1
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Wang T, Kaneko S, Kriukov E, Alvarez D, Lam E, Wang Y, La Manna S, Marasco D, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S, Stahl A, Chen M, Xu H, Baranov P, Cai G, von Andrian UH, Sun Y. SOCS3 regulates pathological retinal angiogenesis through modulating SPP1 expression in microglia and macrophages. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1425-1444. [PMID: 38504518 PMCID: PMC11081920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological ocular angiogenesis has long been associated with myeloid cell activation. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the intricate crosstalk between the immune system and vascular changes during ocular neovascularization formation remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the absence of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in myeloid cells led to a substantial accumulation of microglia and macrophage subsets during the neovascularization process. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis revealed a remarkable increase in the expression of the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) gene within these microglia and macrophages, identifying subsets of Spp1-expressing microglia and macrophages during neovascularization formation in angiogenesis mouse models. Notably, the number of Spp1-expressing microglia and macrophages exhibited further elevation during neovascularization in mice lacking myeloid SOCS3. Moreover, our investigation unveiled the Spp1 gene as a direct transcriptional target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Importantly, pharmaceutical activation of SOCS3 or blocking of SPP1 resulted in a significant reduction in pathological neovascularization. In conclusion, our study highlights the pivotal role of the SOCS3/STAT3/SPP1 axis in the regulation of pathological retinal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emil Kriukov
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Alvarez
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Enton Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yidi Wang
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Alex Mitsialis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guoshuai Cai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Bobotis BC, Halvorson T, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1317125. [PMID: 38425429 PMCID: PMC10902073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes. In parallel with advances in microglial biology, cutting-edge techniques for the characterization of microglial properties have emerged with increasing depth and precision. Labeling tools and reporter models are important for the study of microglial morphology, ultrastructure, and dynamics, but also for microglial isolation, which is required to glean key phenotypic information through single-cell transcriptomics and other emerging approaches. Strategies for selective microglial depletion and modulation can provide novel insights into microglia-targeted treatment strategies in models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, cancer, and autoimmunity. Finally, fate mapping has emerged as an important tool to answer fundamental questions about microglial biology, including their origin, migration, and proliferation throughout the lifetime of an organism. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of these established and emerging techniques, with applications to the study of microglia in development, homeostasis, and CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Caroline Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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3
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Bedolla AM, McKinsey GL, Ware K, Santander N, Arnold TD, Luo Y. A comparative evaluation of the strengths and potential caveats of the microglial inducible CreER mouse models. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113660. [PMID: 38217856 PMCID: PMC10874587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of new Cre and CreER recombinase lines provides researchers with a diverse toolkit to study microglial gene function. To determine how best to apply these lines in studies of microglial gene function, a thorough and detailed comparison of their properties is needed. Here, we examined four different microglial CreER lines (Cx3cr1YFP-CreER(Litt), Cx3cr1CreER(Jung), P2ry12CreER, and Tmem119CreER), focusing on (1) recombination specificity, (2) leakiness (the degree of tamoxifen-independent recombination in microglia and other cells), (3) the efficiency of tamoxifen-induced recombination, (4) extraneural recombination (the degree of recombination in cells outside of the CNS, particularly myelo/monocyte lineages), and (5) off-target effects in the context of neonatal brain development. We identify important caveats and strengths for these lines, which will provide broad significance for researchers interested in performing conditional gene deletion in microglia. We also provide data emphasizing the potential of these lines for injury models that result in the recruitment of splenic immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
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4
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Dordoe C, Huang W, Bwalya C, Wang X, Shen B, Wang H, Wang J, Ye S, Wang P, Xiaoyan B, Li X, Lin L. The role of microglial activation on ischemic stroke: Modulation by fibroblast growth factors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:122-133. [PMID: 37573252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the devastating clinical conditions that causes death and permanent disability. Its occurrence causes the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply, resulting in events such as inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that exert diverse roles and respond to pathological process after an ischemic insult. The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals, resulted to the findings that they can treat experimental models of stroke in animals effectively. FGFs function as homeostatic factors that control cells and hormones involved in metabolism, and they also regulate the secretion of proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) cytokines after stroke. In this review, we outline current evidence of microglia activation in experimental models of stroke focusing on its ability to exacerbate damage or repair tissue. Also, our review sheds light on the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets to regulate microglial modulation and highlighted their theoretical molecular mechanisms to provide possible therapeutic targets, as well as their limitations for the treatment of stroke. DATA AVAILABILITY: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Canol Bwalya
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bixin Shen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bao Xiaoyan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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5
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Liu C, Gao X, Shi R, Wang Y, He X, Du H, Hu B, Jiao J, Liu C, Teng Z. Microglial transglutaminase 2 deficiency causes impaired synaptic remodelling and cognitive deficits in mice. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13439. [PMID: 36878712 PMCID: PMC10472527 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary source of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) in the brain; however, the roles of microglial TGM2 in neural development and disease are still not well known. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role and mechanisms of microglial TGM2 in the brain. A mouse line with a specific knockout of Tgm2 in microglia was generated. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays were performed to evaluate the expression levels of TGM2, PSD-95 and CD68. Confocal imaging, immunofluorescence staining and behavioural analyses were conducted to identify phenotypes of microglial TGM2 deficiency. Finally, RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR and co-culture of neurons and microglia were used to explore the potential mechanisms. Deletion of microglial Tgm2 causes impaired synaptic pruning, reduced anxiety and increased cognitive deficits in mice. At the molecular level, the phagocytic genes, such as Cq1a, C1qb and Tim4, are significantly down-regulated in TGM2-deficient microglia. This study elucidates a novel role of microglial TGM2 in regulating synaptic remodelling and cognitive function, indicating that microglia Tgm2 is essential for proper neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruo‐Xi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xuan‐Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong‐Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang‐Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao‐Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Moe A, Rayasam A, Sauber G, Shah RK, Yuan CY, Szabo A, Moore BM, Colonna M, Cui W, Romero J, Zamora AE, Hillard CJ, Drobyski WR. MICROGLIAL CELL EXPRESSION OF THE TYPE 2 CANNABINOID RECEPTOR REGULATES IMMUNE-MEDIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552854. [PMID: 37645843 PMCID: PMC10462026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a recognized complication of immunotherapeutic approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, chimeric antigen receptor therapy, and graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. While T cells and inflammatory cytokines play a role in this process, the precise interplay between the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system that propagates inflammation in the central nervous system remains incompletely understood. Using a murine model of GVHD, we demonstrate that type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) signaling plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation. In these studies, we identify that CB2R expression on microglial cells induces an activated inflammatory phenotype which potentiates the accumulation of donor-derived proinflammatory T cells, regulates chemokine gene regulatory networks, and promotes neuronal cell death. Pharmacological targeting of this receptor with a brain penetrant CB2R inverse agonist/antagonist selectively reduces neuroinflammation without deleteriously affecting systemic GVHD severity. Thus, these findings delineate a therapeutically targetable neuroinflammatory pathway and has implications for the attenuation of neurotoxicity after GVHD and potentially other T cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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7
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Bedolla A, Mckinsey G, Ware K, Santander N, Arnold T, Luo Y. Finding the right tool: a comprehensive evaluation of microglial inducible cre mouse models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.536878. [PMID: 37131606 PMCID: PMC10153116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.536878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent proliferation of new Cre and CreER recombinase lines provides researchers with a diverse toolkit to study microglial gene function. To determine how best to apply these lines in studies of microglial gene function, a thorough and detailed comparison of their properties is needed. Here, we examined four different microglial CreER lines (Cx3cr1CreER(Litt), Cx3cr1CreER(Jung), P2ry12CreER, Tmem119CreER), focusing on (1) recombination specificity; (2) leakiness - degree of non-tamoxifen recombination in microglia and other cells; (3) efficiency of tamoxifen-induced recombination; (4) extra-neural recombination -the degree of recombination in cells outside the CNS, particularly myelo/monocyte lineages (5) off-target effects in the context of neonatal brain development. We identify important caveats and strengths for these lines which will provide broad significance for researchers interested in performing conditional gene deletion in microglia. We also provide data emphasizing the potential of these lines for injury models that result in the recruitment of splenic immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gabriel Mckinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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8
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Identification and Characterization of TMEM119-Positive Cells in the Postnatal and Adult Murine Cochlea. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030516. [PMID: 36979326 PMCID: PMC10046579 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) is expressed in a subset of resident macrophage cells of the brain and was proposed as a marker for native brain microglia. The presence of cells expressing TMEM119 in the cochlea has not yet been described. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize the TMEM119-expressing cells of the postnatal and adult cochlea, the latter also after noise exposure. Immunofluorescent staining of cochlear cryosections detected TMEM119 protein in the spiral limbus fibrocytes and the developing stria vascularis at postnatal Day 3. Applying the macrophage marker Iba1 revealed that TMEM119 is not a marker of cochlear macrophages or a subset of them. In the adult murine cochlea, TMEM119 expression was detected in the basal cells of the stria vascularis and the dark mesenchymal cells of the supralimbal zone. Exposure to noise trauma was not associated with a qualitative change in the types or distributions of the TMEM119-expressing cells of the adult cochlea. Western blot analysis indicated a similar TMEM119 protein expression level in the postnatal cochlea and brain tissues. The findings do not support using TMEM119 as a specific microglial or macrophage marker in the cochlea. The precise role of TMEM119 in the cochlea remains to be investigated through functional experiments. TMEM119 expression in the basal cells of the stria vascularis implies a possible role in the gap junction system of the blood–labyrinth barrier and merits further research.
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Zhang Z, Guo Z, Tu Z, Yang H, Li C, Hu M, Zhang Y, Jin P, Hou S. Cortex-specific transcriptome profiling reveals upregulation of interferon-regulated genes after deeper cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1056354. [PMID: 36994418 PMCID: PMC10040763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1056354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is commonly accompanied by brain injury and glial activation. In addition to white matter lesions, the intensity of CCH greatly affects the degree of gray matter damage. However, little is understood about the underlying molecular mechanisms related to cortical lesions and glial activation following hypoperfusion. Efforts to investigate the relationship between neuropathological alternations and gene expression changes support a role for identifying novel molecular pathways by transcriptomic mechanisms.Methods: Chronic cerebral ischemic injury model was induced by the bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) using 0.16/0.18 mm microcoils. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was evaluated using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system. Spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Histological changes were evaluated by Hematoxylin staining. Microglial activation and neuronal loss were further examined by immunofluorescence staining. Cortex-specific gene expression profiling analysis was performed in sham and BCAS mice, and then validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results: In our study, compared with the sham group, the right hemisphere CBF of BCAS mice decreased to 69% and the cognitive function became impaired at 4 weeks postoperation. Besides, the BCAS mice displayed profound gray matter damage, including atrophy and thinning of the cortex, accompanied by neuronal loss and increased activated microglia. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that hypoperfusion-induced upregulated genes were significantly enriched in the pathways of interferon (IFN)-regulated signaling along with neuroinflammation signaling. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) predicted the importance of type I IFN signaling in regulating the CCH gene network. The obtained RNA-seq data were validated by qRT-PCR in cerebral cortex, showing consistency with the RNA-seq results. Also, IHC staining revealed elevated expression of IFN-inducible protein in cerebral cortex following BCAS-hypoperfusion.Conclusion: Overall, the activation of IFN-mediated signaling enhanced our understanding of the neuroimmune responses induced by CCH. The upregulation of IFN-regulated genes (IRGs) might exert a critical impact on the progression of cerebral hypoperfusion. Our improved understanding of cortex-specific transcriptional profiles will be helpful to explore potential targets for CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zimin Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilan Tu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Mengting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengpeng Jin
- Department of Chronic Disease Management, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangxing Hou, ; Pengpeng Jin,
| | - Shuangxing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangxing Hou, ; Pengpeng Jin,
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10
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Kim D, Kim S, Kang MS, Yin Z, Min B. Cell type specific IL-27p28 (IL-30) deletion in mice uncovers an unexpected regulatory function of IL-30 in autoimmune inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1812. [PMID: 36725904 PMCID: PMC9892501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-27 is an IL-12 family cytokine with immune regulatory properties, capable of modulating inflammatory responses, including autoimmunity. While extensive studies investigated the major target cells of IL-27 mediating its functions, the source of IL-27 especially during tissue specific autoimmune inflammation has not formally been examined. IL-27p28 subunit, also known as IL-30, was initially discovered as an IL-27-specific subunit, and it has thus been deemed as a surrogate marker to denote IL-27 expression. However, IL-30 can be secreted independently of Ebi3, a subunit that forms bioactive IL-27 with IL-30. Moreover, IL-30 itself may act as a negative regulator antagonizing IL-27. In this study, we exploited various cell type specific IL-30-deficient mouse models and examined the source of IL-30 in a T cell mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation. We found that IL-30 expressed by infiltrating and CNS resident APC subsets, infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia, is central in limiting the inflammation. However, dendritic cell-derived IL-30 was dispensable for the disease development. Unexpectedly, in cell type specific IL-30 deficient mice that develop severe EAE, IL-30 expression in the remaining wild-type APC subsets is disproportionately increased, suggesting that increased endogenous IL-30 production may be involved in the severe pathogenesis. In support, systemic recombinant IL-30 administration exacerbates EAE severity. Our results demonstrate that dysregulated endogenous IL-30 expression may interfere with immune regulatory functions of IL-27, promoting encephalitogenic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Myung-Su Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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11
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Unnisa A, Greig NH, Kamal MA. Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:547-559. [PMID: 36545725 PMCID: PMC10207919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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12
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Long-term microglia depletion impairs synapse elimination and auditory brainstem function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18521. [PMID: 36323869 PMCID: PMC9630367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized sound localization circuit development requires synapse strengthening, refinement, and pruning. Many of these functions are carried out by microglia, immune cells that aid in regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, apoptosis, and synaptic removal. We previously showed that postnatal treatment with BLZ945 (BLZ), an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), eliminates microglia in the brainstem and disables calyceal pruning and maturation of astrocytes in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). BLZ treatment results in elevated hearing thresholds and delayed signal propagation as measured by auditory brainstem responses (ABR). However, when microglia repopulate the brain following the cessation of BLZ, most of the deficits are repaired. It is unknown whether this recovery is achievable without the return of microglia. Here, we induced sustained microglial elimination with a two-drug approach using BLZ and PLX5622 (PLX). We found that BLZ/PLX treated mice had impaired calyceal pruning, diminished astrocytic GFAP in the lateral, low frequency, region of MNTB, and elevated glycine transporter 2 (GLYT2) levels. BLZ/PLX treated mice had elevated hearing thresholds, diminished peak amplitudes, and altered latencies and inter-peak latencies. These findings suggest that microglia are required to repopulate the brain in order to rectify deficits from their ablation.
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13
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Song J, Han K, Wang Y, Qu R, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, An Z, Li J, Wu H, Wu W. Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM2.5-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081482. [PMID: 36009201 PMCID: PMC9404971 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution remains a prominent environmental problem worldwide, posing great threats to human health. The adverse effects of PM2.5 on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have been extensively studied, while its detrimental effects on the central nervous system (CNS), specifically neurodegenerative disorders, are less investigated. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by reduced neurogenesis, activated microglia, and neuroinflammation. A variety of studies involving postmortem examinations, epidemiological investigations, animal experiments, and in vitro cell models have shown that PM2.5 exposure results in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and ultimately neurodegenerative disorders, which are strongly associated with the activation of microglia. Microglia are the major innate immune cells of the brain, surveilling and maintaining the homeostasis of CNS. Upon activation by environmental and endogenous insults, such as PM exposure, microglia can enter an overactivated state that is featured by amoeboid morphology, the over-production of reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory mediators. This review summarizes the evidence of microglial activation and oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders following PM2.5 exposure. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced microglial activation and neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. This knowledge provides certain clues for the development of therapies that may slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disorders induced by ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Keyang Han
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Ya Wang
- Nursing School, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang 212028, China;
| | - Rongrong Qu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Shaolan Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Yinbiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.S.); (K.H.); (R.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.A.); (J.L.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Xu Y, Zhi F, Peng Y, Mao J, Balboni G, Yang Y, Xia Y. A Critical Role of δ-Opioid Receptor in Anti-microglial Activation Under Stress. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:847386. [PMID: 35663569 PMCID: PMC9160527 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.847386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in the regulation of cerebral homeostasis and pathogen confrontation. There is, however, evidence showing that excessive microglia activation is implicated in various age-related cerebral diseases. On the other hand, microglia may experience complex changes of polarization in pathological insults, i.e., from a proinflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which differentially contribute to the exacerbation or alleviation of cellular injury. Remolding the phenotype of microglia or inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia seems to be a promising approach against neurodegenerative pathologies. Since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation exhibits a strong protective capacity against various neuronal injuries, especially the hypoxic/ischemic injury, we asked if the DOR-induced neuroprotection is associated with its effect on microglia. We explored this fundamental issue by using pharmacological and genetic approaches in the BV2 cell line, a general type of microglial cells. The results showed that DOR expression significantly increased in the activated microglial M2 phenotype, but slightly decreased in the microglial M1 phenotype. Hypoxia induced dual polarizations of BV2 cells with an increase in DOR expression. Administration of a specific DOR agonist, UFP-512, largely inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hypoxia-induced microglial M1 activation and inflammatory activity with high concentrations of UFP-512 being effective to reverse the interleukin-4 (IL4)-induced microglial activation. Consistent with these observations, inhibiting DOR or knocking-down DOR promoted the excessive activation of BV2 cells in both M1 and M2 directions, while DOR overexpression did the opposite. Furthermore, the PC12 cells exposed to the conditioned medium of BV2 cells treated by UFP-512 grew better than those treated directly with UFP-512 under LPS or hypoxic insults. DOR inhibitor naltrindole could block all the effects of DOR activation. The medium from the BV2 cells with DOR knock-down decreased the viability of PC12 cell, while the medium from the BV2 cells with DOR overexpression largely attenuated LPS or hypoxic injury in the PC12 cells. These first data suggest a close linkage between DOR expression/function and microglial polarization and a critical role of DOR in negative controlling microglial activation. Our work provides a novel clue for new protective strategies against neurodegenerative pathophysiology through DOR-mediated regulation of microglia.
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15
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Rosmus DD, Lange C, Ludwig F, Ajami B, Wieghofer P. The Role of Osteopontin in Microglia Biology: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040840. [PMID: 35453590 PMCID: PMC9027630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune landscape of the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and the retina, consists of different myeloid cell populations with distinct tasks to fulfill. Whereas the CNS borders harbor extraparenchymal CNS-associated macrophages whose main duty is to build up a defense against invading pathogens and other damaging factors from the periphery, the resident immune cells of the CNS parenchyma and the retina, microglia, are highly dynamic cells with a plethora of functions during homeostasis and disease. Therefore, microglia are constantly sensing their environment and closely interacting with surrounding cells, which is in part mediated by soluble factors. One of these factors is Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional protein that is produced by different cell types in the CNS, including microglia, and is upregulated in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. In this review, we discuss the current literature about the interaction between microglia and OPN in homeostasis and several disease entities, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s and cerebrovascular diseases (AD, CVD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), in the context of the molecular pathways involved in OPN signaling shaping the function of microglia. As nearly all CNS diseases are characterized by pathological alterations in microglial cells, accompanied by the disturbance of the homeostatic microglia phenotype, the emergence of disease-associated microglia (DAM) states and their interplay with factors shaping the DAM-signature, such as OPN, is of great interest for therapeutical interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Freiburg Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.L.); (F.L.)
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, 48145 Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Ludwig
- Eye Center, Freiburg Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Bahareh Ajami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Mercurio D, Fumagalli S, Schafer MKH, Pedragosa J, Ngassam LDC, Wilhelmi V, Winterberg S, Planas AM, Weihe E, De Simoni MG. Protein Expression of the Microglial Marker Tmem119 Decreases in Association With Morphological Changes and Location in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:820127. [PMID: 35221925 PMCID: PMC8866855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.820127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the infiltration of macrophages are hallmarks of neuroinflammation after acute brain injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The two myeloid populations share many features in the post-injury inflammatory response, thus, being antigenically indistinguishable. Recently Tmem119, a type I transmembrane protein specifically expressed by microglia under physiological conditions, was proposed as a tool to differentiate resident microglia from blood-borne macrophages, not expressing it. However, the validity of Tmem119 as a specific marker of resident microglia in the context of acute brain injury, where microglia are activated and macrophages are recruited, needs validation. Our purpose was to investigate Tmem119 expression and distribution in relation to the morphology of brain myeloid cells present in the injured area after TBI. Mice underwent sham surgery or TBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Brains from sham-operated, or TBI mice, were analyzed by in situ hybridization to identify the cells expressing Tmem119, and by Western blot and quantitative immunofluorescence to measure Tmem119 protein levels in the entire brain regions and single cells. The morphology of Iba1+ myeloid cells was analyzed at different times (4 and 7 days after TBI) and several distances from the contused edge in order to associate Tmem119 expression with morphological evolution of active microglia. In situ hybridization indicated an increased Tmem119 RNA along with increased microglial complement C1q activation in the contused area and surrounding regions. On the contrary, the biochemical evaluation showed a drop in Tmem119 protein levels in the same areas. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreased in Iba1+ myeloid cells found in the contused cortex at both time points, with the cells showing the hypertrophic ameboid morphology having no Tmem119 expression. The Tmem119 was present on ramifications of resident microglia and its presence was decreased as a consequence of microglial activation in cortical areas close to contusion. Based on the data, we conclude that the decrease of Tmem119 in reactive microglia may depend on the process of microglial activation, which involves the retracting of their branchings to acquire an ameboid shape. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreases in reactive microglia to similar levels than the blood-borne macrophages, thus, failing to discriminate the two myeloid populations after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin K-H Schafer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Verena Wilhelmi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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17
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Zhou K, Han J, Lund H, Boggavarapu NR, Lauschke VM, Goto S, Cheng H, Wang Y, Tachi A, Xie C, Zhu K, Sun Y, Osman AM, Liang D, Han W, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Betsholtz C, Zhang XM, Zhu C, Enge M, Joseph B, Harris RA, Blomgren K. An overlooked subset of Cx3cr1wt/wt microglia in the Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse has a repopulation advantage over Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt microglia following microglial depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35062962 PMCID: PMC8783445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fluorescent reporter labeling and promoter-driven Cre-recombinant technologies have facilitated cellular investigations of physiological and pathological processes, including the widespread use of the Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse strain for studies of microglia. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing were used to identify the subpopulation of microglia in Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse brains. Genetically mediated microglia depletion using Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wtRosa26DTA/wt mice and CSF1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 were used to deplete microglia. Primary microglia proliferation and migration assay were used for in vitro studies. Results We unexpectedly identified a subpopulation of microglia devoid of genetic modification, exhibiting higher Cx3cr1 and CX3CR1 expression than Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wtCre+Eyfp+ microglia in Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse brains, thus termed Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia. This subpopulation constituted less than 1% of all microglia under homeostatic conditions, but after Cre-driven DTA-mediated microglial depletion, Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia escaped depletion and proliferated extensively, eventually occupying one-third of the total microglial pool. We further demonstrated that the Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia had lost their genetic heterozygosity and become homozygous for wild-type Cx3cr1. Therefore, Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia are Cx3cr1wt/wtCre−Eyfp−. Finally, we demonstrated that CX3CL1–CX3CR1 signaling regulates microglial repopulation both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Our results raise a cautionary note regarding the use of Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse strains, particularly when interpreting the results of fate mapping, and microglial depletion and repopulation studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02381-6.
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18
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Wieghofer P, Engelbert M, Chui TYP, Rosen RB, Sakamoto T, Sebag J. Hyalocyte origin, structure, and imaging. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 17:233-248. [PMID: 36632192 PMCID: PMC9831111 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Hyalocytes have been recognized as resident tissue macrophages of the vitreous body since the mid-19th century. Despite this, knowledge about their origin, turnover, and dynamics is limited. Areas covered Historically, initial studies on the origin of hyalocytes used light and electron microscopy. Modern investigations across species including rodents and humans will be described. Novel imaging is now available to study human hyalocytes in vivo. The shared ontogeny with retinal microglia and their eventual interdependence as well as differences will be discussed. Expert opinion Owing to a common origin as myeloid cells, hyalocytes and retinal microglia have similarities, but hyalocytes appear to be distinct as resident macrophages of the vitreous body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany,Corresponding authors: Peter Wieghofer. , J Sebag.
| | - Michael Engelbert
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY 10022, USA.,LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toco YP Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Clinical Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.,Corresponding authors: Peter Wieghofer. , J Sebag.
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19
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Maes ME, Wögenstein GM, Colombo G, Casado-Polanco R, Siegert S. Optimizing AAV2/6 microglial targeting identified enhanced efficiency in the photoreceptor degenerative environment. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:210-224. [PMID: 34703843 PMCID: PMC8516996 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are widely used to deliver genetic material in vivo to distinct cell types such as neurons or glial cells, allowing for targeted manipulation. Transduction of microglia is mostly excluded from this strategy, likely due to the cells’ heterogeneous state upon environmental changes, which makes AAV design challenging. Here, we established the retina as a model system for microglial AAV validation and optimization. First, we show that AAV2/6 transduced microglia in both synaptic layers, where layer preference corresponds to the intravitreal or subretinal delivery method. Surprisingly, we observed significantly enhanced microglial transduction during photoreceptor degeneration. Thus, we modified the AAV6 capsid to reduce heparin binding by introducing four point mutations (K531E, R576Q, K493S, and K459S), resulting in increased microglial transduction in the outer plexiform layer. Finally, to improve microglial-specific transduction, we validated a Cre-dependent transgene delivery cassette for use in combination with the Cx3cr1CreERT2 mouse line. Together, our results provide a foundation for future studies optimizing AAV-mediated microglia transduction and highlight that environmental conditions influence microglial transduction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Maes
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Gloria Colombo
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Siegert
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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20
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Wang T, Zhou P, Xie X, Tomita Y, Cho S, Tsirukis D, Lam E, Luo HR, Sun Y. Myeloid lineage contributes to pathological choroidal neovascularization formation via SOCS3. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103632. [PMID: 34688035 PMCID: PMC8546367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological neovascularization in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. Increasing evidence shows that cells of myeloid lineage play important roles in controlling pathological endothelium formation. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) pathway has been linked to neovascularization. Methods We utilised a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model to investigate the neovascular aspect of human AMD. In several cell lineage reporter mice, bone marrow chimeric mice and Socs3 loss-of-function (knockout) and gain-of-function (overexpression) mice, immunohistochemistry, confocal, and choroidal explant co-culture with bone marrow-derived macrophage medium were used to study the mechanisms underlying pathological CNV formation via myeloid SOCS3. Findings SOCS3 was significantly induced in myeloid lineage cells, which were recruited into the CNV lesion area. Myeloid Socs3 overexpression inhibited laser-induced CNV, reduced myeloid lineage-derived macrophage/microglia recruitment onsite, and attenuated pro-inflammatory factor expression. Moreover, SOCS3 in myeloid regulated vascular sprouting ex vivo in choroid explants and SOCS3 agonist reduced in vivo CNV. Interpretation These findings suggest that myeloid lineage cells contributed to pathological CNV formation regulated by SOCS3. Funding This project was funded by NIH/NEI (R01EY030140, R01EY029238), BrightFocus Foundation, American Health Assistance Foundation (AHAF), and Boston Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation for YS and the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (U01HL098166) for PZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Division of Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Tsirukis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enton Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongbo Robert Luo
- Division of Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Poulen G, Aloy E, Bringuier CM, Mestre-Francés N, Artus EV, Cardoso M, Perez JC, Goze-Bac C, Boukhaddaoui H, Lonjon N, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Inhibiting microglia proliferation after spinal cord injury improves recovery in mice and nonhuman primates. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8640-8659. [PMID: 34522204 PMCID: PMC8419033 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No curative treatment is available for any deficits induced by spinal cord injury (SCI). Following injury, microglia undergo highly diverse activation processes, including proliferation, and play a critical role on functional recovery. In a translational objective, we investigated whether a transient pharmacological reduction of microglia proliferation after injury is beneficial for functional recovery after SCI in mice and nonhuman primates. Methods: The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of microglia. We orally administrated GW2580, a CSF1R inhibitor that inhibits microglia proliferation. In mice and nonhuman primates, we then analyzed treatment outcomes on locomotor function and spinal cord pathology. Finally, we used cell-specific transcriptomic analysis to uncover GW2580-induced molecular changes in microglia. Results: First, transient post-injury GW2580 administration in mice improves motor function recovery, promotes tissue preservation and/or reorganization (identified by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy), and modulates glial reactivity. Second, post-injury GW2580-treatment in nonhuman primates reduces microglia proliferation, improves motor function recovery, and promotes tissue protection. Finally, GW2580-treatment in mice induced down-regulation of proliferation-associated transcripts and inflammatory associated genes in microglia that may account for reduced neuroinflammation and improved functional recovery following SCI. Conclusion: Thus, a transient oral GW2580 treatment post-injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI patients and may also be extended to other central nervous system disorders displaying microglia activation.
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22
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The Role of Microglia in Modulating Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189706. [PMID: 34575871 PMCID: PMC8470129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), including degenerative myelopathy, is influenced by neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory response is initiated by a multitude of injury signals emanating from necrotic and apoptotic cells at the lesion site, recruiting local and infiltrating immune cells that modulate inflammatory cascades to aid in the protection of the lesion site and encourage regenerative processes. While peripheral immune cells are involved, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a central role in modulating this response. Microglia are armed with numerous cell surface receptors that interact with neurons, astrocytes, infiltrating monocytes, and endothelial cells to facilitate a dynamic, multi-faceted injury response. While their origin and essential nature are understood, their mechanisms of action and spatial and temporal profiles warrant extensive additional research. In this review, we describe the role of microglia and the cellular network in SCI, discuss tools for their investigation, outline their spatiotemporal profile, and propose translationally-relevant therapeutic targets to modulate neuroinflammation in the setting of SCI.
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23
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Zhang Y, Cui D. Evolving Models and Tools for Microglial Studies in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1218-1233. [PMID: 34106404 PMCID: PMC8353053 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play multiple roles in such processes as brain development, homeostasis, and pathology. Due to their diverse mechanisms of functions, the complex sub-classifications, and the large differences between different species, especially compared with humans, very different or even opposite conclusions can be drawn from studies with different research models. The choice of appropriate research models and the associated tools are thus key ingredients of studies on microglia. Mice are the most commonly used animal models. In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo models of mouse and human-derived microglial research models, including microglial cell lines, primary microglia, induced microglia-like cells, transgenic mice, human-mouse chimeric models, and microglial replacement models. We also summarize recent developments in novel single-cell and in vivo imaging technologies. We hope our review can serve as an efficient reference for the future study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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24
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Comparing Tumor Cell Invasion and Myeloid Cell Composition in Compatible Primary and Relapsing Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143636. [PMID: 34298846 PMCID: PMC8303884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We established a new minimally invasive mouse model for GBM relapse. For this, we utilized orthotopical implantation of HSVTK-transduced GBM cells and pharmacological treatment with GCV. In addition, we implanted patient-derived GBM cells of primary or recurrent tumors. We found that recurrent GBM were more aggressively invasive than primary GBM. Moreover, the recurring tumors had a higher ratio of monocyte-derived macrophages among the entire population of tumor associated myeloid cells. This shift in the composition of tumor-associated immune cells appeared to be independent from cell-death signaling or surgical intervention. This model provides the means to investigate the entire process of tumor relapse and test standard as well as experimental therapeutic strategies for relapsing GBM under defined conditions. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence after treatment is almost inevitable but addressing this issue with adequate preclinical models has remained challenging. Here, we introduce a GBM mouse model allowing non-invasive and scalable de-bulking of a tumor mass located deeply in the brain, which can be combined with conventional therapeutic approaches. Strong reduction of the GBM volume is achieved after pharmacologically inducing a tumor-specific cell death mechanism. This is followed by GBM re-growth over a predictable timeframe. Pharmacological de-bulking followed by tumor relapse was accomplished with an orthotopic mouse glioma model. Relapsing experimental tumors recapitulated pathological features often observed in recurrent human GBM, like increased invasiveness or altered immune cell composition. Orthotopic implantation of GBM cells originating from biopsies of one patient at initial or follow-up treatment reproduced these findings. Interestingly, relapsing GBM of both models contained a much higher ratio of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) versus microglia than primary GBM. This was not altered when combining pharmacological de-bulking with invasive surgery. We interpret that factors released from viable primary GBM cells preferentially attract microglia whereas relapsing tumors preponderantly release chemoattractants for MDM. All in all, this relapse model has the capacity to provide novel insights into clinically highly relevant aspects of GBM treatment.
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25
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Oh SJ, Ahn H, Jung KH, Han SJ, Nam KR, Kang KJ, Park JA, Lee KC, Lee YJ, Choi JY. Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Effect of Microglial Depletion by CSF-1R Inhibition in a Parkinson's Animal Model. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1031-1042. [PMID: 32086763 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to play a pivotal role in progression to neuronal degeneration. It has been reported that colony-stimulation factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibition can effectively deplete microglia. However, its therapeutic efficacy in PD is unclear still now. PROCEDURES To elucidate this issue, we examined the contribution of microglial depletion to PD by behavioral testing, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and immunoassays in sham, PD, and microglial depletion PD model (PLX3397 was administered to PD groups, with n = 6 in each group). RESULTS The microglial depletion in PD model showed improved sensory motor function and depressive-like behavior. NeuroPET revealed that PLX3397 treatment resulted in partial recovery of striatal neuro-inflammatory functions (binding values of [18F]DPA-174 for PD, 1.47 ± 0.12, p < 0.01 vs. for PLX3397 in PD: 1.33 ± 0.26) and the dopaminergic (binding values of 18F-FP-CIT for PD, 1.32 ± 0.07 vs. for PLX3397 in PD: 1.54 ± 0.10, p < 0.01) and glutamatergic systems (binding values of [18F]FPEB for PD: 9.22 ± 0.54 vs. for PLX3397 Tx in PD: 9.83 ± 0.96, p > 0.05). Western blotting for microglia showed similar changes. CONCLUSION Microglial depletion has inflammation-related therapeutic effects, which have beneficial effects on motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jong Oh
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Heesu Ahn
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hye Jung
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea.,Medical Device-Bio Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang Jin Han
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Nam
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Kang
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Park
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea.
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26
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Akkari L, Bowman RL, Tessier J, Klemm F, Handgraaf SM, de Groot M, Quail DF, Tillard L, Gadiot J, Huse JT, Brandsma D, Westerga J, Watts C, Joyce JA. Dynamic changes in glioma macrophage populations after radiotherapy reveal CSF-1R inhibition as a strategy to overcome resistance. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/552/eaaw7843. [PMID: 32669424 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and microglia (MG) are potent regulators of glioma development and progression. However, the dynamic alterations of distinct TAM populations during the course of therapeutic intervention, response, and recurrence have not yet been fully explored. Here, we investigated how radiotherapy changes the relative abundance and phenotypes of brain-resident MG and peripherally recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in glioblastoma. We identified radiation-specific, stage-dependent MG and MDM gene expression signatures in murine gliomas and confirmed altered expression of several genes and proteins in recurrent human glioblastoma. We found that targeting these TAM populations using a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor combined with radiotherapy substantially enhanced survival in preclinical models. Our findings reveal the dynamics and plasticity of distinct macrophage populations in the irradiated tumor microenvironment, which has translational relevance for enhancing the efficacy of standard-of-care treatment in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Akkari
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeremy Tessier
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shanna M Handgraaf
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Marnix de Groot
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucie Tillard
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dieta Brandsma
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Johan Westerga
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Colin Watts
- Birmingham Brain Cancer Program, Institute of Cancer Genome Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Scott MC, Bedi SS, Olson SD, Sears CM, Cox CS. Microglia as therapeutic targets after neurological injury: strategy for cell therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:365-380. [PMID: 34029505 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1934447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglia is the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system. Prolonged microglial activation often occurs after traumatic brain injury and is associated with deteriorating neurocognitive outcomes. Resolution of microglial activation is associated with limited tissue loss and improved neurocognitive outcomes. Limiting the prolonged pro-inflammatory response and the associated secondary tissue injury provides the rationale and scientific premise for considering microglia as a therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss markers of microglial activation, such as immunophenotype and microglial response to injury, including cytokine/chemokine release, free radical formation, morphology, phagocytosis, and metabolic shifts. We compare the origin and role in neuroinflammation of microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We review potential therapeutic targets to shift microglial polarization. Finally, we review the effect of cell therapy on microglia. EXPERT OPINION Dysregulated microglial activation after neurologic injury, such as traumatic brain injury, can worsen tissue damage and functional outcomes. There are potential targets in microglia to attenuate this activation, such as proteins and molecules that regulate microglia polarization. Cellular therapeutics that limit, but do not eliminate, the inflammatory response have improved outcomes in animal models by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation via secondary signaling. These findings have been replicated in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Collins Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Uthealth), USA
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Candice M Sears
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Auditory Brainstem Deficits from Early Treatment with a CSF1R Inhibitor Largely Recover with Microglial Repopulation. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0318-20.2021. [PMID: 33558268 PMCID: PMC8009669 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0318-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling between neurons and glia is necessary for the formation of functional neural circuits. A role for microglia in the maturation of connections in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) was previously demonstrated by postnatal microglial elimination using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Defective pruning of calyces of Held and significant reduction of the mature astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were observed after hearing onset. Here, we investigated the time course required for microglia to populate the mouse MNTB after cessation of CSF1R inhibitor treatment. We then examined whether defects seen after microglial depletion were rectified by microglial repopulation. We found that microglia returned to control levels at four weeks of age (18 d postcessation of treatment). Calyceal innervation of MNTB neurons was comparable to control levels at four weeks and GFAP expression recovered by seven weeks. We further investigated the effects of microglia elimination and repopulation on auditory function using auditory brainstem recordings (ABRs). Temporary microglial depletion significantly elevated auditory thresholds in response to 4. 8, and 12 kHz at four weeks. Treatment significantly affected latencies, interpeak latencies, and amplitudes of all the ABR peaks in response to many of the frequencies tested. These effects largely recovered by seven weeks. These findings highlight the functions of microglia in the formation of auditory neural circuits early in development. Further, the results suggest that microglia retain their developmental functions beyond the period of circuit refinement.
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29
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Kälin RE, Cai L, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang H, Cheng J, Zhang W, Wu Y, Eisenhut K, Janssen P, Schmitt L, Enard W, Michels F, Flüh C, Hou M, Kirchleitner SV, Siller S, Schiemann M, Andrä I, Montanez E, Giachino C, Taylor V, Synowitz M, Tonn JC, von Baumgarten L, Schulz C, Hellmann I, Glass R. TAMEP are brain tumor parenchymal cells controlling neoplastic angiogenesis and progression. Cell Syst 2021; 12:248-262.e7. [PMID: 33592194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive brain tumors like glioblastoma depend on support by their local environment and subsets of tumor parenchymal cells may promote specific phases of disease progression. We investigated the glioblastoma microenvironment with transgenic lineage-tracing models, intravital imaging, single-cell transcriptomics, immunofluorescence analysis as well as histopathology and characterized a previously unacknowledged population of tumor-associated cells with a myeloid-like expression profile (TAMEP) that transiently appeared during glioblastoma growth. TAMEP of mice and humans were identified with specific markers. Notably, TAMEP did not derive from microglia or peripheral monocytes but were generated by a fraction of CNS-resident, SOX2-positive progenitors. Abrogation of this progenitor cell population, by conditional Sox2-knockout, drastically reduced glioblastoma vascularization and size. Hence, TAMEP emerge as a tumor parenchymal component with a strong impact on glioblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Linzhi Cai
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuping Li
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Huabin Zhang
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jiying Cheng
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yingxi Wu
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Janssen
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lukas Schmitt
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Friederike Michels
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mengzhuo Hou
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Siller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Claudio Giachino
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Hellmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Wieghofer P, Hagemeyer N, Sankowski R, Schlecht A, Staszewski O, Amann L, Gruber M, Koch J, Hausmann A, Zhang P, Boneva S, Masuda T, Hilgendorf I, Goldmann T, Böttcher C, Priller J, Rossi FM, Lange C, Prinz M. Mapping the origin and fate of myeloid cells in distinct compartments of the eye by single-cell profiling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105123. [PMID: 33555074 PMCID: PMC7957431 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to the brain, the eye is considered an immune‐privileged organ where tissue‐resident macrophages provide the major immune cell constituents. However, little is known about spatially restricted macrophage subsets within different eye compartments with regard to their origin, function, and fate during health and disease. Here, we combined single‐cell analysis, fate mapping, parabiosis, and computational modeling to comprehensively examine myeloid subsets in distinct parts of the eye during homeostasis. This approach allowed us to identify myeloid subsets displaying diverse transcriptional states. During choroidal neovascularization, a typical hallmark of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), we recognized disease‐specific macrophage subpopulations with distinct molecular signatures. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of myeloid subsets and their dynamics in the eye that provide new insights into the innate immune system in this organ which may offer new therapeutic targets for ophthalmological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Hagemeyer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gruber
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Faculty, University Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE and BIH, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Mv Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Schlecht A, Zhang P, Wolf J, Thien A, Rosmus DD, Boneva S, Schlunck G, Lange C, Wieghofer P. Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Expression in Retinal Mononuclear Phagocytes Links Murine to Human Choroidal Neovascularization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618598. [PMID: 33585455 PMCID: PMC7876283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. An impairment of the outer blood-retina barrier and a localized inflammatory microenvironment cause sprouting of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV) in neovascular AMD that are in intimate contact with surrounding myeloid cells, such as retinal microglia, and ultimately lead to visual impairment. The discovery of novel target molecules to interfere with angiogenesis and inflammation is vital for future treatment approaches in AMD patients. To explore the transcriptional profile and the function of retinal microglia at sites of CNV, we performed a comprehensive RNA-seq analysis of retinal microglia in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Here, we identified the angiogenic factor Osteopontin (Opn), also known as "secreted phosphoprotein 1" (Spp1), as one of the most highly expressed genes in retinal microglia in the course of CNV formation. We confirmed the presence of SPP1 at the lesion site in recruited retinal microglia in Cx3cr1 CreER:Rosa26-tdTomato reporter mice by confocal microscopy and in whole retinal tissue lysates by ELISA highlighting a massive local production of SPP1. Inhibition of SPP1 by intravitreal injection of an anti-SPP1 antibody significantly increased the lesion size compared to IgG-treated control eyes. In line with our results in rodents, we found an increased SPP1 mRNA expression in surgically extracted human choroidal neovascular (hCNV) membranes by the quantitative RNA-seq approach of massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE). Numerous IBA1+SPP1+ myeloid cells were detected in human CNV membranes. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of SPP1 in the formation of CNV and potentially offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention by modulating the SPP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Thien
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Brioschi S, d'Errico P, Amann LS, Janova H, Wojcik SM, Meyer-Luehmann M, Rajendran L, Wieghofer P, Paolicelli RC, Biber K. Detection of Synaptic Proteins in Microglia by Flow Cytometry. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:149. [PMID: 33132837 PMCID: PMC7550663 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that microglia actively remove synapses in vivo, thereby playing a key role in synaptic refinement and modulation of brain connectivity. This phenomenon was mainly investigated in immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. However, a quantification of synaptic material in microglia using these techniques is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive. To address this issue, we aimed to quantify synaptic proteins in microglia using flow cytometry. With this approach, we first showed that microglia from the healthy adult mouse brain contain a detectable level of VGLUT1 protein. Next, we found more than two-fold increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity in microglia from the developing brain (P15) as compared to adult microglia. These data indicate that microglia-mediated synaptic pruning mostly occurs during the brain developmental period. We then quantified the VGLUT1 staining in microglia in two transgenic models characterized by pathological microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. In the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) microglia exhibited a significant increase in VGLUT1 immunoreactivity before the onset of amyloid pathology. Moreover, conditional deletion of TDP-43 in microglia, which causes a hyper-phagocytic phenotype associated with synaptic loss, also resulted in increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity within microglia. This work provides a quantitative assessment of synaptic proteins in microglia, under homeostasis, and in mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brioschi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo d'Errico
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas S Amann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Knut Biber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Masuda T, Amann L, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, Lenz M, D Errico P, Snaidero N, Costa Jordão MJ, Böttcher C, Kierdorf K, Jung S, Priller J, Misgeld T, Vlachos A, Meyer-Luehmann M, Knobeloch KP, Prinz M. Novel Hexb-based tools for studying microglia in the CNS. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:802-815. [PMID: 32541832 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and central nervous system (CNS)-associated macrophages (CAMs), such as perivascular and meningeal macrophages, are implicated in virtually all diseases of the CNS. However, little is known about their cell-type-specific roles in the absence of suitable tools that would allow for functional discrimination between the ontogenetically closely related microglia and CAMs. To develop a new microglia gene targeting model, we first applied massively parallel single-cell analyses to compare microglia and CAM signatures during homeostasis and disease and identified hexosaminidase subunit beta (Hexb) as a stably expressed microglia core gene, whereas other microglia core genes were substantially downregulated during pathologies. Next, we generated HexbtdTomato mice to stably monitor microglia behavior in vivo. Finally, the Hexb locus was employed for tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated gene manipulation in microglia and for fate mapping of microglia but not CAMs. In sum, we provide valuable new genetic tools to specifically study microglia functions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Lukas Amann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo D Errico
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZNE and BIH, Berlin, Germany
- University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Acosta-Martínez M. Shaping Microglial Phenotypes Through Estrogen Receptors: Relevance to Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses to Brain Injury and Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:223-236. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Dong J, Liu X, Wang Y, Cai H, Le W. Nurr1 Cd11bcre conditional knockout mice display inflammatory injury to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Glia 2020; 68:2057-2069. [PMID: 32181533 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-related 1 protein (NURR1) is essential for the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. NURR1 also protects DAergic neurons against neuroinflammation. However, it remains to be determined to what extent does NURR1 exerts its protective function through acting autonomously in the microglia. Using Cre/lox gene targeting system, we deleted Nurr1 in the microglia of Nurr1Cd11bcre conditional knockout (cKO) mice. The Nurr1Cd11bcre cKO mice displayed age-dependent motor abnormalities and increased microglial activation, but with no obvious DAergic neurodegeneration. To boost the inflammatory injury, we systemically administered endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to Nurr1Cd11bcre mice. As expected, LPS treatment exacerbated the motor phenotypes and inflammatory reactions in Nurr1Cd11bcre cKO mice. More importantly, LPS administration caused DAergic neuron loss and α-synuclein aggregation, two pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, our findings provide in vivo evidence supporting a critical protective role of NURR1 in the microglia against inflammation-induced degeneration of DAergic neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
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Rawlinson C, Jenkins S, Thei L, Dallas ML, Chen R. Post-Ischaemic Immunological Response in the Brain: Targeting Microglia in Ischaemic Stroke Therapy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030159. [PMID: 32168831 PMCID: PMC7139954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the major endogenous immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate critical degenerative and regenerative responses in ischaemic stroke. Microglia become "activated", proliferating, and undergoing changes in morphology, gene and protein expression over days and weeks post-ischaemia, with deleterious and beneficial effects. Pro-inflammatory microglia (commonly referred to as M1) exacerbate secondary neuronal injury through the release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines and proteases. In contrast, microglia may facilitate neuronal recovery via tissue and vascular remodelling, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (a profile often termed M2). This M1/M2 nomenclature does not fully account for the microglial heterogeneity in the ischaemic brain, with some simultaneous expression of both M1 and M2 markers at the single-cell level. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status, reducing detrimental and promoting repair behaviours, present the potential for therapeutic intervention, and open a longer window of opportunity than offered by acute neuroprotective strategies. Pharmacological modulation of microglial activation status to promote anti-inflammatory gene expression can increase neurogenesis and improve functional recovery post-stroke, based on promising preclinical data. Cell-based therapies, using preconditioned microglia, are of interest as a method of therapeutic modulation of the post-ischaemic inflammatory response. Currently, there are no clinically-approved pharmacological options targeting post-ischaemic inflammation. A major developmental challenge for clinical translation will be the selective suppression of the deleterious effects of microglial activity after stroke whilst retaining (or enhancing) the neurovascular repair and remodelling responses of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rawlinson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Laura Thei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Mark L. Dallas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1782-733849; Fax: 44-1782-733326
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Boeck M, Thien A, Wolf J, Hagemeyer N, Laich Y, Yusuf D, Backofen R, Zhang P, Boneva S, Stahl A, Hilgendorf I, Agostini H, Prinz M, Wieghofer P, Schlunck G, Schlecht A, Lange C. Temporospatial distribution and transcriptional profile of retinal microglia in the oxygen‐induced retinopathy mouse model. Glia 2020; 68:1859-1873. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Boeck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Adrian Thien
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Nora Hagemeyer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Yannik Laich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Dilmurat Yusuf
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Medical Center Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Cardiology and AngiologyUniversity Heart Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of Leipzig Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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Hirbec H, Déglon N, Foo LC, Goshen I, Grutzendler J, Hangen E, Kreisel T, Linck N, Muffat J, Regio S, Rion S, Escartin C. Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1692-1728. [PMID: 31958188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development, physiological functions, and pathologies of the brain depend on tight interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Assessing the relative contribution of different glial cell types is required for the full understanding of brain function and dysfunction. Over the recent years, several technological breakthroughs were achieved, allowing "glio-scientists" to address new challenging biological questions. These technical developments make it possible to study the roles of specific cell types with medium or high-content workflows and perform fine analysis of their mutual interactions in a preserved environment. This review illustrates the potency of several cutting-edge experimental approaches (advanced cell cultures, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human glial cells, viral vectors, in situ glia imaging, opto- and chemogenetic approaches, and high-content molecular analysis) to unravel the role of glial cells in specific brain functions or diseases. It also illustrates the translation of some techniques to the clinics, to monitor glial cells in patients, through specific brain imaging methods. The advantages, pitfalls, and future developments are discussed for each technique, and selected examples are provided to illustrate how specific "gliobiological" questions can now be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Hangen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Regio
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Rion
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Cai L, Kirchleitner SV, Zhao D, Li M, Tonn JC, Glass R, Kälin RE. Glioblastoma Exhibits Inter-Individual Heterogeneity of TSPO and LAT1 Expression in Neoplastic and Parenchymal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020612. [PMID: 31963507 PMCID: PMC7013601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning for glioblastoma patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) with tracers for the detection of the solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5; also known as the amino acid transporter light chain L system, LAT1) and for the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is successfully used to provide additional information on tumor volume and prognosis. The current approaches for TSPO-PET and the visualization of tracer ([18F] Fluoroethyltyrosine, FET) uptake by LAT1 (FET-PET) do not yet exploit the full diagnostic potential of these molecular imaging techniques. Therefore, we investigated the expression of TSPO and LAT1 in patient glioblastoma (GBM) samples, as well as in various GBM mouse models representing patient GBMs of different genetic subtypes. By immunohistochemistry, we found that TSPO and LAT1 are upregulated in human GBM samples compared to normal brain tissue. Next, we orthotopically implanted patient-derived GBM cells, as well as genetically engineered murine GBM cells, representing different genetic subtypes of the disease. To determine TSPO and LAT1 expression, we performed immunofluorescence staining. We found that both TSPO and LAT1 expression was increased in tumor regions of the implanted human or murine GBM cells when compared to the neighboring mouse brain tissue. While LAT1 was largely restricted to tumor cells, we found that TSPO was also expressed by microglia, tumor-associated macrophages, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-data analysis corroborates the upregulation of TSPO in a bigger cohort of GBM patient samples compared to tumor-free brain tissue. In addition, AIF1 (the gene encoding for the myeloid cell marker Iba1) was also upregulated in GBM compared to the control. Interestingly, TSPO, as well as AIF1, showed significantly different expression levels depending on the GBM genetic subtype, with the highest expression being exhibited in the mesenchymal subtype. High TSPO and AIF1 expression also correlated with a significant decrease in patient survival compared to low expression. In line with this finding, the expression levels for TSPO and AIF1 were also significantly higher in (isocitrate-dehydrogenase wild-type) IDHWT compared to IDH mutant (IDHMUT) GBM. LAT1 expression, on the other hand, was not different among the individual GBM subtypes. Therefore, we could conclude that FET- and TSPO-PET confer different information on pathological features based on different genetic GBM subtypes and may thus help in planning individualized strategies for brain tumor therapy in the future. A combination of TSPO-PET and FET-PET could be a promising way to visualize tumor-associated myeloid cells and select patients for treatment strategies targeting the myeloid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Cai
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
| | - Sabrina V. Kirchleitner
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
| | - Min Li
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Roland E. Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (S.V.K.)
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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40
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Spinal Cord Microglia in Health and Disease. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:4-17. [PMID: 32477594 PMCID: PMC7245960 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes data of recent experimental studies on spinal microglia, the least explored cells of the spinal cord. It focuses on the origin and function of microglia in mammalian spinal cord embryogenesis. The main approaches to the classification of microgliocytes based on their structure, function, and immunophenotypic characteristics are analyzed. We discuss the results of studies conducted on experimental models of spinal cord diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, systemic inflammation, and some others, with special emphasis on the key role of microglia in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The review highlights the need to detect the new microglia-specific marker proteins expressed at all stages of ontogeny. New sensitive and selective microglial markers are necessary in order to improve identification of spinal cord microgliocytes in normal and pathological conditions. Possible morphometric methods to assess the functional activity of microglial cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Kolos
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia
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41
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McKinsey GL, Lizama CO, Keown-Lang AE, Niu A, Santander N, Larpthaveesarp A, Chee E, Gonzalez FF, Arnold TD. A new genetic strategy for targeting microglia in development and disease. eLife 2020; 9:54590. [PMID: 32573436 PMCID: PMC7375817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. In addition to circulation-derived monocytes, other non-microglial central nervous system (CNS) macrophage subtypes include border-associated meningeal, perivascular and choroid plexus macrophages. Using immunofluorescent labeling, flow cytometry and Cre-dependent ribosomal immunoprecipitations, we describe P2ry12-CreER, a new tool for the genetic targeting of microglia. We use this new tool to track microglia during embryonic development and in the context of ischemic injury and neuroinflammation. Because of the specificity and robustness of microglial recombination with P2ry12-CreER, we believe that this new mouse line will be particularly useful for future studies of microglial function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L McKinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Amber E Keown-Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Abraham Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Amara Larpthaveesarp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Elin Chee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Fernando F Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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42
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Sanchis P, Fernández‐Gayol O, Vizueta J, Comes G, Canal C, Escrig A, Molinero A, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Microglial cell‐derived interleukin‐6 influences behavior and inflammatory response in the brain following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2019; 68:999-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Olaya Fernández‐Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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43
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McDonough A, Noor S, Lee RV, Dodge R, Strosnider JS, Shen J, Davidson S, Möller T, Garden GA, Weinstein JR. Ischemic preconditioning induces cortical microglial proliferation and a transcriptomic program of robust cell cycle activation. Glia 2019; 68:76-94. [PMID: 31420975 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a subthreshold ischemic insult applied to the brain reduces damage caused by a subsequent more severe ischemic episode. Identifying key molecular and cellular mediators of IPC will provide critical information needed to develop novel therapies for stroke. Here we report that the transcriptomic response of acutely isolated preconditioned cortical microglia is dominated by marked upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle activation and cellular proliferation. Notably, this transcriptional response occurs in the absence of cortical infarction. We employed ex vivo flow cytometry, immunofluorescent microscopy, and quantitative stereology methods on brain tissue to evaluate microglia proliferation following IPC. Using cellular colocalization of microglial (Iba1) and proliferation (Ki67 and BrdU) markers, we observed a localized increase in the number of microglia and proliferating microglia within the preconditioned hemicortex at 72, but not 24, hours post-IPC. Our quantification demonstrated that the IPC-induced increase in total microglia was due entirely to proliferation. Furthermore, microglia in the preconditioned hemisphere had altered morphology and increased soma volumes, indicative of an activated phenotype. Using transgenic mouse models with either fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-haploinsufficiency or systemic type I interferon signaling loss, we determined that microglial proliferation after IPC is dependent on fractalkine signaling but independent of type I interferon signaling. These findings suggest there are multiple distinct targetable signaling pathways in microglia, including CX3CR1-dependent proliferation that may be involved in IPC-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard V Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan Dodge
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James S Strosnider
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jasmine Shen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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44
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2019; 68:455-471. [PMID: 31386233 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a brief ischemic stimulus confers protection against a subsequent prolonged ischemic event. Initially thought to be due to mechanistic changes in neurons, our understanding of IPC has evolved to encompass a global reprogramming of the Central Nervous System (CNS) after transient ischemia/reperfusion that requires innate immune signaling pathways including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Type I interferons. Microglia are the CNS resident neuroimmune cells that express these key innate immune receptors. Studies suggest that microglia are required for IPC-mediated neuronal and axonal protection. Multiple paradigms targeting TLRs have converged on a distinctive Type I interferon response in microglia that is critical for preconditioning-mediated protection against ischemia. These pathways can be targeted through administration of TLR agonists, cytokines including interferon-β, and pharmaceutical agents that induce preconditioning through cross-tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses and single cell RNA studies point to specific gene expression signatures in microglia that functionally shift these mutable cells to an immunomodulatory or protective phenotype. Although there are technological challenges and gaps in knowledge to overcome, the targeting of specific molecular signaling pathways in microglia is a promising direction for development of novel and effective pharmacotherapies for stroke. Studies on preconditioning in animal models, including nonhuman primates, show promise as prophylactic preconditioning treatments for selected at risk patient populations. In addition, our growing understanding of the mechanisms of IPC-mediated protection is identifying novel cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions that could apply broadly to both acute stroke and chronic vascular cognitive impairment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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45
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Kim B, Fukuda M, Lee J, Su D, Sanu S, Silvin A, Khoo ATT, Kwon T, Liu X, Chi W, Liu X, Choi S, Wan DSY, Park S, Kim J, Ginhoux F, Je HS, Chang Y. Visualizing Microglia with a Fluorescence Turn‐On Ugt1a7c Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beomsue Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Masahiro Fukuda
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Jung‐Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center DGMIF Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Dongdong Su
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sanu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network A*STAR Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Audrey T. T. Khoo
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Weijie Chi
- Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Sejong Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Diana S. Y. Wan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Sung‐Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jin‐Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering IBS Daejeon 34047 Korea
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network A*STAR Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - H. Shawn Je
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Young‐Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Korea
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46
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Prionisti I, Bühler LH, Walker PR, Jolivet RB. Harnessing Microglia and Macrophages for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 31231208 PMCID: PMC6560150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of brain tumors, with a dismal prognosis. During the course of the disease, microglia and macrophages both infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and contribute considerably in glioma development. Thus, tumor-associated microglia and macrophages have recently emerged as potentially key therapeutic targets. Here, we review the physiology of microglia and their responses in brain cancer. We further discuss current treatment options for GBM using radiotherapy, and novel advances in our knowledge of microglia physiology, with emphasis on the recently discovered pathway that controls the baseline motility of microglia processes. We argue that the latter pathway is an interesting therapeutic avenue to pursue for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Prionisti
- Division of Digestive and Transplantation Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lemanic Neuroscience Doctoral School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léo H. Bühler
- Division of Digestive and Transplantation Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R. Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals – University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud B. Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (DPNC), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
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47
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Kim B, Fukuda M, Lee J, Su D, Sanu S, Silvin A, Khoo ATT, Kwon T, Liu X, Chi W, Liu X, Choi S, Wan DSY, Park S, Kim J, Ginhoux F, Je HS, Chang Y. Visualizing Microglia with a Fluorescence Turn‐On Ugt1a7c Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7972-7976. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beomsue Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Masahiro Fukuda
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Jung‐Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center DGMIF Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Dongdong Su
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sanu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network A*STAR Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Audrey T. T. Khoo
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Weijie Chi
- Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Sejong Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Diana S. Y. Wan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Sung‐Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jin‐Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering IBS Daejeon 34047 Korea
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network A*STAR Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - H. Shawn Je
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Singapore
| | - Young‐Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Korea
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Korea
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48
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Ferro A, Sheeler C, Rosa JG, Cvetanovic M. Role of Microglia in Ataxias. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1792-1804. [PMID: 30660620 PMCID: PMC7164490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, critically influence neural function during development and in adulthood. Microglia are also profoundly sensitive to insults to the brain to which they respond with process of activation that includes spectrum of changes in morphology, function, and gene expression. Ataxias are a class of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by motor discoordination and predominant cerebellar involvement. In case of inherited forms of ataxia, mutant proteins are expressed throughout the brain and it is unclear why cerebellum is particularly vulnerable. Recent studies demonstrated that cerebellar microglia have a uniquely hyper-vigilant immune phenotype compared to microglia from other brain regions. These findings may indicate that microglia actively contribute to cerebellar vulnerability in ataxias. Here we review current knowledge about cerebellar microglia, their activation, and their role in the pathogenesis of ataxias. In addition, we briefly review advantages and disadvantages of several experimental approaches available to study microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Ferro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Carrie Sheeler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Juao-Guilherme Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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49
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Microglial Progranulin: Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030230. [PMID: 30862089 PMCID: PMC6468562 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease have proven resistant to new treatments. The complexity of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms can be highlighted by accumulating evidence for a role for a growth factor, progranulin (PGRN). PGRN is a glycoprotein encoded by the GRN/Grn gene with multiple cellular functions, including neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory and lysosome regulatory properties. Mutations in the GRN gene can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a cause of dementia, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Both diseases are associated with loss of PGRN function resulting, amongst other features, in enhanced microglial neuroinflammation and lysosomal dysfunction. PGRN has also been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unlike FTLD, increased expression of PGRN occurs in brains of human AD cases and AD model mice, particularly in activated microglia. How microglial PGRN might be involved in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. A unifying feature of PGRN in diseases might be its modulation of lysosomal function in neurons and microglia. Many experimental models have focused on consequences of PGRN gene deletion: however, possible outcomes of increasing PGRN on microglial inflammation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will also suggest directions for future studies on PGRN and microglia in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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50
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Joost E, Jordão MJC, Mages B, Prinz M, Bechmann I, Krueger M. Microglia contribute to the glia limitans around arteries, capillaries and veins under physiological conditions, in a model of neuroinflammation and in human brain tissue. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1301-1314. [PMID: 30706162 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia represent resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of practically every neuropathology. As microglia were described to participate in the formation of the astroglial glia limitans around CNS vessels, they are part of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Since the NVU is a highly specialized structure, being functionally and morphologically adapted to differing demands in the arterial, capillary, and venous segments, the present study was aimed to systematically investigate the microglial contribution to the glia limitans along the vascular tree. Thereby, the microglial participation in the glia limitans was demonstrated for arteries, capillaries, and veins by immunoelectron microscopy in wild-type mice. Furthermore, analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the highest density of microglial endfeet contacting the glial basement membrane around capillaries, with significantly lower densities around arteries and veins. Importantly, this pattern appeared to be unaltered in the setting of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CX3CR1CreERT2:R26-Tomato reporter mice, although perivascular infiltrates of blood-borne leukocytes predominantly occur at the level of post-capillary venules. However, EAE animals exhibited significantly increased contact sizes of individual microglial endfeet around arteries and veins. Noteworthy, under EAE conditions, the upregulation of MHC-II was not limited to microglia of the glia limitans of veins showing infiltrates of leukocytes, but also appeared at the capillary level. As a microglial contribution to the glia limitans was also observed in human brain tissue, these findings may help characterizing microglial alterations within the NVU in various neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Joost
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta J C Jordão
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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