1
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Sternberg Z. Neurodegenerative Etiology of Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency: a Novel Concept for Expanding Treatment Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2996-3018. [PMID: 37953352 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC-DY) is caused by one or more mutations in the DDC gene, resulting in the deficit in catecholamines and serotonin neurotransmitters. The disease has limited therapeutic options with relatively poor clinical outcomes. Accumulated evidence suggests the involvement of neurodegenerative mechanisms in the etiology of AADC-DY. In the absence of neurotransmitters' neuroprotective effects, the accumulation and the chronic presence of several neurotoxic metabolites including 4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, 3-methyldopa, and homocysteine, in the brain of subjects with AADC-DY, promote oxidative stress and reduce the cellular antioxidant and methylation capacities, leading to glial activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, culminating to neuronal injury and death. These pathophysiological processes have the potential to hinder the clinical efficacy of treatments aimed at increasing neurotransmitters' synthesis and or function. This review describes in detail the mechanisms involved in AADC-DY neurodegenerative etiology, highlighting the close similarities with those involved in other neurodegenerative diseases. We then offer novel strategies for the treatment of the disease with the objective to either reduce the level of the metabolites or counteract their prooxidant and neurotoxic effects. These treatment modalities used singly or in combination, early in the course of the disease, will minimize neuronal injury, preserving the functional integrity of neurons, hence improving the clinical outcomes of both conventional and unconventional interventions in AADC-DY. These modalities may not be limited to AADC-DY but also to other metabolic disorders where a specific mutation leads to the accumulation of prooxidant and neurotoxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohi Sternberg
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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2
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Bhushan B, Singh NK. Role of Astrogliosis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Astrocytic Nrf2 Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:1015-1029. [PMID: 37817521 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273270473231002104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a remarkable burden on families and society with an acceleration of population aging having several pathological hallmarks such as dopaminergic neuronal loss of the substantia nigra pars compacta, α-synucleinopathy, neuroinflammation, autophagy, last but not the least astrogliosis. Astrocyte, star-shaped glial cells perform notable physiological functions in the brain through several molecular and cellular mechanisms including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. It has been well established that the downregulation of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD because it is a master regulator of cellular defense mechanism along with a regulator of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes gene expression. Fascinatingly, upregulation of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway attenuates the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons, restores neuronal proliferation, rejuvenates astrocytic functions, and exhibits neuroprotective effects via numerous cellular and molecular mechanisms in the PD-like brain of the experimental animal. Here, we discuss the numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies that evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway against experimentally-induced PD-like manifestation. In conclusion, based on available preclinical reports, it can be assumed that the astrocytic Nrf2 signaling pathway could be an alternative target in the drug discovery process for the prevention, management, and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-19, Mathura-Delhi Road, Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, U.P. India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-19, Mathura-Delhi Road, Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, U.P. India
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3
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Fan YG, Wu TY, Zhao LX, Jia RJ, Ren H, Hou WJ, Wang ZY. From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107039. [PMID: 38123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rong-Jun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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4
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Yuan WQ, Huang WP, Jiang YC, Xu H, Duan CS, Chen NH, Liu YJ, Fu XM. The function of astrocytes and their role in neurological diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3932-3961. [PMID: 37831013 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have countless links with neurons. Previously, astrocytes were only considered a scaffold of neurons; in fact, astrocytes perform a variety of functions, including providing support for neuronal structures and energy metabolism, offering isolation and protection and influencing the formation, function and elimination of synapses. Because of these functions, astrocytes play an critical role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The regulation of the secretiory factors, receptors, channels and pathways of astrocytes can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of CNS diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease. The expression of aquaporin 4 in AS is directly related to NMO and indirectly involved in the clearance of Aβ and tau proteins in AD. Connexin 43 has a bidirectional effect on glutamate diffusion at different stages of stroke. Interestingly, astrocytes reduce the occurrence of PD through multiple effects such as secretion of related factors, mitochondrial autophagy and aquaporin 4. Therefore, this review is focused on the structure and function of astrocytes and the correlation between astrocytes and CNS diseases and drug treatment to explore the new functions of astrocytes with the astrocytes as the target. This, in turn, would provide a reference for the development of new drugs to protect neurons and promote the recovery of nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei-Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Chao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chong-Shen Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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5
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Yang K, Zeng L, Zeng J, Deng Y, Wang S, Xu H, He Q, Yuan M, Luo Y, Ge A, Ge J. Research progress in the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease and regulation by natural plant products. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102063. [PMID: 37673132 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of PD focuses mainly on the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain, which is attributed to factors such as oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These factors together contribute to the PD phenotype. Recent studies on PD pathology have introduced a new form of cell death known as ferroptosis. Pathological changes closely linked with ferroptosis have been seen in the brain tissues of PD patients, including alterations in iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Preclinical research has demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of certain iron chelators, antioxidants, Fer-1, and conditioners in Parkinson's disease. Natural plant products have shown significant potential in balancing ferroptosis-related factors and adjusting their expression levels. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms by which natural plant products inhibit ferroptosis and relieve PD symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive look at ferroptosis, its role in PD pathology, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of natural plant products focused on ferroptosis. The insights from this review can serve as useful references for future research on novel ferroptosis inhibitors and lead compounds for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Deng
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qi He
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanfang Luo
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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6
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Mittal P, Dhankhar S, Chauhan S, Garg N, Bhattacharya T, Ali M, Chaudhary AA, Rudayni HA, Al-Zharani M, Ahmad W, Khan SUD, Singh TG, Mujwar S. A Review on Natural Antioxidants for Their Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:908. [PMID: 37513820 PMCID: PMC10385773 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative condition known as Parkinson's disease (PD) is brought on by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, which is the brain region that controls body movement. PD occurs due to many factors, from which one of the acknowledged effects of oxidative stress is pathogenic pathways that play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants, including flavonoids, vitamins E and C, and polyphenolic substances, help to reduce the oxidative stress brought on by free radicals. Consequently, this lowers the risk of neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. Although there is currently no cure for neurodegenerative illnesses, these conditions can be controlled. The treatment of this disease lessens its symptoms, which helps to preserve the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the use of naturally occurring antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which may be obtained through food or nutritional supplements and have a variety of positive effects, has emerged as an appealing alternative management strategy. This article will examine the extent of knowledge about antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as future directions for research. Additionally, an evaluation of the value of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Sanchit Dhankhar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur 135102, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Nitika Garg
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur 135102, India
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 260 Kyunghee-daero, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Nondestructive Bio-Sensing Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, BLDG# E10-2, RM# 2213, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Maksood Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Orlean College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, 42, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201308, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, HIMT College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, 8, Institutional Area, Knowledge Park-I, Greater Noida 201301, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Zharani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
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7
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Multifunctional Metallothioneins as a Target for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040894. [PMID: 37107269 PMCID: PMC10135286 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms based on a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and by non-motor symptoms which precede motor symptoms. Neurodegeneration accompanied by an accumulation of α-synuclein is thought to propagate from the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. The pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown. However, many reports indicate various etiological factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, α-synuclein toxicity and mitochondrial impairment, drive neurodegeneration. Exposure to heavy metals contributes to these etiopathogenesis and increases the risk of developing PD. Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins; MTs chelate metals and inhibit metal-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, MTs possess antioxidative properties by scavenging free radicals and exert anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of microglial activation. Furthermore, MTs recently received attention as a potential target for attenuating metal-induced α-synuclein aggregation. In this article, we summarize MTs expression in the central and enteric nervous system, and review protective functions of MTs against etiopathogenesis in PD. We also discuss neuroprotective strategies for the prevention of central dopaminergic and enteric neurodegeneration by targeting MTs. This review highlights multifunctional MTs as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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8
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Xu J, Farsad HL, Hou Y, Barclay K, Lopez BA, Yamada S, Saliu IO, Shi Y, Knight WC, Bateman RJ, Benzinger TLS, Yi JJ, Li Q, Wang T, Perlmutter JS, Morris JC, Zhao G. Human striatal glia differentially contribute to AD- and PD-specific neurodegeneration. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:346-365. [PMID: 36993867 PMCID: PMC10046522 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The commonalities and differences in cell-type-specific pathways that lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) remain unknown. Here, we performed a single-nucleus transcriptome comparison of control, AD and PD striata. We describe three astrocyte subpopulations shared across different brain regions and evolutionarily conserved between humans and mice. We reveal common features between AD and PD astrocytes and regional differences that contribute toward amyloid pathology and neurodegeneration. In contrast, we found that transcriptomic changes in microglia are largely unique to each disorder. Our analysis identified a population of activated microglia that shared molecular signatures with murine disease-associated microglia (DAM) as well as disease-associated and regional differences in microglia transcriptomic changes linking microglia to disease-specific amyloid pathology, tauopathy and neuronal death. Finally, we delineate undescribed subpopulations of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum and provide neuronal transcriptomic profiles suggesting disease-specific changes and selective neuronal vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Huifangjie L. Farsad
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiran Hou
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kia Barclay
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Anthony Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- MD-PhD in Molecular Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shinnosuke Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yiming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William C. Knight
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L. S. Benzinger
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason J. Yi
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Luan Y, Zhao J, Chen Y, Shen J, Cheng L. Toxicologic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic insights into the effect of a mixture of 26 veterinary antimicrobials on rat liver. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137752. [PMID: 36623596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the maximum possible hazard of veterinary antimicrobial mixtures at doses accessible to humans, Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally dosed with a mixture of 26 commonly used veterinary antimicrobials for 90 consecutive days. The daily dosage of each component was 100 times (G1), 10 times (G2) and, 1 time (G3) of acceptable daily intake (ADI) in China. Hematology analysis and biochemical analysis found significant changes of several parameters, suggesting liver damage. Histopathological examination further indicated that mixtures of veterinary drugs at three levels caused obvious hepatotoxicity, and the severity of damage increased with dosage. LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis was carried out to detect metabolite changes in liver tissue. In G1, G2, and G3, 208, 165, and 195 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) compared with the Ctrl group were filtered, respectively. Similarly, RNA-seq helped us to filter a total of 183, 118, and 38 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in G1, G2, and G3 compared with the Ctrl group, respectively. By integrating with the transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we revealed that mineral absorption, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism may be the major pathways affected by the veterinary antimicrobial mixtures in our study. This study provided useful data for the risk assessment of multiple chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Prunell G, Olivera-Bravo S. A Focus on Astrocyte Contribution to Parkinson's Disease Etiology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121745. [PMID: 36551173 PMCID: PMC9775515 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease of high prevalence, characterized by the prominent death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which produces dopamine deficiency, leading to classic motor symptoms. Although PD has traditionally been considered as a neuronal cell autonomous pathology, in which the damage of vulnerable neurons is responsible for the disease, growing evidence strongly suggests that astrocytes might have an active role in the neurodegeneration observed. In the present review, we discuss several studies evidencing astrocyte implications in PD, highlighting the consequences of both the loss of normal homeostatic functions and the gain in toxic functions for the wellbeing of dopaminergic neurons. The revised information provides significant evidence that allows astrocytes to be positioned as crucial players in PD etiology, a factor that needs to be taken into account when considering therapeutic targets for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Prunell
- Laboratorio de Neurodegeneración y Neuroprotección, Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (S.O.-B.); Tel.: +598-24871616 (ext. 121 or 123 or 171) (G.P. & S.O.-B.)
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (S.O.-B.); Tel.: +598-24871616 (ext. 121 or 123 or 171) (G.P. & S.O.-B.)
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11
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Tong ZB, Kim H, El Touny L, Simeonov A, Gerhold D. LUHMES Dopaminergic Neurons Are Uniquely Susceptible to Ferroptosis. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1526-1536. [PMID: 35922689 PMCID: PMC9576307 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a necrotic cell death caused by lipid oxidation that may be responsible for neural degeneration in Parkinson's disease. We assessed whether three neuronal cell lines are sensitive to killing by ferroptosis. Ferroptosis inducer erastin killed LUHMES neurons at sub-micromolar concentrations, whereas neuronal cells derived from SH-SY5Y cells or neural stem cells were at least 50-fold less sensitive. LUHMES differentiated neurons were likewise sensitive to killing by RSL3 or ML210, inhibitors of the glutathione peroxidase 4 enzyme (GPX4) that consumes GSH to detoxify lipid peroxides. Additional assays showed that erastin, RSL3, and ML210 increased lipid peroxide levels, and that LUHMES neurons were protected from both peroxide accumulation and cell death by ferrostatin-1. A possible role of iron was assessed by evaluating the effects of five metal chelators on cytotoxicity of erastin and RSL3. LUHMES neurons were protected from RSL3 by three of the chelators, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), deferoxiprone (DFX), and deferiprone (DFP). Collectively, these results demonstrate the vulnerability of LUHMES neurons to ferroptosis by chemical treatments that disrupt glutathione synthesis, lipid peroxide detoxification, or iron metabolism. The same vulnerabilities may occur in CNS neurons, which reportedly generate low levels of GSH and metallothioneins, limiting their ability to neutralize oxidative stresses and toxic metals. These results suggest a rationale and methods to search for environmental toxicants that may exploit these vulnerabilities and promote neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Tong
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lara El Touny
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - David Gerhold
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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12
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Zhu B, Li H, Zhang L, Chandra SS, Zhao H. A Markov random field model-based approach for differentially expressed gene detection from single-cell RNA-seq data. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6581434. [PMID: 35514182 PMCID: PMC9487630 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies has offered insights into complex biological systems at the single-cell resolution. In particular, these techniques facilitate the identifications of genes showing cell-type-specific differential expressions (DE). In this paper, we introduce MARBLES, a novel statistical model for cross-condition DE gene detection from scRNA-seq data. MARBLES employs a Markov Random Field model to borrow information across similar cell types and utilizes cell-type-specific pseudobulk count to account for sample-level variability. Our simulation results showed that MARBLES is more powerful than existing methods to detect DE genes with an appropriate control of false positive rate. Applications of MARBLES to real data identified novel disease-related DE genes and biological pathways from both a single-cell lipopolysaccharide mouse dataset with 24 381 cells and 11 076 genes and a Parkinson's disease human data set with 76 212 cells and 15 891 genes. Overall, MARBLES is a powerful tool to identify cell-type-specific DE genes across conditions from scRNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Zhu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Corresponding author. Hongyu Zhao, 300 George Street, Ste 503, New Haven, CT 06511. E-mail:
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Potential Effects of Nrf2 in Exercise Intervention of Neurotoxicity Caused by Methamphetamine Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4445734. [PMID: 35480870 PMCID: PMC9038420 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4445734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine can cause oxidative stress-centered lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitatory neurotoxicity, and neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to nerve cell apoptosis, abnormal glial cell activation, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Protecting nerve cells from oxidative destroy is a hopeful strategy for treating METH use disorder. Nrf2 is a major transcriptional regulator that activates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective gene expression through endogenous pathways that maintains cell REDOX homeostasis and is conducive to the survival of neurons. The Nrf2-mediated endogenous antioxidant pathway can also prevent neurodegenerative effects and functional defects caused by METH oxidative stress. Moderate exercise activates this endogenous antioxidant system, which involves in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Based on evidence from existing literature, we argue that appropriate exercise can play an endogenous antioxidant regulatory role in the Nrf2 signaling pathway to reduce a number of issues caused by METH-induced oxidative stress. However, more experimental evidence is needed to support this idea. In addition, further exploration is necessary about the different effects of various parameters of exercise intervention (such as exercise mode, time, and intensity) on the Nrf2 signaling pathway intervention. Whether there are synergistic effects between exercise and plant-derived Nrf2 activators is worth further investigation.
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Wang ZL, Yuan L, Li W, Li JY. Ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease: glia–neuron crosstalk. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:258-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Crosstalk between Neuron and Glial Cells in Oxidative Injury and Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413315. [PMID: 34948108 PMCID: PMC8709409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving gene regulation. It is necessary to understand the communication and interactions between brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes and microglia, to understand oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms. Here, the role of glia in the protection of neurons against oxidative injury and glia–neuron crosstalk to maintain antioxidant defense mechanisms and brain protection are reviewed. The first part of this review focuses on the role of glia in the morphological and physiological changes required for brain homeostasis under oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The second part focuses on the essential crosstalk between neurons and glia for redox balance in the brain for protection against oxidative stress.
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. Glutathione and Related Molecules in Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168689. [PMID: 34445395 PMCID: PMC8395390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intrinsic antioxidant in the central nervous system, and its substrate cysteine readily becomes the oxidized dimeric cystine. Since neurons lack a cystine transport system, neuronal GSH synthesis depends on cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), GSH synthesis, and release in/from surrounding astrocytes. Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a detoxifying master transcription factor, is expressed mainly in astrocytes and activates the gene expression of various phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes or antioxidants including GSH-related molecules and metallothionein by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) of these genes. Accumulating evidence has shown the involvement of dysfunction of antioxidative molecules including GSH and its related molecules in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) or parkinsonian models. Furthermore, we found several agents targeting GSH synthesis in the astrocytes that protect nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD models. In this article, the neuroprotective effects of supplementation and enhancement of GSH and its related molecules in PD pathology are reviewed, along with introducing new experimental findings, especially targeting of the xCT-GSH synthetic system and Nrf2–ARE pathway in astrocytes.
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Balakrishnan R, Azam S, Cho DY, Su-Kim I, Choi DK. Natural Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Prevent and Treat Parkinson's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6680935. [PMID: 34122727 PMCID: PMC8169248 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative chronic disease affecting both cognitive performance and motor functions in aged people. Yet despite the prevalence of this disease, the current therapeutic options for the management of PD can only alleviate motor symptoms. Research has explored novel substances for naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with potential therapeutic benefits for PD patients through their neuroprotective mechanism, targeting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, abnormal protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neurotrophic factor deficit, and apoptosis. The aim of the present study is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with neuroprotective or therapeutic activities in PD, focusing on their neuropharmacological mechanisms, including modulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, growth factor induction, neurotransmitter activity, direct regulation of mitochondrial apoptotic machinery, prevention of protein aggregation via modulation of protein folding, modification of cell signaling pathways, enhanced systemic immunity, autophagy, and proteasome activity. In addition, we provide data showing the relationship between nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and PD is supported by studies demonstrating that antiparkinsonian phytochemicals can activate the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and Nrf2-dependent protein expression, preventing cellular oxidative damage and PD. Furthermore, we explore several experimental models that evaluated the potential neuroprotective efficacy of antioxidant phytochemical derivatives for their inhibitory effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the nanodelivery of antioxidant phytochemicals and its neuroprotective application against pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. In conclusion, naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals can be considered as future pharmaceutical drug candidates to potentially alleviate symptoms or slow the progression of PD. However, further well-designed clinical studies are required to evaluate the protective and therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals as promising drugs in the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengasamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su-Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. [Therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease: targeting zinc-binding protein in astrocytes]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:76-80. [PMID: 33642534 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor symptoms, such as tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons; PD patients also exhibit non-motor symptoms, such as hyposmia, orthostatic hypotension and constipation, which precede motor symptoms. Pathologically, Lewy bodies and neurites, which contains α-synuclein, are observed in the central and peripheral nervous system. To date, it is hypothesized that PD pathology appears first in the olfactory bulb and the enteric nervous system, and propagates progressively through the substantia nigra to finally reach the cerebral cortex. Major medications at present are nosotropic treatments to improve motor dysfunction in PD. Therefore, development of disease-modifying drug is required to slow or prevent PD progression. Astrocytes are known to play an important role in the maintenance of the neuronal environment and exert neuroprotective effects by production of antioxidants and neurotrophic factors and clearing toxic molecules. In the previous study, we demonstrated that astrocytes produced antioxidative molecules metallothionein (MT)-1/2 in response to oxidative stress and protected dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress. MTs are cysteine-rich proteins possessing antioxidative properties. MTs bind to metals such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) and function in metal homeostasis and detoxification; MTs regulate Zn-mediated transcriptional activation of various genes. Recently, it is reported that MTs prevent Cu-induced aggregation of α-synuclein. In this article, we review a new therapeutic strategy of neuroprotection in PD by targeting MTs in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. [Anti-oxidants in astrocytes as target of neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:14-20. [PMID: 33390474 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that dysfunction of astrocytes is involved vulnerability of neuronal cells in several neurological disorders. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intrinsic antioxidant in the central nervous system, and its substrate cysteine is readily becomes the oxidized dimeric cystine. Since neurons lack a cystine transport system, neuronal GSH synthesis depends on cystine uptake via the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter (xCT), GSH synthesis and release in/from surrounding astrocytes. The expression and release of the zinc-binding protein metallothionein (MT) in astrocytes, which is a strong antioxidant, is induced and exerts neuroprotective in the case of dopaminergic neuronal damage. In addition, the transcription factor Nrf2 induces expression of MT-1 and GSH related molecules. We previously revealed that several antiepileptic drugs, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists, plant-derived chemicals (phytochemicals) increased xCT expression, Nrf2 activation, GSH or MT expression and release in/from astrocytes, and exerted a neuroprotective effect against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease model. Our serial studies on neuroprotection via antioxidant defense mechanism of astrocytes have found three target molecular systems of astrocytes for neuroprotection: (1) xCT-GSH synthetic system, (2) Nrf2 system and (3) 5-HT1A receptor-Nrf2-MT system, 5-HT1A-S100β system. In this article, possible neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease has been reviewed targeting antioxidative molecules in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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20
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122623. [PMID: 33297340 PMCID: PMC7762285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD patients exhibit motor symptoms such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although the pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown, there is a consensus on the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the progression of PD pathology. Astrocytes are the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system. Normally, astrocytes protect neurons by releasing neurotrophic factors, producing antioxidants, and disposing of neuronal waste products. However, in pathological situations, astrocytes are known to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, various studies have reported that astrocyte dysfunction also leads to neurodegeneration in PD. In this article, we summarize the interaction of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons, review the pathogenic role of astrocytes in PD, and discuss therapeutic strategies for the prevention of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This review highlights neuron-astrocyte interaction as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in the future.
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Kikuoka R, Miyazaki I, Kubota N, Maeda M, Kagawa D, Moriyama M, Sato A, Murakami S, Kitamura Y, Sendo T, Asanuma M. Mirtazapine exerts astrocyte-mediated dopaminergic neuroprotection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20698. [PMID: 33244123 PMCID: PMC7693322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA), is known to activate serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor. Our recent study demonstrated that stimulation of astrocytic 5-HT1A receptors promoted astrocyte proliferation and upregulated antioxidative property in astrocytes to protect dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of mirtazapine against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mirtazapine administration attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and increased the expression of the antioxidative molecule metallothionein (MT) in the striatal astrocytes of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected parkinsonian mice via 5-HT1A receptors. Mirtazapine protected dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in mesencephalic neuron and striatal astrocyte cocultures, but not in enriched neuronal cultures. Mirtazapine-treated neuron-conditioned medium (Mir-NCM) induced astrocyte proliferation and upregulated MT expression via 5-HT1A receptors on astrocytes. Furthermore, treatment with medium from Mir-NCM-treated astrocytes protected dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity, and these effects were attenuated by treatment with a MT-1/2-specific antibody or 5-HT1A antagonist. Our study suggests that mirtazapine could be an effective disease-modifying drug for PD and highlights that astrocytic 5-HT1A receptors may be a novel target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kikuoka
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kubota
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daiki Kagawa
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masaaki Moriyama
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Asuka Sato
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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The MT1G Gene in LUHMES Neurons Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:967-978. [PMID: 32870474 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of toxicants that underlie neurological diseases is a neglected area awaiting a valid strategy to identify such toxicants. We sought biomarkers that respond to known neurotoxicants in LUHMES immortalized neurons and evaluated these biomarkers for use in screening libraries of environmental toxicants. LUHMES immortalized human dopaminergic neurons were surveyed by RNA sequencing following challenge with parkinsonian toxicants rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+, and ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate; Zn2+DDC2), as well as additional toxicants paraquat, MS275, and methylmercury. The metallothionein gene MT1G was the most dynamic gene expression response to all seven toxicants. Multiple toxicants also increased transcripts for SLC30A1 and SLC30A2 zinc secretion transporters, the SLC7A11 xCT cystine/glutamate antiporter important for glutathione synthesis, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), and secreted growth factors FIBIN and CXCL12, whereas several toxicants decreased expression of the apelin growth factor (APLN). These biomarker genes revealed stress responses to many toxicants at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Since several of these biomarker genes and prior neurological disease studies implicated disruption of metal distribution, we tested metal chelator thiram (dimethyldithiocarbamate, DDC), ziram, and several other metals and metal chelates for cytotoxicity and induction of MT1G expression. Metals and chelators that caused dynamic increases in MT1G expression also caused cytotoxicity, except Ni2+DDC2 induced MT1G at 5 μM, but lacked cytotoxicity up to 100 μM. These results bolster prior work suggesting that neurons are characteristically sensitive to depletion of glutathione or to disruption of cellular metal distribution and provide biomarkers to search for such neurotoxicants in chemical libraries.
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Chemmarappally JM, Pegram HCN, Abeywickrama N, Fornari E, Hargreaves AJ, De Girolamo LA, Stevens B. A co-culture nanofibre scaffold model of neural cell degeneration in relevance to Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2767. [PMID: 32066745 PMCID: PMC7026118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) aim to delay progression or replace damaged neurons by restoring the original neuronal structures. The poor regenerative capacity of neural tissue highlights the need for the development of cellular environments to model the pathogenesis of PD. In the current work, we have characterised the growth, survival and response to PD mimetics of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and U-87MG glioblastoma cell lines cultured on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Jeffamine® doped polyacrylonitrile (PJ) nano-scaffolds. Differentiation induced by a range of agents was evaluated by immunoassays of neural protein biomarkers. PAN and PJ nanofibre scaffolds provided suitable three-dimensional (3D) environment to support the growth, differentiation and network formation of dopaminergic neuron- and astrocyte-like cell populations, respectively. The scaffolds selectively supported the survival and differentiation of both cell populations with prolonged neuronal survival when exposed to PD mimetics in the presence of astrocytes in a co-culture model. Such 3D nanoscaffold-based assays could aid our understanding of the molecular basis of PD mimetic-induced Parkinsonism and the discovery of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chemmarappally
- Innovations in Surfaces, Materials and Related Technologies (iSMART), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK.,Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre (IBRC), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Henry C N Pegram
- Innovations in Surfaces, Materials and Related Technologies (iSMART), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK.,Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre (IBRC), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Neranga Abeywickrama
- Innovations in Surfaces, Materials and Related Technologies (iSMART), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Enzo Fornari
- Innovations in Surfaces, Materials and Related Technologies (iSMART), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre (IBRC), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Luigi A De Girolamo
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre (IBRC), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Bob Stevens
- Innovations in Surfaces, Materials and Related Technologies (iSMART), College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Bjørklund G, Semenova Y, Pivina L, Dadar M, Rahman MM, Aaseth J, Chirumbolo S. Uranium in drinking water: a public health threat. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1551-1560. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Role of Astrocytic Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease Animal Models from a Molecular Signaling Perspective. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:1859431. [PMID: 32089670 PMCID: PMC7029263 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1859431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells, critical for brain function, few studies have dealt with their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). This article explores relevant evidence on the involvement of astrocytes in experimental PD neurodegeneration from a molecular signaling perspective. For a long time, astrocytic proliferation was merely considered a byproduct of neuroinflammation, but by the time being, it is clear that astrocytic dysfunction plays a far more important role in PD pathophysiology. Indeed, ongoing experimental evidence suggests the importance of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons' cross-linking signaling pathways. The Wnt-1 (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1) pathway regulates several processes including neuron survival, synapse plasticity, and neurogenesis. In PD animal models, Frizzled (Fzd) neuronal receptors' activation by the Wnt-1 normally released by astrocytes following injuries leads to β-catenin-dependent gene expression, favoring neuron survival and viability. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) capsaicin receptor also participates in experimental PD genesis. Activation of astrocyte TRPV1 receptors by noxious stimuli results in reduced inflammatory response and increased ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) synthesis, which enhances neuronal survival and differentiation. Another major pathway involves IκB kinase (IKK) downregulation by ARL6ip5 (ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5, encoded by the cell differentiation-associated, JWA, gene). Typically, IKK releases the proinflammatory NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) molecule from its inhibitor. Therefore, by downregulating NF-κB inhibitor, ARL6ip5 promotes an anti-inflammatory response. The evidence provided by neurotoxin-induced PD animal models guarantees further research on the neuroprotective potential of normalizing astrocyte function in PD.
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Dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of rotigotine via 5-HT1A receptors: Possibly involvement of metallothionein expression in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2019; 132:104608. [PMID: 31765686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes exert neuroprotective effects through production of antioxidant molecules and neurotrophic factors. A recent study showed that stimulation of astrocyte serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors promotes astrocyte proliferation and upregulation of the antioxidant molecules metallothionein (MT)-1,2, which protect dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress. Rotigotine, an anti-parkinsonian drug, can bind to dopamine and 5-HT1A receptors. In this study, we examined neuroprotective effects of rotigotine in models of Parkinson's disease and involvement of astrocyte 5-HT1A receptors in neuroprotective effects of rotigotine against dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Rotigotine increased the number of astrocytes and MT-1,2 expression in cultured astrocytes. Pretreatment with conditioned media from rotigotine-treated astrocytes significantly inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. These effects were completely blocked by a 5-HT1A antagonist or MT-1,2 specific antibody. Subcutaneous administration of rotigotine increased MT-1,2 expression in striatal astrocytes and prevented reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of a 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease. These effects were blocked by co-administration with a 5-HT1A antagonist. These results suggest that rotigotine exerts neuroprotective effects through upregulation of MT expression in astrocytes by targeting 5-HT1A receptors. Our findings provide a possible therapeutic application of rotigotine to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Mashima K, Takahashi S, Minami K, Izawa Y, Abe T, Tsukada N, Hishiki T, Suematsu M, Kajimura M, Suzuki N. Neuroprotective Role of Astroglia in Parkinson Disease by Reducing Oxidative Stress Through Dopamine-Induced Activation of Pentose-Phosphate Pathway. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418775562. [PMID: 29768946 PMCID: PMC5960859 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418775562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of Parkinson disease. Although released dopamine at the synaptic terminal is mostly reabsorbed by dopaminergic neurons, some dopamine is presumably taken up by astroglia. This study examined the dopamine-induced astroglial protective function through the activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro experiments were performed using striatal neurons and cortical or striatal astroglia prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats or C57BL/6 mice. The rates of glucose phosphorylation in astroglia were evaluated using the [14C]deoxyglucose method. PPP activity was measured using [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose after acute (60 min) or chronic (15 hr) exposure to dopamine. ROS production was measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The involvement of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) or nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system was evaluated using Nrf2 gene knockout mice, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis for heme oxygenase-1. Acute exposure to dopamine elicited increases in astroglial glucose consumption with lactate release. PPP activity in astroglia was robustly enhanced independently of Na+-dependent monoamine transporters. In contrast, chronic exposure to dopamine induced moderate increases in PPP activity via the Keap1/Nrf2 system. ROS production from dopamine increased gradually over 12 hr. Dopamine induced neuronal cell damage that was prevented by coculturing with astroglia but not with Nrf2-deficient astroglia. Dopamine-enhanced astroglial PPP activity in both acute and chronic manners may possibly reduce neuronal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Mashima
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Minami
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Abe
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsukada
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- 3 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- 4 Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kajimura
- 5 Department of Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- 1 Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Effects of Enteric Environmental Modification by Coffee Components on Neurodegeneration in Rotenone-Treated Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030221. [PMID: 30866481 PMCID: PMC6468520 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that coffee consumption decreases the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) are coffee components that have antioxidative properties. Rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, has been used to develop parkinsonian models, because the toxin induces PD-like pathology. Here, we examined the neuroprotective effects of CA and CGA against the rotenone-induced degeneration of central dopaminergic and peripheral enteric neurons. Male C57BL/6J mice were chronically administered rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day), subcutaneously for four weeks. The animals were orally administered CA or CGA daily for 1 week before rotenone exposure and during the four weeks of rotenone treatment. Administrations of CA or CGA prevented rotenone-induced neurodegeneration of both nigral dopaminergic and intestinal enteric neurons. CA and CGA upregulated the antioxidative molecules, metallothionein (MT)-1,2, in striatal astrocytes of rotenone-injected mice. Primary cultured mesencephalic or enteric cells were pretreated with CA or CGA for 24 h, and then further co-treated with a low dose of rotenone (1⁻5 nM) for 48 h. The neuroprotective effects and MT upregulation induced by CA and CGA in vivo were reproduced in cultured cells. Our data indicated that intake of coffee components, CA and CGA, enhanced the antioxidative properties of glial cells and prevents rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in both the brain and myenteric plexus.
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Zhang S, Wang R, Wang G. Impact of Dopamine Oxidation on Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:945-953. [PMID: 30592597 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The characteristic feature of PD is the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). DAergic neurons in the SN accumulate black and insoluble membrane structures known as neuromelanin during aging. The oxidation of dopamine (DA) to form neuromelanin generates many o-quinones, including DA o-quinones, aminochrome, and 5,6-indolequinone. The focus of this review is to discuss the role of DA oxidation in association with PD. The oxidation of DA produces oxidative products, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation, α-synuclein aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers, and oxidative stress, in vitro. Recent studies have demonstrated that the DA content is critical for both DJ-1 knockout and A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice to develop PD pathological features, providing evidence for DA action in PD pathogenesis in vivo. The effects of L-DOPA, as the most effective anti-PD drug, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Asanuma M, Okumura-Torigoe N, Miyazaki I, Murakami S, Kitamura Y, Sendo T. Region-Specific Neuroprotective Features of Astrocytes against Oxidative Stress Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030598. [PMID: 30704073 PMCID: PMC6387089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we found regional differences in the induction of antioxidative molecules in astrocytes against oxidative stress, postulating that region-specific features of astrocytes lead region-specific vulnerability of neurons. We examined region-specific astrocytic features against dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as an oxidative stress using co-culture of mesencephalic neurons and mesencephalic or striatal astrocytes in the present study. The 6-OHDA-induced reduction of mesencephalic dopamine neurons was inhibited by co-culturing with astrocytes. The co-culture of midbrain neurons with striatal astrocytes was more resistant to 6-OHDA than that with mesencephalic astrocytes. Furthermore, glia conditioned medium from 6-OHDA-treated striatal astrocytes showed a greater protective effect on the 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress than that from mesencephalic astrocytes. The cDNA microarray analysis showed that the number of altered genes in both mesencephalic and striatal astrocytes was fewer than that changed in either astrocyte. The 6-OHDA treatment, apparently up-regulated expressions of Nrf2 and some anti-oxidative or Nrf2-regulating phase II, III detoxifying molecules related to glutathione synthesis and export in the striatal astrocytes but not mesencephalic astrocytes. There is a profound regional difference of gene expression in astrocytes induced by 6-OHDA. These results suggest that protective features of astrocytes against oxidative stress are more prominent in striatal astrocytes, possibly by secreting humoral factors in striatal astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Nao Okumura-Torigoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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31
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Lighthouse JK, Burke RM, Velasquez LS, Dirkx RA, Aiezza A, Moravec CS, Alexis JD, Rosenberg A, Small EM. Exercise promotes a cardioprotective gene program in resident cardiac fibroblasts. JCI Insight 2019; 4:92098. [PMID: 30626739 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and heart disease both induce cardiac remodeling, but only disease causes fibrosis and compromises heart function. The cardioprotective benefits of exercise have been attributed to changes in cardiomyocyte physiology, but the impact of exercise on cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) is unknown. Here, RNA-sequencing reveals rapid divergence of CF transcriptional programs during exercise and disease. Among the differentially expressed programs, NRF2-dependent antioxidant genes - including metallothioneins (Mt1 and Mt2) - are induced in CFs during exercise and suppressed by TGF-β/p38 signaling in disease. In vivo, mice lacking Mt1/2 exhibit signs of cardiac dysfunction in exercise, including cardiac fibrosis, vascular rarefaction, and functional decline. Mechanistically, exogenous MTs derived from fibroblasts are taken up by cultured cardiomyocytes, reducing oxidative damage-dependent cell death. Importantly, suppression of MT expression is conserved in human heart failure. Taken together, this study defines the acute transcriptional response of CFs to exercise and disease and reveals a cardioprotective mechanism that is lost in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Lighthouse
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ryan M Burke
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lissette S Velasquez
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ronald A Dirkx
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alessandro Aiezza
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alex Rosenberg
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology Research, and
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Astroglia as a cellular target for neuroprotection and treatment of neuro-psychiatric disorders. Glia 2017; 65:1205-1226. [PMID: 28300322 PMCID: PMC5669250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They cooperate with neurons at several levels, including ion and water homeostasis, chemical signal transmission, blood flow regulation, immune and oxidative stress defense, supply of metabolites and neurogenesis. Astroglia is also important for viability and maturation of stem-cell derived neurons. Neurons critically depend on intrinsic protective and supportive properties of astrocytes. Conversely, all forms of pathogenic stimuli which disturb astrocytic functions compromise neuronal functionality and viability. Support of neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy for enhancing neuronal survival and improving outcomes in disease states. In this review, we first briefly examine how astrocytic dysfunction contributes to major neurological disorders, which are traditionally associated with malfunctioning of processes residing in neurons. Possible molecular entities within astrocytes that could underpin the cause, initiation and/or progression of various disorders are outlined. In the second section, we explore opportunities enhancing neuroprotective function of astroglia. We consider targeting astrocyte-specific molecular pathways which are involved in neuroprotection or could be expected to have a therapeutic value. Examples of those are oxidative stress defense mechanisms, glutamate uptake, purinergic signaling, water and ion homeostasis, connexin gap junctions, neurotrophic factors and the Nrf2-ARE pathway. We propose that enhancing the neuroprotective capacity of astrocytes is a viable strategy for improving brain resilience and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Chemistry and BiologyBaltic Federal UniversityKaliningradRussian Federation
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Murakami S, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Neuroprotective effect of fermented papaya preparation by activation of Nrf2 pathway in astrocytes. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:176-184. [PMID: 27841081 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1253171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in astrocyte plays important roles in brain homeostasis. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory properties. The present study investigated the effects of FPP on activation of Nrf2 and release of Nrf2-regulated neuroprotective antioxidants and detoxifying molecules. METHODS Primary cultured astrocytes from rat embryos were treated with FPP for 6 or 24 hours. The expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2-regulated molecules were determined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Glutathione levels were measured in cells and medium. Dopaminergic neurons were exposed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with/without pre-treatment with FPP astrocytes. Mice were treated orally with FPP for 2 weeks. RESULTS FPP increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in striatal astrocytes, induced up-regulation of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1, glutathione-S transferase and hemeoxygenase-1, and increased glutathione level and the percentage of metallothionein-expressing astrocytes. Moreover, FPP suppressed 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in not only neuron-astrocyte mixed culture, but also neuron-rich cultures pre-treated with glial conditioned medium. Two-week oral treatment of mice with FPP resulted in Nrf2 activation and increase in glutathione level in striatum. DISCUSSION The results indicated that FPP enhances the anti-oxidative capacity through activation of Nrf2 in astrocytes, suggesting it may provide neuroprotection in oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinki Murakami
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b SAIDO Corporation , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Serotonin 1A Receptors on Astrocytes as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:686-700. [PMID: 26795196 PMCID: PMC4997990 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160122115057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant neuron-supporting glial cells in the central nervous system. The neuroprotective role of astrocytes has been demonstrated in various neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Astrocyte dysfunction or loss-of-astrocytes increases the susceptibility of neurons to cell death, while astrocyte transplantation in animal studies has therapeutic advantage. We reported recently that stimulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors on astrocytes promoted astrocyte proliferation and upregulated antioxidative molecules to act as a neuroprotectant in parkinsonian mice. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability, that are based on selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and with non-motor symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension and constipation based on peripheral neurodegeneration. Although dopaminergic therapy for managing the motor disability associated with PD is being assessed at present, the main challenge remains the development of neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatments. Therefore, it is desirable to find treatments that can reduce the progression of dopaminergic cell death. In this article, we summarize first the neuroprotective properties of astrocytes targeting certain molecules related to PD. Next, we review neuroprotective effects induced by stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors on astrocytes. The review discusses new promising therapeutic strategies based on neuroprotection against oxidative stress and prevention of dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Takeshima M, Miyazaki I, Murakami S, Kita T, Asanuma M. l-Theanine protects against excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in the presence of astrocytes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016. [PMID: 27698535 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide), a component of green tea, is considered to have regulatory and neuroprotective roles in the brain. The present study was designed to determine the effect of l-theanine on excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in both cell culture and animal experiments. The primary cultured mesencephalic neurons or co-cultures of mesencephalic neurons and striatal astrocytes were pretreated with l-theanine for 72 h, and then treated with excess dopamine for further 24 h. The cell viability of dopamine neurons and levels of glutathione were evaluated. Excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity was significantly attenuated by 72 h preincubation with l-theanine in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures but not in neuron-rich cultures. Exposure to l-theanine increased the levels of glutathione in both astrocytes and glial conditioned medium. The glial conditioned medium from l-theanine-pretreated striatal astrocytes attenuated dopamine-induced neurotoxicity and quinoprotein formation in mesencephalic neurons. In addition, replacement of l-glutamate with l-theanine in an in vitro cell-free glutathione-synthesis system produced glutathione-like thiol compounds. Furthermore, l-theanine administration (4 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days significantly increased glutathione levels in the striatum of mice. The results suggest that l-theanine provides neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by humoral molecules released from astrocytes, probably including glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; SAIDO Co., Fukuoka 810-0021, Japan
| | - Taizo Kita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University School of Health Science, Fukuoka 803-8511, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Shin EJ, Dang DK, Tran HQ, Nam Y, Jeong JH, Lee YH, Park KT, Lee YS, Jang CG, Hong JS, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. PKCδ knockout mice are protected from para-methoxymethamphetamine-induced mitochondrial stress and associated neurotoxicity in the striatum of mice. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:146-158. [PMID: 27623093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) is a para-ring-substituted amphetamine derivative sold worldwide as an illegal psychotropic drug. Although PMMA use has been reported to lead to severe intoxication and even death, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which PMMA exerts its neurotoxic effects. Here we found that PMMA treatment resulted in phosphorylation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and subsequent mitochondrial translocation of cleaved PKCδ. PMMA-induced oxidative stress was more pronounced in mitochondria than in the cytosol. Moreover, treatment with PMMA consistently resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial complex I activity, and mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase-immunoreactivity. In contrast, PMMA treatment led to a significant increase in intramitochondrial Ca2+ level. Treatment with PMMA also significantly increased ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-labeled microglial activation and upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene expression. PKCδ knockout attenuated these mitochondrial effects and dampened the neurotoxic effects of PMMA. Importantly, TNF-α knockout mice were significantly protected from PMMA-induced increases in phospho-PKCδ expression, mitochondrial translocation of cleaved PKCδ, and Iba-1-labeled microgliosis. Both rottlerin, a pharmacological inhibitor of PKCδ, and etanercept, a pharmacological inhibitor of TNF-α, significantly protected against PMMA-mediated induction of apoptosis, as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUDP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. In addition, PKCδ knockout and TNF-α knockout both resulted in decreased PMMA-mediated induction of dopaminergic loss. Therefore, our results suggest that PKCδ mediates PMMA-induced neurotoxicity by facilitating oxidative stress (mitochondria > cytosol), mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and pro-apoptotic signaling. Our results also indicate that PMMA-induced PKCδ activation requires the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Melatonin promotes blood-brain barrier integrity in methamphetamine-induced inflammation in primary rat brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res 2016; 1646:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. 3-O-Methyldopa inhibits astrocyte-mediated dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of L-DOPA. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:52. [PMID: 27456338 PMCID: PMC4960704 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effects of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD), a metabolite of L-DOPA which is formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), on the uptake, metabolism, and neuroprotective effects of L-DOPA in striatal astrocytes. We examined changes in the numbers of dopaminergic neurons after treatment with L-DOPA and 3-OMD or entacapone, a peripheral COMT inhibitor, using primary cultured mesencephalic neurons and striatal astrocytes. RESULTS The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons was not affected by L-DOPA treatment in mesencephalic neurons alone. However, the increase in viability of dopaminergic neurons in the presence of astrocytes was further enhanced after methyl-L-DOPA treatment (25 µM) in mixed cultured mesencephalic neurons and striatal astrocytes. The neuroprotective effect of 25 µM L-DOPA was almost completely inhibited by simultaneous treatment with 3-OMD (10 or 100 µM), and was enhanced by concomitant treatment with entacapone (0.3 µM). The uptake of L-DOPA into and the release of glutathione from striatal astrocytes after L-DOPA treatment (100 µM) were inhibited by simultaneous exposure to 3-OMD (100 µM). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that L-DOPA exerts its neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons via astrocytes and that 3-OMD competes with L-DOPA by acting on target molecule(s) (possibly including glutathione) released from astrocytes. Since some amount of entacapone can cross the blood-brain barrier, this reagent may enhance L-DOPA transportation by inhibiting COMT and increase the astrocyte-mediated neuroprotective effects of L-DOPA on dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. .,Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Takeshima M, Miyazaki I, Murakami S, Kita T, Asanuma M. l-Theanine protects against excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in the presence of astrocytes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:93-99. [PMID: 27698535 PMCID: PMC5018574 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide), a component of green tea, is considered to have regulatory and neuroprotective roles in the brain. The present study was designed to determine the effect of l-theanine on excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in both cell culture and animal experiments. The primary cultured mesencephalic neurons or co-cultures of mesencephalic neurons and striatal astrocytes were pretreated with l-theanine for 72 h, and then treated with excess dopamine for further 24 h. The cell viability of dopamine neurons and levels of glutathione were evaluated. Excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity was significantly attenuated by 72 h preincubation with l-theanine in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures but not in neuron-rich cultures. Exposure to l-theanine increased the levels of glutathione in both astrocytes and glial conditioned medium. The glial conditioned medium from l-theanine-pretreated striatal astrocytes attenuated dopamine-induced neurotoxicity and quinoprotein formation in mesencephalic neurons. In addition, replacement of l-glutamate with l-theanine in an in vitro cell-free glutathione-synthesis system produced glutathione-like thiol compounds. Furthermore, l-theanine administration (4 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days significantly increased glutathione levels in the striatum of mice. The results suggest that l-theanine provides neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by humoral molecules released from astrocytes, probably including glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; SAIDO Co., Fukuoka 810-0021, Japan
| | - Taizo Kita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University School of Health Science, Fukuoka 803-8511, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Jumnongprakhon P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. WITHDRAWN: Melatonin improves methamphetamine-induced blood brain barrier impairment through NADPH oxidase-2 in primary rat brain microvascular endothelium cells. Brain Res 2016; 1646:393-401. [PMID: 27297493 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in 〈BRES, 1646 (2016) 182-192〉, 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.049. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichaya Jumnongprakhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Chen Z, Wang E, Hu R, Sun Y, Zhang L, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Tetranectin gene deletion induces Parkinson's disease by enhancing neuronal apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 468:400-7. [PMID: 26597345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We previously identified tetranectin (TET) as a potential biomarker for PD whose expression is downregulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients. In the present study, we investigate the role of TET in neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that siRNA knockdown of TET decreased cell viability and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells, whereas it increased caspase-3 activity and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in cultured primary dopaminergic neurons. Overexpression of TET protected dopaminergic neurons against neuronal apoptosis in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium cell culture model in vitro. In TET knockdown mouse model of PD, TET gene deletion decreased the number of TH positive cells in the SNpc, induced apoptosis via the p53/Bax pathway, and significantly impaired the motor behavior of transgenic mice. The findings suggest that TET plays a neuroprotective role via reducing neuron apoptosis and could be a valuable biomarker or potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with PD.
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Mendieta L, Granado N, Aguilera J, Tizabi Y, Moratalla R. Fragment C Domain of Tetanus Toxin Mitigates Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Motor Consequences in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw021. [PMID: 26945022 PMCID: PMC5006194 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-terminal domain of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) is a nontoxic peptide with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects against striatal dopaminergic damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and 6-hydoxydopamine, suggesting its possible therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. Methamphetamine, a widely abused psychostimulant, has selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rodents, monkeys, and humans. This study was undertaken to determine whether Hc-TeTx might also protect against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and the consequent motor impairment. METHODS For this purpose, we treated mice with a toxic regimen of methamphetamine (4mg/kg, 3 consecutive i.p. injections, 3 hours apart) followed by 3 injections of 40 ug/kg of Hc-TeTx into grastrocnemius muscle at 1, 24, and 48 hours post methamphetamine treatment. RESULTS We found that Hc-TeTx significantly reduced the loss of dopaminergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter and the increases in silver staining (a well stablished degeneration marker) induced by methamphetamine in the striatum. Moreover, Hc-TeTx prevented the increase of neuronal nitric oxide synthase but did not affect microglia activation induced by methamphetamine. Stereological neuronal count in the substantia nigra indicated loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons after methamphetamine that was partially prevented by Hc-TeTx. Importantly, impairment in motor behaviors post methamphetamine treatment were significantly reduced by Hc-TeTx. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate that Hc-TeTx can provide significant protection against acute methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and motor impairment, suggesting its therapeutic potential in methamphetamine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mendieta, Granado, and Moratalla); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mendieta, Granado, Aguilera, and Moratalla); Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Aguilera); Departament of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC (Dr Tizabi).
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43
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Rose CR, Verkhratsky A. Principles of sodium homeostasis and sodium signalling in astroglia. Glia 2016; 64:1611-27. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences; the University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod; Nizhny Novgorod Russia
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Wu H, Kong L, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Luo M, Tan Y, Chen X, Miao L, Cai L. Metallothionein plays a prominent role in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy by sulforaphane via up-regulation of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:431-42. [PMID: 26415026 PMCID: PMC4684781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) prevents diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 diabetes via up-regulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). However, it has not been addressed whether SFN also prevents DN from type 2 diabetes or which Nrf2 downstream gene(s) play(s) the key role in SFN renal protection. Here we investigated whether Nrf2 is required for SFN protection against type 2 diabetes-induced DN and whether metallothionein (MT) is an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant using Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-null) mice. In addition, MT knockout mice were used to further verify if MT is indispensable for SFN protection against DN. Diabetes-increased albuminuria, renal fibrosis, and inflammation were significantly prevented by SFN, and Nrf2 and MT expression was increased. However, SFN renal protection was completely lost in Nrf2-null diabetic mice, confirming the pivotal role of Nrf2 in SFN protection from type 2 diabetes-induced DN. Moreover, SFN failed to up-regulate MT in the absence of Nrf2, suggesting that MT is an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant. MT deletion resulted in a partial, but significant attenuation of SFN renal protection from type 2 diabetes, demonstrating a partial requirement for MT for SFN renal protection. Therefore, the present study demonstrates for the first time that as an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant, MT plays an important, though partial, role in mediating SFN renal protection from type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Yanli Cheng
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Yi Tan
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325200
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China, 100853
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041.
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325200.
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45
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Miyazaki I, Murakami S, Torigoe N, Kitamura Y, Asanuma M. Neuroprotective effects of levetiracetam target xCT in astrocytes in parkinsonian mice. J Neurochem 2015; 136:194-204. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Brain Science; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Shinki Murakami
- Department of Brain Science; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
- SAIDO Co.; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nao Torigoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Brain Science; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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46
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1143. [PMID: 26579077 PMCID: PMC4621459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular psychostimulant, methamphetamine (METH) use leads to long-lasting, strong euphoric effects. While METH abuse is common in the general population, between 10 and 15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients report having abused METH. METH exacerbates the severity and onset of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through direct and indirect mechanisms. Repetitive METH use impedes adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of HIV-1 disease progression toward AIDS. METH exposure also directly affects both innate and adaptive immunity, altering lymphocyte numbers and activity, cytokine signaling, phagocytic function and infiltration through the blood brain barrier. Further, METH triggers the dopamine reward pathway and leads to impaired neuronal activity and direct toxicity. Concurrently, METH and HIV-1 alter the neuroimmune balance and induce neuroinflammation, which modulates a wide range of brain functions including neuronal signaling and activity, glial activation, viral infection, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Pathologically, reactive gliosis is a hallmark of both HIV-1- and METH-associated neuroinflammation. Significant commonality exists in the neurotoxic mechanisms for both METH and HAND; however, the pathways dysregulated in astroglia during METH exposure are less clear. Thus, this review highlights alterations in astrocyte intracellular signaling pathways, gene expression and function during METH and HIV-1 comorbidity, with special emphasis on HAND-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, this review carefully evaluates interventions targeting astrocytes in HAND and METH as potential novel therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview indicates, without a doubt, that during HIV-1 infection and METH abuse, a complex dialog between all neural cells is orchestrated through astrocyte regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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47
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Mediouni S, Marcondes MCG, Miller C, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. The cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1164. [PMID: 26557111 PMCID: PMC4615951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the lives of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals. Nonetheless, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which range from undetectable neurocognitive impairments to severe dementia, still affect approximately 50% of the infected population, hampering their quality of life. The persistence of HAND is promoted by several factors, including longer life expectancies, the residual levels of virus in the central nervous system (CNS) and the continued presence of HIV-1 regulatory proteins such as the transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the brain. Tat is a secreted viral protein that crosses the blood–brain barrier into the CNS, where it has the ability to directly act on neurons and non-neuronal cells alike. These actions result in the release of soluble factors involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, ultimately resulting in neuronal damage. The percentage of methamphetamine (MA) abusers is high among the HIV-1-positive population compared to the general population. On the other hand, MA abuse is correlated with increased viral replication, enhanced Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments. Although several strategies have been investigated to reduce HAND and MA use, no clinically approved treatment is currently available. Here, we review the latest findings of the effects of Tat and MA in HAND and discuss a few promising potential therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
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48
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Takemoto T, Ishihara Y, Ishida A, Yamazaki T. Neuroprotection elicited by nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor released from astrocytes in response to methylmercury. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:199-205. [PMID: 26143513 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The protective roles of astrocytes in neurotoxicity induced by environmental chemicals, such as methylmercury (MeHg), are largely unknown. We found that conditioned medium of MeHg-treated astrocytes (MCM) attenuated neuronal cell death induced by MeHg, suggesting that astrocytes-released factors can protect neuronal cells. The increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was observed in MeHg-treated astrocytes. NGF and BDNF were detected in culture media as homodimers, which are able to bind specific tyrosine kinase receptors, tropomyosin related kinase (Trk) A and TrkB, respectively. The TrkA antagonist and TrkB antagonist abolished the protective effects of MCM in neuronal cell death induced by MeHg. Taken together, astrocytes synthesize and release NGF and BDNF in response to MeHg to protect neurons from MeHg toxicity. This study is considered to show a novel defense mechanism against MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiko Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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49
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Siddiq MM, Hannila SS. Looking downstream: the role of cyclic AMP-regulated genes in axonal regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:26. [PMID: 26150769 PMCID: PMC4471816 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels has proven to be one of the most effective means of overcoming inhibition of axonal regeneration by myelin-associated inhibitors such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Nogo, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. Pharmacological manipulation of cAMP through the administration of dibutyryl cAMP or rolipram leads to enhanced axonal growth both in vivo and in vitro, and importantly, upregulation of cAMP within dorsal root ganglion neurons is responsible for the conditioning lesion effect, which indicates that cAMP plays a significant role in the endogenous mechanisms that promote axonal regeneration. The effects of cAMP are transcription-dependent and are mediated through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). This leads to the induction of a variety of genes, several of which have been shown to overcome myelin-mediated inhibition in their own right. In this review, we will highlight the pro-regenerative effects of arginase I (ArgI), interleukin (IL)-6, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and metallothionein (MT)-I/II, and discuss their potential for therapeutic use in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Siddiq
- Icahn Medical Institute, Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Sari S Hannila
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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50
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Pahuja R, Seth K, Shukla A, Shukla RK, Bhatnagar P, Chauhan LKS, Saxena PN, Arun J, Chaudhari BP, Patel DK, Singh SP, Shukla R, Khanna VK, Kumar P, Chaturvedi RK, Gupta KC. Trans-blood brain barrier delivery of dopamine-loaded nanoparticles reverses functional deficits in parkinsonian rats. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4850-71. [PMID: 25825926 DOI: 10.1021/nn506408v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sustained and safe delivery of dopamine across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for successful therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, in the present study we designed neurotransmitter dopamine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DA NPs) to deliver dopamine to the brain. These nanoparticles slowly and constantly released dopamine, showed reduced clearance of dopamine in plasma, reduced quinone adduct formation, and decreased dopamine autoxidation. DA NPs were internalized in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, regions affected in PD. Treatment with DA NPs did not cause reduction in cell viability and morphological deterioration in SH-SY5Y, as compared to bulk dopamine-treated cells, which showed reduced viability. Herein, we report that these NPs were able to cross the BBB and capillary endothelium in the striatum and substantia nigra in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD. Systemic intravenous administration of DA NPs caused significantly increased levels of dopamine and its metabolites and reduced dopamine-D2 receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of parkinsonian rats. Further, DA NPs significantly recovered neurobehavioral abnormalities in 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian rats. Dopamine delivered through NPs did not cause additional generation of ROS, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and ultrastructural changes in the striatum and substantia nigra as compared to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Interestingly, dopamine delivery through nanoformulation neither caused alterations in the heart rate and blood pressure nor showed any abrupt pathological change in the brain and other peripheral organs. These results suggest that NPs delivered dopamine into the brain, reduced dopamine autoxidation-mediated toxicity, and ultimately reversed neurochemical and neurobehavioral deficits in parkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pahuja
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kavita Seth
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anshi Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | | | - Prem Narain Saxena
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jharna Arun
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Bhushan Pradosh Chaudhari
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Khanna
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kailash Chand Gupta
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
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