1
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Zhao X, Chen H, Wu H, Zhao Y, Luo J. Nondisassembly Repair of Degraded LiFePO 4 Cells via Lithium Restoration from the Solid Electrolyte Interphase. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39096286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The disposal of degraded batteries will be a severe challenge with the expanding market demand for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) batteries. However, due to a lack of economic and technical viability, conventional metal extraction and material regeneration are hindered from practical application. Herein, we propose a nondisassembly repair strategy for degraded cells through a lithium restoration method based on deep discharge, which can elevate the anodic potential to result in the selective oxidative decomposition and thinning of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode. The decomposed SEI acts as a lithium source to compensate for the Li loss and eliminate Li-Fe antisite defects for degraded LFP. Through this design, the repaired pouch cells show improved kinetic characteristics, significant capacity restoration, and an extended lifespan. This proposed repair scheme relying on SEI rejuvenation is of great significance for extending the service life and promoting the secondary use of degraded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiayan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhang jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shaoxing Research Institute of Renewable Energy and Molecular Engineering, Shaoxing 312000, China
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2
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Lan YC, Ghasemi M, Hall SL, Fair RA, Maranas C, Shi R, Gomez ED. Cold Sintering Enables the Reprocessing of LLZO-Based Composites. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301920. [PMID: 38400831 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries have the potential for enhanced safety and capacity over conventional lithium ion batteries, and are anticipated to dominate the energy storage industry. As such, strategies to enable recycling of the individual components are crucial to minimize waste and prevent health and environmental harm. Here, we use cold sintering to reprocess solid-state composite electrolytes, specifically Mg and Sr doped Li7La3Zr2O12 with polypropylene carbonate (PPC) and lithium perchlorate (LLZO-PPC-LiClO4). The low sintering temperature allows co-sintering of ceramics, polymers and lithium salts, leading to re-densification of the composite structures with reprocessing. Reprocessed LLZO-PPC-LiClO4 exhibits densified microstructures with ionic conductivities exceeding 10-4 S/cm at room temperature after 5 recycling cycles. All-solid-state lithium batteries fabricated with reprocessed electrolytes exhibit a high discharge capacity of 168 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C, and retention of performance at 0.2 C for over 100 cycles. Life cycle assessment (LCA) suggests that recycled electrolytes outperforms the pristine electrolyte process in all environmental impact categories, highlighting cold sintering as a promising technology for recycling electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Masoud Ghasemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shelby L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ryan A Fair
- Department of Materials Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christina Maranas
- Department of Materials Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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3
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Liu W, Liu M, Ma F, Qin M, Zhong W, Chen X, Zeng Z, Cheng S, Xie J. Direct lithium extraction from spent batteries for efficient lithium recycling. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1697-1705. [PMID: 38453538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The flourishing expansion of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) market has led to a surge in the demand for lithium resources. Developing efficient recycling technologies for imminent large-scale retired LIBs can significantly facilitate the sustainable utilization of lithium resources. Here, we successfully extract active lithium from spent LIBs through a simple, efficient, and low-energy-consumption chemical leaching process at room temperature, using a solution comprised of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ether solvents. The mechanism of lithium extraction is elucidated by clarifying the relationship between the redox potential and extraction efficiency. More importantly, the reclaimed active lithium is directly employed to fabricate LiFePO4 cathode with performance comparable to commercial materials. When implemented in 56 Ah prismatic cells, the cells deliver stable cycling properties with a capacity retention of ∼90% after 1200 cycles. Compared with the other strategies, this technical approach shows superior economic benefits and practical promise. It is anticipated that this method may redefine the recycling paradigm for retired LIBs and drive the sustainable development of industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengchuang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fenfen Ma
- GuSu Laboratory of Materials, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingsheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shijie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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4
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Kasri MA, Mohd Halizan MZ, Harun I, Bahrudin FI, Daud N, Aizamddin MF, Amira Shaffee SN, Rahman NA, Shafiee SA, Mahat MM. Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15515-15541. [PMID: 38741977 PMCID: PMC11089646 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The paramount importance of lithium (Li) nowadays and the mounting volume of untreated spent LIB have imposed pressure on innovators to tackle the near-term issue of Li resource depletion through recycling. The trajectory of research dedicated to recycling has skyrocketed in this decade, reflecting the global commitment to addressing the issues surrounding Li resources. Although metallurgical methods, such as pyro- and hydrometallurgy, are presently prevalent in Li recycling, they exhibit unsustainable operational characteristics including elevated temperatures, the utilization of substantial quantities of expensive chemicals, and the generation of emissions containing toxic gases such as Cl2, SO2, and NOx. Therefore, the alternative electrochemical method has gained growing attention, as it involves a more straightforward operation leveraging ion-selective features and employing water as the main reagent, which is seen as more environmentally benign. Despite this, intensive efforts are still required to advance the electrochemical method toward commercialisation. This review highlights the key points in the electrochemical method that demand attention, including the feasibility of a large-scale setup, consideration of the substantial volume of electrolyte consumption, the design of membranes with the desired features, a suitable layout of the membrane, and the absence of techno-economic assessments for the electrochemical method. The perspectives presented herein provide a crucial understanding of the challenges of advancing the technological readiness level of the electrochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Arif Kasri
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Irina Harun
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin
- Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia Gombak 53100 Kuala Lumpur Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nuraini Daud
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Amira Shaffee
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norazah Abd Rahman
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Saiful Arifin Shafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
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5
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Mitra Thakur R, Ma T, Shamblin G, Oka SS, Lalwani SM, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Recyclable Organic Radical Electrodes for Metal-Free Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400788. [PMID: 38728155 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic batteries are one of the possible routes for transitioning to sustainable energy storage solutions. However, the recycling of organic batteries, which is a key step toward circularity, is not easily achieved. This work shows the direct recycling of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) (PTAm) based composite electrodes. After charge-discharge cycling, the electrodes are deconstructed using a solubilizing-solvent and then reconstructed using a casting-solvent. The electrochemical properties of the original and recycled electrodes are compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling, from which it is discovered using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) that recycling can be challenged by the formation of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). In turn, an additive is proposed to modify the CEI layer and improve the properties after recycling. Last, an anionic rocking chair battery consisting of PTAm electrodes as both positive and negative electrodes is demonstrated, in which the electrodes are recycled to form a new battery. This work demonstrates the recycling of composite electrodes for organic batteries and provides insights into the challenges and possible solutions for recycling the next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Grant Shamblin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suyash S Oka
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suvesh M Lalwani
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
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6
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Gao Y, Zhang S, Lin S, Li Z, Chen Y, Wang C. Opportunity and challenges in recovering and functionalizing anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118216. [PMID: 38242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent concerns have emerged regarding the improper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has garnered widespread societal attention. Graphite materials accounted for 12-21 wt % of LIBs' mass, typically contain heavy metals, binders, and residual electrolytes. Regenerating spent graphite not only alleviated the shortage of plumbago, but also contributed to the supports environmental protection as well as national carbon peak and neutrality ("dual carbon" goals). Despite significant advancements in recycling spent LIBs had been made, a comprehensive overview of the processes for pretreatment, regeneration, and functionalization of spent graphite from retired LIBs, along with the associated technical standards and industry regulations enabling their smooth implementation still needed to be mentioned. Hence, we conducted the following research work. Firstly, the pre-treatment process of spent graphite, including discharging, crushing, and screening was summed up. Next,. Subsequently, graphite recovery methods, such as acid leaching, pyrometallurgy, and combined methods were summarized. Moreover, the modification and doping approach was used to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphite. Afterwards, we reviewed the functionalization of anode graphite from an economically and environmentally friendly view. Meanwhile, the technical standards and industry regulations of spent LIBs in domestic and oversea industries were described. Finally, we provided an overview of the technical challenges and development bottlenecks in graphite recycling, along with future prospects Overall, this study outlined the opportunities and challenges in recovering and functionalizing of anode materials via a efficient and sustainable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lin
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China; Shijiazhuang Concrete Green Intelligent Manufacturing and Recycling Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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7
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Wang J, Ma J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Jia K, Ji G, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2839-2887. [PMID: 38427022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. However, the recycling rate of lithium-ion batteries worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit the promotion of the battery recycling rate: outdated recycling technology is the most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based recycling methods rely on continuous decomposition and extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes and many chemical reagents. These methods are tedious with worse economic feasibility, and the recycling products are mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify the process and improve the economic benefits, novel recycling methods are in urgent demand, and direct recycling/regeneration is therefore proposed as a next-generation method. Herein, a comprehensive review of the origin, current status, and prospect of direct recycling methods is provided. We have systematically analyzed current recycling methods and summarized their limitations, pointing out the necessity of developing direct recycling methods. A detailed analysis for discussions of the advantages, limitations, and obstacles is conducted. Guidance for future direct recycling methods toward large-scale industrialization as well as green and efficient recycling systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
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8
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Zhao T, Li W, Traversy M, Choi Y, Ghahreman A, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zhao W, Song Y. A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119670. [PMID: 38039588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have gained widespread recognition for their exceptional thermal stability, remarkable cycling performance, non-toxic attributes, and cost-effectiveness. However, the increased adoption of LFP batteries has led to a surge in spent LFP battery disposal. Improper handling of waste LFP batteries could result in adverse consequences, including environmental degradation and the mismanagement of valuable secondary resources. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of waste LFP battery treatment methods, encompassing a holistic analysis of their recycling impact across five dimensions: resources, energy, environment, economy, and society. The recycling of waste LFP batteries is not only crucial for reducing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous components but also enables the valuable components to be efficiently recycled, promoting resource utilization. This, in turn, benefits the sustainable development of the energy industry, contributes to economic gains, stimulates social development, and enhances employment rates. Therefore, the recycling of discarded LFP batteries is both essential and inevitable. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, and communities, in the realm of waste LFP battery recycling are also scrutinized, underscoring their pivotal engagement and collaboration. Notably, this paper concentrates on surveying the current research status and technological advancements within the waste LFP battery lifecycle, and juxtaposes their respective merits and drawbacks, thus furnishing a comprehensive evaluation and foresight for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Weilun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Michael Traversy
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Yeonuk Choi
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ghahreman
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Weiduo Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
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9
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Fonseca N, Thummalapalli SV, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Patil D, Thippanna V, Ramanathan A, Xu W, Guo S, Ko H, Fagade M, Kannan AM, Nian Q, Asadi A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Dmochowska A, Hassan MK, Al-Ejji M, El-Dessouky HM, Stan F, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Design and Manufacturing Strategies for Batteries: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2302718. [PMID: 37501325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have significantly impacted the daily lives, finding broad applications in various industries such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, medical devices, aerospace, and power tools. However, they still face issues (i.e., safety due to dendrite propagation, manufacturing cost, random porosities, and basic & planar geometries) that hinder their widespread applications as the demand for LIBs rapidly increases in all sectors due to their high energy and power density values compared to other batteries. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technique for creating precise and programmable structures in energy storage devices. This review first summarizes light, filament, powder, and jetting-based 3D printing methods with the status on current trends and limitations for each AM technology. The paper also delves into 3D printing-enabled electrodes (both anodes and cathodes) and solid-state electrolytes for LIBs, emphasizing the current state-of-the-art materials, manufacturing methods, and properties/performance. Additionally, the current challenges in the AM for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications, including limited materials, low processing precision, codesign/comanufacturing concepts for complete battery printing, machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) for processing optimization and data analysis, environmental risks, and the potential of 4D printing in advanced battery applications, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Fonseca
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sri Vaishnavi Thummalapalli
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dhanush Patil
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Varunkumar Thippanna
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramanathan
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Weiheng Xu
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Shenghan Guo
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Hyunwoong Ko
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mofe Fagade
- Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Arunchala M Kannan
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- School of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Amir Asadi
- Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution (ETID), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Anna Dmochowska
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Mohammad K Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan M El-Dessouky
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Galala City, 43511, Egypt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Felicia Stan
- Center of Excellence Polymer Processing & Faculty of Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati, 800008, Romania
| | - Kenan Song
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, 302 E. Campus Rd, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States
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10
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Zhang M, Wang L, Wang S, Ma T, Jia F, Zhan C. A Critical Review on the Recycling Strategy of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Electric Vehicles. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300125. [PMID: 37086120 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most promising decarbonization solutions to develop a carbon-negative economy. The increasing global storage of EVs brings out a large number of power batteries requiring recycling. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is one of the first commercialized cathodes used in early EVs, and now gravimetric energy density improvement makes LFP with low cost and robustness popular again in the market. Developments in LFP recycling techniques are in demand to manage a large portion of the EV batteries retired both today and around ten years later. In this review, first the operation and degradation mechanisms of LFP are revisited aiming to identify entry points for LFP recycling. Then, the current LFP recycling methods, from the pretreatment of the retired batteries to the regeneration and recovery of the LFP cathode are summarized. The emerging direct recovery technology is highlighted, through which both raw material and the production cost of LFP can be recovered. In addition, the current issues limiting the development of the LIBs recycling industry are presented and some ideas for future research are proposed. This review provides the theoretical basis and insightful perspectives on developing new recycling strategies by outlining the whole-life process of LFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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11
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Noudeng V, Quan NV, Xuan TD. A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16169. [PMID: 36498242 PMCID: PMC9741469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a hot topic worldwide because they are not only the best alternative for energy storage systems but also have the potential for developing electric vehicles (EVs) that support greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and pollution prevention in the transport sector. However, the recent increase in EVs has brought about a rise in demand for LIBs, resulting in a substantial number of used LIBs. The end-of-life (EoL) of batteries is related to issues including, for example, direct disposal of toxic pollutants into the air, water, and soil, which threatens organisms in nature and human health. Currently, there is various research on spent LIB recycling and disposal, but there are no international or united standards for LIB waste management. Most countries have used a single or combination methodology of practices; for instance, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, direct recycling, full or partial combined recycling, and lastly, landfilling for unnecessary waste. However, EoL LIB recycling is not always easy for developing countries due to multiple limitations, which have been problems and challenges from the beginning and may reach into the future. Laos is one such country that might face those challenges and issues in the future due to the increasing trend of EVs. Therefore, this paper intends to provide a future perspective on EoL LIB management from EVs in Laos PDR, and to point out the best approaches for management mechanisms and sustainability without affecting the environment and human health. Significantly, this review compares the current EV LIB management between Laos, neighboring countries, and some developed countries, thereby suggesting appropriate solutions for the future sustainability of spent LIB management in the nation. The Laos government and domestic stakeholders should focus urgently on specific policies and regulations by including the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme in enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongdala Noudeng
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Dongnasok-Nong Beuk Road, P.O. Box 7864, Vientiane XHXM+C8M, Laos
| | - Nguyen Van Quan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
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12
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Shi P, Yang S, Wu G, Chen H, Chang D, Jie Y, Fang G, Mo C, Chen Y. Efficient separation and recovery of lithium and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries powder leaching solution. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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