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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Blood-brain barrier transporters: a translational consideration for CNS delivery of neurotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:71-89. [PMID: 38217410 PMCID: PMC10842757 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2306138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful neuropharmacology requires optimization of CNS drug delivery and, by extension, free drug concentrations at brain molecular targets. Detailed assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiological characteristics is necessary to achieve this goal. The 'next frontier' in CNS drug delivery is targeting BBB uptake transporters, an approach that requires evaluation of brain endothelial cell transport processes so that effective drug accumulation and improved therapeutic efficacy can occur. AREAS COVERED BBB permeability of drugs is governed by tight junction protein complexes (i.e., physical barrier) and transporters/enzymes (i.e., biochemical barrier). For most therapeutics, a component of blood-to-brain transport involves passive transcellular diffusion. Small molecule drugs that do not possess acceptable physicochemical characteristics for passive permeability may utilize putative membrane transporters for CNS uptake. While both uptake and efflux transport mechanisms are expressed at the brain microvascular endothelium, uptake transporters can be targeted for optimization of brain drug delivery and improved treatment of neurological disease states. EXPERT OPINION Uptake transporters represent a unique opportunity to optimize brain drug delivery by leveraging the endogenous biology of the BBB. A rigorous understanding of these transporters is required to improve translation from the bench to clinical trials and stimulate the development of new treatment paradigms for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine
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2
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Xue S, Zhou X, Yang ZH, Si XK, Sun X. Stroke-induced damage on the blood-brain barrier. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1248970. [PMID: 37840921 PMCID: PMC10569696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a functional phenotype exhibited by the neurovascular unit (NVU). It is maintained and regulated by the interaction between cellular and non-cellular matrix components of the NVU. The BBB plays a vital role in maintaining the dynamic stability of the intracerebral microenvironment as a barrier layer at the critical interface between the blood and neural tissues. The large contact area (approximately 20 m2/1.3 kg brain) and short diffusion distance between neurons and capillaries allow endothelial cells to dominate the regulatory role. The NVU is a structural component of the BBB. Individual cells and components of the NVU work together to maintain BBB stability. One of the hallmarks of acute ischemic stroke is the disruption of the BBB, including impaired function of the tight junction and other molecules, as well as increased BBB permeability, leading to brain edema and a range of clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the cellular composition of the BBB and describes the protein composition of the barrier functional junction complex and the mechanisms regulating acute ischemic stroke-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Hu X, Wang Y, Du W, Liang LJ, Wang W, Jin X. Role of Glial Cell-Derived Oxidative Stress in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage after Acute Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7762078. [PMID: 36092167 PMCID: PMC9463007 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7762078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly maintained by endothelial cells and basement membrane and could be regulated by pericytes, neurons, and glial cells including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). BBB damage is the main pathological basis of hemorrhage transformation (HT) and vasogenic edema after stroke. In addition, BBB damage-induced HT and vasogenic edema will aggravate the secondary brain tissue damage. Of note, after reperfusion, oxidative stress-initiated cascade plays a critical role in the BBB damage after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although endothelial cells are the target of oxidative stress, the role of glial cell-derived oxidative stress in BBB damage after AIS also should receive more attention. In the current review, we first introduce the physiology and pathophysiology of the BBB, then we summarize the possible mechanisms related to BBB damage after AIS. We aim to characterize the role of glial cell-derived oxidative stress in BBB damage after AIS and discuss the role of oxidative stress in astrocytes, microglia cells and oligodendrocytes in after AIS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing, 314000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Jun Liang
- Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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4
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Transport Mechanisms at the Blood–Brain Barrier and in Cellular Compartments of the Neurovascular Unit: Focus on CNS Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071501. [PMID: 35890396 PMCID: PMC9324459 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a primary origin of morbidity and mortality in the United States and around the world. Indeed, several research projects have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to advance stroke pharmacotherapy. Many of these preclinical stroke studies have reported positive results for neuroprotective agents; however, only one compound (3K3A-activated protein C (3K3A-APC)) has advanced to Phase III clinical trial evaluation. One reason for these many failures is the lack of consideration of transport mechanisms at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU). These endogenous transport processes function as a “gateway” that is a primary determinant of efficacious brain concentrations for centrally acting drugs. Despite the knowledge that some neuroprotective agents (i.e., statins and memantine) are substrates for these endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke studies have largely ignored the role of transporters in CNS drug disposition. Here, we review the current knowledge on specific BBB transporters that either limit drug uptake into the brain (i.e., ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters) or can be targeted for optimized drug delivery (i.e., solute carrier (SLC) transporters). Additionally, we highlight the current knowledge on transporter expression in astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and neurons with an emphasis on transport mechanisms in these cell types that can influence drug distribution within the brain.
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5
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Laminin as a Biomarker of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption under Neuroinflammation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126788. [PMID: 35743229 PMCID: PMC9224176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin, a non-collagenous glycoprotein present in the brain extracellular matrix, helps to maintain blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and regulation. Neuroinflammation can compromise laminin structure and function, increasing BBB permeability. The aim of this paper is to determine if neuroinflammation-induced laminin functional changes may serve as a potential biomarker of alterations in the BBB. The 38 publications included evaluated neuroinflammation, BBB disruption, and laminin, and were assessed for quality and risk of bias (protocol registered in PROSPERO; CRD42020212547). We found that laminin may be a good indicator of BBB overall structural integrity, although changes in expression are dependent on the pathologic or experimental model used. In ischemic stroke, permanent vascular damage correlates with increased laminin expression (β and γ subunits), while transient damage correlates with reduced laminin expression (α subunits). Laminin was reduced in traumatic brain injury and cerebral hemorrhage studies but increased in multiple sclerosis and status epilepticus studies. Despite these observations, there is limited knowledge about the role played by different subunits or isoforms (such as 411 or 511) of laminin in maintaining structural architecture of the BBB under neuroinflammation. Further studies may clarify this aspect and the possibility of using laminin as a biomarker in different pathologies, which have alterations in BBB function in common.
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Han G, Song L, Ding Z, Wang Q, Yan Y, Huang J, Ma C. The Important Double-Edged Role of Astrocytes in Neurovascular Unit After Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:833431. [PMID: 35462697 PMCID: PMC9021601 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.833431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neurovascular unit (NVU) which is composed of neurons, astrocytes (Ast), microglia (MG), vascular cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), has become an attractive field in ischemic stroke. As the important component of NVU, Ast closely interacts with other constituents, which has been playing double-edged sword roles, beneficial or detrimental after ischemic stroke. Based on the pathophysiological changes, we evaluated some strategies for targeting Ast in treating ischemic stroke. The present review is focused on the roles of Ast in NVU and its complex signaling molecular network after ischemic stroke, which may be a prospective approach to the treatment of ischemic diseases in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Song,
| | - Zhibin Ding
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Yuqing Yan,
| | - Jianjun Huang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
- Jianjun Huang,
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Cungen Ma,
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7
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Hu Y, Tao W. Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:750810. [PMID: 34899180 PMCID: PMC8662751 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.750810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to several pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is considered to be one of the initial changes. Further, the microenvironmental alteration following TBI-induced BBB breakdown can be multi-scaled, constant, and dramatic. The microenvironmental variations after disruption of BBB includes several pathological changes, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) alteration, brain edema, cerebral metabolism imbalances, and accumulation of inflammatory molecules. The modulation of the microenvironment presents attractive targets for TBI recovery, such as reducing toxic substances, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting neurogenesis. Herein, we briefly review the pathological alterations of the microenvironmental changes following BBB breakdown and outline potential interventions for TBI recovery based on microenvironmental modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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8
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Sadanandan N, Shear A, Brooks B, Saft M, Cabantan DAG, Kingsbury C, Zhang H, Anthony S, Wang ZJ, Salazar FE, Lezama Toledo AR, Rivera Monroy G, Vega Gonzales-Portillo J, Moscatello A, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Treating Metastatic Brain Cancers With Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:749716. [PMID: 34899179 PMCID: PMC8651876 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.749716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy may present an effective treatment for metastatic brain cancer and glioblastoma. Here we posit the critical role of a leaky blood-brain barrier (BBB) as a key element for the development of brain metastases, specifically melanoma. By reviewing the immunological and inflammatory responses associated with BBB damage secondary to tumoral activity, we identify the involvement of this pathological process in the growth and formation of metastatic brain cancers. Likewise, we evaluate the hypothesis of regenerating impaired endothelial cells of the BBB and alleviating the damaged neurovascular unit to attenuate brain metastasis, using the endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) phenotype of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Specifically, there is a need to evaluate the efficacy for stem cell therapy to repair disruptions in the BBB and reduce inflammation in the brain, thereby causing attenuation of metastatic brain cancers. To establish the viability of stem cell therapy for the prevention and treatment of metastatic brain tumors, it is crucial to demonstrate BBB repair through augmentation of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. BBB disruption is strongly linked to metastatic melanoma, worsens neuroinflammation during metastasis, and negatively influences the prognosis of metastatic brain cancer. Using stem cell therapy to interrupt inflammation secondary to this leaky BBB represents a paradigm-shifting approach for brain cancer treatment. In this review article, we critically assess the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cell therapy for brain metastases and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Shear
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Beverly Brooks
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Madeline Saft
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Henry Zhang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefan Anthony
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Felipe Esparza Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (FCS), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Alma R. Lezama Toledo
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (FCS), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Germán Rivera Monroy
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (FCS), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Moscatello
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
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9
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Xiao Y, Sun Y, Liu W, Zeng F, Shi J, Li J, Chen H, Tu C, Xu Y, Tan Z, Gong F, Shu X, Zheng F. HMGB1 Promotes the Release of Sonic Hedgehog From Astrocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584097. [PMID: 33868221 PMCID: PMC8047406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is known to be a trigger of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it may play a different role in some way. Here we investigated the effect of HMGB1 on promoting sonic hedgehog (shh) release from astrocytes as well as the possible signal pathway involved in it. Firstly, shh increased in astrocytes after administration of recombinant HMGB1 or decreased after HMGB1 was blocked when stimulated by homogenate of the onset stage of EAE. Moreover, the expression of HMGB1 receptors, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) increased after HMGB1 administration in primary astrocytes. However, the enhancing effect of HMGB1 on shh release from astrocytes was suppressed only after RAGE was knocked out or blocked. Mechanistically, HMGB1 functioned by activating RAGE-mediated JNK, p38, stat3 phosphorylation. Moreover, HMGB1 could induce shh release in EAE. Additionally, intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant shh protein on the onset stage of EAE alleviated the progress of disease and decreased demylination, compared to the mice with normal saline treatment. Overall, HMGB1 promoted the release of shh from astrocytes through signal pathway JNK, p38 and stat3 mediated by receptor RAGE, which may provide new insights of HMGB1 function in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/pharmacology
- HMGB1 Protein/genetics
- HMGB1 Protein/pharmacology
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - FanFan Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chang Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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10
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Winkler A, Wrzos C, Haberl M, Weil MT, Gao M, Möbius W, Odoardi F, Thal DR, Chang M, Opdenakker G, Bennett JL, Nessler S, Stadelmann C. Blood-brain barrier resealing in neuromyelitis optica occurs independently of astrocyte regeneration. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141694. [PMID: 33645550 DOI: 10.1172/jci141694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80% of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients harbor serum anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibodies targeting astrocytes in the CNS. Crucial for NMOSD lesion initiation is disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which allows the entrance of Abs and serum complement into the CNS and which is a target for new NMOSD therapies. Astrocytes have important functions in BBB maintenance; however, the influence of their loss and the role of immune cell infiltration on BBB permeability in NMOSD have not yet been investigated. Using an experimental model of targeted NMOSD lesions in rats, we demonstrate that astrocyte destruction coincides with a transient disruption of the BBB and a selective loss of occludin from tight junctions. It is noteworthy that BBB integrity is reestablished before astrocytes repopulate. Rather than persistent astrocyte loss, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the main mediators of BBB disruption, and their depletion preserves BBB integrity and prevents astrocyte loss. Inhibition of PMN chemoattraction, activation, and proteolytic function reduces lesion size. In summary, our data support a crucial role for PMNs in BBB disruption and NMOSD lesion development, rendering their recruitment and activation promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Haberl
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weil
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, and Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Kaya M, Ahishali B. Basic physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: a brief overview. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1840913. [PMID: 33190576 PMCID: PMC7849738 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1840913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a dynamic interface between blood and brain constituted mainly by endothelial cells of brain microvessels, robustly restricts the entry of potentially harmful blood-sourced substances and cells into the brain, however, many therapeutically active agents concurrently cannot gain access into the brain at effective doses in the presence of an intact barrier. On the other hand, breakdown of BBB integrity may involve in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and epilepsy are associated with varying degrees of BBB disruption. In this review, we aim to highlight the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB with special emphasis on the major transport pathways across the barrier type endothelial cells. We further provide a discussion on the innovative brain drug delivery strategies in which the obstacle formed by BBB interferes with effective pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Physiology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ahishali
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Webb SD, Orton LD. Microglial peri-somatic abutments classify two novel types of GABAergic neuron in the inferior colliculus. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5815-5833. [PMID: 33278847 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests functional roles for microglia in the healthy, mature nervous system. However, we know little of the cellular density and ramified morphology of microglia in sensory systems, and even less of their inter-relationship with inhibitory neurons. We therefore conducted fluorescent multi-channel immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in guinea pigs of both sexes for Iba1, GAD67, GFAP, calbindin, and calretinin. We explored these markers in the inferior colliculi (IC), which contain sub-regions specialized for different aspects of auditory processing. First, we found that while the density of Iba1+ somata is similar throughout the IC parenchyma, Iba1+ microglia in dorsal cortex are significantly more ramified than those in the central nucleus or lateral cortex. Conversely, Iba1+ ramifications in ventral central nucleus, a region with the highest density of GAD67+ (putative GABAergic) neurons in IC, are longer with fewer ramifications. Second, we observed extensive abutments of ramified Iba1+ processes onto GAD67+ somata throughout the whole IC and developed novel measures to quantify these. Cluster analyses revealed two novel sub-types of GAD67+ neuron that differ in the quantity of Iba1+ somatic abutments they receive. Unlike previous classification schemes for GAD67+ neurons in IC, these clusters are not related to GAD67+ soma size. Taken together, these data demonstrate that microglial ramifications vary between IC sub-regions in the healthy, adult IC, possibly related to the ongoing demands of their niche. Furthermore, Iba1+ abutments onto neuronal somata are a novel means by which GAD67+ neurons can be classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David Webb
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Llwyd David Orton
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Okada T, Suzuki H, Travis ZD, Zhang JH. The Stroke-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Current Progress of Inspection Technique, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Target. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1187-1212. [PMID: 32484111 PMCID: PMC7770643 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200528143301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a characteristic structure of microvessel within the brain. Under normal physiological conditions, the BBB plays a role in the prevention of harmful substances entering into the brain parenchyma within the central nervous system. However, stroke stimuli induce the breakdown of BBB leading to the influx of cytotoxic substances, vasogenic brain edema, and hemorrhagic transformation. Therefore, BBB disruption is a major complication, which needs to be addressed in order to improve clinical outcomes in stroke. In this review, we first discuss the structure and function of the BBB. Next, we discuss the progress of the techniques utilized to study BBB breakdown in in-vitro and in-vivo studies, along with biomarkers and imaging techniques in clinical settings. Lastly, we highlight the mechanisms of stroke-induced neuroinflammation and apoptotic process of endothelial cells causing BBB breakdown, and the potential therapeutic targets to protect BBB integrity after stroke. Secondary products arising from stroke-induced tissue damage provide transformation of myeloid cells such as microglia and macrophages to pro-inflammatory phenotype followed by further BBB disruption via neuroinflammation and apoptosis of endothelial cells. In contrast, these myeloid cells are also polarized to anti-inflammatory phenotype, repairing compromised BBB. Therefore, therapeutic strategies to induce anti-inflammatory phenotypes of the myeloid cells may protect BBB in order to improve clinical outcomes of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Risley Hall, Room 219,
11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Risley Hall, Room 219,
11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA , Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Risley Hall, Room 219,
11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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14
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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: A therapeutic opportunity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S6-S24. [PMID: 32928017 PMCID: PMC7687032 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20951995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical regulator of CNS homeostasis. It possesses physical and biochemical characteristics (i.e. tight junction protein complexes, transporters) that are necessary for the BBB to perform this physiological role. Microvascular endothelial cells require support from astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and constituents of the extracellular matrix. This intricate relationship implies the existence of a neurovascular unit (NVU). NVU cellular components can be activated in disease and contribute to dynamic remodeling of the BBB. This is especially true of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, which polarize into distinct proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Current data indicate that M1 pro-inflammatory microglia contribute to BBB dysfunction and vascular "leak", while M2 anti-inflammatory microglia play a protective role at the BBB. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in microglia activation provides a unique opportunity to develop novel treatment approaches for neurological diseases. In this review, we highlight characteristics of M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglia and describe how these distinct phenotypes modulate BBB physiology. Additionally, we outline the role of other NVU cell types in regulating microglial activation and highlight how microglia can be targeted for treatment of disease with a focus on ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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15
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Yoo ID, Park MW, Cha HW, Yoon S, Boonpraman N, Yi SS, Moon JS. Elevated CLOCK and BMAL1 Contribute to the Impairment of Aerobic Glycolysis from Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7862. [PMID: 33114015 PMCID: PMC7660350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered glucose metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aerobic glycolysis from astrocytes is a critical metabolic pathway for brain energy metabolism. Disturbances of circadian rhythm have been associated with AD. While the role of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain muscle ARNT-like1 (BMAL1), the major components in the regulation of circadian rhythm, has been identified in the brain, the mechanism by which CLOCK and BMAL1 regulates the dysfunction of astrocytes in AD remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 are significantly elevated in impaired astrocytes of cerebral cortex from patients with AD. We demonstrate that the over-expression of CLOCK and BMAL1 significantly suppresses aerobic glycolysis and lactate production by the reduction in hexokinase 1 (HK1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) protein levels in human astrocytes. Moreover, the elevation of CLOCK and BMAL1 induces functional impairment by the suppression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive filaments in human astrocytes. Furthermore, the elevation of CLOCK and BMAL1 promotes cytotoxicity by the activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human astrocytes. These results suggest that the elevation of CLOCK and BMAL1 contributes to the impairment of astrocytes by inhibition of aerobic glycolysis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Dong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
| | - Min Woo Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (M.W.P.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Hyeon Woo Cha
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (M.W.P.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Sunmi Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (S.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Napissara Boonpraman
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (S.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (S.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (M.W.P.); (H.W.C.)
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16
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Sallam A, Mousa SA. Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cell Reprogramming. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4767-4777. [PMID: 32785825 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have different types according to the onset of the disease, the time course, and the underlying pathology. Although the dogma that brain cells cannot regenerate has changed, the normal regenerative process of the brain is usually not sufficient to restore brain tissue defects after different pathological insults. Stem cell therapy and more recently cell reprogramming could achieve success in the process of brain renewal. This review article presents recent advances of stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and the role of cell reprogramming in the scope of optimizing a confined condition that could direct signaling pathways of the cell toward a specific neural lineage. Further, we will discuss different types of transcriptional factors and their role in neural cell fate direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Sallam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Governorate, Alexandria, Egypt.,Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and its Applications (CERRMA) Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Governorate, Egypt
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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17
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Role of Delayed Neuroglial Activation in Impaired Cerebral Blood Flow Restoration Following Comorbid Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:369-380. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Human Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cell Transplantation into Symptomatic ALS Mice Delays Disease Progression and Increases Motor Neuron Survival by Repairing Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5280. [PMID: 30918315 PMCID: PMC6437219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence demonstrated impairment of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), mainly by endothelial cell (EC) alterations. Replacing damaged ECs by cell transplantation is a potential barrier repair strategy. Recently, we showed that intravenous (iv) administration of human bone marrow CD34+ (hBM34+) cells into symptomatic ALS mice benefits BSCB restoration and postpones disease progression. However, delayed effect on motor function and some severely damaged capillaries were noted. We hypothesized that hematopoietic cells from a restricted lineage would be more effective. This study aimed to establish the effects of human bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (hBMEPCs) systemically transplanted into G93A mice at symptomatic disease stage. Results showed that transplanted hBMEPCs significantly improved behavioral disease outcomes, engrafted widely into capillaries of the gray/white matter spinal cord and brain motor cortex/brainstem, substantially restored capillary ultrastructure, significantly decreased EB extravasation into spinal cord parenchyma, meaningfully re-established perivascular astrocyte end-feet, and enhanced spinal cord motor neuron survival. These results provide novel evidence that transplantation of hBMEPCs effectively repairs the BSCB, potentially preventing entry of detrimental peripheral factors, including immune/inflammatory cells, which contribute to motor neuron dysfunction. Transplanting EC progenitor cells may be a promising strategy for barrier repair therapy in this disease.
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19
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Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C135-C153. [PMID: 30379577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. Disruption of the BBB plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Blood-borne substances and cells have restricted access to the brain due to the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the BBB. Following stroke, there is loss of BBB tight junction integrity, leading to increased paracellular permeability, which results in vasogenic edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and increased mortality. Thus, understanding principal mediators and molecular mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is critical for the development of novel therapeutics to treat ischemic stroke. This review discusses the current knowledge of how neuroinflammation contributes to BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provide an updated overview of the role of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the role of different cell types in the regulation of BBB permeability in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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20
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Patel R, Hossain MA, German N, Al-Ahmad AJ. Gliotoxin penetrates and impairs the integrity of the human blood-brain barrier in vitro. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:257-268. [PMID: 30006720 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral fungal infections represent an important public health concern, where a key element of pathophysiology is the ability of the fungi to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Yet the mechanism used by micro-organisms to cross such a barrier and invade the brain parenchyma remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of gliotoxin (GTX), a mycotoxin secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus, on the BBB using brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We observed that both acute (2 h) and prolonged (24 h) exposure to GTX at the level of 1 μM or higher compromised BMECs monolayer integrity. Notably, acute exposure was sufficient to disrupt the barrier function in iPSC-derived BMECs, resulting in decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased fluorescein permeability. Further, our data suggest that such disruption occurred without affecting tight junction complexes, via alteration of cell-matrix interactions, alterations in F-actin distribution, through a protein kinase C-independent signaling. In addition to its effect on the barrier function, we have observed a low permeability of GTX across the BBB. This fact can be partially explained by possible interactions of GTX with membrane proteins. Taken together, this study suggests that GTX may contribute in cerebral invasion processes of Aspergillus fumigatus by altering the blood-brain barrier integrity without disrupting tight junction complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Nadezhda German
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Abraham Jacob Al-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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21
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Hilfenhaus G, Nguyen DP, Freshman J, Prajapati D, Ma F, Song D, Ziyad S, Cuadrado M, Pellegrini M, Bustelo XR, Iruela-Arispe ML. Vav3-induced cytoskeletal dynamics contribute to heterotypic properties of endothelial barriers. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2813-2830. [PMID: 29858212 PMCID: PMC6080943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Through multiple cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, epithelial and endothelial sheets form tight barriers. Modulators of the cytoskeleton contribute to barrier stability and act as rheostats of vascular permeability. In this study, we sought to identify cytoskeletal regulators that underlie barrier diversity across vessels. To achieve this, we correlated functional and structural barrier features to gene expression of endothelial cells (ECs) derived from different vascular beds. Within a subset of identified candidates, we found that the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 was exclusively expressed by microvascular ECs and was closely associated with a high-resistance barrier phenotype. Ectopic expression of Vav3 in large artery and brain ECs significantly enhanced barrier resistance and cortical rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, we found that the barrier effect of Vav3 is dependent on its Dbl homology domain and downstream activation of Rap1. Importantly, inactivation of Vav3 in vivo resulted in increased vascular leakage, highlighting its function as a key regulator of barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hilfenhaus
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dai Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan Freshman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Divya Prajapati
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dana Song
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Safiyyah Ziyad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Myriam Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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22
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Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Ince PG, Wharton SB. Review: Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated dementias: a supporting player with a central role. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 43:281-298. [PMID: 27442752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have essential roles in the central nervous system and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forming non-overlapping domains, astrocytes are highly complex cells. Immunohistochemistry to a variety of proteins can be used to study astrocytes in tissue, labelling different cellular components and sub-populations, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, CD44, NDRG2 and amino acid transporters, but none of these labels the entire astrocyte population. Increasing heterogeneity is recognized in the astrocyte population, a complexity that is relevant both to their normal function and pathogenic roles. They are involved in neuronal support, as active components of the tripartite synapse and in cell interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), where they are essential for blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes change with age, and their responses may modulate the cellular effects of neurodegenerative pathologies, which alone do not explain all of the variance in statistical models of neurodegenerative dementias. Astrocytes respond to both the neurofibrillary tangles and plaques of Alzheimer's disease, to hyperphosphorylated tau and Aβ, eliciting an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious. Not only astrocyte hypertrophy, in the form of gliosis, occurs, but also astrocyte injury and atrophy. Loss of normal astrocyte functions may contribute to reduced support for neurones and dysfunction of the NVU. Understanding how astrocytes contribute to dementia requires an understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of astrocyte populations, and the complexity of their responses to pathology. Enhancing the supportive and neuroprotective components of the astrocyte response has potential translational applications in therapeutic approaches to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - L E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
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23
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Amtul Z, Yang J, Nikolova S, Lee TY, Bartha R, Cechetto DF. The Dynamics of Impaired Blood-Brain Barrier Restoration in a Rat Model of Co-morbid Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8071-8083. [PMID: 29508280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defect in brain microperfusion is increasingly recognized as an antecedent event to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemia. Nevertheless, studies on the role of impaired microperfusion as a pathological trigger to neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the etiological link between AD and ischemia are lacking. In this study, we employ in vivo sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging in a co-morbid rat model of β-amyloid toxicity (Aβ) and ischemia (ET1) with subsequent histopathology of striatal lesion core and penumbra at 1, 7, and 28 days post injury. Within 24 h, cerebral injury resulted in increased BBB permeability due to the dissolution of β-dystroglycan (β-DG) and basement membrane laminin by active matrix metalloproteinase9 (MMP9). As a result, net flow of circulating IgG down a hydrostatic gradient into the parenchyma led to vasogenic edema and impaired perfusion, thus increasing the apparent hyperintensity in true fast imaging with steady-state free precession (true FISP) imaging and acute hypoperfusion in CT. This was followed by a slow recruitment of reactive astroglia to the affected brain and depolarization of aquaporin4 (AQP4) expression resulting in cytotoxic edema-in an attempt to resolve vasogenic edema. On d28, functional BBB was restored in ET1 rats as observed by astrocytic MMP9 release, β-DG stabilization, and new vessel formation. This was confirmed by reduced hyperintensity on true FISP imaging and normalized cerebral blood flow in CT. While, Aβ toxicity alone was not detrimental enough, Aβ+ET1 rats showed delayed differential expression of MMP9, late recruitment of astroglial cells, protracted loss of AQP4 depolarization, and thus delayed BBB restoration and cerebral perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Amtul
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5K7, Canada
| | - Simona Nikolova
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5K7, Canada
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5K7, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5K7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - David F Cechetto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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24
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Halford J, Shen S, Itamura K, Levine J, Chong AC, Czerwieniec G, Glenn TC, Hovda DA, Vespa P, Bullock R, Dietrich WD, Mondello S, Loo JA, Wanner IB. New astroglial injury-defined biomarkers for neurotrauma assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3278-3299. [PMID: 28816095 PMCID: PMC5624401 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an expanding public health epidemic with pathophysiology that is difficult to diagnose and thus treat. TBI biomarkers should assess patients across severities and reveal pathophysiology, but currently, their kinetics and specificity are unclear. No single ideal TBI biomarker exists. We identified new candidates from a TBI CSF proteome by selecting trauma-released, astrocyte-enriched proteins including aldolase C (ALDOC), its 38kD breakdown product (BDP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), astrocytic phosphoprotein (PEA15), glutamine synthetase (GS) and new 18-25kD-GFAP-BDPs. Their levels increased over four orders of magnitude in severe TBI CSF. First post-injury week, ALDOC levels were markedly high and stable. Short-lived BLBP and PEA15 related to injury progression. ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 appeared hyper-acutely and were similarly robust in severe and mild TBI blood; 25kD-GFAP-BDP appeared overnight after TBI and was rarely present after mild TBI. Using a human culture trauma model, we investigated biomarker kinetics. Wounded (mechanoporated) astrocytes released ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 acutely. Delayed cell death corresponded with GFAP release and proteolysis into small GFAP-BDPs. Associating biomarkers with cellular injury stages produced astroglial injury-defined (AID) biomarkers that facilitate TBI assessment, as neurological deficits are rooted not only in death of CNS cells, but also in their functional compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Halford
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert C Chong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - David A Hovda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Paul Vespa
- Department of Neurology, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 and extractvalue(5426,concat(0x5c,0x717a6a6b71,(select (elt(5426=5426,1))),0x71707a7a71))-- ncmy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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29
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 order by 1-- hpcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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30
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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33
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 order by 1-- asnk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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34
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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35
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1867-1880. [PMID: 28589621 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Per journal style, most nonstandard abbreviations must be used at least two times in the abstract to be retained; NTF was used once and thus has been deleted. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials. Stem Cells 2017;35:1867-1880.
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36
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Roberts J, de Hoog L, Bix GJ. Mice deficient in endothelial α5 integrin are profoundly resistant to experimental ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:85-96. [PMID: 26661237 PMCID: PMC5363730 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a disease in dire need of better therapies. We have previously shown that a fragment of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, perlecan, has beneficial effects following cerebral ischemia via the α5β1 integrin receptor. We now report that endothelial cell selective α5 integrin deficient mice (α5 KO) are profoundly resistant to ischemic infarct after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Specifically, α5 KOs had little to no infarct 2-3 days post-stroke, whereas controls had an increase in mean infarct volume over the same time period as expected. Functional outcome is also improved in the α5 KOs compared with controls. Importantly, no differences in cerebrovascular anatomy or collateral blood flow were noted that could account for this difference in ischemic injury. Rather, we demonstrate that α5 KOs have increased blood-brain barrier integrity (increased expression of claudin-5, and absent brain parenchymal IgG extravasation) after stroke compared with controls, which could explain their resistance to ischemic injury. Additionally, inhibition of α5 integrin in vitro leads to decreased permeability of brain endothelial cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation. Together, these findings indicate endothelial cell α5 integrin plays an important role in stroke outcome and blood-brain barrier integrity, suggesting that α5 integrin could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Roberts
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leon de Hoog
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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37
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Cobianchi S, Arbat-Plana A, López-Álvarez VM, Navarro X. Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise Treatments After Injury: The Dual Role of Neurotrophic Factors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:495-518. [PMID: 27026050 PMCID: PMC5543672 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160330105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shared connections between physical activity and neuroprotection have been studied for decades, but the mechanisms underlying this effect of specific exercise were only recently brought to light. Several evidences suggest that physical activity may be a reasonable and beneficial method to improve functional recovery in both peripheral and central nerve injuries and to delay functional decay in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to improving cardiac and immune functions, physical activity may represent a multifunctional approach not only to improve cardiocirculatory and immune functions, but potentially modulating trophic factors signaling and, in turn, neuronal function and structure at times that may be critical for neurodegeneration and regeneration. METHODS Research content related to the effects of physical activity and specific exercise programs in normal and injured nervous system have been reviewed. RESULTS Sustained exercise, particularly if applied at moderate intensity and early after injury, exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects, and may boost cognitive and motor functions in aging and neurological disorders. However, newest studies show that exercise modalities can differently affect the production and function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophins involved in the generation of neuropathic conditions. These findings suggest the possibility that new exercise strategies can be directed to nerve injuries with therapeutical benefits. CONCLUSION Considering the growing burden of illness worldwide, understanding of how modulation of neurotrophic factors contributes to exercise-induced neuroprotection and regeneration after peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries is a relevant topic for research, and represents the beginning of a new non-pharmacological therapeutic approach for better rehabilitation of neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cobianchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Víctor M. López-Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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39
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Xu L, Wang L, Wen Z, Wu L, Jiang Y, Yang L, Xiao L, Xie Y, Ma M, Zhu W, Ye R, Liu X. Caveolin-1 is a checkpoint regulator in hypoxia-induced astrocyte apoptosis via Ras/Raf/ERK pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C903-10. [PMID: 27009876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00309.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most numerous cells in the human brain, play a central role in the metabolic homeostasis following hypoxic injury. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a transmembrane scaffolding protein, has been shown to converge prosurvival signaling in the central nerve system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Cav-1 in the hypoxia-induced astrocyte injury. We also examined how Cav-1 alleviates apoptotic astrocyte death. To this end, primary astrocytes were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h and a subsequent 24-h reoxygenation to mimic hypoxic injury. OGD significantly reduced Cav-1 expression. Downregulation of Cav-1 using Cav-1 small interfering RNA dramatically worsened astrocyte cell damage and impaired cellular glutamate uptake after OGD, whereas overexpression of Cav-1 with Cav-1 scaffolding domain peptide attenuated OGD-induced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the expressions of Ras-GTP, phospho-Raf, and phospho-ERK were sequestered in Cav-1 small interfering RNA-treated astrocytes, yet were stimulated after supplementation with caveolin peptide. MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 remarkably blocked the Cav-1-induced counteraction against apoptosis following hypoxia, indicating Ras/Raf/ERK pathway is required for the Cav-1's prosurvival role. Together, these findings support Cav-1 as a checkpoint for the in hypoxia-induced astrocyte apoptosis and warrant further studies targeting Cav-1 to treat hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liumin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuoyu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; and
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minmin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China;
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40
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Almutairi MMA, Gong C, Xu YG, Chang Y, Shi H. Factors controlling permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:57-77. [PMID: 26403789 PMCID: PMC11108286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the primary protective barrier for neurons in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exists between the blood microcirculation system and the brain parenchyma. The normal BBB integrity is essential in protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the necessary level of nutrients and ions for neuronal function. This integrity is mediated by structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, integrins, annexins, and agrin, of a multicellular system including endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, etc. BBB dysfunction is a significant contributor to the pathogeneses of a variety of brain disorders. Many signaling factors have been identified to be able to control BBB permeability through regulating the structural components. Among those signaling factors are inflammatory mediators, free radicals, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNAs, etc. In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress regarding these structural components and signaling factors, relating to their roles in various brain disorders. Attention is also devoted to recent research regarding impact of pharmacological agents such as isoflurane on BBB permeability and how iron ion passes across BBB. Hopefully, a better understanding of the factors controlling BBB permeability helps develop novel pharmacological interventions of BBB hyperpermeability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Giocanti-Auregan A, Vacca O, Bénard R, Cao S, Siqueiros L, Montañez C, Paques M, Sahel JA, Sennlaub F, Guillonneau X, Rendon A, Tadayoni R. Altered astrocyte morphology and vascular development in dystrophin-Dp71-null mice. Glia 2015; 64:716-29. [PMID: 26711882 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding retinal vascular development is crucial because many retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (in adults) or retinopathy of prematurity (in children) are among the leading causes of blindness. Given the localization of the protein Dp71 around the retinal vessels in adult mice and its role in maintaining retinal homeostasis, the aim of this study was to determine if Dp71 was involved in astrocyte and vascular development regulation. An experimental study in mouse retinas was conducted. Using a dual immunolabeling with antibodies to Dp71 and anti-GFAP for astrocytes on retinal sections and isolated astrocytes, it was found that Dp71 was expressed in wild-type (WT) mouse astrocytes from early developmental stages to adult stage. In Dp71-null mice, a reduction in GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes was observed as early as postnatal day 6 (P6) compared with WT mice. Using real-time PCR, it was showed that Dp71 mRNA was stable between P1 and P6, in parallel with post-natal vascular development. Regarding morphology in Dp71-null and WT mice, a significant decrease in overall astrocyte process number in Dp71-null retinas at P6 to adult age was found. Using fluorescence-conjugated isolectin Griffonia simplicifolia on whole mount retinas, subsequent delay of developing vascular network at the same age in Dp71-null mice was found. An evidence that the Dystrophin Dp71, a membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein and one of the smaller Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene products, regulates astrocyte morphology and density and is associated with subsequent normal blood vessel development was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Giocanti-Auregan
- Ophthalmology Department, Avicenne Hospital, 125 Rue De Stalingrad, Bobigny, France.,Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Ophélie Vacca
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Romain Bénard
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Sijia Cao
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Lourdes Siqueiros
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Cecilia Montañez
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Advanced Studies, IPN, Av. I.P.N. 2508, Mexico City, C.P., 07360, Mexico
| | - Michel Paques
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.,Centre Hospitalier National D'ophtalmologie Des Quinze-Vingts, DHU View Maintain, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.,Centre Hospitalier National D'ophtalmologie Des Quinze-Vingts, DHU View Maintain, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, F-75012, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, F-75019, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Alvaro Rendon
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Ramin Tadayoni
- Institut De La Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S, 968, Paris, F-75012, France.,INSERM, U_968, Paris, F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.,Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, University Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, Paris, 75010, France
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Glial influences on BBB functions and molecular players in immune cell trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:472-82. [PMID: 26454208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes an elaborate structure formed by specialized capillary endothelial cells, which together with pericytes and perivascular glial cells regulates the exchanges between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Intricate interactions between the different cellular constituents of the BBB are crucial in establishing a functional BBB and maintaining the delicate homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes and microglia in inducing and maintaining barrier properties under physiological conditions as well as their involvement during neuroinflammatory pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Mesenchymal stem cells stabilize the blood-brain barrier through regulation of astrocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 26420371 PMCID: PMC4588687 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain against potentially neurotoxic molecules in the circulation, and loss of its integrity may contribute to disease progression in neurodegenerative conditions. Recently, the active role of reactive astrocytes in BBB disruption has become evident in the inflamed brain. In the present study, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment might modulate reactive astrocytes and thus stabilize BBB integrity through vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) signaling in inflammatory conditions. Methods For the inflamed brain, we injected LPS using a stereotaxic apparatus and MSCs were injected into the tail vein. At 6 hours and 7 days after LPS injection, we analyzed modulatory effects of MSCs on the change of BBB permeability through VEGF-A signaling using immunochemistry and western blot. To determine the effects of MSCs on VEGF-A-related signaling in cellular system, we had used endothelial cells treated with VEGF-A and co-cultured astrocyte and BV 2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then these cells were co-cultured with MSCs. Results In LPS-treated rats, MSCs restored Evans blue infiltration and the number of endothelial-barrier antigen (EBA) and P-glycoprotein (p-gp)-expressing cells, which were significantly altered in LPS-treated animals. Additionally, MSC administration following LPS treatment markedly increased the density of astrocytic filaments around vessels and reversed LPS-induced elevations in VEGF-A levels as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent downregulation of tight junction proteins in the endothelium. Consequently, MSC treatment reduced neutrophil infiltration and enhanced survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in LPS-treated animals. In cellular system, MSC treatment led to a significant reversion of VEGF-A-induced eNOS and tight junction protein expression in endothelial cells, which led to increased EBA expressing cells. Additionally, MSC treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced increased expressions of IL-1β in microglia and VEGF-A in astrocytes with an increase in IL-10 levels. Conclusion The present study indicated that MSCs may stabilize BBB permeability by modulating astrocytic endfeet and VEGF-A signaling, which may be relevant to the treatment of Parkinsonian diseases as a candidate for disease modifying therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0180-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Camire RB, Beaulac HJ, Willis CL. Transitory loss of glia and the subsequent modulation in inflammatory cytokines/chemokines regulate paracellular claudin-5 expression in endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 284:57-66. [PMID: 26025059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling mechanisms involved in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation remain unclear. We show that an imbalance between pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines alters claudin-5 expression. In vivo, gliotoxin-induced changes in glial populations and an imbalance between pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression occurred as BBB integrity was compromised. The balance was restored as BBB integrity was re-established. In vitro, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 induced paracellular claudin-5 expression loss. TNF-α- and IL-6- effects were mediated through the PI3K pathway and IL-10 attenuated TNF-α's effect. This study shows that pro-/anti-inflammatory modulators play a critical role in BBB integrity during CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Camire
- Westbrook College of Health Professions, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Holly J Beaulac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Colin L Willis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:26-40. [PMID: 25900056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the area of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, a plethora of experimental and clinical evidence strongly indicates the promise of therapeutically exploiting the endogenous adaptive system at various levels like triggers, mediators and the end-effectors to stimulate and mobilize intrinsic protective capacities against brain injuries. It is believed that ischemic pre-conditioning and post-conditioning are actually the strongest known interventions to stimulate the innate neuroprotective mechanism to prevent or reverse neurodegenerative diseases including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Recently, studies showed the effectiveness of ischemic per-conditioning in some organs. Therefore the term ischemic conditioning, including all interventions applied pre-, per- and post-ischemia, which spans therapeutic windows in 3 time periods, has recently been broadly accepted by scientific communities. In addition, it is extensively acknowledged that ischemia-mediated protection not only affects the neurons but also all the components of the neurovascular network (consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and venule/veins). The concept of cerebroprotection has been widely used in place of neuroprotection. Intensive studies on the cellular signaling pathways involved in ischemic conditioning have improved the mechanistic understanding of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. This has added impetus to exploration for potential pharmacologic mimetics, which could possibly induce and maximize inherent protective capacities. However, most of these studies were performed in rodents, and the efficacy of these mimetics remains to be evaluated in human patients. Several classical signaling pathways involving apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidation have been elaborated in the past decades. Newly characterized mechanisms are emerging with the advances in biotechnology and conceptual renewal. In this review we are going to focus on those recently reported methodological and mechanistic discoveries in the realm of ischemic conditioning. Due to the varied time differences of ischemic conditioning in different animal models and clinical trials, it is important to define optimal timing to achieve the best conditioning induced neuroprotection. This brings not only an opportunity in the treatment of stroke, but challenges as well, as data is just becoming available and the procedures are not yet optimized. The purpose of this review is to shed light on exploiting these ischemic conditioning modalities to protect the cerebrovascular system against diverse injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Targeting transporters: promoting blood-brain barrier repair in response to oxidative stress injury. Brain Res 2015; 1623:39-52. [PMID: 25796436 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely regulates the ability of endogenous and exogenous substances to accumulate within brain tissue. It possesses structural and biochemical features (i.e., tight junction and adherens junction protein complexes, influx and efflux transporters) that work in concert to control solute permeation. Oxidative stress, a critical component of several diseases including cerebral hypoxia/ischemia and peripheral inflammatory pain, can cause considerable injury to the BBB and lead to significant CNS pathology. This suggests a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches that can protect the BBB in diseases with an oxidative stress component. Recent studies have identified molecular targets (i.e., putative membrane transporters, intracellular signaling systems) that can be exploited for optimization of endothelial drug delivery or for control of transport of endogenous substrates such as the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In particular, targeting transporters offers a unique approach to protect BBB integrity by promoting repair of cell-cell interactions at the level of the brain microvascular endothelium. This review summarizes current knowledge in this area and emphasizes those targets that present considerable opportunity for providing BBB protection and/or promoting BBB repair in the setting of oxidative stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Camire RB, Beaulac HJ, Brule SA, McGregor AI, Lauria EE, Willis CL. Biphasic modulation of paracellular claudin-5 expression in mouse brain endothelial cells is mediated through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:654-62. [PMID: 25281324 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is compromised in many central nervous system disorders. Complex astrocyte and vascular endothelial cell interactions that regulate BBB integrity may be disturbed in these disorders. We previously showed that systemic administration of 3-chloropropanediol [(S)-(+)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol] induces a transitory glial fibrillary acidic protein-astrocyte loss, reversible loss of tight junction complexes, and BBB integrity disruption. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms that induce BBB integrity marker loss are unclear. We hypothesize that 3-chloropropanediol-induced modulation of tight junction protein expression is mediated through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) exposed to 3-chloropropanediol for up to 3 days. Results showed early reversible loss of sharp paracellular claudin-5 expression 90, 105, and 120 minutes after 3-chloropropanediol (500 μM) treatment. Sharp paracellular claudin-5 profiles were later restored, but lost again by 2 and 3 days after 3-chloropropanediol treatment. Western blot and immunofluorescence studies showed increased p85-PI3K expression and transitory increased AKT (Thr308) phosphorylation at 15 and 30 minutes after 3-chloropropanediol administration. PI3K inhibitors LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride; 2.5-25 μM] and PI-828 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-(4-aminopheny)l-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; 0.1-10 μM] prevented the 3-chloropropanediol-induced AKT (Thr308) phosphorylation and both early and late loss of paracellular claudin-5. However, AKT inhibitors only prevented the early changes in claudin-5 expression. This mechanistic study provides a greater understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways mediating tight junction protein expression and supports a hypothesis that two independent pathways triggered by PI3K mediate early and late loss of paracellular claudin-5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Camire
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Holly J Beaulac
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Stephanie A Brule
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Annie I McGregor
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Emily E Lauria
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Colin L Willis
- Westbrook College of Health Professions (R.B.C., E.E.L.), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences (H.J.B., C.L.W.), and College of Arts and Sciences (S.A.B., A.I.M.), University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
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Lee KM, Chiu KB, Renner NA, Sansing HA, Didier PJ, MacLean AG. Form follows function: astrocyte morphology and immune dysfunction in SIV neuroAIDS. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:474-84. [PMID: 24970236 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cortical function is disrupted in neuroinflammatory disorders, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Astrocyte dysfunction includes retraction of foot processes from the blood-brain barrier and decreased removal of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts. Mechanisms of astrocyte activation, including innate immune function and the fine neuroanatomy of astrocytes, however, remain to be investigated. We quantified the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labeled astrocytes per square millimeter and the proportion of astrocytes immunopositive for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to examine innate immune activation in astrocytes. We also performed detailed morphometric analyses of gray and white matter astrocytes in the frontal and parietal lobes of rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), both with and without encephalitis, an established model of AIDS neuropathogenesis. Protoplasmic astrocytes (gray matter) and fibrous astrocytes (deep white matter) were imaged, and morphometric features were analyzed using Neurolucida. Gray matter and white matter astrocytes showed no change in cell body size in animals infected with SIV regardless of encephalitic status. In SIV-infected macaques, both gray and white matter astrocytes had shorter, less ramified processes, resulting in decreased cell arbor compared with controls. SIV-infected macaques with encephalitis showed decreases in arbor length in white matter astrocytes and reduced complexity in gray matter astrocytes compared to controls. These results provide the first evidence that innate immune activation of astrocytes is linked to altered cortical astrocyte morphology in SIV/HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate that astrocyte remodeling is correlated with infection. Perturbed neuron-glia signaling may be a driving factor in the development of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Lee
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong He
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Yao Yao
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.)
| | - Yu Cao
- From the Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China (Y.H., Y.C.); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (Y.Y.); and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY (S.E.T.).
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Necrostatin-1 reduces neurovascular injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:495817. [PMID: 24729786 PMCID: PMC3963111 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common form of hemorrhagic stroke, accounting for 15% of all strokes. ICH has the highest acute mortality and the worst long-term prognosis of all stroke subtypes. Unfortunately, the dearth of clinically effective treatment options makes ICH the least treatable form of stroke, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic targets. Recent work by our laboratory identified a novel role for the necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1, in limiting neurovascular injury in tissue culture models of hemorrhagic injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that necrostatin-1 reduces neurovascular injury after collagenase-induced ICH in mice. Necrostatin-1 significantly reduced hematoma volume by 54% at 72 h after-ICH, as compared to either sham-injured mice or mice administered an inactive, structural analogue of necrostatin-1. Necrostatin-1 also limited cell death by 48%, reduced blood-brain barrier opening by 51%, attenuated edema development to sham levels, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after ICH. These data suggest a potential clinical utility for necrostatin-1 and/or novel necroptosis inhibitors as an adjunct therapy to reduce neurological injury and improve patient outcomes after ICH.
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