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Staal RGW, Gandhi A, Zhou H, Cajina M, Jacobsen AM, Hestehave S, Hopper A, Poda S, Chandresana G, Zorn SH, Campbell B, Segerdahl M, Mӧller T, Munro G. Inhibition of P2X7 receptors by Lu AF27139 diminishes colonic hypersensitivity and CNS prostanoid levels in a rat model of visceral pain. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:499-514. [PMID: 36001278 PMCID: PMC9832206 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is a prominent feature of various gastrointestinal diseases. The P2X7 receptor is expressed by multiple cell types including dorsal root ganglion satellite glial cells, macrophages, and spinal microglia, all of which have been implicated in nociceptive sensitization. We have used the selective and CNS penetrant P2X7 receptor antagonist Lu AF27139 to explore this receptor's role in distinct rat models of inflammatory and visceral hypersensitivity. Rats injected with CFA in the hindpaw displayed a marked reduction in hindpaw mechanical threshold, which was dose-dependently reversed by Lu AF27139 (3-30 mg/kg, p.o.). In rats injected with TNBS in the proximal colon, the colorectal distension threshold measured distally was significantly lower than sham treated rats at 7 days post-injection (P < 0.001), indicative of a marked central sensitization. Colonic hypersensitivity was also reversed by Lu AF27139 (10-100 mg/kg) and by the κ-opioid receptor agonist U-50,488H (3 mg/kg, s.c.). Moreover, both Lu AF27139 and U-50,488H prevented a TNBS-induced increase in spinal and brain levels of PGE2 and LTB4, as well as an increase in brain levels of PGF2α and TXB2. Lu AF27139 was well tolerated as revealed by a lack of significant effect on rotarod motor function and coordination at all doses tested up to 300 mg/kg. Thus, P2X7 receptor antagonism is efficacious in a rat model of visceral pain, via a mechanism which potentially involves attenuation of microglial function within spinal and/or supraspinal pain circuits, albeit a peripheral site of action cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland G W Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sara Hestehave
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck Research, Valby, Denmark
| | - Allen Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Suresh Poda
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Gamini Chandresana
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Campbell
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Marta Segerdahl
- Clinical Research Neurology Lundbeck Research, Valby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mӧller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Gordon Munro
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck Research, Valby, Denmark.
- Hoba Therapeutics, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Sorge RE, Si Y, Norian LA, Guha A, Moore GE, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Smith R, Chellappan R, King PH. Inhibition of the RNA Regulator HuR by SRI-42127 Attenuates Neuropathic Pain After Nerve Injury Through Suppression of Neuroinflammatory Responses. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1649-1661. [PMID: 35864415 PMCID: PMC9606176 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, is a major driver of neuropathic pain (NP) following peripheral nerve injury. We have previously shown that the RNA binding protein, HuR, is a positive node of regulation for many of these inflammatory mediators in glia and that its chemical inhibition or genetic deletion attenuates their production. In this report, we show that systemic administration of SRI-42127, a novel small molecule HuR inhibitor, attenuates mechanical allodynia, a hallmark of NP, in the early and chronic phases after spared nerve injury in male and female mice. Flow cytometry of lumbar spinal cords in SRI-42127-treated mice shows a reduction in infiltrating macrophages and a concomitant decrease in microglial populations expressing IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and qPCR of lumbar spinal cord tissue indicate suppression of these cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. ELISA of plasma samples in the acute phase also shows attenuation of inflammatory responses. In summary, inhibition of HuR by SRI-42127 leads to the suppression of neuroinflammatory responses and allodynia after nerve injury and represents a promising new direction in the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Grace E Moore
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - L Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Reed Smith
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Clower L, Fleshman T, Geldenhuys WJ, Santanam N. Targeting Oxidative Stress Involved in Endometriosis and Its Pain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1055. [PMID: 36008949 PMCID: PMC9405905 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder seen in women and is characterized by chronic pelvic pain and infertility. This disorder is becoming more prevalent with increased morbidity. The etiology of endometriosis remains to be fully elucidated, which will lead to improved therapeutic options. In this review, we will evaluate the biochemical mechanisms leading to oxidative stress and their implication in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, as well as potential treatments that target these processes. A comprehensive exploration of previous research revealed that endometriosis is associated with elevated reactive oxygen species and oxidation products, decreased antioxidants and detoxification enzymes, and dysregulated iron metabolism. High levels of oxidative stress contributed to inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, which may explain its role in endometriosis. Endometriosis-associated pain was attributed to neurogenic inflammation and a feed-forward mechanism involving macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pain-inducing prostaglandins. N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, melatonin, and combined vitamin C and E supplementation displayed promising results for the treatment of endometriosis, but further research is needed for their use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Clower
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Taylor Fleshman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Werner J. Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.C.); (T.F.)
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Staal R, Khayrullina T, Christensen R, Hestehave S, Zhou H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Fallon SM, Schmidt M, Zorn SH, Brodbeck RM, Chandrasena G, Segerdahl Storck M, Breysse N, Hopper AT, Möller T, Munro G. P2X7 receptor mediated release of microglial prostanoids and miRNAs correlates with reversal of neuropathic hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1304-1321. [PMID: 35388574 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2X7 receptor antagonists have potential for treating various CNS diseases, including neuropathic pain, although none have been approved for clinical use. Reasons may include insufficient understanding of P2X7 receptor signaling in pain and the lack of a corresponding preclinical mechanistic biomarker. METHODS Lu AF27139 is a highly selective and potent small molecule antagonist at rat, mouse, and human forms of the P2X7 receptor, with excellent pharmacokinetic and CNS permeability properties. In the current experiments, we probed the utility of previously characterized and novel signaling cascades exposed to Lu AF27139 using cultured microglia combined with release assays. Subsequently, we assessed the biomarker potential of identified candidate molecules in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain; study design limitations precluded their assessment in spared nerve injury (SNI) rats. RESULTS Lu AF27139 blocked several pain-relevant pathways downstream of P2X7 receptors in-vitro. At brain and spinal cord receptor occupancy levels capable of functionally blocking P2X7 receptors, it diminished neuropathic hypersensitivity in SNI rats, and less potently in CCI rats. Although tissue levels of numerous molecules previously linked to neuropathic pain and P2X7 receptor function (e.g. IL-6, IL-1β, cathepsin-S, 2-AG) were unaffected by CCI, Lu AF27139-mediated regulation of spinal PGE2 and miRNA (e.g. rno-miR-93-5p) levels increased by CCI aligned with its ability to diminish neuropathic hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a pain-relevant P2X7 receptor-regulated mechanism in neuropathic rats that could hold promise as a translatable biomarker and by association enhance the clinical progression of P2X7 receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Rie Christensen
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Sara Hestehave
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Hua Zhou
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Shaun M Fallon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan Schmidt
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Robbin M Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Breysse
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gordon Munro
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
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5
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Genetic variations and epigenetic modulations in CYP genes: Implications in NSAID-treatment of arthritis patients. THE NUCLEUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-021-00373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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David S, López-Vales R. Bioactive Lipid Mediators in the Initiation and Resolution of Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2021; 466:273-297. [PMID: 33951502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of the response to CNS trauma. It is also an important hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases in which inflammation contributes to the progression of pathology. Inflammation in the CNS can contribute to secondary damage and is therefore an excellent therapeutic target for a range of neurological conditions. Inflammation in the nervous system is complex and varies in its fine details in different conditions. It involves a wide variety of secreted factors such as chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and different cell types that include resident cell of the CNS, as well as immune cells recruited from the peripheral circulation. Added to this complexity is the fact that some aspects of inflammation are beneficial, while other aspects can induce secondary damage in the acute, subacute and chronic phases. Understanding these aspects of the inflammatory profile is essential for developing effective therapies. Bioactive lipids constitute a large group of molecules that modulate the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. Dysregulation of these bioactive lipid pathways can lead to excessive acute inflammation, and failure to resolve this by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators can lead to the development of chronic inflammation. The focus of this review is to discuss the effects of bioactive lipids in spinal cord trauma and their potential for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rubén López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Inmunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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García-Magro N, Martin YB, Negredo P, Zafra F, Avendaño C. Microglia and Inhibitory Circuitry in the Medullary Dorsal Horn: Laminar and Time-Dependent Changes in a Trigeminal Model of Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4564. [PMID: 33925417 PMCID: PMC8123867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial neuropathic pain affects millions of people worldwide and is often difficult to treat. Two key mechanisms underlying this condition are a loss of the negative control exerted by inhibitory interneurons and an early microglial reaction. Basic features of these mechanisms, however, are still poorly understood. Using the chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-IoN) model of neuropathic pain in mice, we have examined the changes in the expression of GAD, the synthetic enzyme of GABA, and GlyT2, the membrane transporter of glycine, as well as the microgliosis that occur at early (5 days) and late (21 days) stages post-CCI in the medullary and upper spinal dorsal horn. Our results show that CCI-IoN induces a down-regulation of GAD at both postinjury survival times, uniformly across the superficial laminae. The expression of GlyT2 showed a more discrete and heterogeneous reduction due to the basal presence in lamina III of 'patches' of higher expression, interspersed within a less immunoreactive 'matrix', which showed a more substantial reduction in the expression of GlyT2. These patches coincided with foci lacking any perceptible microglial reaction, which stood out against a more diffuse area of strong microgliosis. These findings may provide clues to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying allodynia in neuropathic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-M.); (P.N.)
- Ph.D. Programme in Neuroscience, Doctoral School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina B. Martin
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-M.); (P.N.)
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-M.); (P.N.)
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Ito T, Sakai A, Maruyama M, Miyagawa Y, Okada T, Fukayama H, Suzuki H. Dorsal Root Ganglia Homeobox downregulation in primary sensory neurons contributes to neuropathic pain in rats. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920904462. [PMID: 32000573 PMCID: PMC7099666 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920904462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional changes in primary sensory neurons are involved in initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, the transcription factors in primary sensory neurons responsible for neuropathic pain are not fully understood. Dorsal Root Ganglia Homeobox (DRGX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor necessary for the development of nociceptive primary sensory neurons during the early postnatal period. However, roles for DRGX after development are largely unknown. Here, we report that DRGX downregulation in primary sensory neurons as a result of post-developmental nerve injury contributes to neuropathic pain in rats. DRGX expression was decreased in nuclei of small and medium primary sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation. DRGX downregulation by transduction of a short hairpin RNA with an adeno-associated viral vector induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, DRGX overexpression in primary sensory neurons suppressed neuropathic pain. DRGX regulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and prostaglandin E receptor 2 mRNA expression in the DRG. MMP-9 inhibitor attenuated DRGX downregulation-induced pain. These results suggest that DRGX downregulation after development contributes to neuropathic pain through transcriptional modulation of pain-related genes in primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Ito
- Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyo Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukayama
- Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Jang Y, Kim M, Hwang SW. Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:30. [PMID: 31969159 PMCID: PMC6975075 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins not only contribute to the development of inflammation as intercellular pro-inflammatory mediators, but also promote the excitability of the peripheral somatosensory system, contributing to pain exacerbation. Peripheral tissues undergo many forms of diseases that are frequently accompanied by inflammation. The somatosensory nerves innervating the inflamed areas experience heightened excitability and generate and transmit pain signals. Extensive studies have been carried out to elucidate how prostaglandins play their roles for such signaling at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we briefly summarize the roles of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins, focusing on four prostaglandins and one thromboxane, particularly in terms of their actions on afferent nociceptors. We discuss the biosynthesis of the prostaglandins, their specific action sites, the pathological alteration of the expression levels of related proteins, the neuronal outcomes of receptor stimulation, their correlation with behavioral nociception, and the pharmacological efficacy of their regulators. This overview will help to a better understanding of the pathological roles that prostaglandins play in the somatosensory system and to a finding of critical molecular contributors to normalizing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Budsberg SC, Kleine SA, Norton MM, Sandberg GS. Comparison of two inhibitors of E-type prostanoid receptor four and carprofen in dogs with experimentally induced acute synovitis. Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1001-1006. [PMID: 31644340 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of a proprietary antagonist of E-type prostanoid receptor (EP) 4, grapiprant, and carprofen to attenuate lameness attributable to urate-induced synovitis in dogs. ANIMALS 5 purpose-bred hound-cross dogs. PROCEDURES A blinded, 3-way crossover study was performed. Dogs received each of 3 treatments (L-766, a proprietary antagonist of EP4; 4.0 mg/kg), grapiprant (an antagonist of EP4; 2.0 mg/kg), and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg); dogs received 4 doses of each treatment (14 and 2 hours before and 22 and 46 hours after urate injection). Synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium urate. Measurements (vertical ground reaction forces and clinical lameness scores) were obtained immediately before (0 hours; baseline) and 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after sodium urate injection. All data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Lameness scores at 6 hours were significantly higher than baseline lameness scores for all treatments. Lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment remained significantly higher at 12 and 24 hours, compared with baseline lameness scores. Lameness scores for the carprofen treatment were significantly lower than lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Analysis of peak vertical force and vertical impulse data revealed a pattern similar to that for lameness scores. Treatment with L-766 resulted in a significantly higher vertical impulse at 48 hours than did treatment with carprofen or grapiprant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In these dogs, carprofen was the most effective treatment for attenuating lameness induced by injection of sodium urate, and grapiprant was the least effective treatment.
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Burmeister AR, Johnson MB, Yaemmongkol JJ, Marriott I. Murine astrocytes produce IL-24 and are susceptible to the immunosuppressive effects of this cytokine. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:55. [PMID: 30825881 PMCID: PMC6397747 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glia are key regulators of inflammatory responses within the central nervous system (CNS) following infection or trauma. We have previously demonstrated the ability of activated glia to rapidly produce pro-inflammatory mediators followed by a transition to an anti-inflammatory cytokine production profile that includes the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and the closely related cytokine IL-19. IL-24, another member of the IL-10 family, has been studied in a number of inflammatory conditions in the periphery and is known to modulate immune cell activity. However, the ability of glia to produce IL-24 remains unclear and the effects of this pleiotropic cytokine on glial immune functions have not been investigated. METHODS In this study, we have assessed whether primary murine glia produce IL-24 following stimulation and evaluated the effect of this cytokine on the immune responses of such cells. We have utilized RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses to assess the expression of IL-24 and its cognate receptors by astrocytes following challenge with bacteria or their components. Furthermore, we have determined the effect of recombinant IL-24 on astrocyte immune signaling and responses to clinically relevant bacteria using RT-PCR and specific capture ELISAs. RESULTS We demonstrate that astrocytes express IL-24 mRNA and release detectable amounts of this cytokine protein in a delayed manner following bacterial challenge. In addition, we have determined that glia constitutively express the cognate receptors for IL-24 and show that such expression can be increased in astrocytes following activation. Importantly, our results indicate that IL-24 exerts an immunosuppressive effect on astrocytes by elevating suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and limiting IL-6 production following challenge. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that IL-24 can also augment the release of IL-10 by bacterially challenged astrocytes and can induce the expression of the potentially neuroprotective mediators, glutamate transporter 1, and cyclooxygenase 2. CONCLUSIONS The expression of IL-24 and its cognate receptors by astrocytes following bacterial challenge, and the ability of this cytokine to limit inflammatory responses while promoting the expression of immunosuppressive and/or neuroprotective mediators, raises the intriguing possibility that IL-24 functions to regulate or resolve CNS inflammation following bacterial infection in order to limit neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Burmeister
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - M. Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Jessica J. Yaemmongkol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
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Li QB, Chang L, Ye F, Luo QH, Tao YX, Shu HH. Role of spinal cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Br J Anaesth 2019; 120:827-835. [PMID: 29576123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence suggests that spinal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) may be implicated in the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. METHODS Rats received subcutaneous fentanyl injections at different doses (20-80 μg kg-1), four separate times at 15-min intervals. Some rats only received fentanyl (60 μg kg-1 × 4 doses) with or without surgical incision. Fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia was evaluated via a tail-pressure or paw-withdrawal test. The concentrations of spinal COX-2, EP-1 receptor (EP-1R) mRNA, and PGE2 were measured. The effects of the COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib (intraperitoneal 10 mg kg-1), or the EP-1R antagonist, SC51089 (intraperitoneal 100 μg kg-1), on hyperalgesia and spinal PGE2 were examined. RESULTS Acute repeated injections of fentanyl dose-dependently induced mechanical hyperalgesia, which reached a peak at the 1st day and persisted for 1-4 days postinjection. This hyperalgesia could be partly or totally prevented by the pretreatment of either parecoxib or SC51089. Consistently, the levels of spinal COX-2 mRNA and PGE2 were also dose-dependently increased, reaching a peak at the first day and persisting for 2 days postinjection. Pretreatment with parecoxib could block the increase in spinal PGE2 and had no effects on spinal COX-2 and EP-1R mRNA. Fentanyl injection enhanced incision-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS Acute repeated fentanyl administration dose-dependently produced mechanical hyperalgesia and augmented surgery induced postoperative hyperalgesia. This behavioural change was paralleled with an increase in spinal COX-2 mRNA and PGE2 after fentanyl administration. Inhibition of COX-2 or blockade of EP-1R can partly or totally prevent hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q B Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - L Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - F Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q H Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y X Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H H Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Iwata K, Katagiri A, Shinoda M. Neuron-glia interaction is a key mechanism underlying persistent orofacial pain. J Oral Sci 2018. [PMID: 28637974 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Excitability of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) is greatly enhanced after orofacial inflammation and trigeminal nerve injury, and TG, Vc, and C1-C2 neurons remain sensitized long after such episodes. Sensitized neurons generate various molecules, which are released from nociceptive neurons in these areas and are involved in modulating the excitability of TG, Vc, and C1-C2 nociceptive neurons. Hyperexcitable nociceptive neurons also activate satellite glial cells in the TG and microglial cells and astrocytes in the Vc and C1-C2. Glial cell activation spreads throughout the TG, Vc, and C1-C2 and triggers the release of various molecules involved in modulating nociceptive neurons in TG, Vc, and C1-C2 neurons. These findings suggest that functional interaction between neurons and glial cells is critical in persistent orofacial pain associated with orofacial inflammation and trigeminal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Chen SH, Sung YF, Oyarzabal EA, Tan YM, Leonard J, Guo M, Li S, Wang Q, Chu CH, Chen SL, Lu RB, Hong JS. Physiological Concentration of Prostaglandin E 2 Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Microglial Production of Superoxide Through a Novel Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8001-8013. [PMID: 29492849 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological regulation of brain immune homeostasis in rat primary neuron-glial cultures by sub-nanomolar concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We demonstrated that 0.01 to 10 nM PGE2 protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity through a reduction of microglial release of pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, neuroprotective effects elicited by PGE2 were mediated by the inhibition of microglial NOX2, a major superoxide-producing enzyme. This conclusion was supported by (1) the close relationship between inhibition of superoxide and PGE2-induced neuroprotective effects; (2) the mediation of PGE2-induced reduction of superoxide and neuroprotection via direct inhibition of the catalytic subunit of NOX2, gp91phox, rather than through the inhibition of conventional prostaglandin E2 receptors; and (3) abolishment of the neuroprotective effect of PGE2 in NOX2-deficient cultures. In summary, this study revealed a potential physiological role of PGE2 in maintaining brain immune homeostasis and protecting neurons via an EP receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mingri Guo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital/Haihe Clinical Institute of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Facilitates an Intercellular Interaction between CD4⁺ T Cells through IL-1β Autocrine Function in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122758. [PMID: 29257087 PMCID: PMC5751357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin synthetase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible terminal enzyme that produces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In our previous study, we investigated the role of mPGES-1 in the inflammation and demyelination observed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, using mPGES-1-deficient (mPGES-1−/−) and wild-type (wt) mice. We found that mPGES-1 facilitated inflammation, demyelination, and paralysis and was induced in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages and microglia around inflammatory foci. Here, we investigated the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the intercellular mechanism stimulated by mPGES-1 in EAE spinal cords in the presence of inflammation. We found that the area invaded by CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells was extensive, and that PGE2 receptors EP1–4 were more induced in activated CD4+ T cells of wt mice than in those of mPGES-1−/− mice. Moreover, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1r1) were produced by 65% and 48% of CD4+ T cells in wt mice and by 44% and 27% of CD4+ T cells in mPGES-1−/− mice. Furthermore, interleukin-17 (IL-17) was released from the activated CD4+ T cells. Therefore, mPGES-1 stimulates an intercellular interaction between CD4+ T cells by upregulating the autocrine function of IL-1β in activated CD4+ T cells, which release IL-17 to facilitate axonal and myelin damage in EAE mice.
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Avila-Martin G, Mata-Roig M, Galán-Arriero I, Taylor JS, Busquets X, Escribá PV. Treatment with albumin-hydroxyoleic acid complex restores sensorimotor function in rats with spinal cord injury: Efficacy and gene expression regulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189151. [PMID: 29244816 PMCID: PMC5731767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor dysfunction following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) is often characterized by paralysis, spasticity and pain. Previously, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the albumin-oleic acid (A-OA) complex in rats with SCI produced partial improvement of these symptoms and that oral 2-hydroxyoleic acid (HOA, a non-hydrolyzable OA analogue), was efficacious in the modulation and treatment of nociception and pain-related anxiety, respectively. Here we observed that intrathecal treatment with the complex albumin-HOA (A-HOA) every 3 days following T9 spinal contusion injury improved locomotor function assessed with the Rotarod and inhibited TA noxious reflex activity in Wistar rats. To investigate the mechanism of action of A-HOA, microarray analysis was carried out in the spinal cord lesion area. Representative genes involved in pain and neuroregeneration were selected to validate the changes observed in the microarray analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Comparison of the expression between healthy rats, SCI rats, and SCI treated with A-HOA rats revealed relevant changes in the expression of genes associated with neuronal morphogenesis and growth, neuronal survival, pain and inflammation. Thus, treatment with A-HOA not only induced a significant overexpression of growth and differentiation factor 10 (GDF10), tenascin C (TNC), aspirin (ASPN) and sushi-repeat-containing X-linked 2 (SRPX2), but also a significant reduction in the expression of prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) and phospholipases A1 and A2 (PLA1/2). Currently, SCI has very important unmet clinical needs. A-HOA downregulated genes involved with inflammation and upregulated genes involved in neuronal growth, and may serve to promote recovery of function after experimental SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Mata-Roig
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julian S. Taylor
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Stoke Mandeville Spinal Research, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Buckinghamshire Healthcare Trust, NHS, Aylesbury, United Kingdom
- Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V. Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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17
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Effect of electroacupuncture on E-prostanoid 2 expression in the spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Zhao H, Alam A, Chen Q, Eusman M, Pal A, Eguchi S, Wu L, Ma D. The role of microglia in the pathobiology of neuropathic pain development: what do we know? Br J Anaesth 2017; 118:504-516. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Amin B, Mehri S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh SJ, Hosseinzadeh H. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:441-449. [PMID: 28012923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosemary, Rosmarinus (R.) officinalis L. is a well-known plant with several useful properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative. It has been used in folk medicine to alleviate rheumatic pain, stomachache and dysmenorrhea. Rosemary has several constituents such as rosmarinic acid which can be responsible for therapeutic properties been noted with rosemary. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain to verify usage of rosemary in folk medicine. METHODS Rats underwent CCI, were treated with either normal saline, ethanolic extract of aerial parts of R. officinalis (400mg/kg, i.p.) or rosmarinic acid (40mg/kg, i.p.) from the day of surgery (day 0) for 14days. The anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis extract and rosmarinic acid were evaluated by assessing the levels of some spinal inflammatory markers including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) through western blotting and nitric oxide (NO) production via Griess reaction on days 7 and 14 post-surgery. RESULTS CCI rats exhibited a marked expression in the levels of inflammatory markers (COX2, PGE-2, IL-1β, MMP2 and NO) on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). Rosmarinic acid and ethanolic extract of R. officinalis were able to decrease amounts of mentioned inflammatory markers on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our data support the traditional use of R. officinalis as an effective remedy for pain relief and inflammatory disorders. It also suggests that the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid through modulating neuro-inflammation might be potential candidates in treating neuropathic pain and different neurological disorders associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Amin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Quantitative analysis of lipids: a higher-throughput LC-MS/MS-based method and its comparison to ELISA. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO157. [PMID: 28344822 PMCID: PMC5351511 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Lipids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes are released as a result of an inflammatory episode in pain (central and peripheral). Methodology & results: To measure these lipids as potential mechanistic biomarkers in neuropathic pain models, we developed a higher-throughput LC–MS/MS-based method with simultaneous detection of PGE2, PGD2, PGF2α, LTB4, TXB2 and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in brain and spinal cord tissues. We also demonstrate that the LC–MS/MS method was more sensitive and specific in differentiating PGE2 levels in CNS tissues compared with ELISA. Conclusion: The ability to modify the LC–MS/MS method to accommodate numerous other lipids in one analysis, demonstrates that the presented method offers a cost–effective and more sensitive alternative to ELISA method useful in drug discovery settings. In humans, lipids carry out various functions such as energy production and storage, insulation, digestion and absorption and hormone production. Out of the several lipids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes play a critical role in cardiovascular diseases, allergic reactions and inflammation. Thus, it is important to monitor their levels as potential mechanistic biomarkers to effectively diagnose and treat the underlying diseases. We have successfully used a highly specific and higher-throughput mass spectrometric method to quantify these lipids in brain cells as well as in brain and spinal cord tissues from rats (pain model) and compared the data obtained in the traditional ELISA.
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Paniagua-Herranz L, Gil-Redondo JC, Queipo MJ, González-Ramos S, Boscá L, Pérez-Sen R, Miras-Portugal MT, Delicado EG. Prostaglandin E 2 Impairs P2Y 2/P2Y 4 Receptor Signaling in Cerebellar Astrocytes via EP3 Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:937. [PMID: 29311938 PMCID: PMC5743739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important bioactive lipid that accumulates after tissue damage or inflammation due to the rapid expression of cyclooxygenase 2. PGE2 activates specific G-protein coupled EP receptors and it mediates pro- or anti-inflammatory actions depending on the cell-context. Nucleotides can also be released in these situations and they even contribute to PGE2 production. We previously described the selective impairment of P2Y nucleotide signaling by PGE2 in macrophages and fibroblasts, an effect independent of prostaglandin receptors but that involved protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) activation. Considering that macrophages and fibroblasts influence inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling, a similar mechanism involving P2Y signaling could occur in astrocytes in response to neuroinflammation and brain repair. We analyzed here the modulation of cellular responses involving P2Y2/P2Y4 receptors by PGE2 in rat cerebellar astrocytes. We demonstrate that PGE2 inhibits intracellular calcium responses elicited by UTP in individual cells and that inhibiting this P2Y signaling impairs the astrocyte migration elicited by this nucleotide. Activation of EP3 receptors by PGE2 not only impairs the calcium responses but also, the extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) and Akt phosphorylation induced by UTP. However, PGE2 requires epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in order to dampen P2Y signaling. In addition, these effects of PGE2 also occur in a pro-inflammatory context, as evident in astrocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While we continue to investigate the intracellular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of UTP responses, the involvement of novel PKC and PKD in cerebellar astrocytes cannot be excluded, kinases that could promote the internalization of P2Y receptors in fibroblasts.
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Xu D, Omura T, Masaki N, Arima H, Banno T, Okamoto A, Hanada M, Takei S, Matsushita S, Sugiyama E, Setou M, Matsuyama Y. Increased arachidonic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine is associated with reactive microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26427. [PMID: 27210057 PMCID: PMC4876408 DOI: 10.1038/srep26427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) triggers cellular and molecular changes in the spinal cord. However, little is known about how the polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholines (PUFA-PCs) are regulated in the spinal cord after PNI and the association of PUFA-PCs with the non-neuronal cells within in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we found that arachidonic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine (AA-PC), [PC(16:0/20:4)+K](+), was significantly increased in the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord after sciatic nerve transection, and the increased expression of [PC(16:0/20:4)+K](+) spatiotemporally resembled the increase of reactive microglia and the astrocytes. From the lipidomics point of view, we conclude that [PC(16:0/20:4)+K](+) could be the main phospholipid in the spinal cord influenced by PNI, and the regulation of specific phospholipid molecule in the CNS after PNI is associated with the reactive microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Masaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Banno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayako Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hanada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shiro Takei
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsushita
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, 999077 China
- Division of Neural Systematics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Khan M, Shunmugavel A, Dhammu TS, Matsuda F, Singh AK, Singh I. Oral administration of cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone ameliorates cauda equina compression injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:94. [PMID: 25971887 PMCID: PMC4436116 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-derived proinflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotrienes B4 (LTB4), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and free fatty acids (FFA) are implicated in spinal cord injury (SCI) pathologies. Reducing the levels of these injurious bioactive lipid mediators is reported to ameliorate SCI. However, the specific role of the group IVA isoform of PLA2 cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) in lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) due to cauda equina compression (CEC) injury is not clear. In this study, we investigated the role of cPLA2 in a rat model of CEC using a non-toxic cPLA2-preferential inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK). METHODS LSS was induced in adult female rats by CEC procedure using silicone blocks within the epidural spaces of L4 to L6 vertebrae. cPLA2 inhibitor ATK (7.5 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage at 2 h following the CEC. cPLA2-derived injurious lipid mediators and the expression/activity of cPLA2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were assessed. ATK-treated (CEC + ATK) were compared with vehicle-treated (CEC + VEH) animals in terms of myelin levels, pain threshold, and motor function. RESULTS ATK treatment of CEC animals reduced the phosphorylation of cPLA2 (pcPLA2) determined by Western blot, improved locomotor function evaluated by rotarod task, and reduced pain threshold evaluated by mechanical hyperalgesia method. Levels of FFA and LPC, along with PGE2 and LTB4, were reduced in CEC + ATK compared with CEC + VEH group. However, ATK treatment reduced neither the activity/expression of 5-LOX nor the expression of COX-2 in CEC + VEH animals. Increased cPLA2 activity in the spinal cord from CEC + VEH animals correlated well with decreased spinal cord as well as cauda equina fiber myelin levels, which were restored after ATK treatment. CONCLUSION The data indicate that cPLA2 activity plays a significant role in tissue injury and pain after LSS. Reducing the levels of proinflammatory and tissue damaging eicosanoids and the deleterious lipid mediator LPC shows therapeutic potential. ATK inhibits cPLA2 activity, thereby decreasing the levels of injurious lipid mediators, reducing pain, improving functional deficits, and conferring protection against LSS injury. Thus, it shows potential for preclinical evaluation in LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | | | - Tajinder S Dhammu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Fumiyo Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,School of Health Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Sugimoto Y. [Mechanisms of prostaglandin actions in the nervous system]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 145:237-42. [PMID: 25958911 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.145.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang F, Stefano GB, Kream RM. Epigenetic modification of DRG neuronal gene expression subsequent to nerve injury: etiological contribution to complex regional pain syndromes (Part I). Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1067-77. [PMID: 24961509 PMCID: PMC4081136 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DRG is of importance in relaying painful stimulation to the higher pain centers and therefore could be a crucial target for early intervention aimed at suppressing primary afferent stimulation. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a common pain condition with an unknown etiology. Recently added new information enriches our understanding of CRPS pathophysiology. Researches on genetics, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and mechanisms of pain modulation, central sensitization, and autonomic functions in CRPS revealed various abnormalities indicating that multiple factors and mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of CRPS. Epigenetics refers to mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not affect the DNA sequence. As epigenetic modifications potentially play an important role in inflammatory cytokine metabolism, neurotransmitter responsiveness, and analgesic sensitivity, they are likely key factors in the development of chronic pain. In this dyad review series, we systematically examine the nerve injury-related changes in the neurological system and their contribution to CRPS. In this part, we first reviewed and summarized the role of neural sensitization in DRG neurons in performing function in the context of pain processing. Particular emphasis is placed on the cellular and molecular changes after nerve injury as well as different models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These were considered as the potential molecular bases that underlie nerve injury-associated pathogenesis of CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
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When will we get a new class of analgesic agent based on animal study data? J Anesth 2014; 28:323-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-014-1807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Najafpour A, Mohammadi R, Faraji D, Amini K. Local administration of prostaglandin E1 combined with silicone chamber improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Int J Surg 2013; 11:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Patients with rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, almost universally describe pain and stiffness as important contributors to reduced health-related quality of life. Of the treatment options available, NSAIDs are the most widely used agents for symptomatic treatment. NSAIDs are effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs by virtue of their ability to inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins at the level of the cyclooxygenase enzyme. However, many of the adverse effects of NSAIDs are also related to inhibition of prostaglandin production, making their use problematic in some patient populations. For the clinician, understanding the biology of prostaglandin as it relates to gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular physiology and the pharmacologic properties of specific NSAIDs is key to using these drugs safely. Of particular importance is the recognition of co-morbid conditions and concomitant drugs that may increase the risk of NSAIDs in particular patients. In patients with risk factors for NSAID toxicity, using the lowest dose of a drug with a short half-life only when it is needed is likely to be the safest treatment option. For those patients whose symptoms cannot be managed with intermittent treatment, using protective strategies is essential.
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Prostanoids and inflammatory pain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Jiang J, Dingledine R. Prostaglandin receptor EP2 in the crosshairs of anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:413-23. [PMID: 23796953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of a specific prostanoid synthase or receptor provides therapeutic alternatives to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating pathological conditions governed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 or PTGS2). Among the COX-2 downstream signaling pathways, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP2 subtype (PTGER2) is emerging as a crucial mediator of many physiological and pathological events. Genetic ablation strategies and recent advances in chemical biology provide tools for a better understanding of EP2 signaling. In the brain, the EP2 receptor modulates some beneficial effects, including neuroprotection, in acute models of excitotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and spatial learning via cAMP-PKA signaling. Conversely, EP2 activation accentuates chronic inflammation mainly through the cAMP-Epac pathway, likely contributing to delayed neurotoxicity. EP2 receptor activation also engages β-arrestin in a G-protein-independent pathway that promotes tumor cell growth and migration. Understanding the conditions under which multiple EP2 signaling pathways are engaged might suggest novel therapeutic strategies to target this key inflammatory prostaglandin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Ye Y, Xing H, Chen X. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the hydrolyzed sasanquasaponins from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:941-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Noguchi K. COX-1-dependent prostaglandin D2 in microglia contributes to neuropathic pain via DP2 receptor in spinal neurons. Glia 2013; 61:943-56. [PMID: 23505121 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid and exists as two major isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2. The crucial role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain in peripheral tissue and the spinal cord has been established; however its expression dynamics after peripheral nerve injury and its role in neuropathic pain are not clear. In this study, we examined the detailed expression patterns of genes for COX, PGD2 and thromboxane A2 synthases and their receptors in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we explored the altered gene expression of these molecules using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. We also examined whether these molecules have a role in the development or maintenance of neuropathic pain. We found a number of interesting results in this study, the first was that COX-1 was constitutively expressed in the spinal cord and up-regulated in microglia located in laminae I-II after nerve injury. Second, COX-2 mRNA expression was induced in blood vessels after nerve injury. Third, TXA2 synthase and hematopoietic PGD synthase mRNAs were dramatically increased in the microglia after nerve injury. Finally, we found that intrathecal injection of a COX-1 inhibitor and DP2 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia. Our findings indicate that PGD2 produced by microglia is COX-1 dependent, and that neurons in the spinal cord can receive PGD2 from microglia following peripheral nerve injury. We believe that PGD2 signaling via DP2 signaling pathway from microglia to neurons is one of the triggering factors for mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
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Inhibition of the prostaglandin receptor EP2 following status epilepticus reduces delayed mortality and brain inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3591-6. [PMID: 23401547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218498110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 is now widely recognized to play critical roles in brain inflammation and injury, although the responsible prostaglandin receptors have not been fully identified. We developed a potent and selective antagonist for the prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP2, TG6-10-1, with a sufficient pharmacokinetic profile to be used in vivo. We found that in the mouse pilocarpine model of status epilepticus (SE), systemic administration of TG6-10-1 completely recapitulates the effects of conditional ablation of cyclooxygenase-2 from principal forebrain neurons, namely reduced delayed mortality, accelerated recovery from weight loss, reduced brain inflammation, prevention of blood-brain barrier opening, and neuroprotection in the hippocampus, without modifying seizures acutely. Prolonged SE in humans causes high mortality and morbidity that are associated with brain inflammation and injury, but currently the only effective treatment is to stop the seizures quickly enough with anticonvulsants to prevent brain damage. Our results suggest that the prostaglandin receptor EP2 is critically involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and point to EP2 receptor antagonism as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy to treat SE.
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Jia Z, Liu G, Sun Y, Kakizoe Y, Guan G, Zhang A, Zhou SF, Yang T. mPGES-1-derived PGE2 mediates dehydration natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F214-21. [PMID: 23171554 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00588.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PGE(2) is a natriuretic factor whose production is elevated after water deprivation (WD) but its role in dehydration natriuresis is not well-defined. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in dehydration natriuresis. After 24-h WD, wild-type (WT) mice exhibited a significant increase in 24-h urinary Na(+) excretion accompanied with normal plasma Na(+) concentration and osmolality. In contrast, WD-induced elevation of urinary Na(+) excretion was completely abolished in mPGES-1 knockout (KO) mice in parallel with increased plasma Na(+) concentration and a trend increase in plasma osmolality. WD induced a 1.8-fold increase in urinary PGE(2) output and a 1.6-fold increase in PGE(2) content in the renal medulla of WT mice, both of which were completely abolished by mPGES-1 deletion. Similar patterns of changes were observed for urinary nitrate/nitrite and cGMP. The natriuresis in dehydrated WT mice was associated with a significant downregulation of renal medullary epithelial Na channel-α mRNA and protein, contrasting to unaltered expressions in dehydrated KO mice. By quantitative RT-PCR, WD increased the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS, and neuronal NOS expressions in the renal medulla of WT mice by 3.9-, 1.48-, and 2.6-fold, respectively, all of which were significantly blocked in mPGES-1 KO mice. The regulation of eNOS expression was further confirmed by immunoblotting. Taken together, our results suggest that mPGES-1-derived PGE(2) contributes to dehydration natriuresis likely via NO/cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Univ. of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Div. of Nephrology and Hypertension, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Guzman-de la Garza FJ, Fernandez-Garza NE. Arachidonic acid derivatives and their role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:168953. [PMID: 22997489 PMCID: PMC3446639 DOI: 10.1100/2012/168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, a process of axonal degradation, debris clearance, and subsequent regeneration is initiated by complex local signaling, called Wallerian degeneration (WD). This process is in part mediated by neuroglia as well as infiltrating inflammatory cells and regulated by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of transcription factors also related to the inflammatory response. Part of this neuroimmune signaling is mediated by the innate immune system, including arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The enzymes responsible for their production, cyclooxygenases and lipooxygenases, also participate in nerve degeneration and regeneration. The interactions between signals for nerve regeneration and neuroinflammation go all the way down to the molecular level. In this paper, we discuss the role that AA derivatives might play during WD and nerve regeneration, and the therapeutic possibilities that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodrigo Camara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Grace PM, Hurley D, Barratt DT, Tsykin A, Watkins LR, Rolan PE, Hutchinson MR. Harnessing pain heterogeneity and RNA transcriptome to identify blood-based pain biomarkers: a novel correlational study design and bioinformatics approach in a graded chronic constriction injury model. J Neurochem 2012; 122:976-94. [PMID: 22697386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative, peripherally accessible biomarker for neuropathic pain has great potential to improve clinical outcomes. Based on the premise that peripheral and central immunity contribute to neuropathic pain mechanisms, we hypothesized that biomarkers could be identified from the whole blood of adult male rats, by integrating graded chronic constriction injury (CCI), ipsilateral lumbar dorsal quadrant (iLDQ) and whole blood transcriptomes, and pathway analysis with pain behavior. Correlational bioinformatics identified a range of putative biomarker genes for allodynia intensity, many encoding for proteins with a recognized role in immune/nociceptive mechanisms. A selection of these genes was validated in a separate replication study. Pathway analysis of the iLDQ transcriptome identified Fcγ and Fcε signaling pathways, among others. This study is the first to employ the whole blood transcriptome to identify pain biomarker panels. The novel correlational bioinformatics, developed here, selected such putative biomarkers based on a correlation with pain behavior and formation of signaling pathways with iLDQ genes. Future studies may demonstrate the predictive ability of these biomarker genes across other models and additional variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Grace
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Lau D, Harte SE, Morrow TJ, Wang S, Mata M, Fink DJ. Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated expression of interleukin-10 reduces below-level central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26:889-97. [PMID: 22593113 DOI: 10.1177/1545968312445637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune activation in the spinal dorsal horn plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain after peripheral nerve injury. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the role of neuroimmune activation in below-level neuropathic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Right hemilateral SCI was created in male Sprague-Dawley rats by controlled blunt impact through a T12 laminectomy. Pain-related behaviors were assessed using both evoked reflex responses and an operant conflict-avoidance test. Neuroimmune activation was blocked by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) delivered by a nonreplicating herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based gene transfer vector (vIL10). Markers of neuroimmune activation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS One week after SCI, injured animals demonstrated mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind limbs below the level of injury. Animals inoculated with vIL10 had a statistically significant reduction in all of these measures compared to injured rats or injured rats inoculated with control vector. Conflict-avoidance behavior of injured rats inoculated with vIL10 was consistent with significantly reduced pain compared with injured rats injected with control vector. These behavioral results correlated with a significant decrease in spinal tumor necrosis factor α (mTNFα) expression assessed by Western blot and astrocyte activation assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Below-level pain after SCI is characterized by neuroimmune activation (increase mTNFα and astrocyte activation). Blunting of the neuroimmune response by HSV-mediated delivery of IL-10 reduced pain-related behaviors, and may represent a potential novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Araki Y, Kaibori M, Matsumura S, Kwon AH, Ito S. Novel strategy for the control of postoperative pain: long-lasting effect of an implanted analgesic hydrogel in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 2012; 114:1338-45. [PMID: 22556212 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31824b26a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the most common nonopioid analgesic currently used for postoperative pain management. We tested the sustained analgesic effect of ketoprofen emanating from a biodegradable gelatin hydrogel in a rat model of postoperative pain. METHODS A sheet of analgesic-infiltrated hydrogel was inserted below the plantaris muscle at the end of surgery. Mechanical thresholds were measured by use of von Frey filaments before and 2 weeks after the operation. The effect of ketoprofen on the postoperative pain was also assessed immunohistochemically by assessing microglial activation in the spinal cord with anti-OX-42 and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase antibodies. RESULTS Implantation of ketoprofen-infiltrated gelatin hydrogel exerted a sustained analgesic effect for 1 week after the operation. Preemptive analgesia with zaltoprofen, another NSAID, produced an additive analgesic effect in conjunction with the ketoprofen-infiltrated hydrogel. Microglial activation was attenuated by the treatment with ketoprofen-infiltrated hydrogel on day 3 after the incision. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that ketoprofen was effective in reducing mechanical hypersensitivity for 1 week in a rat model of postoperative pain and that the implantation of NSAID-infiltrated gelatin hydrogel may serve as a useful analgesic method for the long-term relief of patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Araki
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Schomberg D, Olson JK. Immune responses of microglia in the spinal cord: Contribution to pain states. Exp Neurol 2012; 234:262-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a cyclooxygenase (COX) product, is the best known lipid mediator that contributes to inflammatory pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibitors of COX-1 and/or COX-2, suppress inflammatory pain by reducing generation of prostanoids, mainly PGE(2), while they exhibit gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular toxicities. Selective inhibitors of microsomal PGE synthase-1 and subtype-selective antagonists of PGE(2) receptors, particularly EP(1) and EP(4), may be useful as analgesics with minimized side-effects. Protein kinase C (PKC) and PKA downstream of EP(1) and EP(4), respectively, sensitize/activate multiple molecules including transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels, purinergic P2X3 receptors, and voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels in nociceptors, leading to hyperalgesia. PGE(2) is also implicated in neuropathic and visceral pain and in migraine. Thus, PGE(2) has a great impact on pain signals, and pharmacological intervention in upstream and downstream signals of PGE(2) may serve as novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of intractable pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsufumi Kawabata
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka 577–8502, Japan.
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Chu L, Chen J, Yu K, Cheng K, Chen I, Wu P, Wu B. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Atorvastatin in a Rat Chronic Constriction Injury Model. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:219-30. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolemic conditions associated with hypertension. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin on peripheral neuropathic pain. Peripheral neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into 3 groups including sham-operated, CCI, and atorvastatin-treated. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was orally administered for 2 weeks. All animals were assessed by neurobehavioral tests before surgery and at days 3, 7, 14 after surgery. Inflammatory and neuroprotective factors were evaluated by Western blot analysis. eNOS, COX2 and iNOS in the sciatic nerve were also studied using immunohistochemistry. Atorvastatin attenuated CCI-induced nociceptive sensitization and thermal hyperalgesia in a time-dependent manner. Atorvastatin improved CCI-induced neurobehavioral/inflammatory activity by inhibition of TGF-β, PIκB/IκB, NFκB, COX2, iNOS, EP1 and EP4 in the sciatic nerve. Atorvastatin was also found to increase neuroprotection factors pAkt/Akt, eNOS and VEGF. Taken together, these data indicate that atorvastatin could protect the sciatic nerve against CCI-induced neuroinflammation and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.W. Chu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J.Y. Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K.L. Yu
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - K.I. Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I.J. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P.C. Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - B.N. Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lu J, Katano T, Uta D, Furue H, Ito S. Rapid S-nitrosylation of actin by NO-generating donors and in inflammatory pain model mice. Mol Pain 2011; 7:101. [PMID: 22192148 PMCID: PMC3295738 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S-Nitrosylation, the reversible post-translational modification of reactive cysteine residues in proteins, has emerged as an important mechanism by which NO acts as a signaling molecule. We recently demonstrated that actin is a major S-nitrosylated protein in the spinal cord and suggested that NO directly attenuates dopamine release from PC12 cells by causing the breakdown of F-actin. However, the occurrence of S-nitrosylation of actin remained unclarified in animal pain model. Kinetic analysis of S-nitrosylation of actin in the present study was made by using NO-generating donors. The biotin-switch assay and purification on streptavidin-agarose were employed for identification of S-nitrosylated actin. Results Dopamine release from PC12 cells was markedly attenuated by NOR1 (t1/2 = 1.8 min) and much less by NOR3 (t1/2 = 30 min), but not by S-nitroso-glutathione, an endogenous NO donor. A membrane-permeable cGMP analogue could not substitute for NOR1 as a suppressor nor could inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase attenuate the suppression. S-Nitrosylated actin was detected by the biotin-switch assay at 5 min after the addition of NOR1. Consistent with the kinetic analysis, actin in the spinal cord was rapidly and maximally S-nitrosylated in an inflammatory pain model at 5 min after the injection of 2% formalin into the hind paws. In vivo patch-clamp recordings of the spinal dorsal horn, NOR3 showed an inhibitory action on inhibitory synaptic transmission in interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that rapid S-nitrosylation of actin occurred in vitro in the presence of exogenous NO-generating donors and in vivo in inflammatory pain model mice. Our data suggest that, in addition to the well-known cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway, S-nitrosylation is involved in pain transmission via disinhibition of inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Lu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Japan
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Wilkerson JL, Milligan ED. The Central Role of Glia in Pathological Pain and the Potential of Targeting the Cannabinoid 2 Receptor for Pain Relief. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2011. [PMID: 22442754 DOI: 10.5402/2011/593894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, acute pain processing consists of well-characterized neuronal signaling events. When dysfunctional pain signaling occurs, pathological pain ensues. Glial activation and their released factors participate in the mediation of pathological pain. The use of cannabinoid compounds for pain relief is currently an area of great interest for both basic scientists and physicians. These compounds, bind mainly either the cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB(1)R) or cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB(2)R) and are able to modulate pain. Although cannabinoids were initially only thought to modulate pain via neuronal mechanisms within the central nervous system, strong evidence now supports that CB(2)R cannabinoid compounds are capable of modulating glia, (e.g. astrocytes and microglia) for pain relief. However, the mechanisms underlying cannabinoid receptor-mediated pain relief remain largely unknown. An emerging body of evidence supports that CB(2)R agonist compounds may prove to be powerful novel therapeutic candidates for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, HSC, MSC08-4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The causes of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain are fundamentally different. There are, however, common mechanisms underlying the generation of each pain state. We will discuss some specific elements observed in both tissue and nerve injury pain states and consider the hypothesis that these two states actually demonstrate a convergence over time. RECENT FINDINGS The increased pain sensation following tissue and nerve injury results from several mechanisms, including altered ion channel expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons, enhanced dorsal horn glutamate release from primary afferents, enhanced glutamate receptor function in second-order neurons, disinhibition in the dorsal horn and glia cell activation. The role of specific subtypes of receptors, ion channels and glutamate transporters is revealed at peripheral and central sites. Importantly over time, a number of changes, in the dorsal root ganglion and in dorsal horn observed after tissue injury resemble changes observed after nerve injury. SUMMARY Recognition of mechanisms common to both inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain might shed light on the understanding of the transition from acute pain to persistent pain.
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Jaggi AS, Singh N. Mechanisms in cancer-chemotherapeutic drugs-induced peripheral neuropathy. Toxicology 2011; 291:1-9. [PMID: 22079234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs such as vincristine, paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, cisplatin and bortezomib are well reported to exert direct and indirect effects on sensory nerves to alter the amplitude of action potential, conduction velocity and induce pain. It results in patient suffering and also limits the treatment with potentially useful anticancer drugs. The different scientists have worked in this area to explore the mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis. Anti-cancer agents activate plasma membrane localized ion channels on dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn neurons including sodium, calcium, potassium, glutamate activated NMDA receptors to alter cytosolic ionic mileu particularly intracellular calcium that trigger secondary changes to induce neuropathic pain. These may include opening of mPTP pore on mitochondria to induce intracellular calcium release; activation of protein kinase C; phosphorylation of TRPV; activation of calpases/calpains; generation of nitric oxide and free radicals to induce cytotoxicity to axons and neuronal cell bodies. Furthermore, the inflammatory process initiated in glial cells and macrophages also trigger changes in the sensory neurons to alter nociceptive processing. The present review elaborates the role of all these individual targets in the pathogenesis of anticancer agents-induced neuropathic pain to develop effective therapeutic modalities for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24:463-5. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3283499d5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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