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Stroffolini G, Atzori C, Imperiale D, Trunfio M, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Central Nervous System Disorders with Auto-Antibodies in People Living with HIV. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1758. [PMID: 39338433 PMCID: PMC11433650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) may present atypical neurological complications. Recently, autoimmune manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. We retrospectively described the features of PLWH presenting with acute neurological symptoms with positive anti-CNS antibodies. We analyzed relevant CSF characteristics. Twelve patients were identified, with demyelinating, inflammatory, or no MRI lesions. We observed CSF inflammatory features. Aspecific CSF anti-CNS antibodies were found in all subjects and a specific antibody (second-level blotting panel) was found in one. The cases presented a slow resolution of symptoms with sequelae. More studies are needed to better describe the spectrum and prognosis of autoimmune CNS diseases in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Stroffolini
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don Angelo Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Via Luigi Cibrario, 72, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (D.I.)
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Via Luigi Cibrario, 72, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (D.I.)
| | - Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
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Jiang T, Zhu K, Kang G, Wu G, Wang L, Tan Y. Infectious viruses and neurodegenerative diseases: The mitochondrial defect hypothesis. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2565. [PMID: 39031738 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Global attention is riveted on neurodegenerative diseases due to their unresolved aetiologies and lack of efficacious therapies. Two key factors implicated include mitochondrial impairment and microglial ageing. Several viral infections, including Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein-Barr virus, are linked to heightened risk of these disorders. Surprisingly, numerous studies indicate viruses induce these aforementioned precipitating events. Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis C Virus, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, HSV-1, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Zika virus and Enterovirus 71 specifically impact mitochondrial function, leading to mitochondrial malfunction. These vital organelles govern various cell activities and, under specific circumstances, trigger microglial ageing. This article explores the role of viral infections in elucidating the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative ailments. Various viruses instigate microglial ageing via mitochondrial destruction, causing senescent microglia to exhibit activated behaviour, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshi Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kaili Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guangli Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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3
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Yan Y, Cho AN. Human Brain In Vitro Model for Pathogen Infection-Related Neurodegeneration Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6522. [PMID: 38928228 PMCID: PMC11204318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have revolutionized the field of neurodegeneration research by enabling the development of sophisticated in vitro human brain models. These models, including 2D monolayer cultures, 3D organoids, organ-on-chips, and bioengineered 3D tissue models, aim to recapitulate the cellular diversity, structural organization, and functional properties of the native human brain. This review highlights how these in vitro brain models have been used to investigate the effects of various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infection, particularly in the human brain cand their subsequent impacts on neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of different 2D brain cell types to infection, elucidated the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced neuroinflammation, and identified potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, current methodological improvement brought the technology of 3D models to overcome the challenges of 2D cells, such as the limited cellular diversity, incomplete microenvironment, and lack of morphological structures by highlighting the need for further technological advancements. This review underscored the significance of in vitro human brain cell from 2D monolayer to bioengineered 3D tissue model for elucidating the intricate dynamics for pathogen infection modeling. These in vitro human brain cell enabled researchers to unravel human specific mechanisms underlying various pathogen infections such as SARS-CoV-2 to alter blood-brain-barrier function and Toxoplasma gondii impacting neural cell morphology and its function. Ultimately, these in vitro human brain models hold promise as personalized platforms for development of drug compound, gene therapy, and vaccine. Overall, we discussed the recent progress in in vitro human brain models, their applications in studying pathogen infection-related neurodegeneration, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Torices S, Moreno T, Ramaswamy S, Naranjo O, Teglas T, Osborne OM, Park M, Sun E, Toborek M. MITOCHONDRIAL ANTIVIRAL PATHWAYS CONTROL ANTI-HIV RESPONSES AND ISCHEMIC STROKE OUTCOMES VIA THE RIG-1 SIGNALING AND INNATE IMMUNITY MECHANISMS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.598027. [PMID: 38895303 PMCID: PMC11185786 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Occludin (ocln) is one of the main regulatory cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ocln silencing resulted in alterations of the gene expression signatures of a variety of genes of the innate immunity system, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and the antiviral retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1) signaling pathway, which functions as a regulator of the cytoplasmic sensors upstream of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Indeed, we observed dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and autophagy in our system. Alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics and innate immune protection translated into worsened ischemic stroke outcomes in EcoHIV-infected ocln deficient mice. Overall, these results allow for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral infection in the brain and describe a previously unrecognized role of ocln as a key factor in the control of innate immune responses and mitochondrial dynamics, which affect cerebral vascular diseases such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Thaidy Moreno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sita Ramaswamy
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Timea Teglas
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Olivia M. Osborne
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Minseon Park
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL
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Boreland AJ, Stillitano AC, Lin HC, Abbo Y, Hart RP, Jiang P, Pang ZP, Rabson AB. Sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids. iScience 2024; 27:109628. [PMID: 38628961 PMCID: PMC11019286 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects up to half of people living with HIV-1 and causes long term neurological consequences. The pathophysiology of HIV-1-induced glial and neuronal functional deficits in humans remains enigmatic. To bridge this gap, we established a model simulating HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia combined with sliced neocortical organoids. Incubation of microglia with two replication-competent macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains (JRFL and YU2) elicited productive infection and inflammatory activation. RNA sequencing revealed significant and sustained activation of type I interferon signaling pathways. Incorporating microglia into sliced neocortical organoids extended the effects of aberrant type I interferon signaling in a human neural context. Collectively, our results illuminate a role for persistent type I interferon signaling in HIV-1-infected microglia in a human neural model, suggesting its potential significance in the pathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Boreland
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alessandro C. Stillitano
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hsin-Ching Lin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yara Abbo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Arnold B. Rabson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, and Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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6
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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Barmada KM, Ravula HP, Huguely CJ, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute cannabidiol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1358555. [PMID: 38505774 PMCID: PMC10949733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1358555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Some evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) has potential to help alleviate HIV symptoms due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here we examined acute CBD effects on various behaviors and the endocannabinoid system in HIV Tat transgenic mice. Methods Tat transgenic mice (female/male) were injected with CBD (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) and assessed for antinociception, activity, coordination, anxiety-like behavior, and recognition memory. Brains were taken to quantify endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid catabolic enzymes. Additionally, CBD and metabolite 7-hydroxy-CBD were quantified in the plasma and cortex. Results Tat decreased supraspinal-related nociception and locomotion. CBD and sex had little to no effects on any of the behavioral measures. For the endocannabinoid system male sex was associated with elevated concentration of the proinflammatory metabolite arachidonic acid in various CNS regions, including the cerebellum that also showed higher FAAH expression levels for Tat(+) males. GPR55 expression levels in the striatum and cerebellum were higher for females compared to males. CBD metabolism was altered by sex and Tat expression. Conclusion Findings indicate that acute CBD effects are not altered by HIV Tat, and acute CBD has no to minimal effects on behavior and the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Gorman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Karenna M. Barmada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Havilah P. Ravula
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caitlin J. Huguely
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - E. Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michelle R. Peace
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Yin S, Yang X, Li H, Li C, Li C, Chen C, Ye S, Zou L, Liang S, Liu S. P2Y 13 receptor involved in HIV-1 gp120 induced neuropathy in superior cervical ganglia through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109818. [PMID: 38142931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is common; however, its mechanism remains unknown. The current work attempted to explore the function and mechanism of the P2Y13 receptor in HIV-glycoprotein 120 (gp120)-induced neuropathy in cervical sympathetic ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the male SD rat was coated with HIV-gp120 to establish a model of autonomic neuropathy. In each group, we measured heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability, sympathetic nerve discharge and cardiac function. The expression of P2Y13 mRNA and protein in the SCG was tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Additionally, this study focused on identifying the protein levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in the SCG using western blotting and immunofluorescence. In gp120 rats, increased blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac sympathetic nerve activity, P2Y13 receptor levels and decreased cardiac function could be found. P2Y13 shRNA or MRS2211 inhibited the above mentioned changes induced by gp120, suggesting that the P2Y13 receptor may be engaged in gp120-induced sympathetic nerve injury. Moreover, the levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 in the gp120 group were increased, while significantly decreased by P2Y13 shRNA or MRS2211. Therefore, the P2Y13 receptor is involved in gp120-induced sympathetic neuropathy, and its molecular mechanism shows an association with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, followed by GSDMD formation along with the release of inflammatory factors including IL-1β and IL-18. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Yin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China; Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xuexuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Honglei Li
- Department of Basic medicine, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Changyi Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Chengxu Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Shang Ye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Marry Queen, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Center of Hematology, the 1st affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China; Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China.
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Amir N, Taube R. Role of long noncoding RNA in regulating HIV infection-a comprehensive review. mBio 2024; 15:e0192523. [PMID: 38179937 PMCID: PMC10865847 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01925-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A complete cure against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains out of reach, as the virus persists in stable cell reservoirs that are resistant to antiretroviral therapy. The key to eliminating these reservoirs lies in deciphering the processes that govern viral gene expression and latency. However, while we comprehensively understand how host proteins influence HIV gene expression and viral latency, the emerging role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the context of T cell activation, HIV gene expression, and viral latency remain unexplored. This review dives into the evolving significance of lncRNAs and their impact on HIV gene expression and viral latency. We provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding how lncRNAs regulate HIV gene expression, categorizing them as either activators or inhibitors of viral gene expression and infectivity. Furthermore, we offer insights into the potential therapeutic applications of lncRNAs in combatting HIV. A deeper understanding of how lncRNAs modulate HIV gene transcription holds promise for developing novel RNA-based therapies to complement existing treatment strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Amir
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
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10
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Boreland AJ, Stillitano AC, Lin HC, Abbo Y, Hart RP, Jiang P, Pang ZP, Rabson AB. Dysregulated neuroimmune interactions and sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.563950. [PMID: 37961371 PMCID: PMC10634901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects up to half of HIV-1 positive patients with long term neurological consequences, including dementia. There are no effective therapeutics for HAND because the pathophysiology of HIV-1 induced glial and neuronal functional deficits in humans remains enigmatic. To bridge this knowledge gap, we established a model simulating HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived microglia combined with sliced neocortical organoids. Upon incubation with two replication-competent macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains (JRFL and YU2), we observed that microglia not only became productively infected but also exhibited inflammatory activation. RNA sequencing revealed a significant and sustained activation of type I interferon signaling pathways. Incorporating microglia into sliced neocortical organoids extended the effects of aberrant type I interferon signaling in a human neural context. Collectively, our results illuminate the role of persistent type I interferon signaling in HIV-1 infected microglial in a human neural model, suggesting its potential significance in the pathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Boreland
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Neuroscience, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Alessandro C. Stillitano
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Hsin-Ching Lin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yara Abbo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Neuroscience, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Arnold B. Rabson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Pharmacology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, and Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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11
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Torices S, Teglas T, Naranjo O, Fattakhov N, Frydlova K, Cabrera R, Osborne OM, Sun E, Kluttz A, Toborek M. Occludin Regulates HIV-1 Infection by Modulation of the Interferon Stimulated OAS Gene Family. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4966-4982. [PMID: 37209263 PMCID: PMC10199280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated blood brain barrier (BBB) alterations and neurocognitive disorders are frequent clinical manifestations in HIV-1 infected patients. The BBB is formed by cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and sealed together by tight junction proteins, such as occludin (ocln). Pericytes are a key cell type of NVU that can harbor HIV-1 infection via a mechanism that is regulated, at least in part, by ocln. After viral infection, the immune system starts the production of interferons, which induce the expression of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family of interferon stimulated genes and activate the endoribonuclease RNaseL that provides antiviral protection by viral RNA degradation. The current study evaluated the involvement of the OAS genes in HIV-1 infection of cells of NVU and the role of ocln in controlling OAS antiviral signaling pathway. We identified that ocln modulates the expression levels of the OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL genes and proteins and, in turn, that the members of the OAS family can influence HIV replication in human brain pericytes. Mechanistically, this effect was regulated via the STAT signaling. HIV-1 infection of pericytes significantly upregulated expression of all OAS genes at the mRNA level but selectively OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 at the protein level. Interestingly no changes were found in RNaseL after HIV-1 infection. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of HIV-1 infection in human brain pericytes and suggest a novel role for ocln in controlling of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA.
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Kristyna Frydlova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Rosalba Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Olivia M Osborne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Enze Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Allan Kluttz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 11336, USA.
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12
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Involvement of lncRNA TUG1 in HIV-1 Tat-Induced Astrocyte Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054330. [PMID: 36901763 PMCID: PMC10002460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy has been associated with premature aging. Among the various features of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders, astrocyte senescence has been surmised as a potential cause contributing to HIV-1-induced brain aging and neurocognitive impairments. Recently, lncRNAs have also been implicated to play essential roles in the onset of cellular senescence. Herein, using human primary astrocytes (HPAs), we investigated the role of lncRNA TUG1 in HIV-1 Tat-mediated onset of astrocyte senescence. We found that HPAs exposed to HIV-1 Tat resulted in significant upregulation of lncRNA TUG1 expression that was accompanied by elevated expression of p16 and p21, respectively. Additionally, HIV-1 Tat-exposed HPAs demonstrated increased expression of senescence-associated (SA) markers-SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and SA-heterochromatin foci-cell-cycle arrest, and increased production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines. Intriguingly, gene silencing of lncRNA TUG1 in HPAs also reversed HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of p21, p16, SA-β gal activity, cellular activation, and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, increased expression of astrocytic p16 and p21, lncRNA TUG1, and proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the prefrontal cortices of HIV-1 transgenic rats, thereby suggesting the occurrence of senescence activation in vivo. Overall, our data indicate that HIV-1 Tat-induced astrocyte senescence involves the lncRNA TUG1 and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for dampening accelerated aging associated with HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins.
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13
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Torices S, Teglas T, Naranjo O, Fattakhov N, Frydlova K, Cabrera R, Osborne OM, Sun E, Kluttz A, Toborek M. Occludin regulates HIV-1 infection by modulation of the interferon stimulated OAS gene family. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2501091. [PMID: 36778388 PMCID: PMC9915789 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2501091/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated blood brain barrier (BBB) alterations and neurocognitive disorders are frequent clinical manifestations in HIV-1 infected patients. The BBB is formed by cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and sealed together by tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as occludin (ocln). Pericytes are a key cell type of NVU that can harbor HIV-1 infection via a mechanism that is regulated, at least in part, by ocln. After viral infection, the immune system starts the production of interferons, which induce the expression of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family of interferon stimulated genes and activate the endoribonuclease RNaseL that provides antiviral protection by viral RNA degradation. The current study evaluated the involvement of the OAS genes in HIV-1 infection of cells of NVU and the role of ocln in controlling OAS antiviral signaling pathway. We identified that ocln modulates the expression levels of the OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL genes and proteins and, in turn, that the members of the OAS family can influence HIV replication in human brain pericytes. Mechanistically, this effect was regulated via the STAT signaling. HIV-1 infection of pericytes significantly upregulated expression of all OAS genes at the mRNA level but selectively OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3 at the protein level. Interestingly no changes were found in RNaseL after HIV-1 infection. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of HIV-1 infection in human brain pericytes and suggest a novel role for ocln in controlling of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Timea Teglas
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Kristyna Frydlova
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Rosalba Cabrera
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Olivia M Osborne
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Allan Kluttz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
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14
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Song X, Cao W, Wang Z, Li F, Xiao J, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Li S, Ye C, Wang Y, Zheng K. Nicotinamide n-Oxide Attenuates HSV-1-Induced Microglial Inflammation through Sirtuin-1/NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416085. [PMID: 36555725 PMCID: PMC9784159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 is a typical neurotropic virus that infects the brain and causes keratitis, cold sores, and occasionally, acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). The large amount of proinflammatory cytokines induced by HSV-1 infection is an important cause of neurotoxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia, as resident macrophages in CNS, are the first line of defense against neurotropic virus infection. Inhibiting the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in overactivated microglia is a crucial strategy for the treatment of HSE. In the present study, we investigated the effect of nicotinamide n-oxide (NAMO), a metabolite mainly produced by gut microbe, on HSV-1-induced microglial inflammation and HSE. We found that NAMO significantly inhibits the production of cytokines induced by HSV-1 infection of microglia, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, NAMO promotes the transition of microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 type to the anti-inflammatory M2 type. More detailed studies revealed that NAMO enhances the expression of Sirtuin-1 and its deacetylase enzymatic activity, which in turn deacetylates the p65 subunit to inhibit NF-κB signaling, resulting in reduced inflammatory response and ameliorated HSE pathology. Therefore, Sirtuin-1/NF-κB axis may be promising therapeutic targets against HSV-1 infection-related diseases including HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zexu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiongzhen Zeng
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cuifang Ye
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-26917542
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15
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Naranjo O, Torices S, Clifford PR, Daftari MT, Osborne OM, Fattakhov N, Toborek M. Pericyte infection by HIV-1: a fatal attraction. Retrovirology 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 36476484 PMCID: PMC9730689 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1 is primarily an infection of CD4 + T cells, there is an emerging interest towards understanding how infection of other cell types can contribute to HIV-associated comorbidities. For HIV-1 to cross from the blood stream into tissues, the virus must come in direct contact with the vascular endothelium, including pericytes that envelope vascular endothelial cells. Pericytes are multifunctional cells that have been recognized for their essential role in angiogenesis, vessel maintenance, and blood flow rate. Most importantly, recent evidence has shown that pericytes can be a target of HIV-1 infection and support an active stage of the viral life cycle, with latency also suggested by in vitro data. Pericyte infection by HIV-1 has been confirmed in the postmortem human brains and in lungs from SIV-infected macaques. Moreover, pericyte dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of pathologies ranging from ischemic stroke to diabetes, which are common comorbidities among people with HIV-1. In this review, we discuss the role of pericytes during HIV-1 infection and their contribution to the progression of HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Paul R. Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Manav T. Daftari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Olivia M. Osborne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 11336 USA
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16
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Kandel SR, Luo X, He JJ. Nef inhibits HIV transcription and gene expression in astrocytes and HIV transmission from astrocytes to CD4 + T cells. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:552-565. [PMID: 36001227 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HIV infects astrocytes in a restricted manner but leads to abundant expression of Nef, a major viral factor for HIV replication and disease progression. However, the roles of Nef in HIV gene expression and replication in astrocytes and viral transfer from astrocytes to CD4+ T cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we attempted to address these issues by transfecting human primary astrocytes with HIV molecular clones with intact Nef and without Nef (a nonsense Nef mutant) and comparing gene expression and replication in astrocytes and viral transfer from astrocytes to CD4+ T cells MT4. First, we found that lack of Nef expression led to increased extracellular virus production from astrocytes and intracellular viral protein and RNA expression in astrocytes. Using a HIV LTR-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, we showed that ectopic Nef expression alone inhibited the HIV LTR promoter activity in astrocytes. Consistent with the previously established function of Nef, we showed that the infectivity of HIV derived from astrocytes with Nef expression was significantly higher than that with no Nef expression. Next, we performed the co-culture assay to determine HIV transfer from astrocytes transfected to MT4. We showed that lack of Nef expression led to significant increase in HIV transfer from astrocytes to MT4 using two HIV clones. We also used Nef-null HIV complemented with Nef in trans in the co-culture assay and demonstrated that Nef expression led to significantly decreased HIV transfer from astrocytes to MT4. Taken together, these findings support a negative role of Nef in HIV replication and pathogenesis in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.,Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.,School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. .,Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. .,School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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17
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Licastro F. Special Issue Editorial: "Infections, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer Disease" Infections, Neuronal Senescence, and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115865. [PMID: 35682542 PMCID: PMC9180241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex chronic disease of the brain characterized by several neurodegenerative mechanisms and is responsible for most dementia cases in the elderly. Declining immunity during ageing is often associated with peripheral chronic inflammation, and chronic neuroinflammation is a constant component of AD brain pathology. In the Special Issue published in 2021 eight papers were collected regarding different aspects of neurodegeneration associated with AD. Five papers presented and discussed infectious agents involved in brain AD pathology and three discussed data regarding receptors regulation and possible treatment of the disease. Below I will discuss and further elaborate on topics related to infections, inflammation, and neurodegenerative pathways in AD and brain senescence. The topic presented here may contribute to early intervention protocols for preventing or slowing the progression of cognitive deterioration in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Recent Advances in the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101599. [PMID: 35626635 PMCID: PMC9139548 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and loss of synapses are often seen in different brain areas of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nevertheless, the underlying causes of the pathological alterations observed in these individuals are poorly comprehended, considering that HIV does not infect neurons. Experimental data have shown that viral proteins, including the envelope protein gp120, cause synaptic pathology followed by neuronal cell death. These neurotoxic effects on synapses could be the result of a variety of mechanisms that decrease synaptic plasticity. In this paper, we will briefly present new emerging concepts connected with the ability of gp120 to promote the degeneration of synapses by either directly damaging the axonal cytoskeleton and/or the indirect activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor death domain in dendrites.
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19
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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20
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Ngarka L, Siewe Fodjo JN, Aly E, Masocha W, Njamnshi AK. The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803475. [PMID: 35095888 PMCID: PMC8792387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders related to neuroinfections are highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), constituting a major cause of disability and economic burden for patients and society. These include epilepsy, dementia, motor neuron diseases, headache disorders, sleep disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. The highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in SSA. Consequently, there is a high prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV infection such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, motor disorders, chronic headaches, and peripheral neuropathy in the region. The pathogenesis of these neurological disorders involves the direct role of the virus, some antiretroviral treatments, and the dysregulated immune system. Furthermore, the high prevalence of epilepsy in SSA (mainly due to perinatal causes) is exacerbated by infections such as toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis, onchocerciasis, malaria, bacterial meningitis, tuberculosis, and the immune reactions they elicit. Sleep disorders are another common problem in the region and have been associated with infectious diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis and HIV and involve the activation of the immune system. While most headache disorders are due to benign primary headaches, some secondary headaches are caused by infections (meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess). HIV and neurosyphilis, both common in SSA, can trigger long-standing immune activation in the central nervous system (CNS) potentially resulting in dementia. Despite the progress achieved in preventing diseases from the poliovirus and retroviruses, these microbes may cause motor neuron diseases in SSA. The immune mechanisms involved in these neurological disorders include increased cytokine levels, immune cells infiltration into the CNS, and autoantibodies. This review focuses on the major neurological disorders relevant to Africa and neuroinfections highly prevalent in SSA, describes the interplay between neuroinfections, immune system, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders, and how understanding this can be exploited for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ngarka
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esraa Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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21
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Bauer A, Brack-Werner R. Modeling HIV Latency in Astrocytes with the Human Neural Progenitor Cell Line HNSC.100. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:103-114. [PMID: 34985662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders continue to occur in HIV-infected individuals, despite successful antiretroviral therapy. HIV can persist in the brain for decades, where it infects mainly microglial cells and astrocytes. Brain tissues from HIV-infected individuals have been shown to harbor HIV proviruses and to express early viral products with neurotoxic properties, like Tat. Egress of HIV from astrocytes to the periphery in animals further supports a critical role of astrocytes as HIV reservoirs. In vitro studies show that astrocytes can harbor latent HIV proviruses that can be activated by various agents and initiate productive infection of immune cells. Cell culture studies of HIV-infection of astrocytes have depended heavily on rapidly dividing cells derived from tumors or from fetal tissue. However, in adult brains the majority of astrocytes are nondividing. Therefore, cell culture models are needed to investigate the unique properties of latent HIV proviruses in differentiated astrocytes and to compare these with the properties of other HIV reservoirs.This protocol gives guidelines for the culture of the human neural stem cell line HNSC.100 and a stable subpopulation with latent HIV-1 provirus, HNSCLatGFP1.2. The HNSC.100 cell line provides a single cell model system for the study of HIV persistence in proliferating progenitor cells as well as fully differentiated, nondividing astrocytes. The HNSCLatGFP1.2 cell line contains a full-length HIV-1 provirus derived from NL4-3 with GFP-coding sequences in a defective Env reading frame, enabling handling under Biosafety level 2 conditions and convenient observation of provirus reactivation by monitoring GFP expression. The latent provirus can be reactivated by latency reversing agents which allows the analysis of novel latency reversing agents as well as inhibitors of reactivators of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Borrajo A, Spuch C, Penedo MA, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Important role of microglia in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and the molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Ann Med 2021; 53:43-69. [PMID: 32841065 PMCID: PMC7877929 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1814962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) led to a significant reduction in the death rate associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, recent studies indicate that considerably more than 50% of all HIV-1 infected patients develop HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Microglia are the foremost cells infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS), and so, are also likely to contribute to the neurotoxicity observed in HAND. The activation of microglia induces the release of pro-inflammatory markers and altered secretion of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activate signalling pathways that initiate neuroinflammation. In turn, ROS and inflammation also play critical roles in HAND. However, more efforts are required to understand the physiology of microglia and the processes involved in their activation in order to better understand the how HIV-1-infected microglia are involved in the development of HAND. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms and role of HIV-induced ROS in the development of HAND. We also examine the academic literature regarding crucial HIV-1 pathogenicity factors implicated in neurotoxicity and inflammation in order to identify molecular pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this disease. KEY MESSAGES Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity mechanisms are crucial in the pathogenesis of HAND. CNS infiltration by HIV-1 and immune cells through the blood brain barrier is a key process involved in the pathogenicity of HAND. Factors including calcium dysregulation and autophagy are the main challenges involved in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Borrajo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - C. Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - M. A. Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - J. M. Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - R. C. Agís-Balboa
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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23
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D'Amico D, Valdebenito S, Eugenin EA. The role of Pannexin-1 channels and extracellular ATP in the pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:563-576. [PMID: 34542793 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Only recently, the role of large ionic channels such as Pannexin-1 channels and Connexin hemichannels has been implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions, including HIV infection and associated comorbidities. These channels are in a closed stage in healthy conditions, but in pathological conditions including HIV, Pannexin-1 channels and Connexin hemichannels become open. Our data demonstrate that acute and chronic HIV infection induces channel opening (Pannexin and Connexin channels), ATP release into the extracellular space, and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors in immune and non-immune cells. We demonstrated that Pannexin and Connexin channels contribute to HIV infection and replication, the long-term survival of viral reservoirs, and comorbidities such as NeuroHIV. Here, we discuss the available data to support the participation of these channels in the HIV life cycle and the potential therapeutic approach to prevent HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Borrajo López A, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanas T, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Alonso-Crespo D, Fernández-Pereira C, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Microglia: The Real Foe in HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders? Biomedicines 2021; 9:925. [PMID: 34440127 PMCID: PMC8389599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is leading to a significant decrease in deaths and comorbidities associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Nonetheless, none of these therapies can extinguish the virus from the long-lived cellular reservoir, including microglia, thereby representing an important obstacle to curing HIV. Microglia are the foremost cells infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and are believed to be involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that removing these infected cells from the brain, as well as obtaining a better understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in these cells, should help in the design of new strategies to prevent HAND and achieve a cure for these diseases. The goal of this review was to study the current state of knowledge of the neuropathology and research models of HAND containing virus susceptible target cells (microglial cells) and potential pharmacological treatment approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo López
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanas
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Crespo
- Nursing Team-Intensive Care Unit, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Estrada de Clara Campoamor 341, SERGAS-UVigo, 36312 Virgo, Spain;
| | - Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Estrada de Clara Campoamor 341, SERGAS-UVigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
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The Influence of Virus Infection on Microglia and Accelerated Brain Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071836. [PMID: 34360004 PMCID: PMC8303900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system contributing substantially to health and disease. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory microglia may induce or accelerate brain aging, by interfering with physiological repair and remodeling processes. Many viral infections affect the brain and interfere with microglia functions, including human immune deficiency virus, flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and human herpes viruses. Especially chronic viral infections causing low-grade neuroinflammation may contribute to brain aging. This review elucidates the potential role of various neurotropic viruses in microglia-driven neurocognitive deficiencies and possibly accelerated brain aging.
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Yarandi SS, Duggan MR, Sariyer IK. Emerging Role of Nef in the Development of HIV Associated Neurological Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:238-250. [PMID: 33123948 PMCID: PMC8081738 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite adherence to treatment, individuals living with HIV have an increased risk for developing cognitive impairments, referred to as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). Due to continued growth in the HIV population, particularly amongst the aging cohort, the neurobiological mechanisms of HAND are increasingly relevant. Similar to other viral proteins (e.g. Tat, Gp120, Vpr), the Negative Factor (Nef) is associated with numerous adverse effects in the CNS as well as cognitive impairments. In particular, emerging data indicate the consequences of Nef may be facilitated by the modulation of cellular autophagy as well as its inclusion into extracellular vesicles (EVs). The present review examines evidence for the molecular mechanisms by which Nef might contribute to neuronal dysfunction underlying HAND, with a specific focus on autophagy and EVs. Based on the these data, we propose an integrated model by which Nef may contribute to underlying neuronal dysfunction in HAND and highlight potentially novel therapeutic targets for HAND. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan S Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building Room 753, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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George JW, Mattingly JE, Roland NJ, Small CM, Lamberty BG, Fox HS, Stauch KL. Physiologically Relevant Concentrations of Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz Induce Distinct Metabolic Alterations in HeLa Epithelial and BV2 Microglial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639378. [PMID: 34093527 PMCID: PMC8173175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident brain phagocytes, likely play a key role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent neuropathogenesis; however, the nature of the infection-induced changes that yield damaging CNS effects and the stimuli that provoke microglial activation remains elusive, especially in the current era of using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for ARV therapy (ART). Altered microglial metabolism can modulate cellular functionality and pathogenicity in neurological disease. While HIV infection itself alters brain energy metabolism, the effect of ARV drugs, particularly those currently used in treatment, on metabolism is understudied. Dolutegravir (DTG) and emtricitabine (FTC) combination, together with tenofovir (TAF or TDF), is one of the recommended first line treatments for HIV. Despite the relatively good tolerability and safety profile of FTC, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and DTG, an integrase inhibitor, adverse side effects have been reported and highlight a need to understand off-target effects of these medications. We hypothesized that similar to previous ART regimen drugs, DTG and FTC side effects involve mitochondrial dysfunction. To increase detection of ARV-induced mitochondrial effects, highly glycolytic HeLa epithelial cells were forced to rely on oxidative phosphorylation by substituting galactose for glucose in the growth media. We assessed ATP levels, resazurin oxidation-reduction (REDOX), and mitochondrial membrane potential following 24-hour exposure (to approximate effects of one dose equivalent) to DTG, FTC, and efavirenz (EFV, a known mitotoxic ARV drug). Further, since microglia support productive HIV infection, act as latent HIV cellular reservoirs, and when dysfunctional likely contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, the experiments were repeated using BV2 microglial cells. In HeLa cells, FTC decreased mitochondrial REDOX activity, while DTG, similar to EFV, impaired both mitochondrial ATP generation and REDOX activity. In contrast to HeLa cells, DTG increased cellular ATP generation and mitochondrial REDOX activity in BV2 cells. Bioenergetic analysis revealed that DTG, FTC, and EFV elevated BV2 cell mitochondrial respiration. DTG and FTC exposure induced distinct mitochondrial functional changes in HeLa and BV2 cells. These findings suggest cell type-specific metabolic changes may contribute to the toxic side effects of these ARV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W George
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jane E Mattingly
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nashanthea J Roland
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Cassandra M Small
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Benjamin G Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Costa J, Martins S, Ferreira PA, Cardoso AMS, Guedes JR, Peça J, Cardoso AL. The old guard: Age-related changes in microglia and their consequences. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111512. [PMID: 34022277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among all major organs, the brain is one of the most susceptible to the inexorable effects of aging. Throughout the last decades, several studies in human cohorts and animal models have revealed a plethora of age-related changes in the brain, including reduced neurogenesis, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence. As the main immune effectors and first responders of the nervous tissue, microglia are at the center of these events. These cells experience irrevocable changes as a result from cumulative exposure to environmental triggers, such as stress, infection and metabolic dysregulation. The age-related immunosenescent phenotype acquired by microglia is characterized by profound modifications in their transcriptomic profile, secretome, morphology and phagocytic activity, which compromise both their housekeeping and defensive functions. As a result, aged microglia are no longer capable of establishing effective immune responses and sustaining normal synaptic activity, directly contributing to age-associated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review discusses how lifestyle and environmental factors drive microglia dysfunction at the molecular and functional level, also highlighting possible interventions to reverse aging-associated damage to the nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Solange Martins
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Program in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M S Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lu L, Wang J, Yang Q, Xie X, Huang Y. The role of CD38 in HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33820568 PMCID: PMC8021004 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.
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Gillispie GJ, Sah E, Krishnamurthy S, Ahmidouch MY, Zhang B, Orr ME. Evidence of the Cellular Senescence Stress Response in Mitotically Active Brain Cells-Implications for Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33671362 PMCID: PMC7922097 DOI: 10.3390/life11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses influence cell fate decisions. Apoptosis and proliferation represent opposing reactions to cellular stress or damage and may influence distinct health outcomes. Clinical and epidemiological studies consistently report inverse comorbidities between age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review discusses how one particular stress response, cellular senescence, may contribute to this inverse correlation. In mitotically competent cells, senescence is favorable over uncontrolled proliferation, i.e., cancer. However, senescent cells notoriously secrete deleterious molecules that drive disease, dysfunction and degeneration in surrounding tissue. In recent years, senescent cells have emerged as unexpected mediators of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review uses pre-defined criteria to evaluate evidence of cellular senescence in mitotically competent brain cells, highlights the discovery of novel molecular regulators and discusses how this single cell fate decision impacts cancer and degeneration in the brain. We also underscore methodological considerations required to appropriately evaluate the cellular senescence stress response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Gillispie
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric Sah
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Sudarshan Krishnamurthy
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Ahmidouch
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA
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31
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Fitting S. Mini-review: The therapeutic role of cannabinoids in neuroHIV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 750:135717. [PMID: 33587986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered a chronic disease with an inflammatory component that specifically targets the brain and causes a high prevalence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has attracted interest as a target for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, due to the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids, including its potential therapeutic use in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the structural and functional changes of the eCB system under conditions of HAND. This will be followed by summarizing the current clinical and preclinical findings on the effects of cannabis use and cannabinoids in the context of HIV-1 infection, with specifically focusing on viral load, cognition, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Lastly, we present some potential future directions to better understand the involvement of the eCB system and the role that cannabis use and cannabinoids play in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is observed in HIV+ individuals on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and is thought to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. We have recently reported that expression of HIV intron-containing RNA (icRNA) in productively infected monocyte-derived macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses. Microglia, yolk sac-derived brain-resident tissue macrophages, are the primary HIV-1 infected cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that persistent expression of HIV icRNA in primary human microglia induces innate immune activation. We established multiple orthogonal primary human microglia-like cell cultures including peripheral blood monocyte-derived microglia (MDMG) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. Unlike MDMG, human iPSC-derived microglia (hiMG), which phenotypically mimic primary CNS microglia, were robustly infected with replication competent HIV-1, and establishment of productive HIV-1 infection and de novo viral gene expression led to pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Blocking of HIV-1 icRNA expression, but not multiply spliced viral RNA, either via infection with virus expressing a Rev-mutant deficient for HIV icRNA nuclear export or infection in the presence of small molecule inhibitor of CRM1-mediated viral icRNA nuclear export pathway, attenuated induction of innate immune responses. These studies suggest that Rev-CRM1-dependent nuclear export and cytosolic sensing of HIV-1 icRNA induces pro-inflammatory responses in productively infected microglia. Novel strategies targeting HIV icRNA expression specifically are needed to suppress HIV-induced neuroinflammation.
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Abstract
A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis, during which microglia play diverse roles. In the central nervous system, microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning, injury repair, homeostasis maintenance, and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis. Under pathological conditions or various stimulations, microglia proliferate, aggregate, and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology, immunophenotype, and function. This review presents the features of microglia, especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically, and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration. This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering; National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Tripathi A, Singh S, Niu F, Guo ML, Pillai P, Periyasamy P, Buch S. HIV TAT-mediated microglial senescence: Role of SIRT3-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101843. [PMID: 33385630 PMCID: PMC7779826 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) as a treatment for HIV-1 infection has not only resulted in a dramatic decrease in the peripheral viral load but has also led to increased life expectancy of the infected individuals. Paradoxically, increased lifespan is accompanied with higher prevalence of age-related comorbidities, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Present study was aimed at exploring the role of HIV TAT protein in mediating microglial mitochondrial oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in neuroinflammation and microglial senescence. Our findings demonstrated that exposure of mouse primary microglial cells (mPMs) to HIV TAT protein resulted in a senescence-like phenotype, that was characterized by elevated expression of both p16 and p21 proteins, increased numbers of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase positive cells, augmented cell-cycle arrest, increased release of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased telomerase activity. Additionally, exposure of mPMs to HIV TAT also resulted downregulation of SIRT3 with a concomitant increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress. Dual luciferase reporter assay identified miR-505 as a novel target of SIRT3, which was upregulated in mPMs exposed to HIV TAT. Furthermore, transient transfection of mPMs with either the SIRT3 plasmid or miRNA-505 inhibitor upregulated the expression of SIRT3 and mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, with a concomitant decrease in microglial senescence. These in vitro findings were also validated in the prefrontal cortices and striatum of HIV transgenic rats as well as cART-treated HIV-infected individuals. In summary, this study underscores a yet undiscovered novel mechanism(s) underlying HIV TAT-mediated induction of senescence phenotype in microglia, involving the miR-505-SIRT3 axis-mediated induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress. HIV TAT induces senescence-like phenotype in microglia. HIV TAT decreases SIRT3 with concomitant increase of mitochondrial ROS. Overexpression of SIRT3 attenuated HIV TAT-mediated microglial senescence. miR-505 negatively regulate SIRT3 expression. miR-505 inhibition prevents SIRT3-mediated mitochondria stress and glial senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Prakash Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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Blanco JR, Negredo E, Bernal E, Blanco J. Impact of HIV infection on aging and immune status. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:719-731. [PMID: 33167724 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1848546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Thanks to antiretroviral therapy (ART), persons living with HIV (PLWH), have a longer life expectancy. However, immune activation and inflammation remain elevated, even after viral suppression, and contribute to morbidity and mortality in these individuals.Areas covered: We review aspects related to immune activation and inflammation in PLWH, their consequences, and the potential strategies to reduce immune activation in HIV-infected individuals on ART.Expert opinion: When addressing a problem, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the topic. This is the main limitation faced when dealing with immune activation and inflammation in PLWH since there is no consensus on the ideal markers to evaluate immune activation or inflammation. To date, the different interventions that have addressed this problem by targeting specific mediators have not been able to significantly reduce immune activation or its consequences. Given that there is currently no curative intervention for HIV infection, more studies are necessary to understand the mechanism underlying immune activation and help to identify potential therapeutic targets that contribute to improving the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ramon Blanco
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro- Centro De Investigación Biomédica De La Rioja (CIBIR), La Rioja, Spain
| | - Eugenia Negredo
- Lluita Contra La Sida Foundation, Germans Trias I Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain. Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (Uvic - UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Unidad De Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juliá Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat De Vic-Central De Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Vic, Spain
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Oschwald A, Petry P, Kierdorf K, Erny D. CNS Macrophages and Infant Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2123. [PMID: 33072074 PMCID: PMC7531029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) in the perivascular space, leptomeninges, dura mater, and choroid plexus. Recent advances in understanding the CNS resident immune cells gave new insights into development, maturation and function of its immune guard. Microglia and CAMs undergo essential steps of differentiation and maturation triggered by environmental factors as well as intrinsic transcriptional programs throughout embryonic and postnatal development. These shaping steps allow the macrophages to adapt to their specific physiological function as first line of defense of the CNS and its interfaces. During infancy, the CNS might be targeted by a plethora of different pathogens which can cause severe tissue damage with potentially long reaching defects. Therefore, an efficient immune response of infant CNS macrophages is required even at these early stages to clear the infections but may also lead to detrimental consequences for the developing CNS. Here, we highlight the recent knowledge of the infant CNS immune system during embryonic and postnatal infections and the consequences for the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oschwald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Petry
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBBS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Opioid Use Disorders in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Review of Implications for Patient Outcomes, Drug Interactions, and Neurocognitive Disorders. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030168. [PMID: 32932786 PMCID: PMC7559328 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has had a significant, negative impact in the United States, and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) represent a vulnerable sub-population that is at risk for negative sequela from prolonged opioid use or opioid use disorder (OUD). PLWHA are known to suffer from HIV-related pain and are commonly treated with opioids, leading to subsequent addictive disorders. PLWHA and OUD are at an increased risk for attrition in the HIV care continuum, including suboptimal HIV laboratory testing, delayed entry into HIV care, and initiation or adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Barriers to OUD treatment, such as medication-assisted therapy, are also apparent for PLWHA with OUD, particularly those living in rural areas. Additionally, PLWHA and OUD are at a high risk for serious drug–drug interactions through antiretroviral-opioid metabolic pathway-related inhibition/induction, or via the human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium ion channel pathways. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders can also be potentiated by the off-target inflammatory effects of opioid use. PLWHA and OUD might require more intensive, individualized protocols to sustain treatment for the underlying opioid addiction, as well as to provide proactive social support to aid in improving patient outcomes. Advancements in the understanding and management of PLWHA and OUD are needed to improve patient care. This review describes the effects of prescription and non-prescription opioid use in PLWHA.
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胡 彤, 龚 泽, 万 宇, 李 煜, 高 雪, 伦 静, 黄 胜, 曹 虹. [Establishment of a gp120 transgenic mouse model with α7 nAChR knockout]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1184-1191. [PMID: 32895175 PMCID: PMC7429164 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse model (gp120+) with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) gene knockout. METHODS The α7nAChR gene knockout mice (α7R-/-) were crossed with HIV-1gp120 transgenic mice (gp120+) to generate F1 generation mice. We selected the F1 mice with the genotype of α7R+/-/gp120+ to mate to obtain the F2 mice. The genotypes of the F3 mice were identified by PCR, and the protein expressions in the double transgenic animal model was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BV2 cells were treated with gp120 protein and α7nAChR inhibitor, and the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were detected using ELISA. RESULTS The results of PCR showed the bands of the expected size in F3 mice. Two F3 mice with successful double gene editing (α7R-/-/gp120+) were obtained, and immunohistochemistry showed that the brain tissue of the mice did not express α7 nAChR but with high gp120 protein expression. In the in vitro cell experiment, treatment with gp120 promoted the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in BV2 cells, while inhibition of α7nAChR significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS By mating gp120 Tg mice with α7R-/- mice, we obtained gp120 transgenic mice with α7nAChR gene deletion, which serve as a new animal model for exploring the role of α7nAChR in gp120-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- 彤彤 胡
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 泽龙 龚
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 宇 万
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 煜彬 李
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 雪锋 高
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 静娴 伦
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 胜和 黄
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南加州大学洛杉矶儿童医院,洛杉矶 90027Los Angeles Children's Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, USA
| | - 虹 曹
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院//广东省热带病研究重点实验室,微生物学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Sil S, Niu F, Chivero ET, Singh S, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Role of Inflammasomes in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse Mediated Neuroinflammaging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081857. [PMID: 32784383 PMCID: PMC7464640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1, cART, drug abuse, and likely contributes to the accelerated neurocognitive decline and aging in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) that abuse drugs. It is also estimated that ~30–60% of PLWH on cART develop cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), with symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic to mild, neurocognitive impairments. Adding further complexity to HAND is the comorbidity of drug abuse in PLWH involving activated immune responses and the release of neurotoxins, which, in turn, mediate neuroinflammation. Premature or accelerated aging is another feature of drug abusing PLWH on cART regimes. Emerging studies implicate the role of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and abused drugs in altering the inflammasome signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) cells. It is thus likely that exposure of these cells to HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and/or abused drugs could have synergistic/additive effects on the activation of inflammasomes, in turn, leading to exacerbated neuroinflammation, ultimately resulting in premature aging referred to as “inflammaging” In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and aging in central nervous system (CNS) cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the context of HIV-1 and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa Buch
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (S.B.); Tel.: +1-402-559-3165 (S.B.)
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Omeragic A, Kayode O, Hoque MT, Bendayan R. Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32650790 PMCID: PMC7350632 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the spectrum of cognitive impairments present in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The number of patients affected with HAND ranges from 30 to 50% of HIV infected individuals and although the development of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved longevity, HAND continues to pose a significant clinical problem as the current standard of care does not alleviate or prevent HAND symptoms. At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that it stems from neuronal injury due to chronic release of neurotoxins, chemokines, viral proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines secreted by HIV-1 activated microglia, macrophages and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) not only serves as a route for HIV-1 entry into the brain but also prevents cART therapy from reaching HIV-1 brain reservoirs, and therefore could play an important role in HAND. The goal of this review is to discuss the current data on the epidemiology, pathology and research models of HAND as well as address the potential pharmacological treatment approaches that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Olanre Kayode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Md Tozammel Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070711. [PMID: 32630058 PMCID: PMC7412260 DOI: 10.3390/v12070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1+ individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses.
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Ellis RJ, Peterson SN, Li Y, Schrier R, Iudicello J, Letendre S, Morgan E, Tang B, Grant I, Cherner M. Recent cannabis use in HIV is associated with reduced inflammatory markers in CSF and blood. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/5/e809. [PMID: 32554630 PMCID: PMC7309527 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cannabis may reduce HIV-related persistent inflammation, we evaluated the relationship of cannabis use in people with HIV (PWH) to inflammatory cytokines in CSF and blood plasma. METHODS We measured a panel of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-16, C-reactive protein [CRP], IL-6, interferon gamma-induced protein [IP]-10, soluble CD14, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II [sTNFRII]) in CSF and blood plasma in PWH and HIV- individuals who did or did not use cannabis at various levels of exposure. Participants in this observational cohort were recruited from community sources and underwent lumbar puncture and phlebotomy. Cannabis use parameters were characterized by self-report based on a semistructured timeline follow-back interview. Cytokines were measured using commercially available immunoassays. Data were analyzed using factor analysis. RESULTS Participants were 35 PWH and 21 HIV- individuals, mean (SD) age 45.4 (14.5) years, 41 cannabis ever users, and 15 never users. PWH and HIV- were not different in recency, cumulative months, grams, or density of cannabis use. A factor analysis using CSF biomarkers yielded a factor loading on CRP, IL-16, and sTNFRII that was significantly associated with recency of cannabis use (more recent use associated with lower factor 1 values, reflecting less inflammation; r = 0.331 [95% CI 0.0175, 0.586]). In particular, more recent cannabis use was related to lower IL-16 levels (r = 0.549 [0.282, 0.737]). Plasma biomarkers yielded a factor loading on sTNFRII and IP-10 that was associated with more recent cannabis use (more recent use related to less inflammation; r = 0.374 [0.0660, 0.617]). CONCLUSIONS Recent cannabis use was associated with lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers, both in CSF and blood, but in different patterns. These results are consistent with compartmentalization of immune effects of cannabis. The principal active components of cannabis are highly lipid soluble and sequestered in brain tissue; thus, our findings are consistent with specific anti-neuroinflammatory effects that may benefit HIV neurologic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego.
| | - Scott N Peterson
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Yueling Li
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego.
| | - Rachel Schrier
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Jenny Iudicello
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Scott Letendre
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Erin Morgan
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Bin Tang
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Igor Grant
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Mariana Cherner
- From the Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (R.J.E.), University of California, San Diego; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (S.N.P.); LECOM health - Millcreek Community Hospital (Y.L.), Erie, PA; Department of Pathology (R.S.), Department of Psychiatry (J.I., E.M., B.T., I.G., M.C.), and Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry (S.L.), University of California, San Diego
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HIV Infection and Neurocognitive Disorders in the Context of Chronic Drug Abuse: Evidence for Divergent Findings Dependent upon Prior Drug History. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:715-728. [PMID: 32533296 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fronto-striatal circuitry, involving the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and prefrontal cortex, mediates goal-directed behavior and is targeted by both drugs of abuse and HIV-1 infection. Acutely, both drugs and HIV-1 provoke increased dopamine activity within the circuit. However, chronic exposure to drugs or HIV-1 leads to dysregulation of the dopamine system as a result of fronto-striatal adaptations to oppose the effects of repeated instances of transiently increased dopamine. Specifically, chronic drug use leads to reduced dopaminergic tone, upregulation of dopamine transporters, and altered circuit connectivity, sending users into an allosteric state in which goal-directed behaviors are dysregulated (i.e., addiction). Similarly, chronic exposure to HIV-1, even with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), dysregulates dopamine and dopamine transporter function and alters connectivity of the fronto-striatal circuit, contributing to apathy and clinical symptoms of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Thus, in a drug user also exposed to HIV-1, dysregulation of the fronto-striatal dopamine circuit advances at an exacerbated rate and appears to be driven by mechanisms unique from those seen with chronic drug use or HIV-1 exposure alone. We posit that the effects of drug use and HIV-1 infection on microglia interact to drive the progression of motivational dysfunction at an accelerated rate. The current review will therefore explore how the fronto-striatal circuit adapts to drug use (using cocaine as an example), HIV-1 infection, and both together; emphasizing proper methods and providing future directions to develop treatments for pathologies disrupting goal-directed behaviors and improve clinical outcomes for affected patients. Graphical Abstract Drug use and HIV-1 in the fronto-striatal circuit. Drugs of abuse and HIV-1 infection both target the fronto-striatal circuit which mediates goal-directed behavior. Acutely, drugs and HIV-1 increase dopamine activity; in contrast chronic exposure produces circuit adaptions leading to dysregulation, addiction and/or apathy. Comorbid drug use and HIV-1 infection may interact with microglia to exacerbate motivational dysregulation.
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Marino J, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Extracellular HIV-1 Tat Mediates Increased Glutamate in the CNS Leading to Onset of Senescence and Progression of HAND. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:168. [PMID: 32581774 PMCID: PMC7295946 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)- associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is a disease of neurologic impairment that involves mechanisms of damage similar to other degenerative neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the current era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 replication is well-suppressed, and yet, HIV-1-infected patients still have high levels of chronic inflammation, indicating that factors other than viral replication are contributing to the development of neurocognitive impairment in these patients. The underlying mechanisms of HAND are still unknown, but the HIV-1 protein, Tat, has been highlighted as a potential viral product that contributes to the development of cognitive impairment. In AD, the presence of senescent cells in the CNS has been discussed as a contributing factor to the progression of cognitive decline and may be a mechanism also involved in the development of HAND. This mini-review discusses the viral protein HIV-1 Tat, and its potential to induce senescence in the CNS, contributing to the development of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Aksenova M, Sybrandt J, Cui B, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Odhiambo D, Lucius MD, Turner JR, Broude E, Peña E, Lizarraga S, Zhu J, Safro I, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Inhibition of the Dead Box RNA Helicase 3 Prevents HIV-1 Tat and Cocaine-Induced Neurotoxicity by Targeting Microglia Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:209-223. [PMID: 31802418 PMCID: PMC8048136 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) is a common and clinically detrimental complication of HIV infection. Viral proteins, including Tat, released from infected cells, cause neuronal toxicity. Substance abuse in HIV-infected patients greatly influences the severity of neuronal damage. To repurpose small molecule inhibitors for anti-HAND therapy, we employed MOLIERE, an AI-based literature mining system that we developed. All human genes were analyzed and prioritized by MOLIERE to find previously unknown targets connected to HAND. From the identified high priority genes, we narrowed the list to those with known small molecule ligands developed for other applications and lacking systemic toxicity in animal models. To validate the AI-based process, the selective small molecule inhibitor of DDX3 helicase activity, RK-33, was chosen and tested for neuroprotective activity. The compound, previously developed for cancer treatment, was tested for the prevention of combined neurotoxicity of HIV Tat and cocaine. Rodent cortical cultures were treated with 6 or 60 ng/ml of HIV Tat and 10 or 25 μM of cocaine, which caused substantial toxicity. RK-33 at doses as low as 1 μM greatly reduced the neurotoxicity of Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome analysis showed that most Tat-activated transcripts are microglia-specific genes and that RK-33 blocks their activation. Treatment with RK-33 inhibits the Tat and cocaine-dependent increase in the number and size of microglia and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-2, IL-1α and IL-1β. These findings reveal that inhibition of DDX3 may have the potential to treat not only HAND but other neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical Abstract RK-33, selective inhibitor of Dead Box RNA helicase 3 (DDX3) protects neurons from combined Tat and cocaine neurotoxicity by inhibition of microglia activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Justin Sybrandt
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 228 McAdams Hall, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Biyun Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Matthew D Lucius
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 228 McAdams Hall, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Edsel Peña
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sofia Lizarraga
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ilya Safro
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 228 McAdams Hall, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter st, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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He X, Peng L, Zhang B, Li L, Wu C, Xiao H, Yang W, Zeng Z, Yang X, Long M, Cao H, Huang S. [Establishment of a vimentin knockout and HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse model]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:519-524. [PMID: 32895127 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.04.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice (gp120 Tg) with vimentin (VIM) gene knockout. METHODS Female HIV-1 gp120 Tg mice were mated to VIM heterozygote mice (F0). All the offspring mice were derived from these original founders so that both genotypes had the same mixed genetic background. The F1 mice were bred to generate of VIM+/+, VIM-/-, VIM+/+/gp120 Tg and VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice. PCR was performed for genotyping of the mice, and the expressions of VIM and gp120 in the brain tissues were examined using immunoblotting. RESULTS The results of PCR showed the presence of the target bands in VIM+/+, VIM-/-, VIM+/+/gp120 Tg and VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice. In VIM-/-/gp120 Tg mice, gp120 expression was detected throughout the brain regions while no VIM expression was detected. CONCLUSIONS We generated gp120 transgenic mouse models with VIM gene knockout, which facilitate the exploration of the role of VIM in gp120-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
| | - Chunhua Wu
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Hansen Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhijie Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Long
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shenghe Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA
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Kaalund SS, Johansen A, Fabricius K, Pakkenberg B. Untreated Patients Dying With AIDS Have Loss of Neocortical Neurons and Glia Cells. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1398. [PMID: 32009881 PMCID: PMC6974793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depletes its host CD4 cells, ultimately leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In brain, the HIV confines itself to astrocytes and microglia, the resident brain macrophages, but does not infect oligodendrocytes and neurons. Nonetheless, cognitive symptoms associated with HIV and AIDS are attributed to loss of axons and white matter damage. We used design-based stereology to estimate the numbers of neocortical neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia), in a series of 12 patients dying with AIDS before the era of retroviral treatments, and in 13 age-matched control brains. Relative to the control material, there was a 19% loss of neocortical neuron (p = 0.04) and a 29% reduction of oligodendrocytes (p = 0.003) in the patients with AIDS, whereas astrocyte and microglia numbers did not differ between patients and controls. Furthermore, we saw a 17% reduction in mean hemispheric volume in the AIDS group (p = 0.0015), which was driven by neocortical and white matter loss (p < 0.05), while the archicortex, subcortical gray matter, and ventricular volumes were within normal limits. Our results confirm previous reports of neuronal loss in AIDS. The new finding of oligodendrocyte loss supports the proposal that HIV in the brain provokes demyelination and axonal dysfunction and suggests that remyelination treatment strategies may be beneficial to patients suffering from HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Simone Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Johansen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Fabricius
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Gubra, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
: The persistence of HIV in the central nervous system is somewhat controversial particularly in the context of HIV viral suppression from combined antiretroviral therapy. Further, its significance in relation to HIV pathogenesis in the context of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, systemic HIV pathogenesis, and eradication in general, but especially from the brain, are even more contentious. This review will discuss each of these aspects in detail, highlighting new data, particularly from recent conference presentations.
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Abstract
: Given the challenges of life-long adherence to suppressive HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and possibilities of comorbidities, such as HIV association neurocognitive disorder, HIV remission and eradication are desirable goals for people living with HIV. In some individuals, there is evidence that HIV persists and replicates in the CNS, impacting the success of HIV remission interventions. This article addresses the role of HIV CNS latency on HIV eradication, examines the effects of early ART, latency-modifying agents, antibody-based and T-cell enhancing therapies on the CNS as well as ART interruption in remission studies. We propose the integration of CNS monitoring into such studies in order to clarify the short-term and long-term neurological safety of experimental agents and treatment interruption, and to better characterize their effects on HIV CNS persistence.
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Rojas-Celis V, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Toro-Ascuy D. New Challenges of HIV-1 Infection: How HIV-1 Attacks and Resides in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101245. [PMID: 31614895 PMCID: PMC6829584 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most devastating pandemics in recorded history. The main causal agent of AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infects various cell types of the immune system that express the CD4 receptor on their surfaces. Today, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the standard treatment for all people with HIV; although it has improved the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH), it cannot eliminate the latent reservoir of the virus. Therefore HIV/AIDS has turned from a fatal disease to a chronic disease requiring lifelong treatment. Despite significant viral load suppression, it has been observed that at least half of patients under cART present HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which have been related to HIV-1 infection and replication in the central nervous system (CNS). Several studies have focused on elucidating the mechanism by which HIV-1 can invade the CNS and how it can generate the effects seen in HAND. This review summarizes the research on HIV-1 and its interaction with the CNS with an emphasis on the generation of HAND, how the virus enters the CNS, the relationship between HIV-1 and cells of the CNS, and the effect of cART on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rojas-Celis
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile.
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
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