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Luo Z, Chen S, Zhou J, Wang C, Li K, Liu J, Tang Y, Wang L. Application of aptamers in regenerative medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:976960. [PMID: 36105606 PMCID: PMC9465253 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.976960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a discipline that studies how to use biological and engineering principles and operation methods to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Until now, regenerative medicine has focused mainly on the in-depth study of the pathological mechanism of diseases, the further development and application of new drugs, and tissue engineering technology strategies. The emergence of aptamers has supplemented the development methods and types of new drugs and enriched the application elements of tissue engineering technology, injecting new vitality into regenerative medicine. The role and application status of aptamers screened in recent years in various tissue regeneration and repair are reviewed, and the prospects and challenges of aptamer technology are discussed, providing a basis for the design and application of aptamers in long-term transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Luo
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of basic and translational research of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangxi Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center for Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Li, ; Jia Liu, ; Yujin Tang,
| | - Jia Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of basic and translational research of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangxi Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center for Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Li, ; Jia Liu, ; Yujin Tang,
| | - Yujin Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of basic and translational research of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangxi Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center for Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Li, ; Jia Liu, ; Yujin Tang,
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Greenberg BM, Bowen JD, Alvarez E, Rodriguez M, Caggiano AO, Warrington AE, Zhao P, Eisen A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending-dose intravenous infusion study of rHIgM22 in subjects with multiple sclerosis immediately following a relapse. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2022; 8:20552173221091475. [PMID: 35496758 PMCID: PMC9052243 DOI: 10.1177/20552173221091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human immunoglobulin M22 (rHIgM22) has promoted remyelination in animal models and was well tolerated in people with clinically stable multiple sclerosis. Objective Safety/tolerability of a single rHIgM22 dose was investigated following an acute relapse and to determine whether this enhanced CNS/CSF concentrations. Methods Adults (N = 27) with acute relapse were assigned to rHIgM22 (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) or placebo. Study included screening/steroid administration periods and 10 study visits over 6 months. rHIgM22 CSF concentrations were assessed on days 2 and 29. Pharmacokinetic and safety samples were taken for up to 60 days. Assessments included adverse events and other clinical measures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed with/without gadolinium. Results rHIgM22 CSF levels were consistent with dose-dependent concentration on both days 2 and 29. Infusion was generally well tolerated during an acute relapse. Immunogenicity was mild. Most adverse events did not appear to be dose dependent, were mild/moderate, and were events often associated with multiple sclerosis. Conclusion Although limited by high variability and small sample size, the data suggest enhanced CNS uptake associated with a drop in CSF levels. This study demonstrated safety of an antibody directed to myelin and oligodendrocytes in the course of active demyelinating disease. Further research into rHIgM22 is warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02398461 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02398461?term=M22&draw=2&rank=8
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Zhao
- Acorda Therapeutics, Inc, Ardsley, NY
- ONO Pharma, Rockville, MD
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Calahorra L, Camacho-Toledano C, Serrano-Regal MP, Ortega MC, Clemente D. Regulatory Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: From Blood to Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:335. [PMID: 35203544 PMCID: PMC8961785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects myelin. The etiology of MS is unclear, although a variety of environmental and genetic factors are thought to increase the risk of developing the disease. Historically, T cells were considered to be the orchestrators of MS pathogenesis, but evidence has since accumulated implicating B lymphocytes and innate immune cells in the inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage associated with MS disease progression. However, more recently the importance of the protective role of immunoregulatory cells in MS has become increasingly evident, such as that of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells, or CD56bright natural killer cells. In this review, we will focus on how peripheral regulatory cells implicated in innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in the physiopathology of MS. Moreover, we will discuss how these cells are thought to act and contribute to MS histopathology, also addressing their promising role as promoters of successful remyelination within the CNS. Finally, we will analyze how understanding these protective mechanisms may be crucial in the search for potential therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.); (C.C.-T.); (M.P.S.-R.); (M.C.O.)
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Toll-Like Receptor Homolog CD180 Expression Is Diminished on Natural Autoantibody-Producing B Cells of Patients with Autoimmune CNS Disorders. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9953317. [PMID: 34124274 PMCID: PMC8169253 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9953317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Decreased expression of TLR homolog CD180 in peripheral blood B cells and its potential role in antibody production have been described in autoimmune diseases. Effectiveness of anti-CD20 therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) strengthens the role of B cells in the pathogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the CD180 expression of peripheral blood B cell subsets in NMOSD and MS patients and analyze the levels of natural anti-citrate synthase (CS) IgG autoantibodies and IgG antibodies induced by bacterial infections reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of NMOSD or MS. Methods We analyzed the distribution and CD180 expression of peripheral blood B cell subsets, defined by CD19/CD27/IgD staining, and measured anti-CS IgM/G natural autoantibody and antibacterial IgG serum levels in NMOSD, RRMS, and healthy controls (HC). Results We found decreased naïve and increased memory B cells in NMOSD compared to MS. Among the investigated four B cell subsets, CD180 expression was exclusively decreased in CD19+CD27+IgD+ nonswitched (NS) memory B cells in both NMOSD and MS compared to HC. Furthermore, the anti-CS IgM natural autoantibody serum level was lower in both NMOSD and MS. In addition, we found a tendency of higher anti-CS IgG natural autoantibody levels only in anti-Chlamydia IgG antibody-positive NMOSD and MS patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that reduced CD180 expression of NS B cells could contribute to the deficient natural IgM autoantibody production in NMOSD and MS, whereas natural IgG autoantibody levels show an association with antibacterial antibodies.
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Huntemer-Silveira A, Patil N, Brickner MA, Parr AM. Strategies for Oligodendrocyte and Myelin Repair in Traumatic CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:619707. [PMID: 33505250 PMCID: PMC7829188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.619707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major consequence of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury is the loss of the myelin sheath, a cholesterol-rich layer of insulation that wraps around axons of the nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced and maintained by oligodendrocytes. Damage to the CNS may result in oligodendrocyte cell death and subsequent loss of myelin, which can have serious consequences for functional recovery. Demyelination impairs neuronal function by decelerating signal transmission along the axon and has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. After a traumatic injury, mechanisms of endogenous remyelination in the CNS are limited and often fail, for reasons that remain poorly understood. One area of research focuses on enhancing this endogenous response. Existing techniques include the use of small molecules, RNA interference (RNAi), and monoclonal antibodies that target specific signaling components of myelination for recovery. Cell-based replacement strategies geared towards replenishing oligodendrocytes and their progenitors have been utilized by several groups in the last decade as well. In this review article, we discuss the effects of traumatic injury on oligodendrocytes in the CNS, the lack of endogenous remyelination, translational studies in rodent models promoting remyelination, and finally human clinical studies on remyelination in the CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Megan A. Brickner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Collins L, Brunjes P. Experimental Demyelination of the Lateral Olfactory Tract and Anterior Commissure. Neuroscience 2020; 434:93-101. [PMID: 32224229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination significantly affects brain function. Several experimental methods, each inducing varying levels of myelin and neuronal damage, have been developed to understand the process of myelin loss and to find new therapies to promote remyelination. The present work investigates the effect of one such method, lysolecithin administration, on the white matter tracts in the olfactory system. The olfactory forebrain contains two distinct tracts with differing developmental histories, axonal composition, and function: the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which carries ipsilateral olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex, and the anterior commissure (AC), which interconnects olfactory regions across hemispheres. The effects of lysolecithin injections were assessed in two ways: (1) the expression of myelin basic protein, a component of compacted myelin sheaths, was quantified using immunohistochemistry and (2) electron microscopy was used to obtain measurements of myelin thickness of individual axons as well as qualitative descriptions of the extent of damage to myelin and surrounding tissue. Data were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post-injection (dpi). While both the LOT and AC exhibited significant demyelination at 7 dpi and had returned to control levels by 30 dpi, the process differed between the two tracts. Remyelination occurred more rapidly in the LOT: substantial recovery was observed in the LOT by 14 dpi, but not in the AC until 21 dpi. The findings indicate that (a) the LOT and AC are indeed suitable tracts for studying lysolecithin-induced de- and remyelination and (b) experimental demyelination proceeds differently between the two tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Collins
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States; University of Oregon, Institute of Neuroscience, United States.
| | - Peter Brunjes
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States
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Grassi S, Mauri L, Prioni S, Cabitta L, Sonnino S, Prinetti A, Giussani P. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors and Metabolic Enzymes as Druggable Targets for Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31427962 PMCID: PMC6689979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is characterized by a high content of sphingolipids and by a high diversity in terms of different structures. Stage- and cell-specific sphingolipid metabolism and expression are crucial for brain development and maintenance toward adult age. On the other hand, deep dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism, leading to altered sphingolipid pattern, is associated with the majority of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, even those totally lacking a common etiological background. Thus, sphingolipid metabolism has always been regarded as a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of brain disorders. However, any therapeutic hypothesis applied to complex amphipathic sphingolipids, components of cellular membranes, has so far failed probably because of the high regional complexity and specificity of the different biological roles of these structures. Simpler sphingosine-based lipids, including ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, are important regulators of brain homeostasis, and, thanks to the relative simplicity of their metabolic network, they seem a feasible druggable target for the treatment of brain diseases. The enzymes involved in the control of the levels of bioactive sphingoids, as well as the receptors engaged by these molecules, have increasingly allured pharmacologists and clinicians, and eventually fingolimod, a functional antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors with immunomodulatory properties, was approved for the therapy of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Considering the importance of neuroinflammation in many other brain diseases, we would expect an extension of the use of such analogs for the treatment of other ailments in the future. Nevertheless, many aspects other than neuroinflammation are regulated by bioactive sphingoids in healthy brain and dysregulated in brain disease. In this review, we are addressing the multifaceted possibility to address the metabolism and biology of bioactive sphingosine 1-phosphate as novel targets for the development of therapeutic paradigms and the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Cabitta
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Vass RA, Kemeny A, Dergez T, Ertl T, Reglodi D, Jungling A, Tamas A. Distribution of bioactive factors in human milk samples. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 30792750 PMCID: PMC6371541 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-019-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk provides nutrition for infants and also contains a variety of bioactive factors that influence the development of the newborn. Human milk is a complex biological fluid that can be separated into different layers (water phase and lipid phase with its component water and lipid fractions). It can affect the developing human body along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract, and through the circulation, its factors may reach every organ. Methods In the present study, we analyzed milk samples collected monthly for 6 months from 16 mothers from the 4th week postpartum between 2014 and 2016 in Baranya County, Hungary. The 96 samples provided us information about the fluctuation of certain bioactive factors during the first 6 months of lactation. We investigated with Luminex technology the concentrations of several cytokines (CD40, Flt-3L), chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, GRO, MIP-1ß, MDC, eotaxin, fractalkine), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare the data. Results We detected the presence of each bioactive factor in every layer of the milk samples during the first 6 months of breastfeeding in widespread concentration ranges. In the case of GRO, MIP-1ß, MDC, Flt-3L, fractalkine, and eotaxin, the concentrations were constant during the first 6 months of lactation. The water phase of human milk contained higher factor concentrations compared to both fractions of the lipid phase for most factors (except eotaxin and MIP-1ß). The concentrations of CD40, EGF, MCP-1, and RANTES in the first 3 months were significantly different compared to the values detected between 4th and 6th months. In the water phase, the level of MCP-1 was significantly decreased, while all of the other factors increased during the 4th through 6th months. We found significantly higher EGF, GRO, and RANTES levels in the water fraction compared to the lipid fraction of the lipid phase. Conclusions The novel findings of this investigation were the presence of Flt-3L and MDC in all layers of breast milk, and nearly all bioactive factors in the lipid phase. Due to their widespread physiological effects these factors may have an essential role in organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka A Vass
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Agnes Kemeny
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Dergez
- 4Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Ertl
- 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Fereidan-Esfahani M, Nayfeh T, Warrington A, Howe CL, Rodriguez M. IgM Natural Autoantibodies in Physiology and the Treatment of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:53-81. [PMID: 30539466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are vital components of the adaptive immune system for the recognition and response to foreign antigens. However, some antibodies recognize self-antigens in healthy individuals. These autoreactive antibodies may modulate innate immune functions. IgM natural autoantibodies (IgM-NAAs) are a class of primarily polyreactive immunoglobulins encoded by germline V-gene segments which exhibit low affinity but broad specificity to both foreign and self-antigens. Historically, these autoantibodies were closely associated with autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, not all human autoantibodies are pathogenic and compelling evidence indicates that IgM-NAAs may exert a spectrum of effects from injurious to protective depending upon cellular and molecular context. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential physiological and therapeutic roles of IgM-NAAs in different disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune disease. We also describe the discovery of two reparative IgM-NAAs by our laboratory and delineate their proposed mechanisms of action in central nervous system (CNS) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Human Remyelination Promoting Antibody Stimulates Astrocytes Proliferation Through Modulation of the Sphingolipid Rheostat in Primary Rat Mixed Glial Cultures. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1460-1474. [PMID: 30569280 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination promoting human IgMs effectively increase the number of myelinated axons in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Hence, they ultimately stimulate myelin production by oligodendrocytes (OLs); however, their exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, and in particular, it remains unclear whether they are directly targeting OLs, or their action is mediated by effects on other cell types. We assessed the effect of remyelination promoting antibody rHIgM22 on the proliferative response and on the ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate rheostat in mixed glial cell cultures (MGCs). rHIgM22 treatment caused a time-dependent increase in PDGFαR protein in MGCs. Forty-eight hours of treatment with rHIgM22 induced a dose-dependent proliferative response (evaluated as total cell number and as EdU(+) cell number) in MGCs. When the proliferation response of MGCs to rHIgM22 was analyzed as a function of the cell types, the most significant proliferative response was associated with GLAST(+) cells, i.e., astrocytes. In many cell types, the balance between different sphingolipid mediators (the "sphingolipid rheostat"), in particular ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, is critical in determining the cell fate. rHIgM22 treatment in MGCs induced a moderate but significant inhibition of total acidic sphingomyelinase activity (measured in vitro on cell lysates), the main enzyme responsible for the stimulus-mediated production of ceramide, when treatment was performed in serum containing medium, but no significant differences were observed when antibody treatment was performed in the absence of serum. Moreover, rHIgM22 treatment, either in the presence or in absence of serum, had no effects on ceramide levels. On the other hand, rHIgM22 treatment for 24 h induced increased production and release of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the extracellular milieu of MGC. Release of sphingosine 1-phosphate upon rHIgM22 treatment was strongly reduced by a selective inhibitor of PDGFαR. Increased sphingosine 1-phosphate production does not seem to be mediated by regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes, sphingosine kinase 1 and 2, since protein levels of these enzymes and phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 were unchanged upon rHIgM22 treatment. Instead, we observed a significant reduction in the levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase 1, one of the key catabolic enzymes. Remarkably, rHIgM22 treatment under the same experimental conditions did not induce changes in the production and/or release of sphingosine 1-phosphate in pure astrocyte cultures. Taken together, these data suggest that rHIgM22 indirectly influences the proliferation of astrocytes in MGCs, by affecting the ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate balance. The specific cell population directly targeted by rHIgM22 remains to be identified, however our study unveils another aspect of the complexity of rHIgM22-induced remyelinating effect.
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LoPresti P. Silent Free Fall at Disease Onset: A Perspective on Therapeutics for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 30542317 PMCID: PMC6277889 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) degeneration occurs during multiple sclerosis (MS) following several years of reversible autoimmune demyelination. Progressive CNS degeneration appears later during the course of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), although it starts insidiously at disease onset. We propose that there is an early subclinical phase also for primary-progressive (PP) MS. Consensus exists that many different cell types are involved during disease onset. Furthermore, the response to the initial damage, which is specific for each individual, would result in distinct pathological pathways that add complexity to the disease and the mechanisms underlying progressive CNS degeneration. Progressive MS is classified as either active or not active, as well as with or without progression. Different forms of progressive MS might reflect distinct or overlapping pathogenetic pathways. Disease mechanisms should be determined for each patient at diagnosis and the time of treatment. Until individualized and time-sensitive treatments that specifically target the molecular mechanisms of the progressive aspect of the disease are identified, combined therapies directed at anti-inflammation, regeneration, and neuroprotection are the most effective for preventing MS progression. This review presents selected therapeutics in support of the overall idea of a multidimensional therapy applied early in the disease. This approach could limit damage and increase CNS repair. By targeting several cellular populations (i.e., microglia, astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and lymphocytes) and multiple pathological processes (e.g., inflammation, demyelination, synaptopathy, and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance) progressive MS could be attenuated. Early timing for such multidimensional therapy is proposed as the prerequisite for effectively halting progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia LoPresti
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Perwein MK, Smestad JA, Warrington AE, Heider RM, Kaczor MW, Maher LJ, Wootla B, Kunbaz A, Rodriguez M. A comparison of human natural monoclonal antibodies and aptamer conjugates for promotion of CNS remyelination: where are we now and what comes next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:545-560. [PMID: 29460650 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1441284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS) and is the most common disabling neurological condition in young adults, resulting in severe neurological defects. No curative or long-term progression-inhibiting therapy has yet been developed. However, recent investigation has revealed potential strategies that do not merely modulate potentially pathogenic autoimmune responses, but stimulate remyelination within CNS lesions. AREAS COVERED We discuss the history and development of natural human IgM-isotype immunoglobulins (HIgMs) and recently-identified aptamer-conjugates that have been shown to enhance endogenous myelin repair in animal models of demyelination by acting on myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within CNS lesions. We also discuss future development aims and applications for these important novel technologies. EXPERT OPINION Aptamer conjugate Myaptavin-3064 and recombinant human IgM-isotype antibody rHIgM22 regenerate CNS myelin, thereby reducing axonal degeneration and offering the potential of recovery from MS relapses, reversal of disability and prevention of disease progression. Advancement of these technologies into the clinic for MS treatment is therefore a top priority. It remains unclear to what extent the therapeutic modalities of remyelinating antibodies and aptamers may synergize with other currently-approved therapies to yield enhanced therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Perwein
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - John A Smestad
- b Medical Scientist Training Program , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Robin M Heider
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Mark W Kaczor
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Louis J Maher
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Bharath Wootla
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Ahmad Kunbaz
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA.,d Department of Immunology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
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14
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Nguyen TTT, Baumgarth N. Natural IgM and the Development of B Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:163-177. [PMID: 27910766 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016018175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) is "natural IgM", which is produced apparently spontaneously by a distinct subset of B cells requiring no exogenous antigenic or microbial stimuli. Natural IgM is an evolutionarily conserved molecule and reacts with a variety of epitopes expressed on both self- and non-self antigens. It has long been understood that secreted (s) IgM contributes to the removal of altered self-antigens, such as apoptotic and dying cells. As we outline in this review, it is thought that this sIgM housekeeping function removes potential triggers of autoresponse induction. However, we recently demonstrated an unexpected and distinct role for sIgM in the control of autoreactive B cells: the regulation of bone marrow B cell development. The absence of sIgM blocked pro- to pre- B-cell transition and greatly altered the BCR repertoire of the developing B cells and the peripheral B-cell pools in genetically engineered mice. This finding strongly suggests that IgM is critical for B-cell central tolerance induction. Given that treatment of sIgM-deficient mice with polyclonal IgM corrected these developmental defects, therapeutic application of IgM could be of clinical relevance in the treatment of some B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Abstract
We have witnessed major successes in the development of effective immunomodulatory therapies capable of reducing adaptive immune-mediated myelin damage in MS over the last 30 years. However, until it is possible to prevent MS or initiate treatment before it has already caused lesions there is a need to repair myelin damage to prevent further axonal loss. The past decade has brought remarkable advances in our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology and the related search for remyelinating therapies in humans. In this review, we first outline the basic biology of central nervous system myelin and remyelination, including a discussion of the major identified pathways and targets that might help yield CNS remyelinating drugs. In conjunction, we provide an overview of techniques that have helped identify compounds capable of promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelination. This includes the methods for both initial in vitro screening and subsequent in vivo confirmation of the target. We then review methods proposed to quantify human remyelination in vivo, including visual evoked potentials and putative imaging modalities. As the remyelination era approaches, with the announcement of the first positive trial in remyelination, we are now tasked with answering new questions regarding patient-specific factors (e.g., age) that may influence the extent and optimal therapeutic window for remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology Weill Institute for the Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology Weill Institute for the Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Cole KLH, Early JJ, Lyons DA. Drug discovery for remyelination and treatment of MS. Glia 2017; 65:1565-1589. [PMID: 28618073 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia constitute the majority of the cells in our nervous system, yet there are currently no drugs that target glia for the treatment of disease. Given ongoing discoveries of the many roles of glia in numerous diseases of the nervous system, this is likely to change in years to come. Here we focus on the possibility that targeting the oligodendrocyte lineage to promote regeneration of myelin (remyelination) represents a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, MS. We discuss how hypothesis driven studies have identified multiple targets and pathways that can be manipulated to promote remyelination in vivo, and how this work has led to the first ever remyelination clinical trials. We also highlight how recent chemical discovery screens have identified a host of small molecule compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Some of these compounds have also been shown to promote myelin regeneration in vivo, with one already being trialled in humans. Promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination represents just one potential strategy for the treatment of MS. The pathology of MS is complex, and its complete amelioration may require targeting multiple biological processes in parallel. Therefore, we present an overview of new technologies and models for phenotypic analyses and screening that can be exploited to study complex cell-cell interactions in in vitro and in vivo systems. Such technological platforms will provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and increase capacities for drug-discovery of relevance to glia and currently intractable disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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17
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Ineichen BV, Weinmann O, Good N, Plattner PS, Wicki C, Rushing EJ, Linnebank M, Schwab ME. Sudan black: a fast, easy and non-toxic method to assess myelin repair in demyelinating diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 43:242-251. [PMID: 28009439 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The search for novel drugs that enhance myelin repair in entities such as multiple sclerosis has top priority in neurological research, not least because remyelination can hinder further neurodegeneration in neuro-inflammatory conditions. Recently, several new compounds with the potential to boost remyelination have been identified using high-throughput in vitro screening methods. However, assessing their potential to enhance remyelination in vivo using plastic embedded semi-thin sections or electron microscopy, even though being the gold standard for assessing remyelination, is toxic, extremely time-consuming and expensive. METHODS We screened available myelin dyes for a staining candidate which offers a faster and easier alternative to visualize remyelination in cryo-sections. RESULTS We identified sudan black as a candidate with excellent myelin resolution and we show that our adapted sudan black staining can demonstrate myelin repair in rodent spinal cord cryosections as reliable as in semithin sections, but much faster, easier, less toxic and less expensive. Besides that, it can resolve the small myelinated axons in the corpus callosum. The staining can yet readily be combined with immunostainings which can be challenging in semithin sections. We validated the method in human spinal cord tissue as well as in experimental demyelination of the rat spinal cord by a lysolecithin time course experiment. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that sudan black is able to reliably detect the remyelination enhancing properties of benztropine. CONCLUSION Our adapted sudan black staining can be used to rapidly and non-toxically screen for remyelinating therapies in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Ineichen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Good
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia S Plattner
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Wicki
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Lemus HN, Warrington AE, Denic A, Wootla B, Rodriguez M. Treatment with a recombinant human IgM that recognizes PSA-NCAM preserves brain pathology in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:121-129. [PMID: 28269761 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A single peripheral dose of CNS-binding IgMs promote remyelination and preserve axons in a number of animal models of neurologic disease. A myelin-binding recombinant human IgM (rHIgM22) is presently in a safety trial in MS patients following an acute MS exacerbation. rHIgM22 (directed against oligodendrocytes) or rHIgM12 (directed against neurons) were administered to mice with MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with study endpoints: clinical deficits and brain and spinal cord pathology. IgMs were administered at a therapeutic dose of 100 μ g intra peritoneal at the time of immunization (day -1, 0, +$1), disease onset (15 days) or peak of the disease (28 days). Disease course was not worsened by either human IgM regardless of the time of treatment. Of note, the human IgM that recognizes a carbohydrate epitope on gangliosides and NCAM, rHIgM12, reduced brain pathology when given at time of immunization or at onset of disease, but did not reduce clinical deficits or spinal cord disease burden. Hence, treatment with rHIgM12 resulted in marked reduction in meningeal inflammation. Data consistent with the hypothesis that in the EAE model this molecule has an immune-modulatory effect. Treatment with an anti-CD4 blocking IgG prevented both clinical course and CNS pathology. This pre-clinical study further supports the safety of therapeutic CNS-binding human IgMs in the presence of autoimmunity and clearly differentiates them from IgGs directed against MOG or aquaporin-4 that worsen neurologic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Cognitive Dysfunction/chemically induced
- Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy
- Cognitive Dysfunction/immunology
- Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/drug therapy
- Demyelinating Diseases/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/immunology
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sialic Acids/immunology
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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19
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Huang Y, Dreyfus CF. The role of growth factors as a therapeutic approach to demyelinating disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:531-40. [PMID: 27016070 PMCID: PMC5010931 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of growth factors are being explored as therapeutic agents relevant to the axonal and oligodendroglial deficits that occur as a result of demyelinating lesions such as are evident in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review focuses on five such proteins that are present in the lesion site and impact oligodendrocyte regeneration. It then presents approaches that are being exploited to manipulate the lesion environment affiliated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases and suggests that the utility of these approaches can extend to demyelination. Challenges are to further understand the roles of specific growth factors on a cellular and tissue level. Emerging technologies can then be employed to optimize the use of growth factors to ameliorate the deficits associated with demyelinating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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20
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Watzlawik JO, Kahoud RJ, Wootla B, Painter MM, Warrington AE, Carey WA, Rodriguez M. Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404858 PMCID: PMC4993309 DOI: 10.3791/54139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies of the IgM isotype are often neglected as potential therapeutics in human trials, animal models of human diseases as well as detecting agents in standard laboratory techniques. In contrast, several human IgMs demonstrated proof of efficacy in cancer models and models of CNS disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Reasons for their lack of consideration include difficulties to express, purify and stabilize IgM antibodies, challenge to identify (non-protein) antigens, low affinity binding and fundamental knowledge gaps in carbohydrate and lipid research. This manuscript uses HIgM12 as an example to provide a detailed protocol to detect antigens by Western blotting, immunoprecipitations and immunocytochemistry. HIgM12 targets polysialic acid (PSA) attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Early postnatal mouse brain tissue from wild type (WT) and NCAM knockout (KO) mice lacking the three major central nervous system (CNS) splice variants NCAM180, 140 and 120 was used to evaluate the importance of NCAM for binding to HIgM12. Further enzymatic digestion of CNS tissue and cultured CNS cells using endoneuraminidases led us to identify PSA as the specific binding epitope for HIgM12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O Watzlawik
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic;
| | - Robert J Kahoud
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic
| | - Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic
| | - William A Carey
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic; Division of Neonatal Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic;
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21
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Wootla B, Denic A, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. A monoclonal natural human IgM protects axons in the absence of remyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:94. [PMID: 27126523 PMCID: PMC4850699 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas demyelination underlies early neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), axonal damage is considered critical for permanent chronic deficits. Intracerebral infection of susceptible mouse strains with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in chronic induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) with progressive axonal loss and neurologic dysfunction similar to progressive forms of MS. We previously reported that treatment of chronic TMEV-IDD mice with a neurite outgrowth-promoting natural human antibody, HIgM12, improved brainstem NAA concentrations and preserved functional motor activity. In order to translate this antibody toward clinical trial, we generated a fully human recombinant form of HIgM12, rHIgM12, determined the optimal in vivo dose for functional improvement in TMEV-IDD, and evaluated the functional preservation of descending spinal cord axons by retrograde labeling. FINDINGS SJL/J mice at 45 to 90 days post infection (dpi) were studied. A single intraperitoneal dose of 0.25 mg/kg of rHIgM12 per mouse is sufficient to preserve motor function in TMEV-IDD. The optimal dose was 10 mg/kg. rHIgM12 treatment protected the functional transport in spinal cord axons and led to 40 % more Fluoro-Gold-labeled brainstem neurons in retrograde transport studies. This suggests that axons are not only present but also functionally competent. rHIgM12-treated mice also contained more mid-thoracic (T6) spinal cord axons than controls. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that a fully human recombinant neurite outgrowth-promoting monoclonal IgM is therapeutic in a model of progressive MS using multiple reparative readouts. The minimum effective dose is similar to that of a remyelination-promoting monoclonal human IgM discovered by our group that is presently in clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aleksandar Denic
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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22
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Wootla B, Watzlawik JO, Stavropoulos N, Wittenberg NJ, Dasari H, Abdelrahim MA, Henley JR, Oh SH, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:827-839. [PMID: 26914737 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS and results in neurological disability. Existing immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive approaches lower the number of relapses but do not cure or reverse existing deficits nor improve long-term disability in MS patients. AREAS COVERED Monogenic antibodies were described as treatment options for MS, however the immunogenicity of mouse antibodies hampered the efficacy of potential therapeutics in humans. Availability of improved antibody production technologies resulted in a paradigm shift in MS treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of immunotherapies for MS that use conventional monoclonal antibodies reactive to immune system and their properties and mechanisms of action will be discussed, including recent advances in MS therapeutics and highlight natural autoantibodies (NAbs) that directly target CNS cells. EXPERT OPINION Recent challenges for MS therapy are the identification of relevant molecular and cellular targets, time frame of treatment, and antibody toxicity profiles to identify safe treatment options for MS patients. The application of monoclonal antibody therapies with better biological efficacy associated with minimum side effects possesses huge clinical potential. Advances in monoclonal antibody technologies that directly target cells of nervous system may promote the CNS regeneration field from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jens O Watzlawik
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nikolaos Stavropoulos
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 1, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harika Dasari
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Murtada A Abdelrahim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Pleass RJ, Moore SC, Stevenson L, Hviid L. Immunoglobulin M: Restrainer of Inflammation and Mediator of Immune Evasion by Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:108-119. [PMID: 26597020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an ancient antibody class that is found in all vertebrates, with the exception of coelacanths, and is indispensable in both innate and adaptive immunity. The equally ancient human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, formed an intimate relationship with IgM with which it co-evolved. In this article, we discuss the association between IgM and human malaria parasites, building on several recent publications that implicate IgM as a crucial molecule that determines both host and parasite survival. Consequently, a better understanding of this association may lead to the development of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Tzekova N, Heinen A, Bunk S, Hermann C, Hartung HP, Reipert B, Küry P. Immunoglobulins stimulate cultured Schwann cell maturation and promote their potential to induce axonal outgrowth. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:107. [PMID: 26022648 PMCID: PMC4450464 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schwann cells are the myelinating glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and exert important regenerative functions revealing them as central repair components of many peripheral nerve pathologies. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are widely used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including immune-mediated neuropathies. Nevertheless, promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration is currently an unmet therapeutical goal. We therefore examined whether immunoglobulins affect glial cell homeostasis, differentiation, and Schwann cell dependent nerve regenerative processes. Methods The responses of different primary Schwann cell culture models to IVIG were investigated: immature or differentiation competent Schwann cells, myelinating neuron/glial cocultures, and dorsal root ganglion explants. Immature or differentiating Schwann cells were used to study cellular proliferation, morphology, and gene/protein expression. Myelination rates were determined using myelinating neuron/glia cocultures, whereas axonal outgrowth was assessed using non-myelinating dorsal root ganglion explants. Results We found that IVIG specifically bind to Schwann cells and detected CD64 Fc receptor expression on their surface. In response to IVIG binding, Schwann cells reduced proliferation rates and accelerated growth of cellular protrusions. Furthermore, we observed that IVIG treatment transiently boosts myelin gene expression and myelination-related signaling pathways of immature cells, whereas in differentiating Schwann cells, myelin expression is enhanced on a long-term scale. Importantly, myelin gene upregulation was not detected upon application of IgG1 control antibodies. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that Schwann cells secrete interleukin-18 upon IVIG stimulation and that this cytokine instructs these cells to promote axonal growth. Conclusions We conclude that IVIG can positively influence the Schwann cell differentiation process and that it enhances their regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Tzekova
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - André Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bunk
- Department of Immunology, Baxter Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Corinna Hermann
- Medical Affairs EMEA, Baxter Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Birgit Reipert
- Department of Immunology, Baxter Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Li W, Lan X. Aptamer Oligonucleotides: Novel Potential Therapeutic Agents in Autoimmune Disease. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:173-9. [PMID: 25993618 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid oligonucleotides generated in vitro based on affinity for certain target molecules by a process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Aptamers can bind their target molecules with high specificity and selectivity by means of structure compatibility, stacking of aromatic rings, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonding. With several advantages over monoclonal antibodies and other conventional small-molecule therapeutics, such as high specificity and affinity, negligible batch to batch variation, flexible modification and stability, lack of toxicity and low immunogenicity, aptamers are becoming promising novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the development of aptamers as potential therapeutics for autoimmune diseases, including diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Second Military Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lan
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Second Military Medical University , Fuzhou, China
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A single dose of a neuron-binding human monoclonal antibody improves brainstem NAA concentrations, a biomarker for density of spinal cord axons, in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:83. [PMID: 25924771 PMCID: PMC4418041 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral infection of susceptible mouse strains with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in chronic demyelinating disease with progressive axonal loss and neurologic dysfunction similar to progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously showed that as the disease progresses, a marked decrease in brainstem N-acetyl aspartate (NAA; metabolite associated with neuronal integrity) concentrations, reflecting axon health, is measured. We also demonstrated stimulation of neurite outgrowth by a neuron-binding natural human antibody, IgM12. Treatment with either the serum-derived or recombinant human immunoglobulin M 12 (HIgM12) preserved functional motor activity in the TMEV model. In this study, we examined IgM-mediated changes in brainstem NAA concentrations and central nervous system (CNS) pathology. FINDINGS (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed that treatment with HIgM12 significantly increased brainstem NAA concentrations compared to controls in TMEV-infected mice. Pathologic analysis demonstrated a significant preservation of axons in the spinal cord of animals treated with HIgM12. CONCLUSIONS This study links drug efficacy of slowing deficits with axon preservation and NAA concentrations in the brainstem in a model of progressive MS. HIgM12-mediated changes of NAA concentrations in the brainstem are a surrogate marker of axon injury/preservation throughout the spinal cord. This study provides proof-of-concept that a neuron-reactive human IgM can be therapeutic and provides a biomarker for clinical trials.
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Hartley MD, Altowaijri G, Bourdette D. Remyelination and multiple sclerosis: therapeutic approaches and challenges. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 14:485. [PMID: 25108747 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. After acute inflammatory mediated demyelination, some remyelination often occurs, but in chronic demyelinated MS plaques, remyelination frequently fails. Chronically demyelinated axons cause a variety of symptoms and probably are more likely to degenerate, leading to irreversible clinical disability. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) present in the adult brain can proliferate and differentiate to remyelinate lesions. Failure of remyelination in the majority of MS patients is secondary to arrest in OPC differentiation. Many therapies have been developed to modulate the immune response in MS, but no neuroprotective or remyelinating therapies are available. Promoting remyelination is a promising avenue for protecting axons, reversing neurologic disability and preventing progressive disease in MS. This review will begin with an overview of remyelination and remyelination failure, consequences of demyelination, and available animal disease models. In addition, preclinical and clinical studies on the most promising potential therapies for inducing remyelination will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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28
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Zhang Y, Zhang YP, Pepinsky B, Huang G, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Mi S. Inhibition of LINGO-1 promotes functional recovery after experimental spinal cord demyelination. Exp Neurol 2015; 266:68-73. [PMID: 25681574 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Blocking LINGO-1 has been shown to enhance remyelination in the rat lysolecithin-induced focal spinal cord demyelination model. We used transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials (tcMMEPs) to assess the effect of blocking LINGO-1 on recovery of axonal function in a mouse lysolecithin model at 1, 2 and 4weeks after injury. The role of LINGO-1 was assessed using LINGO-1 knockout (KO) mice and in wild-type mice after intraperitoneal administration of anti-LINGO-1 antagonist monoclonal antibody (mAb3B5). Response rates (at 2 and 4weeks) and amplitudes (at 4weeks) were significantly increased in LINGO-1 KO and mAb3B5-treated mice compared with matched controls. The latency of potentials at 4weeks was significantly shorter in mAb3B5-treated mice compared with controls. Lesion areas in LINGO-1 KO and mAb3B5-treated mice were reduced significantly compared with matched controls. The number of remyelinated axons within the lesions was increased and the G-ratios of the axons were decreased in both LINGO-1 KO and mAb3B5-treated mice compared with matched controls. These data provide morphometric and functional evidence of enhancement of remyelination associated with antagonism of LINGO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 E. Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Blake Pepinsky
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Guanrong Huang
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 E. Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 E. Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Sha Mi
- Department of Discovery Biology, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Watzlawik JO, Wootla B, Painter MM, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Cellular targets and mechanistic strategies of remyelination-promoting IgMs as part of the naturally occurring autoantibody repertoire. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:1017-29. [PMID: 24053345 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.835601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins with germline sequences occur in invertebrates and vertebrates and are named naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs). NAbs may target foreign antigens, self- or altered self-components and are part of the normal immunoglobulin repertoire. Accumulating evidence indicates that naturally occurring antibodies can act as systemic surveillance molecules, which tag, damaged or stressed cells, invading pathogens and toxic cellular debris for elimination by the immune system. In addition to acting as detecting molecules, certain types of NAbs actively signal in different cell types with a broad range of responses from induction of apoptosis in cancer cells to stimulation of remyelination in glial cells. This review emphasizes functions and characteristics of NAbs with focus on remyelination-promoting mouse and human antibodies. Human remyelination-promoting NAbs are potential therapeutics to combat a wide spectrum of disease processes including demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. We will highlight the identified glycosphingolipid (SL) antigens of polyreactive remyelination-promoting antibodies and their proposed mechanism(s) of action. The nature of the identified antigens suggests a lipid raft-based mechanism for remyelination-promoting antibodies with SLs as most essential raft components. However, accumulating evidence also suggests involvement of other antigens in stimulation of remyelination, which will be discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O Watzlawik
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Grönwall C, Silverman GJ. Natural IgM: beneficial autoantibodies for the control of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34 Suppl 1:S12-21. [PMID: 24691998 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM are highly represented in the circulation at birth, and these often autoreactive antibodies have been postulated to have innate-like properties and play crucial roles in apoptotic cell clearance, tissue homeostasis, and immune modulation. This review summarizes the known properties of these IgM autoantibodies, and the evidence that these anti-apoptotic cell IgM natural antibodies can regulate inflammatory responses through ancient pathways of the innate immune system that first arose long before the initial emergence of the adaptive immune system. While the regulatory contributions of these natural IgM autoantibodies are certainly not an essential and fundamental component of host defenses, these provide an additional layer to further protect the host. More importantly, these IgM antibody responses are highly inducible and their up-regulation can be a powerful means for the host to survive in a setting of chronic inflammation. The observed beneficial clinical associations for cardiovascular disease and autoimmunity, as well as opportunities for potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are heavy plasma proteins, with sugar chains added to amino-acid residues by N-linked glycosylation and occasionally by O-linked glycosylation. The versatility of antibodies is demonstrated by the various functions that they mediate such as neutralization, agglutination, fixation with activation of complement and activation of effector cells. Naturally occurring antibodies protect the organism against harmful pathogens, viruses and infections. In addition, almost any organic chemical induces antibody production of antibodies that would bind specifically to the chemical. These antibodies are often produced from multiple B cell clones and referred to as polyclonal antibodies. In recent years, scientists have exploited the highly evolved machinery of the immune system to produce structurally and functionally complex molecules such as antibodies from a single B clone, heralding the era of monoclonal antibodies. Most of the antibodies currently in the clinic, target components of the immune system, are not curative and seek to alleviate symptoms rather than cure disease. Our group used a novel strategy to identify reparative human monoclonal antibodies distinct from conventional antibodies. In this chapter, we discuss the therapeutic relevance of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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32
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Myelin recovery in multiple sclerosis: the challenge of remyelination. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1282-324. [PMID: 24961530 PMCID: PMC4061877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.
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Huang SQ, Tang CL, Sun SQ, Yang C, Xu J, Wang KJ, Lu WT, Huang J, Zhuo F, Qiu GP, Wu XY, Qi W. Demyelination initiated by oligodendrocyte apoptosis through enhancing endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interactions and Id2 expression after compressed spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:20-31. [PMID: 23937638 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demyelination is one of the most important pathological factors of spinal cord injury. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis is involved in triggering demyelination. However, fewer reports on pathological changes and mechanism of demyelination have been presented from compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI). The relative effect of oligodendrocyte apoptosis on CSCI-induced demyelination and the mechanism of apoptosis remain unclear. AIMS In this study, a custom-designed model of CSCI was used to determine whether or not demyelination and oligodendrocyte apoptosis occur after CSCI. The pathological changes in axonal myelinated fibers were investigated by osmic acid staining and transmission electron microscopy. Myelin basic protein (MBP), which is used in myelin formation in the central nervous system, was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis was revealed by in situ terminal-deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. To analyze the mechanism of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, we detected caspase-12 [a representative of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress], cytochrome c (an apoptotic factor and hallmark of mitochondria), and inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2, an oligodendrocyte lineage gene) by immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. RESULTS The custom-designed model of CSCI was successfully established. The rats were spastic, paralyzed, and incontinent. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale scores were decreased as time passed. The compressed spinal cord slices were ischemic. Myelin sheaths became swollen and degenerative; these sheaths were broken down as time passed after CSCI. MBP expression was downregulated after CSCI and consistent with the degree of demyelination. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis occurred at 1 day after CSCI and increased as caspase-12 expression was enhanced and cytochrome c was released. Id2 was distributed widely in the white matter. Id2 expression increased with time after CSCI. CONCLUSION Demyelination occurred after CSCI and might be partly caused by oligodendrocyte apoptosis, which was positively correlated with ER-mitochondria interactions and enhanced Id2 expression after CSCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jones PC. Does a "thiol shield" protect tumors from natural IgM antibody, and, if so, how can it be suppressed? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:425-30. [PMID: 23375413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural anti-tumor IgM antibodies are prevalent in the serum of cancer patients and normal subjects. Extensive research has been directed toward the ultimate goal of achieving a therapeutic effect from these antibodies either augmented by vaccination or by passive infusion. To date, the therapeutic effects have been limited. This thesis asserts that thiols within solid tumors reduce pentameric IgM to monomeric or other subunit form resulting in inactivation of its complement fixing and cross linking apoptosis inducing properties. A rationale for this normal physiological inactivation mechanism, possibly necessary for wound healing and pregnancy, is proposed along with therapeutic approaches, which would potentially suppress IgM inactivation.
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Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Mestre L, Feliú A, Guaza C. Viral models of multiple sclerosis: neurodegeneration and demyelination in mice infected with Theiler's virus. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 101-102:46-64. [PMID: 23201558 PMCID: PMC7117056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects the central nervous system (CNS) white matter, and for which no effective cure exists. Indeed, whether the primary event in MS pathology affects myelin or axons of the CNS remains unclear. Animal models are necessary to identify the immunopathological mechanisms involved in MS and to develop novel therapeutic and reparative approaches. Specifically, viral models of chronic demyelination and axonal damage have been used to study the contribution of viruses in human MS, and they have led to important breakthroughs in our understanding of MS pathology. The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model is one of the most commonly used MS models, although other viral models are also used, including neurotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that induce chronic inflammatory demyelination with similar histological features to those observed in MS. This review will discuss the immunopathological mechanisms involved in TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). The TMEV model reproduces a chronic progressive disease due to the persistence of the virus for the entire lifespan in susceptible mice. The evolution and significance of the axonal damage and neuroinflammation, the importance of epitope spread from viral to myelin epitopes, the presence of abortive remyelination and the existence of a brain pathology in addition to the classical spinal cord demyelination, are some of the findings that will be discussed in the context of this TMEV-IDD model. Despite their limitations, viral models remain an important tool to study the etiology of MS, and to understand the clinical and pathological variability associated with this disease.
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Key Words
- ab, antibody
- ag, antigen
- apc, antigen presenting cell
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocytes
- dpi, days post-infection
- da, daniels strain of theiler's virus
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- galc, galactocerebroside
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mnc, mononuclear cells
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- naa, n-acetylaspartate
- no, nitric oxide
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- plp, myelin proteolipid protein
- pprs, pattern recognition receptors
- sfv, semliki forest virus
- sv, sindbis virus
- tmev, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus
- tmev-idd, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease
- tregs, regulatory t cells
- theiler's virus
- multiple sclerosis
- demyelination
- axonal damage
- neuroinflammation
- spinal cord pathology
- brain pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and System Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Watzlawik JO, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. PDGF is required for remyelination-promoting IgM stimulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55149. [PMID: 23383310 PMCID: PMC3562326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promotion of remyelination is a major goal in treating demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The recombinant human monoclonal IgM, rHIgM22, targets myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) and promotes remyelination in animal models of MS. It is unclear whether rHIgM22-mediated stimulation of lesion repair is due to promotion of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and survival, OPC differentiation into myelinating OLs or protection of mature OLs. It is also unknown whether astrocytes or microglia play a functional role in IgM-mediated lesion repair. Methods We assessed the effect of rHIgM22 on cell proliferation in mixed CNS glial and OPC cultures by tritiated-thymidine uptake and by double-label immunocytochemistry using the proliferation marker, Ki-67. Antibody-mediated signaling events, OPC differentiation and OPC survival were investigated and quantified by Western blots. Results rHIgM22 stimulates OPC proliferation in mixed glial cultures but not in purified OPCs. There is no proliferative response in astrocytes or microglia. rHIgM22 activates PDGFαR in OPCs in mixed glial cultures. Blocking PDGFR-kinase inhibits rHIgM22-mediated OPC proliferation in mixed glia. We confirm in isolated OPCs that rHIgM22-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and inhibition of OPC differentiation requires PDGF and FGF-2. We observed no IgM-mediated effect in mature OLs in the absence of PDGF and FGF-2. Conclusion Stimulation of OPC proliferation by rHIgM22 depends on co-stimulatory astrocytic and/or microglial factors. We demonstrate that rHIgM22-mediated activation of PDGFαR is required for stimulation of OPC proliferation. We propose that rHIgM22 lowers the PDGF threshold required for OPC proliferation and protection, which can result in remyelination of CNS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O. Watzlawik
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Arthur E. Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smestad J, Maher LJ. Ion-dependent conformational switching by a DNA aptamer that induces remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:1329-42. [PMID: 23175609 PMCID: PMC3553947 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a guanosine-rich 40-mer DNA aptamer (LJM-3064) mediates remyelination in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, we characterize the G-quadruplex forms of this aptamer in vitro, and demonstrate using circular dichroism spectroscopy that LJM-3064 undergoes a monovalent ion-dependent conformational switch. In the presence of sodium ions and no potassium ions, LJM-3064 adopts an antiparallel-stranded G-quadruplex structure. When presented with low concentrations of potassium ions in a buffer that mimics the composition of interstitial fluid and blood plasma, LJM-3064 rapidly switches to a parallel-stranded G-quadruplex conformation, which is presumably the physiologically active folded form. We characterize these conformational states using dimethyl sulfate reactivity studies and Bal 31 nuclease probing. Our analysis indicates that only the 5'-terminal 26 nucleotides are involved in G-quadruplex formation. Thermodynamic characterization of LJM-3064 at physiologically relevant ion concentrations reveals the G-quadruplex to be metastable at human body temperature. These data provide important structural and thermodynamic insights that may be valuable in optimizing LJM-3064 as a therapeutic remyelinating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Smestad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Gu Z, Li F, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Hu X, Zheng Y, Yu P, Zhang Y, Cai J, Vitek MP, Shields CB. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Promotes Functional and Histological Recovery in Lysolecithin-Induced Spinal Cord Demyelination in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2014:10. [PMID: 25642353 PMCID: PMC4309015 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.s12-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Considering demyelination is the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), reducing demyelination and/or promoting remyelination is a practical therapeutic strategy to improve functional recovery for MS. An apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mimetic peptide COG112 has previously demonstrated therapeutic efficacy on functional and histological recovery in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of human MS. In the current study, we further investigated whether COG112 promotes remyelination and improves functional recovery in lysolecithin induced focal demyelination in the white matter of spinal cord in mice. Methods A focal demyelination model was created by stereotaxically injecting lysolecithin into the bilateral ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) of T8 and T9 mouse spinal cords. Immediately after lysolecithin injection mice were treated with COG112, prefix peptide control or vehicle control for 21 days. The locomotor function of the mice was measured by the beam walking test and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) assessment. The nerve transmission of the VLF of mice was assessed in vivo by transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (tcMMEPs). The histological changes were also examined by by eriochrome cyanine staining, immunohistochemistry staining and electron microscopy (EM) method. Results The area of demyelination in the spinal cord was significantly reduced in the COG112 group. EM examination showed that treatment with COG112 increased the thickness of myelin sheaths and the numbers of surviving axons in the lesion epicenter. Locomotor function was improved in COG112 treated animals when measured by the beam walking test and BMS assessment compared to controls. TcMMEPs also demonstrated the COG112-mediated enhancement of amplitude of evoked responses. Conclusion The apoE-mimetic COG112 demonstrates a favorable combination of activities in suppressing inflammatory response, mitigating demyelination and in promoting remyelination and associated functional recovery in animal model of CNS demyelination. These data support that apoE-mimetic strategy may represent a promising therapy for MS and other demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China ; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA ; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yiyan Zheng
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Panpan Yu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Cognosci, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA ; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
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Warrington AE, Van Keulen V, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. Naturally occurring antibodies as therapeutics for neurologic disease: can human monoclonal IgMs replace the limited resource IVIG? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:44-55. [PMID: 22903665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are common in normal humans. The majority of NAbs are IgMs, but a small proportion are IgGs. Therefore a certain portion of pooled whole human IgG (IVIG) can be considered NAbs. While the applications of IVIG to modulate human disease have increased dramatically, the use of IgMs as drugs has lagged. In fact, much of the contaminating IgM component of IVIG is disposed of as waste. However, a number of model studies, including those targeting Alzheimer and multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest that IgMs may better modulate disease at much lower doses than IVIG. Our own studies in a model of MS show that polyclonal human IgM promotes better remyelination than IVIG and that monoclonal IgMs promote greater remyelination than monoclonal IgGs containing identical variable region sequences. We propose that this difference is due to the ability of IgM to cross link cell surface antigens better than IgGs and induce signals in nervous system cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote remyelination induce a transient Ca(2+) influx in myelin forming cells, whereas IgGs with identical variable sequences do not. MAbs that promote remyelination were identified in human serum and in EBV-immortalized human B-cell lines obtained from normal adults, fetal cord blood, and rheumatoid arthritis and MS patients. Therefore therapeutic mAbs are present and common in normal circulation. All therapeutic mAbs were IgMs and bound to nervous system cells, however, the tissue binding patterns suggest that binding any one of multiple antigens induces repair. An expression vector was constructed that can manufacture gram quantities of recombinant monoclonal human IgM. Therefore the technology exists to determine whether human monoclonal NAbs can modulate human disease. IVIG can modulate neurologic disease, but using IVIG to treat these chronic diseases is unsustainable. A long-term solution is to identify the functional component of IVIG and test whether a recombinant human monoclonal can replicate its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Wittenberg NJ, Im H, Xu X, Wootla B, Watzlawik J, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M, Oh SH. High-affinity binding of remyelinating natural autoantibodies to myelin-mimicking lipid bilayers revealed by nanohole surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6031-9. [PMID: 22762372 PMCID: PMC3417152 DOI: 10.1021/ac300819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological disorder that results in the degradation of myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the central nervous system. Therefore promotion of myelin repair is a major thrust of multiple sclerosis treatment research. Two mouse monoclonal natural autoantibodies, O1 and O4, promote myelin repair in several mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Natural autoantibodies are generally polyreactive and predominantly of the IgM isotype. The prevailing paradigm is that because they are polyreactive, these antibodies bind antigens with low affinities. Despite their wide use in neuroscience and glial cell research, however, the affinities and kinetic constants of O1 and O4 antibodies have not been measured to date. In this work, we developed a membrane biosensing platform based on surface plasmon resonance in gold nanohole arrays with a series of surface modification techniques to form myelin-mimicking lipid bilayer membranes to measure both the association and dissociation rate constants for O1 and O4 antibodies binding to their myelin lipid antigens. The ratio of rate constants shows that O1 and O4 bind to galactocerebroside and sulfated galactocerebroside, respectively, with unusually small apparent dissociation constants (K(D) ≈ 0.9 nM) for natural autoantibodies. This is approximately one to 2 orders of magnitude lower than typically observed for the highest affinity natural autoantibodies. We propose that the unusually high affinity of O1 and O4 to their targets in myelin contributes to the mechanism by which they signal oligodendrocytes and induce central nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Wittenberg
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Bharath Wootla
- Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Jens Watzlawik
- Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Arthur E. Warrington
- Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Nastasijevic B, Wright BR, Smestad J, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M, Maher LJ. Remyelination induced by a DNA aptamer in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39595. [PMID: 22761835 PMCID: PMC3384608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by local destruction of the insulating myelin surrounding neuronal axons. With more than 200 million MS patients worldwide, the absence of treatments that prevent progression or induce repair poses a major challenge. Anti-inflammatory therapies have met with limited success only in preventing relapses. Previous screening of human serum samples revealed natural IgM antibodies that bind oligodendrocytes and promote both cell signaling and remyelination of CNS lesions in an MS model involving chronic infection of susceptible mice by Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus and in the lysolecithin model of focal demyelination. This intriguing result raises the possibility that molecules with binding specificity for oligodendrocytes or myelin components may promote therapeutic remyelination in MS. Because of the size and complexity of IgM antibodies, it is of interest to identify smaller myelin-specific molecules with the ability to promote remyelination in vivo. Here we show that a 40-nucleotide single-stranded DNA aptamer selected for affinity to murine myelin shows this property. This aptamer binds multiple myelin components in vitro. Peritoneal injection of this aptamer results in distribution to CNS tissues and promotes remyelination of CNS lesions in mice infected by Theiler's virus. Interestingly, the selected DNA aptamer contains guanosine-rich sequences predicted to induce folding involving guanosine quartet structures. Relative to monoclonal antibodies, DNA aptamers are small, stable, and non-immunogenic, suggesting new possibilities for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Nastasijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brent R. Wright
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Smestad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Arthur E. Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (MR)
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (MR)
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Kaveri SV, Silverman GJ, Bayry J. Natural IgM in immune equilibrium and harnessing their therapeutic potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:939-45. [PMID: 22262757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM Abs are the constitutively secreted products of B1 cells (CD5(+) in mice and CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-) in humans) that have important and diverse roles in health and disease. Whereas the role of natural IgM as the first line of defense for protection against invading microbes has been extensively investigated, more recent reports have highlighted their potential roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis via clearance of apoptotic and altered cells through complement-dependent mechanisms, inhibition of inflammation, removal of misfolded proteins, and regulation of pathogenic autoreactive IgG Abs and autoantibody-producing B cells. These observations have provided the theoretical underpinnings for efforts that currently seek to harness the untapped therapeutic potential of natural IgM either by boosting in vivo natural IgM production or via therapeutic infusions of monoclonal and polyclonal IgM preparations.
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Martinez NE, Sato F, Omura S, Minagar A, Alexander JS, Tsunoda I. Immunopathological patterns from EAE and Theiler's virus infection: Is multiple sclerosis a homogenous 1-stage or heterogenous 2-stage disease? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:71-84. [PMID: 22633747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which can presents in different clinical courses. The most common form of MS is the relapsing-remitting (RR) course, which in many cases evolves into secondary progressive (SP) disease. Autoimmune models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have been developed to represent the various clinical forms of MS. These models along with clinico-pathological evidence obtained from MS patients have allowed us to propose '1-stage' and '2-stage' disease theories to explain the transition in the clinical course of MS from RR to SP. Relapses in MS are associated with pro-inflammatory T helper (Th) 1/Th17 immune responses, while remissions are associated with anti-inflammatory Th2/regulatory T (Treg) immune responses. Based on the '1-stage disease' theory, the transition from RR to SP disease occurs when the inflammatory immune response overwhelms the anti-inflammatory immune response. The '2-stage disease' theory proposes that the transition from RR to SP-MS occurs when the Th2 response or some other responses overwhelm the inflammatory response resulting in the sustained production of anti-myelin antibodies, which cause continuing demyelination, neurodegeneration, and axonal loss. The Theiler's virus model is also a 2-stage disease, where axonal degeneration precedes demyelination during the first stage, followed by inflammatory demyelination during the second stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Mekhail M, Almazan G, Tabrizian M. Oligodendrocyte-protection and remyelination post-spinal cord injuries: a review. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:322-39. [PMID: 22307058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past four decades, the main focus of investigators in the field of spinal cord regeneration has been to devise therapeutic measures that enhance neural regeneration. More recently, emphasis has been placed on enhancing remyelination and providing oligodendrocyte-protection after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Demyelination post-SCI is part of the cascading secondary injury that takes place immediately after the primary insult; therefore, therapeutic measures are needed to reduce oligodendrocyte death and/or enhance remyelination during the acute stage, preserving neurological functions that would be lost otherwise. In this review a thorough investigation of the oligodendrocyte-protective and remyelinative molecular therapies available to date is provided. The advent of new biomaterials shown to promote remyelination post-SCI is discussed mainly in the context of a combinatorial approach where the biomaterial also provides drug delivery capabilities. The aim of these molecular and biomaterial-based therapies is twofold: (1) oligodendrocyte-protective therapy, which involves protecting already existing oligodendrocytes from undergoing apoptosis/necrosis; and (2) inductive remyelination, which involves harnessing the remyelinative capabilities of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion site by providing a suitable environment for their migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation. From the evidence reported in the literature, we conclude that the use of a combinatorial approach including biomaterials and molecular therapies would provide advantages such as: (1) sustained release of the therapeutic molecule, (2) local delivery at the lesion site, and (3) an environment at the site of injury that promotes OPC migration, differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mekhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Evidence for the role of B cells and immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res Int 2011; 2011:780712. [PMID: 21961063 PMCID: PMC3179868 DOI: 10.1155/2011/780712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains elusive. Recent reports advocate greater involvement of B cells and immunoglobulins in the initiation and propagation of MS lesions at different stages of their ontogeny. The key role of B cells and immunoglobulins in pathogenesis was initially identified by studies in which patients whose fulminant attacks of demyelination did not respond to steroids experienced remarkable functional improvement following plasma exchange. The positive response to Rituximab in Phase II clinical trials of relapsing-remitting MS confirms the role of B cells. The critical question is how B cells contribute to MS. In this paper, we discuss both the deleterious and the beneficial roles of B cells and immunoglobulins in MS lesions. We provide alternative hypotheses to explain both damaging and protective antibody responses.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural autoantibodies are part of the normal human immunoglobulin repertoire. These antibodies react to self-antigens, are usually polyreactive with relatively low affinity, and typically are of the IgM isotype. Natural IgMs in mice that stimulated remyelination in central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease all shared the characteristics of binding to the surface of live oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts in living slices of CNS tissue. METHODS A screen for human IgMs with similar character resulted in two human natural antibodies, which when injected peripherally into animal models of demyelination induced remyelination. A recombinant human IgM (rHIgM22) that also promoted remyelination in vivo was constructed. RESULTS Very small doses of this IgM are required for the promotion of remyelination (EC50 is 460 ng per 20-g mouse). It is clear that after peripheral delivery, rHIgM22 enters the CNS and accumulates in CNS lesions. rHIgM22 was tracked in living mice using ferritin-labeled antihuman mu chain antibodies visualized by magnetic resonance imaging and traditional immunocytochemistry. Although the exact antigen recognized by rHIgM22 is not known, all mouse IgMs that promote remyelination bind to myelin membrane lipids, suggesting the antigen for rHIgM22 is similar. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the IgMs bind to CNS cells and reorganize the membrane, initiating a signal that results in oligodendrocyte proliferation and/or protection with an end result of increased myelin. Recombinant natural human antibodies are potentially important therapeutic molecules that may modulate a wide spectrum of human disease.
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Miron VE, Kuhlmann T, Antel JP. Cells of the oligodendroglial lineage, myelination, and remyelination. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:184-93. [PMID: 20887785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is critical in maintaining electrical impulse conduction in the central nervous system. The oligodendrocyte is the cell type responsible for myelin production within this compartment. The mutual supply of trophic support between oligodendrocytes and the underlying axons may indicate why demyelinated axons undergo degeneration more readily; the latter contributes to the neural decline in multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin repair, termed remyelination, occurs in acute inflammatory lesions in MS and is associated with functional recovery and clinical remittances. Animal models have demonstrated that remyelination is mediated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) which have responded to chemotactic cues, migrated into the lesion, proliferated, differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes, and ensheathed demyelinated axons. The limited remyelination observed in more chronic MS lesions may reflect intrinsic properties of neural cells or extrinsic deterrents. Therapeutic strategies currently under development include transplantation of exogenous OPCs and promotion of remyelination by endogenous OPCs. All currently approved MS therapies are aimed at dampening the immune response and are not directly targeting neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique E Miron
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Rodriguez M, Warrington AE, Pease LR. Invited article: human natural autoantibodies in the treatment of neurologic disease. Neurology 2009; 72:1269-76. [PMID: 19349608 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000345662.05861.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies are molecules that are part of the normal immunoglobulin repertoire. This review focuses on three distinct groups of human monoclonal antibodies (mAb). These are human natural autoantibodies that, when injected into an animal model of human disease, stimulate remyelination in CNS demyelinating diseases, protect neurons and extend neuronal processes in CNS axonal disorders, and activate immune dendritic cells to produce cytotoxic T cells to clear metastatic tumors. Natural autoantibodies react to self antigens and are of relatively low affinity. They are derived from germline immunoglobulin genes and are usually polyreactive. Our experiments demonstrated CNS entry by autoradiography of labeled mAb and by MRI. Remyelinating mAb rHIgM22 clusters beta-integrin and mouse mAb O4 recognizes sulfatide. Neuronal outgrowth mAbs sHIgM42 and sHIgM12 appear to target carbohydrates on the surface of neurons. The mAb sHIgM12 (B7-DC-Xab) also is promising as therapeutic against metastatic tumors. It functions by binding and cross-linking the antigen B7-DC on dendritic cells, inducing tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. All these mAbs activate a transient increase in intracellular calcium, signal via NFkappab, and prevent apoptosis. The mAbs engage downstream signaling events that induce the primary function of the cell (that is, remyelination for oligodendrocytes, axonal preservation and neurite extension for neurons, or antigen presentation for dendritic cells). Natural human auto mAbs are a potentially important therapeutic technique in combating a wide spectrum of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Remyelination involves reinvesting demyelinated axons with new myelin sheaths. In stark contrast to the situation that follows loss of neurons or axonal damage, remyelination in the CNS can be a highly effective regenerative process. It is mediated by a population of precursor cells called oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are widely distributed throughout the adult CNS. However, despite its efficiency in experimental models and in some clinical diseases, remyelination is often inadequate in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common demyelinating disease and a cause of neurological disability in young adults. The failure of remyelination has profound consequences for the health of axons, the progressive and irreversible loss of which accounts for the progressive nature of these diseases. The mechanisms of remyelination therefore provide critical clues for regeneration biologists that help them to determine why remyelination fails in MS and in other demyelinating diseases and how it might be enhanced therapeutically.
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