescence in different tissues at the cytological and molecular level. Due to this complexity, there is at the present time no biomarker or biomarker combination characteristic for all types of senescent cells. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of the critical role aneuploidy plays in cellular senescence and aging is essential to devise practical strategies to protect human populations from aneuploidy-associated pathologies. We discuss emerging evidence, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that adequate amounts of specific micronutrients are essential for prevention of aneuploidy in humans and that precise nutritional intervention may be essential to help avoid the scourge of aneuploidy-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia.
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Pepke ML, Ringsby TH, Eisenberg DTA. The evolution of early-life telomere length, pace-of-life and telomere-chromosome length dynamics in birds. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2898-2912. [PMID: 36847070 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the short DNA sequences that protect chromosome ends, are an ancient molecular structure, which is highly conserved across most eukaryotes. Species differ in their telomere lengths, but the causes of this variation are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that mean early-life telomere length is an evolutionary labile trait across 57 bird species (representing 35 families in 12 orders) with the greatest trait diversity found among passerines. Among these species, telomeres are significantly shorter in fast-lived than in slow-lived species, suggesting that telomere length may have evolved to mediate trade-offs between physiological requirements underlying the diversity of pace-of-life strategies in birds. This association was attenuated when excluding studies that may include interstitial telomeres in the estimation of mean telomere length. Curiously, within some species, larger individual chromosome size predicts longer telomere lengths on that chromosome, leading to the hypothesis that telomere length also covaries with chromosome length across species. We show that longer mean chromosome length or genome size tends to be associated with longer mean early-life telomere length (measured across all chromosomes) within a phylogenetic framework constituting up to 31 bird species. These associations were strengthened when excluding highly influential outliers. However, sensitivity analyses suggested that they were susceptible to sample size effects and not robust to the exclusion of studies that may include interstitial telomeres. Combined, our analyses generalize patterns previously found within a few species and provide potential adaptive explanations for the 10-fold variation in telomere lengths observed among birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Le Pepke
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Centre for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Khatir Z, Hizam Z, Lyons B, Leitão A. Aneuploidy in the Pearl Oyster Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814): Evidence for Nonrandom Chromosome Loss and Gain in Marine Bivalves. MALACOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4002/040.065.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenaba Khatir
- Environmental Science Center (ESC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zainab Hizam
- Environmental Science Center (ESC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Brett Lyons
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alexandra Leitão
- Environmental Science Center (ESC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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M’Kacher R, Miguet M, Maillard PY, Colicchio B, Scheidecker S, Najar W, Arnoux M, Oudrhiri N, Borie C, Biehler M, Plesch A, Heidingsfelder L, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Dieterlen A, Voisin P, Junker S, Carde P, Jeandidier E. A Central Role of Telomere Dysfunction in the Formation of a Unique Translocation within the Sub-Telomere Region Resulting in Duplication and Partial Trisomy. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101762. [PMID: 36292646 PMCID: PMC9601474 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres play a major role in maintaining genome stability and integrity. Putative involvement of telomere dysfunction in the formation of various types of chromosomal aberrations is an area of active research. Here, we report a case of a six-month-old boy with a chromosomal gain encompassing the 11q22.3q25 region identified by SNP array analysis. The size of the duplication is 26.7 Mb and contains 170 genes (OMIM). The duplication results in partial trisomy of the region in question with clinical consequences, including bilateral renal dysplasia, delayed development, and a heart defect. Moreover, the karyotype determined by R-banding and chromosome painting as well as by hybridization with specific sub-telomere probes revealed the presence of an unbalanced t(9;11)(p24;q22.3) translocation with a unique breakpoint involving the sub-telomere region of the short arm of chromosome 9. The karyotypes of the parents were normal. Telomere integrity in circulating lymphocytes from the child and from his parents was assessed using an automated high-throughput method based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomere- and centromere-specific PNA probes followed by M-FISH multicolor karyotyping. Very short telomeres, as well as an increased frequency of telomere loss and formation of telomere doublets, were detected in the child’s cells. Interestingly, similar telomere profiles were found in the circulating lymphocytes of the father. Moreover, an assessment of clonal telomere aberrations identified chromosomes 9 and 11 with particularly high frequencies of such aberrations. These findings strongly suggest that telomere dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of this specific unbalanced chromosome rearrangement via chromosome end-to-end fusion and breakage–fusion–bridge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia M’Kacher
- Cell Environment DNA Damage R&D, Genopole, 91058 Evry, France
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (E.J.); Tel.: +33-1-60878918 (R.M.); +33-3-89648703 (E.J.)
| | - Marguerite Miguet
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 68070 Mulhouse, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Maillard
- Service de Génétique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Haute Pierre, 1, Rue Molière, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Colicchio
- IRIMAS, Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal, Université de Haute-Alsace, 68070 Mulhouse, France
| | - Sophie Scheidecker
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1, Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wala Najar
- Cell Environment DNA Damage R&D, Genopole, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Micheline Arnoux
- APHP-Service d’Hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay, 94801 Villejuif, France
| | - Noufissa Oudrhiri
- APHP-Service d’Hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay, 94801 Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Borie
- APHP-Service d’Hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay, 94801 Villejuif, France
| | - Margaux Biehler
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1, Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Plesch
- MetaSystems GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Str. 6, 68804 Altlussheim, Germany
| | | | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- APHP-Service d’Hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay, 94801 Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Dieterlen
- IRIMAS, Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal, Université de Haute-Alsace, 68070 Mulhouse, France
| | - Philippe Voisin
- Cell Environment DNA Damage R&D, Genopole, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Steffen Junker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrice Carde
- Department of Hematology Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Jeandidier
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 68070 Mulhouse, France
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (E.J.); Tel.: +33-1-60878918 (R.M.); +33-3-89648703 (E.J.)
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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Annar D, Feher P, Madarasi A, Mascie-Taylor N, Kekesi A, Kalabiska I, Muzsnai A, Zsakai A. Body structural and cellular aging of women with low socioeconomic status in Hungary: A pilot study. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23662. [PMID: 34346536 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The health status of an individual is determined not only by their genetic background but also by their physical environment, social environment and access and use of the health care system. The Roma are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Hungary. The majority of the Roma population live in poor conditions in segregated settlements in Hungary, with most experiencing higher exposure to environmental health hazards. The main aim of this study was to examine the biological health and aging status of Roma women living in low socioeconomic conditions in Hungary. METHODS Low SES Roma (n: 20) and high SES non-Roma women (n: 30) aged between 35 and 65 years were enrolled to the present analysis. Body mass components were estimated by body impedance analysis, bone structure was estimated by quantitative ultrasound technique. Cellular aging was assessed by X chromosome loss estimation. Data on health status, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors were collected by questionnaires. RESULTS The results revealed that low SES women are prone to be more obese, have a higher amount of abdominal body fat, and have worse bone structure than the national reference values. A positive relationship was found between aging and the rate of X chromosome loss was detected only in women with low SES. Waist to hip ratio, existence of cardiovascular diseases and the number of gravidities were predictors of the rate of X chromosome loss in women. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that age-adjusted rate of X chromosome loss could be related to the socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Annar
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Piroska Feher
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Madarasi
- Saint Janos Hospital and Unified Hospitals of North Buda, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Anna Kekesi
- Istenhegyi Gene Diagnostic Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irina Kalabiska
- University of Physical Education, Research Center for Sport Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agota Muzsnai
- Saint Janos Hospital and Unified Hospitals of North Buda, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamaria Zsakai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
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Baudoin NC, Bloomfield M. Karyotype Aberrations in Action: The Evolution of Cancer Genomes and the Tumor Microenvironment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 33921421 PMCID: PMC8068843 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of cellular evolution. For this cellular evolution to take place, a population of cells must contain functional heterogeneity and an assessment of this heterogeneity in the form of natural selection. Cancer cells from advanced malignancies are genomically and functionally very different compared to the healthy cells from which they evolved. Genomic alterations include aneuploidy (numerical and structural changes in chromosome content) and polyploidy (e.g., whole genome doubling), which can have considerable effects on cell physiology and phenotype. Likewise, conditions in the tumor microenvironment are spatially heterogeneous and vastly different than in healthy tissues, resulting in a number of environmental niches that play important roles in driving the evolution of tumor cells. While a number of studies have documented abnormal conditions of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular consequences of aneuploidy and polyploidy, a thorough overview of the interplay between karyotypically abnormal cells and the tissue and tumor microenvironments is not available. Here, we examine the evidence for how this interaction may unfold during tumor evolution. We describe a bidirectional interplay in which aneuploid and polyploid cells alter and shape the microenvironment in which they and their progeny reside; in turn, this microenvironment modulates the rate of genesis for new karyotype aberrations and selects for cells that are most fit under a given condition. We conclude by discussing the importance of this interaction for tumor evolution and the possibility of leveraging our understanding of this interplay for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas C. Baudoin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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in der Stroth L, Tharehalli U, Günes C, Lechel A. Telomeres and Telomerase in the Development of Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2048. [PMID: 32722302 PMCID: PMC7464754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Liver carcinoma is distinguished by a high heterogeneity in pathogenesis, histopathology and biological behavior. Dysregulated signaling pathways and various gene mutations are frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which represent the two most common types of liver tumors. Both tumor types are characterized by telomere shortening and reactivation of telomerase during carcinogenesis. Continuous cell proliferation, e.g., by oncogenic mutations, can cause extensive telomere shortening in the absence of sufficient telomerase activity, leading to dysfunctional telomeres and genome instability by breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, which induce senescence or apoptosis as a tumor suppressor mechanism. Telomerase reactivation is required to stabilize telomere functionality and for tumor cell survival, representing a genetic risk factor for the development of liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. Therefore, telomeres and telomerase could be useful targets in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we review similarities and differences between HCC and iCCA in telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena in der Stroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
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11
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Guo X, Dai X, Zhou T, Wang H, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why. Hum Genet 2020; 139:421-446. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Stindl R. Transgenerational telomere erosion in the monogametic sex: human telomeres progressively erode in the female germline and do not lengthen in aged testes. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:37. [PMID: 31462927 PMCID: PMC6708222 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long telomeres, the protective caps of eukaryotic chromosomes, which erode during aging, have been the symbol of youth and regenerative potential. It therefore came as a surprise, when several cross-sectional studies reported that telomeres in sperm cells of old men are longer than in young men and that paternal age is positively linked to telomere length of children. To explain the puzzling data, several theories have been put forward, from Darwinian selection to high telomerase activity or alternative telomere lengthening in sperms of geriatrics. Unfortunately, the idea of a birth-cohort effect has been ignored, despite existing theoretical models and despite findings of progressive telomere erosion between human generations. The old theoretical model of progressive telomere erosion in the female germline is discussed here and updated with the hypothesis that progressive telomere erosion is tied to the monogametic sex in all higher animals. Longitudinal studies of germline telomere length in humans are much needed, since a limited regenerative capacity of somatic tissues will most likely result in an increase in and earlier onset of the so-called age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Stindl
- Alpharm GesmbH, apo-med-center, Plättenstrasse 7-9, 2380 Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
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13
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Mazzolini R, Gonzàlez N, Garcia-Garijo A, Millanes-Romero A, Peiró S, Smith S, García de Herreros A, Canudas S. Snail1 transcription factor controls telomere transcription and integrity. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:146-158. [PMID: 29059385 PMCID: PMC5758914 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides controlling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell invasion, the Snail1 transcriptional factor also provides cells with cancer stem cell features. Since telomere maintenance is essential for stemness, we have examined the control of telomere integrity by Snail1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicates that Snail1-depleted mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have both a dramatic increase of telomere alterations and shorter telomeres. Remarkably, Snail1-deficient MSC present higher levels of both telomerase activity and the long non-coding RNA called telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), an RNA that controls telomere integrity. Accordingly, Snail1 expression downregulates expression of the telomerase gene (TERT) as well as of TERRA 2q, 11q and 18q. TERRA and TERT are transiently downregulated during TGFβ-induced EMT in NMuMG cells, correlating with Snail1 expression. Global transcriptome analysis indicates that ectopic expression of TERRA affects the transcription of some genes induced during EMT, such as fibronectin, whereas that of TERT does not modify those genes. We propose that Snail1 repression of TERRA is required not only for telomere maintenance but also for the expression of a subset of mesenchymal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mazzolini
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Gonzàlez
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Garcia-Garijo
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Millanes-Romero
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan Smith
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, USA
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Canudas
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Bernal A, Zafon E, Domínguez D, Bertran E, Tusell L. Generation of Immortalised But Unstable Cells after hTERT Introduction in Telomere-Compromised and p53-Deficient vHMECs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072078. [PMID: 30018248 PMCID: PMC6073565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, the natural ends of chromosomes, hide the linear telomeric DNA from constitutive exposure to the DNA damage response with a lariat structure or t-loop. Progressive telomere shortening associated with DNA replication in the absence of a compensatory mechanism culminates in t-loop collapse and unmasked telomeres. Dysfunctional telomeres can suppress cancer development by engaging replicative senescence or apoptosis, but they can also promote tumour initiation when cell cycle checkpoints are disabled. In this setting, telomere dysfunction promotes increasing chromosome instability (CIN) through breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Excessive instability may hamper cell proliferation but might allow for the appearance of some rare advantageous mutations that could be selected and ultimately favour neoplastic progression. With the aim of generating pre-malignant immortalised cells, we ectopically expressed telomerase in telomere-compromised variant human mammary epithelial cells (vHMECs), proficient and deficient for p53, and analysed structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations as well as abnormal nuclear morphologies. Importantly, this study provides evidence that while immortalisation of vHMECs at early stages results in an almost stable karyotype, a transient telomere-dependent CIN period—aggravated by p53 deficiency—and followed by hTERT overexpression serves as a mechanism for the generation of immortal unstable cells which, due to their evolving karyotype, could attain additional promoting properties permissive to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bernal
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Enric Bertran
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laura Tusell
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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15
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Bernal A, Moltó-Abad M, Domínguez D, Tusell L. Acute telomere deprotection prevents ongoing BFB cycles and rampant instability in p16 INK4a-deficient epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27151-27170. [PMID: 29930757 PMCID: PMC6007466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction drives chromosome instability through endless breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles that promote the formation of highly rearranged genomes. However, reactivation of telomerase or ALT-pathway is required for genome stabilisation and full malignant transformation. To allow the unrestricted proliferation of cells at risk of transformation, we have established a conditional system of telomere deprotection in p16INK4a-deficient MCF-10A cells with modified checkpoints. After sustained expression of a dominant negative form of the shelterin protein TRF2 (TRF2ΔBΔM), cells with telomere fusion did progress to anaphase but no signs of ongoing BFB cycles were observed, thus anticipating proliferation defects. Indeed, 96 h TRF2ΔBΔM expression resulted in noticeable growth proliferation defects in the absence of cell cycle disturbances. Further transient periods of 96 h telomere uncapping did not result in cell cycle disturbances either. And reduction of the telomere damage to short acute deprotection periods did not in any case engender cells with a reorganised karyotype. Strikingly, the growth arrest imposed in cells showing dysfunctional telomeres was not accompanied by an activation of the DNA damage response at cellular level, or by the presence of visible markers of senescence or apoptosis. We propose that the deprotection of many telomeres simultaneously, even for a short time, results in a local activation of the cellular stress response which consequently triggers gradual cell withdrawal from cell cycle, restraining the onset of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bernal
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Current address: Unitat de Malalties Minoritàries, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Tusell
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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16
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Fouché S, Plissonneau C, McDonald BA, Croll D. Meiosis Leads to Pervasive Copy-Number Variation and Distorted Inheritance of Accessory Chromosomes of the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1416-1429. [PMID: 29850789 PMCID: PMC6007412 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is one of the most conserved molecular processes in eukaryotes. The fidelity of pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes has a major impact on the proper transmission of genetic information. Aberrant chromosomal transmission can have major phenotypic consequences, yet the mechanisms are poorly understood. Fungi are excellent models to investigate processes of chromosomal transmission, because many species have highly polymorphic genomes that include accessory chromosomes. Inheritance of accessory chromosomes is often unstable and chromosomal losses have little impact on fitness. We analyzed chromosomal inheritance in 477 progeny coming from two crosses of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. For this, we developed a high-throughput screening method based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing that generated dense coverage of genetic markers along each chromosome. We identified rare instances of chromosomal duplications (disomy) in core chromosomes. Accessory chromosomes showed high overall frequencies of disomy. Chromosomal rearrangements were found exclusively on accessory chromosomes and were more frequent than disomy. Accessory chromosomes present in only one of the parents in an analyzed cross were inherited at significantly higher rates than the expected 1:1 segregation ratio. Both the chromosome and the parental background had significant impacts on the rates of disomy, losses, rearrangements, and distorted inheritance. We found that chromosomes with higher sequence similarity and lower repeat content were inherited more faithfully. The large number of rearranged progeny chromosomes identified in this species will enable detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying chromosomal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fouché
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Plissonneau
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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17
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Olmer R, Engels L, Usman A, Menke S, Malik MNH, Pessler F, Göhring G, Bornhorst D, Bolten S, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Scheper T, Kempf H, Zweigerdt R, Martin U. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Functional Endothelial Cells in Scalable Suspension Culture. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1657-1672. [PMID: 29681541 PMCID: PMC5995343 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are involved in a variety of cellular responses. As multifunctional components of vascular structures, endothelial (progenitor) cells have been utilized in cellular therapies and are required as an important cellular component of engineered tissue constructs and in vitro disease models. Although primary ECs from different sources are readily isolated and expanded, cell quantity and quality in terms of functionality and karyotype stability is limited. ECs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent an alternative and potentially superior cell source, but traditional culture approaches and 2D differentiation protocols hardly allow for production of large cell numbers. Aiming at the production of ECs, we have developed a robust approach for efficient endothelial differentiation of hiPSCs in scalable suspension culture. The established protocol results in relevant numbers of ECs for regenerative approaches and industrial applications that show in vitro proliferation capacity and a high degree of chromosomal stability. Efficient generation of hiPSC-derived ECs in scalable suspension culture High degree of chromosomal stability of hiPSC-ECs after in vitro expansion Generation of relevant numbers of hiPSC-ECs for regenerative approaches
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Engels
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdulai Usman
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Menke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Nasir Hayat Malik
- TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Bornhorst
- REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Bolten
- REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Telomeres: Implications for Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010294. [PMID: 29351238 PMCID: PMC5796239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres facilitate the protection of natural ends of chromosomes from constitutive exposure to the DNA damage response (DDR). This is most likely achieved by a lariat structure that hides the linear telomeric DNA through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The telomere shortening associated with DNA replication in the absence of a compensatory mechanism culminates in unmasked telomeres. Then, the subsequent activation of the DDR will define the fate of cells according to the functionality of cell cycle checkpoints. Dysfunctional telomeres can suppress cancer development by engaging replicative senescence or apoptotic pathways, but they can also promote tumour initiation. Studies in telomere dynamics and karyotype analysis underpin telomere crisis as a key event driving genomic instability. Significant attainment of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-pathway to maintain telomere length may be permissive and required for clonal evolution of genomically-unstable cells during progression to malignancy. We summarise current knowledge of the role of telomeres in the maintenance of chromosomal stability and carcinogenesis.
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19
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López-García C, Sansregret L, Domingo E, McGranahan N, Hobor S, Birkbak NJ, Horswell S, Grönroos E, Favero F, Rowan AJ, Matthews N, Begum S, Phillimore B, Burrell R, Oukrif D, Spencer-Dene B, Kovac M, Stamp G, Stewart A, Danielsen H, Novelli M, Tomlinson I, Swanton C. BCL9L Dysfunction Impairs Caspase-2 Expression Permitting Aneuploidy Tolerance in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:79-93. [PMID: 28073006 PMCID: PMC5225404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) contributes to cancer evolution, intratumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance. CIN is driven by chromosome segregation errors and a tolerance phenotype that permits the propagation of aneuploid genomes. Through genomic analysis of colorectal cancers and cell lines, we find frequent loss of heterozygosity and mutations in BCL9L in aneuploid tumors. BCL9L deficiency promoted tolerance of chromosome missegregation events, propagation of aneuploidy, and genetic heterogeneity in xenograft models likely through modulation of Wnt signaling. We find that BCL9L dysfunction contributes to aneuploidy tolerance in both TP53-WT and mutant cells by reducing basal caspase-2 levels and preventing cleavage of MDM2 and BID. Efforts to exploit aneuploidy tolerance mechanisms and the BCL9L/caspase-2/BID axis may limit cancer diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-García
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laurent Sansregret
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK
| | - Sebastijan Hobor
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicolai Juul Birkbak
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Francesco Favero
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer System Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Rowan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Benjamin Phillimore
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dahmane Oukrif
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michal Kovac
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Havard Danielsen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Novelli
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK.
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20
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Andriani GA, Vijg J, Montagna C. Mechanisms and consequences of aneuploidy and chromosome instability in the aging brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:19-36. [PMID: 27013377 PMCID: PMC5490080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and polyploidy are a form of Genomic Instability (GIN) known as Chromosomal Instability (CIN) characterized by sporadic abnormalities in chromosome copy numbers. Aneuploidy is commonly linked to pathological states. It is a hallmark of spontaneous abortions and birth defects and it is observed virtually in every human tumor, therefore being generally regarded as detrimental for the development or the maturation of tissues under physiological conditions. Polyploidy however, occurs as part of normal physiological processes during maturation and differentiation of some mammalian cell types. Surprisingly, high levels of aneuploidy are present in the brain, and their frequency increases with age suggesting that the brain is able to maintain its functionality in the presence of high levels of mosaic aneuploidy. Because somatic aneuploidy with age can reach exceptionally high levels, it is likely to have long-term adverse effects in this organ. We describe the mechanisms accountable for an abnormal DNA content with a particular emphasis on the CNS where cell division is limited. Next, we briefly summarize the types of GIN known to date and discuss how they interconnect with CIN. Lastly we highlight how several forms of CIN may contribute to genetic variation, tissue degeneration and disease in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiella A Andriani
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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21
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Danforth DN. Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:109-46. [PMID: 27559297 PMCID: PMC4990153 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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Chromosome Bridges Maintain Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment throughout Mitosis and Rarely Break during Anaphase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147420. [PMID: 26784746 PMCID: PMC4718638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome stability, and chromosome segregation errors are causally linked to genetic disorders and cancer. An anaphase chromosome bridge is a particular chromosome segregation error observed in cells that enter mitosis with fused chromosomes/sister chromatids. The widely accepted Breakage/Fusion/Bridge cycle model proposes that anaphase chromosome bridges break during mitosis to generate chromosome ends that will fuse during the following cell cycle, thus forming new bridges that will break, and so on. However, various studies have also shown a link between chromosome bridges and aneuploidy and/or polyploidy. In this study, we investigated the behavior and properties of chromosome bridges during mitosis, with the idea to gain insight into the potential mechanism underlying chromosome bridge-induced aneuploidy. We find that only a small number of chromosome bridges break during anaphase, whereas the rest persist through mitosis into the subsequent cell cycle. We also find that the microtubule bundles (k-fibers) bound to bridge kinetochores are not prone to breakage/detachment, thus supporting the conclusion that k-fiber detachment is not the cause of chromosome bridge-induced aneuploidy. Instead, our data suggest that while the microtubules bound to the kinetochores of normally segregating chromosomes shorten substantially during anaphase, the k-fibers bound to bridge kinetochores shorten only slightly, and may even lengthen, during anaphase. This causes some of the bridge kinetochores/chromosomes to lag behind in a position that is proximal to the cell/spindle equator and may cause the bridged chromosomes to be segregated into the same daughter nucleus or to form a micronucleus.
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Feijoo P, Terradas M, Soler D, Domínguez D, Tusell L, Genescà A. Breast primary epithelial cells that escape p16-dependent stasis enter a telomere-driven crisis state. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:7. [PMID: 26758019 PMCID: PMC4711177 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women, but some basic questions remain in breast cancer biology. To answer these, several cell models were developed. Recently, the use of improved cell-culture conditions has enabled the development of a new primary cell model with certain luminal characteristics. This model is relevant because, after the introduction of a specific set of genetic elements, the transformed cells yielded tumors resembling human adenocarcinomas in mice. The use of improved cell-culture conditions supporting the growth of these breast primary epithelial cells was expected to delay or eliminate stress-induced senescence and lead to the propagation of normal cells. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate these points. Propagation of breast primary epithelial cells was performed in WIT medium on Primaria plates. Immunofluorescence, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect molecular markers, and to determine the integrity of DNA damage-response pathways. Promoter methylation of p16 (INK4a) was assessed by pyrosequencing. In order to obtain a dynamic picture of chromosome instability over time in culture, we applied FISH methodologies. To better link chromosome instability with excessive telomere attrition, we introduced the telomerase reverse transcriptase human gene using a lentiviral vector. We report here that breast primary epithelial cells propagated in vitro with WIT medium on Primaria plates express some luminal characteristics, but not a complete luminal lineage phenotype. They undergo a p16-dependent stress-induced senescence (stasis), and the cells that escape stasis finally enter a crisis state with rampant chromosome instability. Chromosome instability in these cells is driven by excessive telomere attrition, as distributions of chromosomes involved in aberrations correlate with the profiles of telomere signal-free ends. Importantly, ectopic expression of the human TERT gene rescued their chromosomal instability phenotype. Essentially, our data show that contrary to what was previously suggested, improved culture conditions to propagate in vitro mammary epithelial cells with some luminal characteristics do not prevent stress-induced senescence. This barrier is overcome by spontaneous methylation of the p16 (INK4a) promoter, allowing the proliferation of cells with telomere dysfunction and ensuing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Feijoo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Mariona Terradas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - David Soler
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Tusell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Anna Genescà
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Mardin BR, Drainas AP, Waszak SM, Weischenfeldt J, Isokane M, Stütz AM, Raeder B, Efthymiopoulos T, Buccitelli C, Segura-Wang M, Northcott P, Pfister SM, Lichter P, Ellenberg J, Korbel JO. A cell-based model system links chromothripsis with hyperploidy. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:828. [PMID: 26415501 PMCID: PMC4592670 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A remarkable observation emerging from recent cancer genome analyses is the identification of chromothripsis as a one-off genomic catastrophe, resulting in massive somatic DNA structural rearrangements (SRs). Largely due to lack of suitable model systems, the mechanistic basis of chromothripsis has remained elusive. We developed an integrative method termed “complex alterations after selection and transformation (CAST),” enabling efficient in vitro generation of complex DNA rearrangements including chromothripsis, using cell perturbations coupled with a strong selection barrier followed by massively parallel sequencing. We employed this methodology to characterize catastrophic SR formation processes, their temporal sequence, and their impact on gene expression and cell division. Our in vitro system uncovered a propensity of chromothripsis to occur in cells with damaged telomeres, and in particular in hyperploid cells. Analysis of primary medulloblastoma cancer genomes verified the link between hyperploidy and chromothripsis in vivo. CAST provides the foundation for mechanistic dissection of complex DNA rearrangement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balca R Mardin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian M Waszak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mayumi Isokane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian M Stütz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Raeder
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Maia Segura-Wang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan O Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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Silva BA, Stambaugh JR, Yokomori K, Shah JV, Berns MW. DNA damage to a single chromosome end delays anaphase onset. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22771-22784. [PMID: 24982423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome ends contain nucleoprotein structures known as telomeres. Damage to chromosome ends during interphase elicits a DNA damage response (DDR) resulting in cell cycle arrest. However, little is known regarding the signaling from damaged chromosome ends (designated here as "TIPs") during mitosis. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of DNA damage induced at a single TIP in mitosis. We used laser microirradiation to damage mitotic TIPs or chromosome arms (non-TIPs) in PtK2 kidney epithelial cells. We found that damage to a single TIP, but not a non-TIP, delays anaphase onset. This TIP-specific checkpoint response is accompanied by differential recruitment of DDR proteins. Although phosphorylation of H2AX and the recruitment of several repair factors, such as Ku70-Ku80, occur in a comparable manner at both TIP and non-TIP damage sites, DDR factors such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), MDC1, WRN, and FANCD2 are specifically recruited to TIPs but not to non-TIPs. In addition, Nbs1, BRCA1, and ubiquitin accumulate at damaged TIPs more rapidly than at damaged non-TIPs. ATR and 53BP1 are not detected at either TIPs or non-TIPs in mitosis. The observed delay in anaphase onset is dependent on the activity of DDR kinases ATM and Chk1, and the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase Mps1. Cells damaged at a single TIP or non-TIP eventually exit mitosis with unrepaired lesions. Damaged TIPs are segregated into micronuclei at a significantly higher frequency than damaged non-TIPs. Together, these findings reveal a mitosis-specific DDR uniquely associated with chromosome ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Alcaraz Silva
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California 92612,; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | | | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, and.
| | - Jagesh V Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Michael W Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California 92612,; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617,; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92617,.
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Baichoo E, Boardman LA. Toward a molecular classification of colorectal cancer: the role of telomere length. Front Oncol 2014; 4:158. [PMID: 24995160 PMCID: PMC4061573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere biology is central to the maintenance of genomic stability and telomeric dysfunction is thought to be an early stage in carcinogenesis. Reports of telomere lengths and their ascribed colorectal cancer (CRC) risks have been discordant, with both very short and very long telomeres implicated. Nevertheless, telomeres appear to play a very central role in cancer initiation. Telomere length changes also appear to impact disease burden, progression, and overall survival. This review covers contemporary views on telomere biology and CRC risk, with a brief overview of analytical methods employed in telomere measurement. We conclude with arguments in favor of including telomere assessment in the molecular profiling of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Baichoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
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27
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Boardman LA, Johnson RA, Viker KB, Hafner KA, Jenkins RB, Riegert-Johnson DL, Smyrk TC, Litzelman K, Seo S, Gangnon RE, Engelman CD, Rider DN, Vanderboom RJ, Thibodeau SN, Petersen GM, Skinner HG. Correlation of chromosomal instability, telomere length and telomere maintenance in microsatellite stable rectal cancer: a molecular subclass of rectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80015. [PMID: 24278232 PMCID: PMC3836975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor DNA is characterized by chromosomal damage termed chromosomal instability (CIN) and excessively shortened telomeres. Up to 80% of CRC is microsatellite stable (MSS) and is historically considered to be chromosomally unstable (CIN+). However, tumor phenotyping depicts some MSS CRC with little or no genetic changes, thus being chromosomally stable (CIN-). MSS CIN- tumors have not been assessed for telomere attrition. Experimental Design MSS rectal cancers from patients ≤50 years old with Stage II (B2 or higher) or Stage III disease were assessed for CIN, telomere length and telomere maintenance mechanism (telomerase activation [TA]; alternative lengthening of telomeres [ALT]). Relative telomere length was measured by qPCR in somatic epithelial and cancer DNA. TA was measured with the TRAPeze assay, and tumors were evaluated for the presence of C-circles indicative of ALT. p53 mutation status was assessed in all available samples. DNA copy number changes were evaluated with Spectral Genomics aCGH. Results Tumors were classified as chromosomally stable (CIN-) and chromosomally instable (CIN+) by degree of DNA copy number changes. CIN- tumors (35%; n=6) had fewer copy number changes (<17% of their clones with DNA copy number changes) than CIN+ tumors (65%; n=13) which had high levels of copy number changes in 20% to 49% of clones. Telomere lengths were longer in CIN- compared to CIN+ tumors (p=0.0066) and in those in which telomerase was not activated (p=0.004). Tumors exhibiting activation of telomerase had shorter tumor telomeres (p=0.0040); and tended to be CIN+ (p=0.0949). Conclusions MSS rectal cancer appears to represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that may be categorized both on the basis of CIN status and telomere maintenance mechanism. MSS CIN- rectal cancers appear to have longer telomeres than those of MSS CIN+ rectal cancers and to utilize ALT rather than activation of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth A. Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kimberly B. Viker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kari A. Hafner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Douglas L. Riegert-Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Smyrk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristin Litzelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Songwon Seo
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald E. Gangnon
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David N. Rider
- Biostatistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Russell J. Vanderboom
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Halcyon G. Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Nature 2013; 501:338-45. [PMID: 24048066 DOI: 10.1038/nature12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1547] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic diversity both between and within tumours. This heterogeneity affects key cancer pathways, driving phenotypic variation, and poses a significant challenge to personalized cancer medicine. A major cause of genetic heterogeneity in cancer is genomic instability. This instability leads to an increased mutation rate and can shape the evolution of the cancer genome through a plethora of mechanisms. By understanding these mechanisms we can gain insight into the common pathways of tumour evolution that could support the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Vajen B, Thomay K, Schlegelberger B. Induction of Chromosomal Instability via Telomere Dysfunction and Epigenetic Alterations in Myeloid Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:857-74. [PMID: 24202323 PMCID: PMC3795368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a characteristic feature of cancer. In this review, we concentrate on mechanisms leading to CIN in myeloid neoplasia, i.e., myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasia is complex and involves genetic and epigenetic alterations. Chromosome aberrations define specific subgroups and guide clinical decisions. Genomic instability may play an essential role in leukemogenesis by promoting the accumulation of genetic lesions responsible for clonal evolution. Indeed, disease progression is often driven by clonal evolution into complex karyotypes. Earlier studies have shown an association between telomere shortening and advanced MDS and underlined the important role of dysfunctional telomeres in the development of genetic instability and cancer. Several studies link chromosome rearrangements and aberrant DNA and histone methylation. Genes implicated in epigenetic control, like DNMT3A, ASXL1, EZH2 and TET2, have been discovered to be mutated in MDS. Moreover, gene-specific hypermethylation correlates highly significantly with the risk score according to the International Prognostic Scoring System. In AML, methylation profiling also revealed clustering dependent on the genetic status. Clearly, genetic instability and clonal evolution are driving forces for leukemic transformation. Understanding the mechanisms inducing CIN will be important for prevention and for novel approaches towards therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Vajen
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Lyon D, Elmore L, Aboalela N, Merrill-Schools J, McCain N, Starkweather A, Elswick RK, Jackson-Cook C. Potential epigenetic mechanism(s) associated with the persistence of psychoneurological symptoms in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer: a hypothesis. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 16:160-74. [PMID: 23585573 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413483545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent treatment advances, there have been improvements in the proportion of women surviving a diagnosis of breast cancer (BC). However, many of these survivors report persistent adverse side effects following treatment, such as cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and pain. Investigators have examined circulating levels of inflammatory markers, particularly serum cytokines, for a potential causal relationship to the development/persistence of these psychoneurological symptoms (PNS). While inflammatory activation, resulting from perceived stress or other factors, may directly contribute to the development of PNS, we offer an alternative hypothesis, suggesting that these symptoms are an early step in a cascade of biological changes leading to epigenetic alterations at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and/or chromatin structure/chromosomal instability. Given that epigenetic patterns have plasticity, if this conjectured relationship between epigenomic/acquired genomic alterations and the development/persistence of PNS is confirmed, it could provide foundational knowledge for future research leading to the recognition of predictive markers and/or treatments to alleviate PNS in women with BC. In this article, we discuss an evolving theory of the biological basis of PNS, integrating knowledge related to inflammation and DNA repair in the context of genetic and epigenetic science to expand the paradigm for understanding symptom acquisition/persistence following chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Lyon
- 1Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
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Lundberg G, Jin Y, Sehic D, Øra I, Versteeg R, Gisselsson D. Intratumour diversity of chromosome copy numbers in neuroblastoma mediated by on-going chromosome loss from a polyploid state. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59268. [PMID: 23555645 PMCID: PMC3605453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas (NBs) are tumours of the sympathetic nervous system accounting for 8–10% of paediatric cancers. NBs exhibit extensive intertumour genetic heterogeneity, but their extent of intratumour genetic diversity has remained unexplored. We aimed to assess intratumour genetic variation in NBs with a focus on whole chromosome changes and their underlying mechanism. Allelic ratios obtained by SNP-array data from 30 aneuploid primary NBs and NB cell lines were used to quantify the size of clones harbouring specific genomic imbalances. In 13 cases, this was supplemented by fluorescence in situ hybridisation to assess copy number diversity in detail. Computer simulations of different mitotic segregation errors, single cell cloning, analysis of mitotic figures, and time lapse imaging of dividing NB cells were used to infer the most likely mechanism behind intratumour variation in chromosome number. Combined SNP array and FISH analyses showed that all cases exhibited higher inter-cellular copy number variation than non-neoplastic control tissue, with up to 75% of tumour cells showing non-modal chromosome copy numbers. Comparisons of copy number profiles, resulting from simulations of different segregation errors to genomic profiles of 120 NBs indicated that loss of chromosomes from a tetraploid state was more likely than other mechanisms to explain numerical aberrations in NB. This was supported by a high frequency of lagging chromosomes at anaphase and polyploidisation events in growing NB cells. The dynamic nature of numerical aberrations was corroborated further by detecting substantial copy number diversity in cell populations grown from single NB cells. We conclude that aneuploid NBs typically show extensive intratumour chromosome copy number diversity, and that this phenomenon is most likely explained by continuous loss of chromosomes from a polyploid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuesheng Jin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Sehic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Øra
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Gisselsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Burrell RA, McClelland SE, Endesfelder D, Groth P, Weller MC, Shaikh N, Domingo E, Kanu N, Dewhurst SM, Gronroos E, Chew SK, Rowan AJ, Schenk A, Sheffer M, Howell M, Kschischo M, Behrens A, Helleday T, Bartek J, Tomlinson IP, Swanton C. Replication stress links structural and numerical cancer chromosomal instability. Nature 2013; 494:492-496. [PMID: 23446422 PMCID: PMC4636055 DOI: 10.1038/nature11935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chromosomal instability (CIN) results in an increased rate of change of chromosome number and structure and generates intratumour heterogeneity. CIN is observed in most solid tumours and is associated with both poor prognosis and drug resistance. Understanding a mechanistic basis for CIN is therefore paramount. Here we find evidence for impaired replication fork progression and increased DNA replication stress in CIN(+) colorectal cancer (CRC) cells relative to CIN(-) CRC cells, with structural chromosome abnormalities precipitating chromosome missegregation in mitosis. We identify three new CIN-suppressor genes (PIGN (also known as MCD4), MEX3C (RKHD2) and ZNF516 (KIAA0222)) encoded on chromosome 18q that are subject to frequent copy number loss in CIN(+) CRC. Chromosome 18q loss was temporally associated with aneuploidy onset at the adenoma-carcinoma transition. CIN-suppressor gene silencing leads to DNA replication stress, structural chromosome abnormalities and chromosome missegregation. Supplementing cells with nucleosides, to alleviate replication-associated damage, reduces the frequency of chromosome segregation errors after CIN-suppressor gene silencing, and attenuates segregation errors and DNA damage in CIN(+) cells. These data implicate a central role for replication stress in the generation of structural and numerical CIN, which may inform new therapeutic approaches to limit intratumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Burrell
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Sarah E McClelland
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - David Endesfelder
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
- University of Applied Sciences, Mathematics and Techniques, Remagen, Germany
| | - Petra Groth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Christine Weller
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Shaikh
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Molecular and Population Genetics and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Nnennaya Kanu
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Sally M Dewhurst
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Eva Gronroos
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Su Kit Chew
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley St., London, UK
| | - Andrew J Rowan
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Arne Schenk
- University of Applied Sciences, Mathematics and Techniques, Remagen, Germany
| | - Michal Sheffer
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Howell
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Maik Kschischo
- University of Applied Sciences, Mathematics and Techniques, Remagen, Germany
| | - Axel Behrens
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech republic
| | - Ian P Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley St., London, UK
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Terradas M, Martín M, Hernández L, Tusell L, Genescà A. Is DNA damage response ready for action anywhere? Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11569-11583. [PMID: 23109871 PMCID: PMC3472763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are continuously exposed to DNA damaging agents, consequently, cells have developed an intricate system known as the DNA damage response (DDR) in order to detect and repair DNA lesions. This response has to be rapid and accurate in order to keep genome integrity. It has been observed that the condensation state of chromatin hinders a proper DDR. However, the condensation state of chromatin is not the only barrier to DDR. In this review, we have collected data regarding the presence of DDR factors on micronuclear DNA lesions that indicate that micronuclei are almost incapable of generating an effective DDR because of defects in their nuclear envelope. Finally, considering the recent observations about the reincorporation of micronuclei to the main bulk of chromosomes, we suggest that, under certain circumstances, micronuclei carrying DNA damage might be a source of chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Terradas
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-935-811-498; Fax: +34-935-812-295
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Cancer chromosomal instability: therapeutic and diagnostic challenges. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:528-38. [PMID: 22595889 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN)-which is a high rate of loss or gain of whole or parts of chromosomes-is a characteristic of most human cancers and a cause of tumour aneuploidy and intra-tumour heterogeneity. CIN is associated with poor patient outcome and drug resistance, which could be mediated by evolutionary adaptation fostered by intra-tumour heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the clinical consequences of CIN and the challenges inherent to its measurement in tumour specimens. The relationship between CIN and prognosis supports assessment of CIN status in the clinical setting and suggests that stratifying tumours according to levels of CIN could facilitate clinical risk assessment.
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Pampalona J, Frías C, Genescà A, Tusell L. Progressive telomere dysfunction causes cytokinesis failure and leads to the accumulation of polyploid cells. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002679. [PMID: 22570622 PMCID: PMC3343085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells accumulate genomic abnormalities at a remarkably rapid rate, as they are unable to maintain their chromosome structure and number. Excessively short telomeres, a known source of chromosome instability, are observed in early human-cancer lesions. Besides telomere dysfunction, it has been suggested that a transient phase of polyploidization, in most cases tetraploidization, has a causative role in cancer. Proliferation of tetraploids can gradually generate subtetraploid lineages of unstable cells that might fire the carcinogenic process by promoting further aneuploidy and genomic instability. Given the significance of telomere dysfunction and tetraploidy in the early stages of carcinogenesis, we investigated whether there is a connection between these two important promoters of chromosomal instability. We report that human mammary epithelial cells exhibiting progressive telomere dysfunction, in a pRb deficient and wild-type p53 background, fail to complete the cytoplasmatic cell division due to the persistence of chromatin bridges in the midzone. Flow cytometry together with fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated an accumulation of binucleated polyploid cells upon serial passaging cells. Restoration of telomere function through hTERT transduction, which lessens the formation of anaphase bridges by recapping the chromosome ends, rescued the polyploid phenotype. Live-cell imaging revealed that these polyploid cells emerged after abortive cytokinesis due to the persistence of anaphase bridges with large intervening chromatin in the cleavage plane. In agreement with a primary role of anaphase bridge intermediates in the polyploidization process, treatment of HMEC-hTERT cells with bleomycin, which produces chromatin bridges through illegimitate repair, resulted in tetraploid binucleated cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that human epithelial cells exhibiting physiological telomere dysfunction engender tetraploid cells through interference of anaphase bridges with the completion of cytokinesis. These observations shed light on the mechanisms operating during the initial stages of human carcinogenesis, as they provide a link between progressive telomere dysfunction and tetraploidy. Chromosome instability leads to the accumulation of chromosome number and structure aberrations that have been suggested as necessary for neoplastic transformation. Telomeres, specialized DNA–protein complexes localized at the physical ends of linear chromosomes, are crucial for maintaining chromosome stability. Massive chromosomal instability may occur when cells continuously proliferate in the absence of specific telomere elongation mechanisms. Besides telomere dysfunction, it has been suggested that a transient phase of tetraploidization has a causative role in cancer. This study provides a link between dysfunctional telomeres and the generation of tetraploids. Using a human mammary epithelial cell model, we show that diploid cells exhibiting progressive telomere dysfunction, in a p53 proficient background, engender tetraploid cells through cytokinesis failure. Our studies give new insights into the mechanisms that may facilitate the evolution of malignant phenotypes: telomere-dependent chromosome instability would engender tetraploid intermediates that, on division, would promote further cellular genome remodelling, which is needed at the early stages of tumour development in order for cells to become neoplasic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Tusell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Bioscience School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Chromosomal imbalances can result from numerical or structural anomalies. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities are often referred to as aneuploid conditions. This article focuses on the occurrence of constitutional and acquired autosomal aneuploidy in humans. Topics covered include frequency, mosaicism, phenotypic findings, and etiology. The article concludes with a consideration of anticipated advances that might allow for the development of screening tests and/or lead to improvements in our understanding and management of the role that aneuploidy plays in the aging process and acquisition of age-related and constitutional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Jackson-Cook
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Short telomeres result in chromosomal instability in hematopoietic cells and precede malignant evolution in human aplastic anemia. Leukemia 2011; 26:700-7. [PMID: 22005790 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In cell and animal models, telomere erosion promotes chromosomal instability via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, contributing to the early stages of tumorigenesis. However, evidence involving short telomeres in cancer development in humans is scarce, epidemiological and indirect. Here we directly implicate telomere shortening as a critical molecular event for malignant evolution in aplastic anemia (AA). Patients' telomere lengths at diagnosis of AA, while comparable to age-matched controls, inversely correlated with the probability of developing a cytogenetically abnormal clone. A significantly increased number of telomere signal-free chromosomal ends and chromosomal numerical and structural abnormalities were observed in bone marrow cells of patients with shorter telomeres in comparison with patients with longer telomeres and healthy subjects. The proportion of monosomy-7 cells in the bone marrow at diagnosis of AA inversely correlated with telomere length, years before the emergence of an autonomous and clinically detectable abnormal clone. Marrow cells of clinically healthy individuals carrying loss-of-function telomerase mutations and with extremely short telomeres also showed chromosomal instability in vitro. These results provide the first clinical direct evidence in humans that short telomeres in hematopoietic cells are dysfunctional, mediate chromosomal instability and predispose to malignant transformation in a human disease.
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Mackinnon RN, Campbell LJ. The role of dicentric chromosome formation and secondary centromere deletion in the evolution of myeloid malignancy. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:643628. [PMID: 22567363 PMCID: PMC3335544 DOI: 10.4061/2011/643628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dicentric chromosomes have been identified as instigators of the genome instability associated with cancer, but this instability is often resolved by one of a number of different secondary events. These include centromere inactivation, inversion, and intercentromeric deletion. Deletion or excision of one of the centromeres may be a significant occurrence in myeloid malignancy and other malignancies but has not previously been widely recognized, and our reports are the first describing centromere deletion in cancer cells. We review what is known about dicentric chromosomes and the mechanisms by which they can undergo stabilization in both constitutional and cancer genomes. The failure to identify centromere deletion in cancer cells until recently can be partly explained by the standard approaches to routine diagnostic cancer genome analysis, which do not identify centromeres in the context of chromosome organization. This hitherto hidden group of primary dicentric, secondary monocentric chromosomes, together with other unrecognized dicentric chromosomes, points to a greater role for dicentric chromosomes in cancer initiation and progression than is generally acknowledged. We present a model that predicts and explains a significant role for dicentric chromosomes in the formation of unbalanced translocations in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Mackinnon
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital (Melbourne) Ltd., P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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Stimpson KM, Song IY, Jauch A, Holtgreve-Grez H, Hayden KE, Bridger JM, Sullivan BA. Telomere disruption results in non-random formation of de novo dicentric chromosomes involving acrocentric human chromosomes. PLoS Genet 2010; 6. [PMID: 20711355 PMCID: PMC2920838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome rearrangement often produces chromosomes with two centromeres (dicentrics) that are inherently unstable because of bridge formation and breakage during cell division. However, mammalian dicentrics, and particularly those in humans, can be quite stable, usually because one centromere is functionally silenced. Molecular mechanisms of centromere inactivation are poorly understood since there are few systems to experimentally create dicentric human chromosomes. Here, we describe a human cell culture model that enriches for de novo dicentrics. We demonstrate that transient disruption of human telomere structure non-randomly produces dicentric fusions involving acrocentric chromosomes. The induced dicentrics vary in structure near fusion breakpoints and like naturally-occurring dicentrics, exhibit various inter-centromeric distances. Many functional dicentrics persist for months after formation. Even those with distantly spaced centromeres remain functionally dicentric for 20 cell generations. Other dicentrics within the population reflect centromere inactivation. In some cases, centromere inactivation occurs by an apparently epigenetic mechanism. In other dicentrics, the size of the α-satellite DNA array associated with CENP-A is reduced compared to the same array before dicentric formation. Extra-chromosomal fragments that contained CENP-A often appear in the same cells as dicentrics. Some of these fragments are derived from the same α-satellite DNA array as inactivated centromeres. Our results indicate that dicentric human chromosomes undergo alternative fates after formation. Many retain two active centromeres and are stable through multiple cell divisions. Others undergo centromere inactivation. This event occurs within a broad temporal window and can involve deletion of chromatin that marks the locus as a site for CENP-A maintenance/replenishment. Endogenous human centromeres are defined by large arrays of α-satellite DNA. A portion of each α-satellite array is assembled into CENP-A chromatin, the structural and functional platform for kinetochore formation. Most chromosomes are monocentric, meaning they have a single centromere. However, genome rearrangement can produce chromosomes with two centromeres (dicentrics). In most organisms, dicentrics typically break during cell division; however, dicentric human chromosomes can be stable in mitosis and meiosis. This stability reflects centromere inactivation, a poorly understood phenomenon in which one centromere is functionally silenced. To explore molecular and genomic events that occur at the time of dicentric formation, we describe a cell-based system to create dicentric human chromosomes and monitor their behavior after formation. Such dicentrics can experience several fates, including centromere inactivation, breakage, or maintaining two functional centromeres. Unexpectedly, we also find that dicentrics with large (>20Mb) inter-centromeric distances are stable through at least 20 cell divisions. Our results highlight similarities and differences in dicentric behavior between humans and model organisms, and they provide evidence for one mechanism of centromere inactivation by centromeric deletion in some dicentrics. The ability to create dicentric human chromosomes provides a system to test other mechanisms of centromere disassembly and dicentric chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Stimpson
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ihn Young Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Holtgreve-Grez
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen E. Hayden
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joanna M. Bridger
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Genomic Health, Centre for Cell and Chromosome Biology, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beth A. Sullivan
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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