1
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Abutarboush R, Reed E, Chen Y, Gu M, Watson C, Kawoos U, Statz JK, Tschiffely AE, Ciarlone S, Perez-Garcia G, Gama Sosa MA, de Gasperi R, Stone JR, Elder GA, Ahlers ST. Exposure to Low-Intensity Blast Increases Clearance of Brain Amyloid Beta. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:685-704. [PMID: 38183627 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of exposure to blast overpressure are an important health concern in military personnel. Increase in amyloid beta (Aβ) has been documented after non-blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may contribute to neuropathology and an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. We have shown that Aβ levels decrease following exposure to a low-intensity blast overpressure event. To further explore this observation, we examined the effects of a single 37 kPa (5.4 psi) blast exposure on brain Aβ levels, production, and clearance mechanisms in the acute (24 h) and delayed (28 days) phases post-blast exposure in an experimental rat model. Aβ and, notably, the highly neurotoxic detergent soluble Aβ42 form, was reduced at 24 h but not 28 days after blast exposure. This reduction was not associated with changes in the levels of Aβ oligomers, expression levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), or increase in enzymes involved in the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP, the β- and ϒ-secretases BACE1 and presenilin-1, respectively. The levels of ADAM17 α-secretase (also known as tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme) decreased, concomitant with the reduction in brain Aβ. Additionally, significant increases in brain levels of the endothelial transporter, low-density related protein 1 (LRP1), and enhancement in co-localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) to perivascular astrocytic end-feet were observed 24 h after blast exposure. These findings suggest that exposure to low-intensity blast may enhance endothelial clearance of Aβ by LRP1-mediated transcytosis and alter AQP4-aided glymphatic clearance. Collectively, the data demonstrate that low-intensity blast alters enzymatic, transvascular, and perivascular clearance of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abutarboush
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Reed
- Parsons Corporation, Centreville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Gu
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Usmah Kawoos
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan K Statz
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna E Tschiffely
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Ciarlone
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Georgina Perez-Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Miguel A Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rita de Gasperi
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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2
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Elder GA, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Perez Garcia G, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Zhu CW, Janssen WGM, Stone JR, Hof PR, Cook DG, Ahlers ST. The Neurovascular Unit as a Locus of Injury in Low-Level Blast-Induced Neurotrauma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1150. [PMID: 38256223 PMCID: PMC10816929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma has received much attention over the past decade. Vascular injury occurs early following blast exposure. Indeed, in animal models that approximate human mild traumatic brain injury or subclinical blast exposure, vascular pathology can occur in the presence of a normal neuropil, suggesting that the vasculature is particularly vulnerable. Brain endothelial cells and their supporting glial and neuronal elements constitute a neurovascular unit (NVU). Blast injury disrupts gliovascular and neurovascular connections in addition to damaging endothelial cells, basal laminae, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes as well as causing extracellular matrix reorganization. Perivascular pathology becomes associated with phospho-tau accumulation and chronic perivascular inflammation. Disruption of the NVU should impact activity-dependent regulation of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier permeability, and glymphatic flow. Here, we review work in an animal model of low-level blast injury that we have been studying for over a decade. We review work supporting the NVU as a locus of low-level blast injury. We integrate our findings with those from other laboratories studying similar models that collectively suggest that damage to astrocytes and other perivascular cells as well as chronic immune activation play a role in the persistent neurobehavioral changes that follow blast injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Elder
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
| | - Miguel A. Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Georgina Perez Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Gissel M. Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William G. M. Janssen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James R. Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David G. Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
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3
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Poejo J, Berrocal M, Saez L, Gutierrez-Merino C, Mata AM. Store-Operated Calcium Entry Inhibition and Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump Upregulation Contribute to the Maintenance of Resting Cytosolic Calcium Concentration in A1-like Astrocytes. Molecules 2023; 28:5363. [PMID: 37513235 PMCID: PMC10383710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly neurotoxic A1-reactive astrocytes have been associated with several human neurodegenerative diseases. Complement protein C3 expression is strongly upregulated in A1 astrocytes, and this protein has been shown to be a specific biomarker of these astrocytes. Several cytokines released in neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to upregulate the production of amyloid β protein precursor (APP) and neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in reactive astrocytes. Also, aberrant Ca2+ signals have been proposed as a hallmark of astrocyte functional remodeling in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. In this work, we induced the generation of A1-like reactive astrocytes after the co-treatment of U251 human astroglioma cells with a cocktail of the cytokines TNF-α, IL1-α and C1q. These A1-like astrocytes show increased production of APP and Aβ peptides compared to untreated U251 cells. Additionally, A1-like astrocytes show a (75 ± 10)% decrease in the Ca2+ stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), (85 ± 10)% attenuation of Ca2+ entry after complete Ca2+ depletion of the ER, and three-fold upregulation of plasma membrane calcium pump expression, with respect to non-treated Control astrocytes. These altered intracellular Ca2+ dynamics allow A1-like astrocytes to efficiently counterbalance the enhanced release of Ca2+ from the ER, preventing a rise in the resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Berrocal
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Lucía Saez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana M Mata
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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4
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Masi M, Biundo F, Fiou A, Racchi M, Pascale A, Buoso E. The Labyrinthine Landscape of APP Processing: State of the Art and Possible Novel Soluble APP-Related Molecular Players in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076639. [PMID: 37047617 PMCID: PMC10095589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its cleavage processes have been widely investigated in the past, in particular in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Evidence of an increased expression of APP and its amyloidogenic-related cleavage enzymes, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, at the hit axon terminals following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), firstly suggested a correlation between TBI and AD. Indeed, mild and severe TBI have been recognised as influential risk factors for different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present work, we describe the state of the art of APP proteolytic processing, underlining the different roles of its cleavage fragments in both physiological and pathological contexts. Considering the neuroprotective role of the soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) fragment, we hypothesised that sAPPα could modulate the expression of genes of interest for AD and TBI. Hence, we present preliminary experiments addressing sAPPα-mediated regulation of BACE1, Isthmin 2 (ISM2), Tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), each discussed from a biological and pharmacological point of view in AD and TBI. We finally propose a neuroprotective interaction network, in which the Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and the signalling cascade of PKCβII/nELAV/VEGF play hub roles, suggesting that vasculogenic-targeting therapies could be a feasible approach for vascular-related brain injuries typical of AD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - André Fiou
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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5
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Montero-Cosme TG, Pascual-Mathey LI, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Rojas-Durán F, Aranda-Abreu GE. Potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:544-559. [PMID: 37005970 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that amyloid precursor protein (APP), the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nicastrin (NCT), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) are closely related to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, recent evidence shows that neuroinflammation also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Although the mechanism is not clearly known, such inflammation could alter the activity of the aforementioned molecules. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory agents could slow the progression of the disease. Nimesulide, resveratrol, and citalopram are three anti-inflammatory agents that could contribute to a decrease in neuroinflammation and consequently to a decrease in the overexpression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau, as they possess anti-inflammatory effects that could regulate the expression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau of potent pro-inflammatory markers indirectly involved in the expression of APP, BACE1, NCT, COX-2, and p-Tau; therefore, their use could be beneficial as preventive treatment as well as in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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6
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Soligo M, Manni L, Conti G, Chiaretti A. Intranasal nerve growth factor for prevention and recovery of the outcomes of traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:773-778. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Lopez-Sanchez C, Poejo J, Garcia-Lopez V, Salazar J, Garcia-Martinez V, Gutierrez-Merino C. Kaempferol prevents the activation of complement C3 protein and the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes that mediate rat brain degeneration induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113017. [PMID: 35452770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Kaempferol is a natural antioxidant present in vegetables and fruits used in human nutrition. In previous work, we showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) kaempferol administration strongly protects against striatum neurodegeneration induced by i.p. injections of 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA), an animal model of Huntington's disease. Recently, we have shown that reactive A1 astrocytes generation is an early event in the neurodegeneration induced by NPA i.p. injections. In the present work, we have experimentally evaluated the hypothesis that kaempferol protects both against the activation of complement C3 protein and the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes in rat brain striatum and hippocampus. To this end, we have administered NPA and kaempferol i.p. injections to adult Wistar rats following the protocol described in previous work. Kaempferol administration prevents proteolytic activation of complement C3 protein and generation of reactive A1 astrocytes NPA-induced in the striatum and hippocampus. Also, it blocked the NPA-induced increase of NF-κB expression and enhanced secretion of cytokines IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q, which have been linked to the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes. In addition, kaempferol administration prevented the enhanced production of amyloid β peptides in the striatum and hippocampus, a novel finding in NPA-induced brain degeneration found in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jairo Salazar
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, León, 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. The Emergence of Model Systems to Investigate the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:813544. [PMID: 35211003 PMCID: PMC8862182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s-related dementias (AD/ADRD). Despite these connections, the underlying mechanisms by which TBI induces AD-related pathology, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive decline have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the various in vivo and in vitro models that are being employed to provide more definite mechanistic relationships between TBI-induced mechanical injury and AD-related phenotypes. In particular, we will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems as it relates to advancing the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to TBI-induced AD onset and progression as well as providing platforms to evaluate potential therapies. Finally, we will discuss how emerging methods including the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cultures and genome engineering technologies can be employed to generate better models of TBI-induced AD.
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9
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Gorina YV, Salmina AB, Erofeev AI, Can Z, Bolshakova AV, Balaban PM, Bezprozvanny IB, Vlasova OL. Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Wu Q, Cortez L, Kamali-Jamil R, Sim V, Wille H, Kar S. Implications of exosomes derived from cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048929. [PMID: 34524402 PMCID: PMC8560497 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Aβ-containing neuronal exosomes, which represent a novel form of intercellular communication, have been shown to influence the function/vulnerability of neurons in AD. Unlike neurons, the significance of exosomes derived from astrocytes remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the significance of exosomes derived from U18666A-induced cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes in the development of AD pathology. Our results show that cholesterol accumulation decreases exosome secretion, whereas lowering cholesterol increases exosome secretion, from cultured astrocytes. Interestingly, exosomes secreted from U18666A-treated astrocytes contain higher levels of APP, APP-C-terminal fragments, soluble APP, APP secretases and Aβ1-40 than exosomes secreted from control astrocytes. Furthermore, we show that exosomes derived from U18666A-treated astrocytes can lead to neurodegeneration, which is attenuated by decreasing Aβ production or by neutralizing exosomal Aβ peptide with an anti-Aβ antibody. These results, taken together, suggest that exosomes derived from cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes can play an important role in trafficking APP/Aβ peptides and influencing neuronal viability in the affected regions of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Leonardo Cortez
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Razieh Kamali-Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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11
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Perez Garcia G, De Gasperi R, Tschiffely AE, Gama Sosa MA, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Statz JK, Ciarlone S, Reed EM, Jeyarajah T, Perez G, Otero Pagan A, Pryor D, Hof P, Cook D, Gandy S, Elder G, Ahlers S. Repetitive low-level blast exposure improves behavioral deficits and chronically lowers Aβ42 in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3146-3173. [PMID: 34353119 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Public awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the military increased recently because of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan where blast injury was the most common mechanism of injury. Besides overt injuries, concerns also exist over the potential adverse consequences of subclinical blast exposures, which are common for many service members. TBI is a risk factor for the later development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like disorders. Studies of acute TBI in humans and animals have suggested that increased processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) towards the amyloid beta protein (Aβ) may explain the epidemiological associations with AD. However, in a prior study we found in both rat and mouse models of blast overpressure exposure (BOP), that rather than increasing, rodent brain Aβ42 levels were decreased following acute blast exposure. Here we subjected APP/presenilin 1 transgenic mice (APP/PS1 Tg) to an extended sequence of repetitive low-level blast exposures (34.5 kPa) administered three times per week over 8 weeks. If initiated at 20 weeks of age, these repetitive exposures, which were designed to mimic human subclinical blast exposures, reduced anxiety and improved cognition as well as social interactions in APP/PS1 Tg mice, returning many behavioral parameters in APP/PS1 Tg mice to levels of non-transgenic wild type mice. Repetitive low-level blast exposure was less effective at improving behavioral deficits in APP/PS1 Tg mice when begun at 36 weeks of age. While amyloid plaque loads were unchanged, Aβ42 levels and Aβ oligomers were reduced in brain of mice exposed to repetitive low-level blast exposures initiated at 20 weeks of age, although levels did not directly correlate with behavioral parameters in individual animals. These results have implications for understanding the nature of blast effects on the brain and their relationship to human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez Garcia
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5925, Neurology, 1468 Madison Avenue Annenberg Building Floor 14 Room 60, New York, New York, New York, United States, 10029-6574.,James J Peters VA Medical Center, 20071, Research, 130 W Kingsbridge Rd, The Bronx, NY 10468, Bronx, United States, 10468-3904;
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Research and Development, 130 west kingsbridge road, RD 3F-20, Bronx, New York, United States, 10468;
| | - Anna E Tschiffely
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States;
| | - Miguel A Gama Sosa
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Research and Development, 130 W Kingsbridge Rd, Bronx, New York, United States, 10468;
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Neurotrauma, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, 20910;
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Neurotrauma, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, 20910.,Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, 44069, Bethesda, Maryland, United States;
| | | | - Stephanie Ciarlone
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States;
| | - Eileen M Reed
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States;
| | - Theepica Jeyarajah
- Naval Medical Research Center, 19930, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States;
| | - Gissel Perez
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, 20071, Research and Development, Bronx, New York, United States;
| | - Alena Otero Pagan
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, 20071, Research and Development, Bronx, New York, United States;
| | - Dylan Pryor
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, 20071, Research, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, New York, United States, 10468;
| | - Patrick Hof
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5925, New York, New York, United States;
| | - David Cook
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 20128, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, United States, 98108.,University of Washington, 7284, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States;
| | - Samuel Gandy
- 88 Mercer AvenueHartsdaleHartsdale, New York, United States, 10530.,Sam Gandy, 88 Mercer Avenue, United States;
| | - Gregory Elder
- James J. Peters VAMC, Research and Development 3F22, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York, United States, 10468;
| | - Stephen Ahlers
- Naval Medical Research Center, OUMD, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, 20910;
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12
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Vinuesa A, Pomilio C, Gregosa A, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Bellotto M, Saravia F, Beauquis J. Inflammation and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653651. [PMID: 33967682 PMCID: PMC8102834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition and modern diets containing high proportions of saturated fat are among the major factors contributing to a low-grade state of inflammation, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. In the last decades, the global rise of type 2 diabetes and obesity prevalence has elicited a great interest in understanding how changes in metabolic function lead to an increased risk for premature brain aging and the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment and decreased neurogenic capacity could be a consequence of metabolic disturbances. In these scenarios, the interplay between inflammation and insulin resistance could represent a potential therapeutic target to prevent or ameliorate neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The present review aims to provide an update on the impact of metabolic stress pathways on AD with a focus on inflammation and insulin resistance as risk factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Vinuesa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pomilio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amal Gregosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Bentivegna
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Presa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Bellotto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052686. [PMID: 33799967 PMCID: PMC7961958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased over the last years with an important impact on public health. Many preclinical and clinical studies identified multiple and heterogeneous TBI-related pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for functional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. Recent evidence has suggested that post-TBI neuroinflammation is responsible for several long-term clinical consequences, including hypopituitarism. This review aims to summarize current evidence on TBI-induced neuroinflammation and its potential role in determining hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions.
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14
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Ibach M, Mathews M, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Theil S, Kumar S, Feederle R, Brüstle O, Neumann H, Walter J. A reporter cell system for the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 reveals differential effects of disease-associated variants on receptor signaling and activation by antibodies against the stalk region. Glia 2020; 69:1126-1139. [PMID: 33314333 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immune receptor expressed on myeloid-derived cell types. The extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain of TREM2 binds anionic ligands including Apolipoprotein E and Amyloid-β. The transmembrane domain interacts with its adaptor protein DAP12/TYROBP that is responsible for propagation of downstream signaling upon ligand interaction. Several sequence variants of TREM2 have been linked to different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Here, we generated HEK 293 Flp-In cell lines stably expressing human TREM2 and DAP12 using a bicistronic construct with a T2A linker sequence allowing initial expression of both proteins in stoichiometric amounts. Cell biological and biochemical analyses revealed transport of TREM2 to the cell surface, and canonical sequential proteolytic processing and shedding of TREM2 (sTREM2). The functionality of this cell system was demonstrated by detection of phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) upon stimulation of TREM2 with the anionic membrane lipid phosphatidylserine or anti-TREM2 antibodies. Using this cell model, we demonstrated impaired signaling of disease associated TREM2 variants. We also identified a monoclonal antibody against the stalk region of TREM2 with agonistic activity. Activation of TREM2-DAP12 signaling with the monoclonal antibody and the partial loss of function of disease associated variants were recapitulated in induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia. Thus, this reporter cell model represents a suitable experimental system to investigate signaling of TREM2 variants, and for the identification of ligands and compounds that modulate TREM2-DAP12 signaling. MAIN POINTS: Disease associated variants impair the signaling activity of TREM2 by distinct mechanisms. Targeting the stalk region of TREM2 with bivalent antibodies activates TREM2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ibach
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Linnartz-Gerlach
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Theil
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Core Facility Monoclonal Antibodies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Life and Brain GmbH, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Escamilla-Ayala A, Wouters R, Sannerud R, Annaert W. Contribution of the Presenilins in the cell biology, structure and function of γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:12-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Konttinen H, Cabral-da-Silva MEC, Ohtonen S, Wojciechowski S, Shakirzyanova A, Caligola S, Giugno R, Ishchenko Y, Hernández D, Fazaludeen MF, Eamen S, Budia MG, Fagerlund I, Scoyni F, Korhonen P, Huber N, Haapasalo A, Hewitt AW, Vickers J, Smith GC, Oksanen M, Graff C, Kanninen KM, Lehtonen S, Propson N, Schwartz MP, Pébay A, Koistinaho J, Ooi L, Malm T. PSEN1ΔE9, APPswe, and APOE4 Confer Disparate Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Derived Microglia. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:669-683. [PMID: 31522977 PMCID: PMC6829767 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we elucidate the effect of Alzheimer disease (AD)-predisposing genetic backgrounds, APOE4, PSEN1ΔE9, and APPswe, on functionality of human microglia-like cells (iMGLs). We present a physiologically relevant high-yield protocol for producing iMGLs from induced pluripotent stem cells. Differentiation is directed with small molecules through primitive erythromyeloid progenitors to re-create microglial ontogeny from yolk sac. The iMGLs express microglial signature genes and respond to ADP with intracellular Ca2+ release distinguishing them from macrophages. Using 16 iPSC lines from healthy donors, AD patients and isogenic controls, we reveal that the APOE4 genotype has a profound impact on several aspects of microglial functionality, whereas PSEN1ΔE9 and APPswe mutations trigger minor alterations. The APOE4 genotype impairs phagocytosis, migration, and metabolic activity of iMGLs but exacerbates their cytokine secretion. This indicates that APOE4 iMGLs are fundamentally unable to mount normal microglial functionality in AD. APOE4 genotype has a profound impact on several functions of microglia-like cells Inflammatory responses are aggravated in cells with APOE4 genotype Metabolism, phagocytosis, and migration are decreased in APOE4 microglia-like cells Familial mutations APPswe and PSEN1ΔE9 have only minor effects on functionality
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Konttinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mauricio E Castro Cabral-da-Silva
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Anastasia Shakirzyanova
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Simone Caligola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Yevheniia Ishchenko
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Damián Hernández
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | | | - Shaila Eamen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mireia Gómez Budia
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ilkka Fagerlund
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Flavia Scoyni
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, VIC 7005, Australia
| | - James Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Grady C Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinka Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Theme Aging, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Nicholas Propson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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17
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Oksanen M, Lehtonen S, Jaronen M, Goldsteins G, Hämäläinen RH, Koistinaho J. Astrocyte alterations in neurodegenerative pathologies and their modeling in human induced pluripotent stem cell platforms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2739-2760. [PMID: 31016348 PMCID: PMC6588647 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain. They were long considered only as passive support for neuronal cells. However, recent data have revealed many active roles for these cells both in maintenance of the normal physiological homeostasis in the brain as well as in neurodegeneration and disease. Moreover, human astrocytes have been found to be much more complex than their rodent counterparts, and to date, astrocytes are known to actively participate in a multitude of processes such as neurotransmitter uptake and recycling, gliotransmitter release, neuroenergetics, inflammation, modulation of synaptic activity, ionic balance, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, and many other crucial functions of the brain. This review focuses on the role of astrocytes in human neurodegenerative disease and the potential of the novel stem cell-based platforms in modeling astrocytic functions in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Oksanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO. Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Jaronen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO. Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Bodnar CN, Roberts KN, Higgins EK, Bachstetter AD. A Systematic Review of Closed Head Injury Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice and Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1683-1706. [PMID: 30661454 PMCID: PMC6555186 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild TBI (mTBI) is a significant health concern. Animal models of mTBI are essential for understanding mechanisms, and pathological outcomes, as well as to test therapeutic interventions. A variety of closed head models of mTBI that incorporate different aspects (i.e., biomechanics) of the mTBI have been reported. The aim of the current review was to compile a comprehensive list of the closed head mTBI rodent models, along with the common data elements, and outcomes, with the goal to summarize the current state of the field. Publications were identified from a search of PubMed and Web of Science and screened for eligibility following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were included that were closed head injuries in which the authors classified the injury as mild in rats or mice. Injury model and animal-specific common data elements, as well as behavioral and histological outcomes, were collected and compiled from a total of 402 articles. Our results outline the wide variety of methods used to model mTBI. We also discovered that female rodents and both young and aged animals are under-represented in experimental mTBI studies. Our findings will aid in providing context comparing the injury models and provide a starting point for the selection of the most appropriate model of mTBI to address a specific hypothesis. We believe this review will be a useful starting place for determining what has been done and what knowledge is missing in the field to reduce the burden of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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19
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Li K, Li J, Zheng J, Qin S. Reactive Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:664-675. [PMID: 31165009 PMCID: PMC6538217 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the largest and most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a variety of important roles in regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity and providing neuroprotection, thus helping to maintain normal brain function. At the same time, astrocytes can participate in the inflammatory response and play a key role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by numerous pathological conditions in the CNS. Astrocyte reactivity is initially characterized by hypertrophy of soma and processes, triggered by different molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and ischemia can elicit two different types of reactive astrocytes, termed A1s and A2s. However, in the case of astrocyte reactivity in different neurodegenerative diseases, the recently published research issues remain a high level of conflict and controversy. So far, we still know very little about whether and how the function or reactivity of astrocytes changes in the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to briefly discuss recent studies highlighting the complex contribution of astrocytes in the process of various neurodegenerative diseases, which may provide us with new prospects for the development of an excellent therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- 2Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Wu X, Liu C, Chen L, Du YF, Hu M, Reed MN, Long Y, Suppiramaniam V, Hong H, Tang SS. Protective effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:166-175. [PMID: 30986644 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is neuroprotective in different animal models of neurological diseases. However, whether TGR5 agonist TUDCA can improve lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment in mice is less clear. Using a model of cognitive impairment with LPS (2.0 μg) we investigated the effects of TUDCA (200 or 400 μg) on cognitive dysfunction and neurotoxicity in mice. Both Morris water maze and Y-maze avoidance tests showed that TUDCA treatment significantly alleviated LPS-induced behavioral impairments. More importantly, we found that TUDCA treatment reversed TGR5 down-regulation, prevented neuroinflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Additionally, TUDCA treatment decreased LPS-induced apoptosis through decreasing TUNEL-positive cells and the overexpression of caspase-3, increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. TUDCA treatment also ameliorated synaptic plasticity impairments by increasing the ratio of mBDNF/proBDNF, the number of dendritic spines and the expression of synapse-associated proteins in the hippocampus. Our results indicated that TUDCA can improve cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity induced by LPS in mice, which is involved in TGR5-mediated NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Feng Du
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Su-Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Mirzaei M, Pushpitha K, Deng L, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Rajput R, Mangani AB, Dheer Y, Godinez A, McKay MJ, Kamath K, Pascovici D, Wu JX, Salekdeh GH, Karl T, Haynes PA, Graham SL, Gupta VK. Upregulation of Proteolytic Pathways and Altered Protein Biosynthesis Underlie Retinal Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6017-6034. [PMID: 30707393 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The APP/PS1 mouse model of AD exhibits accumulation of Aβ in the retina and demonstrates reduced retinal function and other degenerative changes. The overall molecular effects of AD pathology on the retina remain undetermined. Using a proteomics approach, this study assessed the molecular effects of Aβ accumulation and progression of AD pathology on the retina. Retinal tissues from younger (2.5 months) and older 8-month APP/PS1 mice were analysed for protein expression changes. A multiplexed proteomics approach using chemical isobaric tandem mass tags was applied followed by functional and protein-protein interaction analyses using Ingenuity pathway (IPA) and STRING computational tools. We identified approximately 2000 proteins each in the younger (upregulated 50; downregulated 36) and older set of APP/PS1 (upregulated 85; downregulated 79) mice retinas. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) was consistently upregulated two to threefold in both younger and older retinas (p < 0.0001). Mass spectrometry data further revealed that older APP/PS1 mice retinas had elevated levels of proteolytic enzymes cathepsin D, presenilin 2 and nicastrin that are associated with APP processing. Increased levels of proteasomal proteins Psma5, Psmd3 and Psmb2 were also observed in the older AD retinas. In contrast to the younger animals, significant downregulation of protein synthesis and elongation associated proteins such as Eef1a1, Rpl35a, Mrpl2 and Eef1e1 (p < 0.04) was identified in the older mice retinas. This study reports for the first time that not only old but also young APP/PS1 animals demonstrate increased amyloid protein levels in their retinas. Quantitative proteomics reveals new molecular insights which may represent a cellular response to clear amyloid build-up. Further, downregulation of ribosomal proteins involved in protein biosynthesis was observed which might be considered a toxicity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kanishka Pushpitha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liting Deng
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rashi Rajput
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abu Bakr Mangani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Godinez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karthik Kamath
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jemma X Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Lan YL, Wang X, Zou YJ, Xing JS, Lou JC, Zou S, Ma BB, Ding Y, Zhang B. Bazedoxifene protects cerebral autoregulation after traumatic brain injury and attenuates impairments in blood-brain barrier damage: involvement of anti-inflammatory pathways by blocking MAPK signaling. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:311-323. [PMID: 30706110 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death and long-term deficits in motor and cognitive functions for which there are currently no effective chemotherapeutic drugs. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and has been investigated as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is generally safe and well tolerated, with favorable endometrial and breast safety profiles. Recent findings have shown that SERMs may have therapeutic benefits; however, the role of BZA in the treatment of TBI and its molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of BZA on early TBI in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS TBI was induced using a modified weight-drop method. Neurological deficits were evaluated according to the neurological severity score (NSS). Morris water maze and open-field behavioral tests were used to test cognitive functions. Brain edema was measured by brain water content, and impairments in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were evaluated by expression analysis of tight junction-associated proteins, such as occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Neuronal injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to determine the ability of BZA to cross the BBB. RESULTS Our results indicated that BZA attenuated the impaired cognitive functions and the increased BBB permeability of rats subjected to TBI through activation of inflammatory cascades. In vivo experiments further revealed that BZA provided this neuroprotection by suppressing TBI-induced activation of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, mechanically, the anti-inflammatory effects of BZA in TBI may be partially mediated by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BZA might attenuate neurological deficits and BBB damage to protect against TBI by blocking the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jin-Shan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bin-Bin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Wu X, Lv YG, Du YF, Hu M, Reed MN, Long Y, Suppiramaniam V, Hong H, Tang SS. Inhibitory effect of INT-777 on lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and synaptic dysfunction in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:360-374. [PMID: 30144494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and memory impairment. Herein, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of 6-ethyl-23(S)-methyl-cholic acid (INT-777), a specific G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) agonist, in the LPS-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity. Single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of LPS remarkably induced mouse behavioral impairments in Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze avoidance tests, which were ameliorated by INT-777 (1.5 or 3.0 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) treatment. Importantly, INT-777 treatment reversed LPS-induced TGR5 down-regulation, suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65, and mitigated neuroinflammation, evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines, less activation of microglia, and increased the ratio of p-CREB/CREB or mBDNF/proBDNF in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. In addition, INT-777 treatment also suppressed neuronal apoptosis, as indicated by the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells, decreased activation of caspase-3, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction as evidenced by the upregulation of PSD95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Taken together, this study showed the potential neuroprotective effects of INT-777 against LPS-induced cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and synaptic dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang-Ge Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Feng Du
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Su-Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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25
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26
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Heiland T, Zeitschel U, Puchades MA, Kuhn PH, Lichtenthaler SF, Bjaalie JG, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Roßner S, Höfling C. Defined astrocytic expression of human amyloid precursor protein in Tg2576 mouse brain. Glia 2018; 67:393-403. [PMID: 30485540 PMCID: PMC6588085 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic Tg2576 mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) with the Swedish mutation are among the most frequently used animal models to study the amyloid pathology related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The transgene expression in this model is considered to be neuron‐specific. Using a novel hAPP‐specific antibody in combination with cell type‐specific markers for double immunofluorescent labelings and laser scanning microscopy, we here report that—in addition to neurons throughout the brain—astrocytes in the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent in neocortex express hAPP. This astrocytic hAPP expression is already detectable in young Tg2576 mice before the onset of amyloid pathology and still present in aged Tg2576 mice with robust amyloid pathology in neocortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. Surprisingly, hAPP immunoreactivity in cortex is restricted to resting astrocytes distant from amyloid plaques but absent from reactive astrocytes in close proximity to amyloid plaques. In contrast, neither microglial cells nor oligodendrocytes of young or aged Tg2576 mice display hAPP labeling. The astrocytic expression of hAPP is substantiated by the analyses of hAPP mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures derived from Tg2576 offspring. We conclude that astrocytes, in particular in corpus callosum, may contribute to amyloid pathology in Tg2576 mice and thus mimic this aspect of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Heiland
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Ourdev D, Schmaus A, Kar S. Kainate Receptor Activation Enhances Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5095-5110. [PMID: 30484111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) is an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that, when injected systemically into adult rats, can trigger seizures and progressive neuronal loss in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, biomolecular mechanisms responsible for the neuronal loss that occurs as a consequence of this treatment remains elusive. We have recently reported that toxicity induced by KA can partly be mediated by astrocyte-derived amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, little is known how KA can influence amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels and processing in astrocytes. Thus, in the present study using human U-373 astrocytoma and rat primary astrocytes, we evaluated the role of KA on APP metabolism. Our results revealed that KA treatment increased the levels of APP and its cleaved products (α-/β-CTFs) in cultured U-373 astrocytoma and primary astrocytes, without altering the cell viability. The cellular and secretory levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in KA-treated astrocytes. We also demonstrated that the steady-state levels of APP-secretases were not altered but the activity of γ-secretase is enhanced in KA-treated U-373 astrocytoma. Furthermore, using selective receptor antagonists, we showed that the effects of KA is mediated by activation of kainate receptors and not NMDA or AMPA receptors. These results suggest that KA can enhance amyloidogenic processing of APP by activating its own receptor leading to increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Schmaus
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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28
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Katsumoto A, Takeuchi H, Takahashi K, Tanaka F. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Risk Factors and Inflammation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:978. [PMID: 30498474 PMCID: PMC6249341 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that originate from myeloid progenitor cells in the embryonic yolk sac and are maintained independently of circulating monocytes throughout life. In the healthy state, microglia are highly dynamic and control the environment by rapidly extending and retracting their processes. When the CNS is inflamed, microglia can give rise to macrophages, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process have not been fully elucidated. Recent genetic studies have suggested that microglial function is compromised in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that environmental factors such as diet and brain injury also affect microglial activation. In addition, studies of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-deficiency in AD mice revealed heterogeneous microglial reactions at different disease stages, complicating the therapeutic strategy for AD. In this paper, we describe the relationship between genetic and environmental risk factors and the roles of microglia in AD pathogenesis, based on studies performed in human patients and animal models. We also discuss the mechanisms of inflammasomes and neurotransmitters in microglia, which accelerate the development of amyloid-β and tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Katsumoto
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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29
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Kodam A, Ourdev D, Maulik M, Hariharakrishnan J, Banerjee M, Wang Y, Kar S. A role for astrocyte-derived amyloid β peptides in the degeneration of neurons in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:28-44. [PMID: 29665128 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, can trigger seizures and neurotoxicity in the hippocampus and other limbic structures in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurotoxicity remain unclear. Since amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease, can mediate toxicity by activating glutamatergic NMDA receptors, it is likely that the enhanced glutamatergic transmission that renders hippocampal neurons vulnerable to kainic acid treatment may involve Aβ peptides. Thus, we seek to establish what role Aβ plays in kainic acid-induced toxicity using in vivo and in vitro paradigms. Our results show that systemic injection of kainic acid to adult rats triggers seizures, gliosis and loss of hippocampal neurons, along with increased levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the enhanced production of Aβ-related peptides. The changes in APP levels/processing were evident primarily in activated astrocytes, implying a role for astrocytic Aβ in kainic acid-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we showed that treating rat primary cultured astrocytes with kainic acid can lead to increased Aβ production/secretion without any compromise in cell viability. Additionally, we revealed that kainic acid reduces neuronal viability more in neuronal/astrocyte co-cultures than in pure neuronal culture, and this is attenuated by precluding Aβ production. Collectively, these results indicate that increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes can contribute to neurotoxicity in kainic acid-treated rats. Since kainic acid administration can lead to neuropathological changes resembling TLE, it is likely that APP/Aβ peptides derived from astrocytes may have a role in TLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kodam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Maulik
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - J Hariharakrishnan
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Banerjee
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
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30
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Ikonomovic MD, Abrahamson EE, Carlson SW, Graham SH, Dixon CE. Novel therapies for combating chronic neuropathological sequelae of TBI. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:160-176. [PMID: 29933008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for development of chronic neurodegenerative disorders later in life. This review summarizes the current knowledge and concepts regarding the connection between long-term consequences of TBI and aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Parkinsonism, with implications for novel therapy targets. Several aggregation-prone proteins such as the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, tau proteins, and α-synuclein protein are involved in secondary pathogenic cascades initiated by a TBI and are also major building blocks of the hallmark pathological lesions in chronic human neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. Impaired metabolism and degradation pathways of aggregation-prone proteins are discussed as potentially critical links between the long-term aftermath of TBI and chronic neurodegeneration. Utility and limitations of previous and current preclinical TBI models designed to study the link between TBI and chronic neurodegeneration, and promising intervention pharmacotherapies and non-pharmacologic strategies to break this link, are also summarized. Complexity of long-term neuropathological consequences of TBI is discussed, with a goal of guiding future preclinical studies and accelerating implementation of promising therapeutics into clinical trials. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shaun W Carlson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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31
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G V, S K, Sureshkumar, G S, S S, Preethikrishnan, S D, A S, D B, Riya, P V. Therapeutic impact of rHuEPO on abnormal platelet APP, BACE 1, presenilin 1, ADAM 10 and Aβ expressions in chronic kidney disease patients with cognitive dysfunction like Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:211-222. [PMID: 29775888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is reported to be a major cause of morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The senile plaques (SPs) in the brain are one of the most pathophysiological characteristics of cognitive dysfunction and its major constituent amyloid β (Aβ) released from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β (BACE1) and γ (presenilin 1) secretases . Platelets contain more than 95% of the circulating APP and implicate as a candidate biomarker for cognitive decline. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is a standard therapy for anemia in CKD and also acts as a neuroprotective agent. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of rHuEPO therapy on platelet APP processing in CKD with Cognitive Dysfunction. METHODS A total of 60 subjects comprising of 30 CKD without cognitive dysfunction and 30 CKD with cognitive dysfunction based on neuropsychological assessment. APP, BACE1, Presenilin 1, ADAM 10 (α secretase) and Aβ expressions in platelets were determined by western blotting and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in platelet rich plasma (PRP) was done by spectrophotometrically. The parameters were statistically compared with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Normocytic normochromic anemic and healthy subjects. RESULTS Significantly (p < 0.05) decreased APP, ADAM 10 while increased BACE1, Presenilin 1, Aβ and LPO were observed in CKD with cognitive dysfunction like AD subjects compared to other groups. The parameters were reassessed in CKD with cognitive dysfunction subjects after rHuEPO (100 IU/ kg, weekly twice, 6 months) therapy. All the parameters were retrieved significantly (p < 0.05) along with improved neuropsychological tests scoring after rHuEPO therapy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that rHuEPO is an effective neuroprotective agent in the context of CKD associated cognitive dysfunction and proved its clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinothkumar G
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnakumar S
- Department of Nephrology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Sureshkumar
- Department of Neurology, Balaji Medical college Hospital, Chrompet, Chennai, India
| | - Shivashekar G
- Department of Pathology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Sreedhar S
- Department of Nephrology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Preethikrishnan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Dinesh S
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Sundaram A
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Balakrishnan D
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Riya
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Venkataraman P
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical college Hospital, SRM University, Chennai, India.
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Levy Nogueira M, Hamraz M, Abolhassani M, Bigan E, Lafitte O, Steyaert J, Dubois B, Schwartz L. Mechanical stress increases brain amyloid β, tau, and α‐synuclein concentrations in wild‐type mice. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 14:444-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie Hôpital de la Pitié‐Salpêtrière, AP‐HP Paris France
- Institut de Recherche Translationnelle en Neurosciences (IHU‐A‐ICM) Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) Paris France
| | | | | | - Erwan Bigan
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, École Polytechnique Université Paris‐Saclay Palaiseau France
| | - Olivier Lafitte
- LAGA, UMR 7539 Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité Villetaneuse France
| | - Jean‐Marc Steyaert
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, École Polytechnique Université Paris‐Saclay Palaiseau France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie Hôpital de la Pitié‐Salpêtrière, AP‐HP Paris France
- Institut de Recherche Translationnelle en Neurosciences (IHU‐A‐ICM) Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) Paris France
- INSERM, CNRS, UMR‐S975 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) Paris France
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Frost GR, Li YM. The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2017; 7:170228. [PMID: 29237809 PMCID: PMC5746550 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and gliosis, activated glial cells, in the brain. It is thought that Aβ plaques trigger NFT formation, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and gliosis and, ultimately, cognitive impairment. There are increased numbers of reactive astrocytes in AD, which surround amyloid plaques and secrete proinflammatory factors and can phagocytize and break down Aβ. It was thought that neuronal cells were the major source of Aβ. However, mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes may play an additional role in AD by secreting significant quantities of Aβ and contributing to overall amyloid burden in the brain. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, and therefore even minor quantities of amyloid secretion from individual astrocytes could prove to be substantial when taken across the whole brain. Reactive astrocytes have increased levels of the three necessary components for Aβ production: amyloid precursor protein, β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The identification of environmental factors, such as neuroinflammation, that promote astrocytic Aβ production, could redefine how we think about developing therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Yang H, Wang Y, Kar S. Effects of cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A on APP metabolism in rat primary astrocytes. Glia 2017; 65:1728-1743. [PMID: 28722194 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play an important role in the degeneration of neurons and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current evidence indicates that high levels of cholesterol-which increase the risk of developing AD-can influence Aβ production in neurons. However, it remains unclear how altered level/subcellular distribution of cholesterol in astrocytes can influence APP metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A-a class II amphiphile that triggers redistribution of cholesterol within the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system-on APP levels and metabolism in rat primary cultured astrocytes. Our results revealed that U18666A increased the levels of the APP holoprotein and its cleaved products (α-/β-/η-CTFs) in cultured astrocytes, without altering the total levels of cholesterol or cell viability. The cellular levels of Aβ1-40 were also found to be markedly increased, while secretory levels of Aβ1-40 were decreased in U18666A-treated astrocytes. We further report a corresponding increase in the activity of the enzymes regulating APP processing, such as α-secretase, β-secretase, and γ-secretase as a consequence of U18666A treatment. Additionally, APP-cleaved products are partly accumulated in the lysosomes following cholesterol sequestration within EL system possibly due to decreased clearance. Interestingly, serum delipidation attenuated enhanced levels of APP and its cleaved products following U18666A treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that cholesterol sequestration within the EL system in astrocytes can influence APP metabolism and the accumulation of APP-cleaved products including Aβ peptides, which can contribute to the development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
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Rehman SU, Ahmad A, Yoon GH, Khan M, Abid MN, Kim MO. Inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Protects Against Brain Damage and Improves Learning and Memory After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Mice. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:2854-2872. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ho Yoon
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mehtab Khan
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Noman Abid
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Ezaki J, Shimada R, Shibuya M, Kibayashi K. Hippocampal neuronal degeneration in the traumatic brain injury mouse: non-trivial effect of scalp incision. Neurol Res 2016; 38:994-1002. [PMID: 27615406 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic hippocampal neuronal degeneration in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), and/or the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) regions are regarded as the most notable phenotypic appearances relating to the pathophysiology of human post-concussion syndrome. However, these morphological changes are often also seen in subjects without TBI, namely 'sham' groups. The frequencies and reasons of appearance of hippocampal neuronal degeneration in mice with TBI and/or sham are not clear. METHODS We compared the frequencies of hippocampal neuronal degeneration among three groups: TBI (mice with external force impact performed by Marmarou's weight drop model after scalp incision), sham (mice with scalp incision alone), and control (mice with neither external force impact nor scalp incision), using hematoxylin and eosin stain in day 6 (n = 5 in each group.) Isoflurane was used for anesthesia in all mice. RESULTS The frequencies were 80, 100, and 20% in CA1, and 20, 40, and 60% in CA3, for TBI, sham, and control, respectively. In CA1, a significant difference of the frequency was observed between sham and control (p = 0.048), but not, between TBI and sham (p = 1.000) in Fisher's exact test. In CA3, no significant difference in the frequency was observed between the three groups. CONCLUSION Scalp incision, rather than external impact force, might affect the CA1 hippocampal neuronal degeneration in mice with TBI. In addition, factor(s) other than external impact force or scalp incision may also cause hippocampal neuronal degeneration in both CA1 and CA3. Careful interpretation is needed concerning hippocampal neuronal degeneration induced by a weight drop device observed in mice with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ezaki
- a Department of Legal Medicine , School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryo Shimada
- a Department of Legal Medicine , School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Misato Shibuya
- a Department of Legal Medicine , School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- a Department of Legal Medicine , School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
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Alzheimer Disease and Its Growing Epidemic: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and the Urgent Need for Therapeutics. Neurol Clin 2016; 34:941-953. [PMID: 27720002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) represents one of the greatest medical challenges of this century; the condition is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide and no effective treatments have been developed for this terminal disease. Because the disease manifests at a late stage after a long period of clinically silent neurodegeneration, knowledge of the modifiable risk factors and the implementation of biomarkers is crucial in the primary prevention of the disease and presymptomatic detection of AD, respectively. This article discusses the growing epidemic of AD and antecedent risk factors in the disease process. Disease biomarkers are discussed, and the implications that this may have for the treatment of this currently incurable disease.
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Levy Nogueira M, Epelbaum S, Steyaert JM, Dubois B, Schwartz L. Mechanical stress models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 12:324-33. [PMID: 26718585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β protein and intracellular accumulation of tau in brain tissues have been described in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mechanical stress-based diseases of different mechanisms, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), arterial hypertension (HTN), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). METHODS We provide a brief overview of experimental models of TBI, HTN, and NPH showing features of tau-amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. RESULTS "Alzheimer-like" hallmarks found in these mechanical stress-based models were compared with AD features found in transgenic models. DISCUSSION The goal of this review is, therefore, to build on current concepts of onset and progression of AD lesions. We point to the importance of accumulated mechanical stress in brain as an environmental and endogenous factor that pushes protein deposition and neuronal injury over the disease threshold. We further encourage the development of preventing strategies and drug screening based on mechanical stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Schwartz
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Avila-Muñoz E, Arias C. Cholesterol-induced astrocyte activation is associated with increased amyloid precursor protein expression and processing. Glia 2015; 63:2010-2022. [PMID: 26096015 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for maintaining lipid raft integrity and has been regarded as a crucial regulatory factor for amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The vast majority of studies on amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and amyloid β-protein (Aβ) production have focused on neurons. The role of astrocytes remains largely unexplored, despite the presence of activated astrocytes in the brains of most patients with AD and in transgenic models of the disease. The role of cholesterol in Aβ production has been thoroughly studied in neurons and attributed to the participation of lipid rafts in APP metabolism. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the effect of cholesterol loading in astrocytes and analyzed the expression and processing of APP. We found that cholesterol exposure induced astrocyte activation, increased APP content, and enhanced the interaction of APP with BACE-1. These effects were associated with an enrichment of ganglioside GM1-cholesterol patches in the astrocyte membrane and with increased ROS production. GLIA 2015;63:2010-2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Avila-Muñoz
- Departamento De Medicina Genómica Y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, D.F., México
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento De Medicina Genómica Y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, D.F., México
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Isoglutaminyl cyclase contributes to CCL2-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:565-83. [PMID: 25666182 PMCID: PMC4366547 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are characterized by deposits of Abeta peptides and by accompanying chronic inflammation. Here, we provide evidence that the enzyme isoglutaminyl cyclase (isoQC) is a novel factor contributing to both aspects of AD pathology. Two putative substrates of isoQC, N-truncated Abeta peptides and the monocyte chemoattractant chemokine CCL2, undergo isoQC-catalyzed pyroglutamate (pGlu) modification. This triggers Abeta aggregation and facilitates the biological activity of CCL2, which collectively results in the formation of high molecular weight Abeta aggregates, glial cell activation, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. In mouse brain, we found isoQC to be neuron-specifically expressed in neocortical, hippocampal and subcortical structures, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus as well as co-expressed with its substrate CCL2. In aged APP transgenic Tg2576 mice, both isoQC and CCL2 mRNA levels are up-regulated and isoQC and CCL2 proteins were found to be co-induced in Abeta plaque-associated reactive astrocytes. Also, in mouse primary astrocyte culture, a simultaneous up-regulation of isoQC and CCL2 expression was revealed upon Abeta and pGlu-Abeta stimulation. In brains of AD patients, the expression of isoQC and CCL2 mRNA and protein is up-regulated compared to controls and correlates with pGlu-Abeta load and with the decline in mini-mental state examination. Our observations provide evidence for a dual involvement of isoQC in AD pathogenesis by catalysis of pGlu-Abeta and pGlu-CCL2 formation which mutually stimulate inflammatory events and affect cognition. We conclude that isoQC inhibition may target both major pathological events in the development of AD.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment in clinical presentation, and by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau in basic research. More highlights demonstrate that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances Aβ generation and deposition by modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and upregulating β- and γ-secretases. mTOR, an inhibitor of autophagy, decreases Aβ clearance by scissoring autophagy function. mTOR regulates Aβ generation or Aβ clearance by regulating several key signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 [GSK-3], AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The activation of mTOR is also a contributor to aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau. Rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR, may mitigate cognitive impairment and inhibit the pathologies associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles by promoting autophagy. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream components of mTOR signaling are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Hence, inhibiting the activation of mTOR may be an important therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Elder GA, Stone JR, Ahlers ST. Effects of low-level blast exposure on the nervous system: is there really a controversy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:269. [PMID: 25566175 PMCID: PMC4271615 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure blast waves can cause extensive CNS injury in human beings. However, in combat settings, such as Iraq and Afghanistan, lower level exposures associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or subclinical exposure have been much more common. Yet controversy exists concerning what traits can be attributed to low-level blast, in large part due to the difficulty of distinguishing blast-related mTBI from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We describe how TBI is defined in human beings and the problems posed in using current definitions to recognize blast-related mTBI. We next consider the problem of applying definitions of human mTBI to animal models, in particular that TBI severity in human beings is defined in relation to alteration of consciousness at the time of injury, which typically cannot be assessed in animals. However, based on outcome assessments, a condition of "low-level" blast exposure can be defined in animals that likely approximates human mTBI or subclinical exposure. We review blast injury modeling in animals noting that inconsistencies in experimental approach have contributed to uncertainty over the effects of low-level blast. Yet, animal studies show that low-level blast pressure waves are transmitted to the brain. In brain, low-level blast exposures cause behavioral, biochemical, pathological, and physiological effects on the nervous system including the induction of PTSD-related behavioral traits in the absence of a psychological stressor. We review the relationship of blast exposure to chronic neurodegenerative diseases noting the paradoxical lowering of Abeta by blast, which along with other observations suggest that blast-related TBI is pathophysiologically distinct from non-blast TBI. Human neuroimaging studies show that blast-related mTBI is associated with a variety of chronic effects that are unlikely to be explained by co-morbid PTSD. We conclude that abundant evidence supports low-level blast as having long-term effects on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Elder
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James R. Stone
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Cheng YL, Choi Y, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Emerging roles of the γ-secretase-notch axis in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:80-90. [PMID: 25448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a distinct proteolytic complex required for the activation of many transmembrane proteins. The cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase plays diverse biological roles in producing essential products for the organism. More than 90 transmembrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of γ-secretase. Two of the most widely known and studied of these substrates are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor, which are precursors for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), respectively. The wide spectrum of γ-secretase substrates has made analyses of the pathology of γ-secretase-related diseases and underlying mechanisms challenging. Inflammation is an important aspect of disease pathology that requires an in-depth analysis. γ-Secretase may contribute to disease development or progression by directly increasing and regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of γ-secretase in inflammatory diseases, and discusses the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as an effective future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Avila-Muñoz E, Arias C. When astrocytes become harmful: functional and inflammatory responses that contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:29-40. [PMID: 25078115 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that astrocytes play roles as contributors to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of evidence propose that activated astrocytes produce and release proinflammatory molecules that may be critical for the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). However, accumulating evidence indicates that Aβ may activate astrocytes, which leads to an increase in cytokines that has been suggested to be a causative factor in the cognitive dysfunction of AD; thus, a vicious circle may be created. Intrinsic inflammatory mechanisms may provide a regulatory system that is capable of influencing the neuronal microenvironment that affects neuronal survival. In this article, we address the evidence surrounding the interactions of dysfunctional astrocytes with neighboring neurons that may initiate a cascade of events that culminates with neuronal injury and the expression of the hallmark lesions of AD. Comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the participation of astrocytes in neurodegeneration could aid the development of therapies to restore proper astrocyte function that can be used in AD patients to prevent or alleviate the progression of the disease in a more efficient and comprehensive manner.
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45
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Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Burns MP, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Hokenbury NG, Stepp MA, Faden AI. Inhibition of amyloid precursor protein secretases reduces recovery after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2014; 1560:73-82. [PMID: 24630972 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is produced through the enzymatic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β (Bace1) and γ-secretases. The accumulation and aggregation of Aβ as amyloid plaques is the hallmark pathology of Alzheimer׳s disease and has been found in other neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. Although the role of Aβ after injury is not well understood, several studies have reported a negative correlation between Aβ formation and functional outcome. In this study we show that levels of APP, the enzymes cleaving APP (Bace1 and γ-secretase), and Aβ are significantly increased from 1 to 3 days after impact spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. To determine the role of Aβ after SCI, we reduced or inhibited Aβ in vivo through pharmacological (using DAPT) or genetic (Bace1 knockout mice) approaches. We found that these interventions significantly impaired functional recovery as evaluated by white matter sparing and behavioral testing. These data are consistent with a beneficial role for Aβ after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark P Burns
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nicole G Hokenbury
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alan I Faden
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
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Zhang YP, Cai J, Shields LBE, Liu N, Xu XM, Shields CB. Traumatic brain injury using mouse models. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:454-71. [PMID: 24493632 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of mouse models in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has several advantages compared to other animal models including low cost of breeding, easy maintenance, and innovative technology to create genetically modified strains. Studies using knockout and transgenic mice demonstrating functional gain or loss of molecules provide insight into basic mechanisms of TBI. Mouse models provide powerful tools to screen for putative therapeutic targets in TBI. This article reviews currently available mouse models that replicate several clinical features of TBI such as closed head injuries (CHI), penetrating head injuries, and a combination of both. CHI may be caused by direct trauma creating cerebral concussion or contusion. Sudden acceleration-deceleration injuries of the head without direct trauma may also cause intracranial injury by the transmission of shock waves to the brain. Recapitulation of temporary cavities that are induced by high-velocity penetrating objects in the mouse brain are difficult to produce, but slow brain penetration injuries in mice are reviewed. Synergistic damaging effects on the brain following systemic complications are also described. Advantages and disadvantages of CHI mouse models induced by weight drop, fluid percussion, and controlled cortical impact injuries are compared. Differences in the anatomy, biomechanics, and behavioral evaluations between mice and humans are discussed. Although the use of mouse models for TBI research is promising, further development of these techniques is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,
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Bates K, Vink R, Martins R, Harvey A. Aging, cortical injury and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in the guinea pig brain. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1345-51. [PMID: 24360504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized histopathologically by the abnormal deposition of the proteins amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau. A major issue for AD research is the lack of an animal model that accurately replicates the human disease, thus making it difficult to investigate potential risk factors for AD such as head injury. Furthermore, as age remains the strongest risk factor for most of the AD cases, transgenic models in which mutant human genes are expressed throughout the life span of the animal provide only limited insight into age-related factors in disease development. Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are of interest in AD research because they have a similar Aβ sequence to humans and thus may present a useful non-transgenic animal model of AD. Brains from guinea pigs aged 3-48 months were examined to determine the presence of age-associated AD-like pathology. In addition, fluid percussion-induced brain injury was performed to characterize mechanisms underlying the association between AD risk and head injury. No statistically significant changes were detected in the overall response to aging, although we did observe some region-specific changes. Diffuse deposits of Aβ were found in the hippocampal region of the oldest animals and alterations in amyloid precursor protein processing and tau immunoreactivity were observed with age. Brain injury resulted in a strong and sustained increase in amyloid precursor protein and tau immunoreactivity without Aβ deposition, over 7 days. Guinea pigs may therefore provide a useful model for investigating the influence of environmental and non-genetic risk factors on the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Bates
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; The McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Robert Vink
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph Martins
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; The McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Joshi YB, Giannopoulos PF, Chu J, Praticò D. Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced memory insult, γ-secretase, and neuroinflammation in triple transgenic mice by 5-lipoxygenase. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1024-31. [PMID: 24332986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Besides amyloid and tau pathology, a constant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intense inflammatory response, which is considered an active player in its pathogenesis. The 5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) is a proinflammatory enzyme and an endogenous modulator of AD-like phenotype in mouse models of the disease. To further understand the role of 5LO in AD pathogenesis, we exposed the triple transgenic (3×Tg) and 3×Tg/5LO knockout mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known inducer of neuroinflammation, and evaluated its effect on their AD-like phenotype. 3×Tg mice treated with LPS manifested a worsening of behavior, γ-secretase up-regulation, and increased neuroinflammatory responses. These effects were completely prevented in 3×Tg mice genetically deficient for 5LO. By contrast, the absence of 5LO did not protect against increase in tau phosphorylation at specific epitopes that were mediated by the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Our data demonstrate that the 5LO pathway affects key neuropathological features of the AD-like phenotype (behavior, abeta, microgliosis, astrocytosis) but not others (tau pathology) in the LPS-dependent neuroinflammation model. The opposite ways whereby 5LO influences the LPS-dependent effects in vivo supports the complex nature of the neuroinflammatory response in AD and its differential role in modulating amyloid and tau neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B Joshi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip F Giannopoulos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Chu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Smith C. Review: the long-term consequences of microglial activation following acute traumatic brain injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013. [PMID: 23206160 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The brain is vulnerable to a number of acute insults, with traumatic brain injury being among the commonest. Neuroinflammation is a common response to acute injury and microglial activation is a key component of the inflammatory response. In the acute and subacute phase it is likely that this response is protective and forms an important part of the normal tissue reaction. However, there is considerable literature demonstrating an association between acute traumatic brain injury to the brain and subsequent cognitive decline. This article will review the epidemiological literature relating to both single and repetitive head injury. It will focus on the neuropathological features associated with long-term complications of a single blunt force head injury, repetitive head injury and blast head injury, with particular reference to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, including dementia pugilistica. Neuroinflammation has been postulated as a key mechanism linking acute traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurodegenerative disease, and this review will consider the response to injury in the acute phase and how this may be detrimental in the longer term, and discuss potential genetic factors which may influence this cellular response. Finally, this article will consider future directions for research and potential future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Immediate splenectomy down-regulates the MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway in rat brain after severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74:1446-53. [PMID: 23694871 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31829246ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a difficult process. One key to improving treatment efficacy is to reduce secondary brain injury. Local and systemic inflammatory responses play an important role in secondary injury after TBI, which if unchecked can lead to fatal cerebral edema. Previous studies focused mainly on local brain tissue, whereas little is known about the contribution of peripheral organs in the pathogenesis of TBI. We previously showed that immediate splenectomy decreases mortality and improves cognitive function in rats after severe TBI by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines both systematically and locally in the injured brain. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for the effect of the spleen on local brain inflammation after TBI. METHODS We established a severe TBI model with rats and performed splenectomy to study the effect of the spleen on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-NF-κB activation in the brain tissue. The expression of p38 MAPK, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and NF-κB protein in the trauma region was examined by Western blotting. The neuron-like PC-12 cell line and microglia-like BV-2 cell line were used for in vitro experiments to test the effects of spleen supernatant after TBI. Cell apoptosis (annexin V/propidium iodide staining), NF-κB nuclear translocation (immunofluorescence microscopy), and MAPK signaling (phosphorylation of p-p38 and p-ERK) were examined. RESULTS We found that TBI significantly up-regulated MAPK signaling in the injured brain region, whereas immediate splenectomy suppressed MAPK activation. In vitro, the spleen supernatant from rats after TBI also resulted in increased MAPK activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in microglia-like BV-2 cells, whereas the application of interleukin (IL)-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) significantly reduced the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. In addition, spleen supernatant after TBI induced apoptosis in neuron-like PC-12 cells, and IL-1Ra could effectively reduce apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that immediate splenectomy down-regulates the MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway in rat brain after severe TBI. We also provide experimental evidence for the potential use of IL-1Ra to alleviate brain inflammation after TBI.
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