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Zheng Y, Ren Z, Liu Y, Yan J, Chen C, He Y, Shi Y, Cheng F, Wang Q, Li C, Wang X. T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1277-1292. [PMID: 39075894 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary mechanism of secondary injury after cerebral ischemia may be the brain inflammation that emerges after an ischemic stroke, which promotes neuronal death and inhibits nerve tissue regeneration. As the first immune cells to be activated after an ischemic stroke, microglia play an important immunomodulatory role in the progression of the condition. After an ischemic stroke, peripheral blood immune cells (mainly T cells) are recruited to the central nervous system by chemokines secreted by immune cells in the brain, where they interact with central nervous system cells (mainly microglia) to trigger a secondary neuroimmune response. This review summarizes the interactions between T cells and microglia in the immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke. We found that, during ischemic stroke, T cells and microglia demonstrate a more pronounced synergistic effect. Th1, Th17, and M1 microglia can co-secrete pro-inflammatory factors, such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β, to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate brain injury. Th2, Treg, and M2 microglia jointly secrete anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β, to inhibit the progression of neuroinflammation, as well as growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor to promote nerve regeneration and repair brain injury. Immune interactions between microglia and T cells influence the direction of the subsequent neuroinflammation, which in turn determines the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. Clinical trials have been conducted on the ways to modulate the interactions between T cells and microglia toward anti-inflammatory communication using the immunosuppressant fingolimod or overdosing with Treg cells to promote neural tissue repair and reduce the damage caused by ischemic stroke. However, such studies have been relatively infrequent, and clinical experience is still insufficient. In summary, in ischemic stroke, T cell subsets and activated microglia act synergistically to regulate inflammatory progression, mainly by secreting inflammatory factors. In the future, a key research direction for ischemic stroke treatment could be rooted in the enhancement of anti-inflammatory factor secretion by promoting the generation of Th2 and Treg cells, along with the activation of M2-type microglia. These approaches may alleviate neuroinflammation and facilitate the repair of neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntang Yan
- Library, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyu Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changxiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Hedley KE, Gomez HM, Kecelioglu E, Carroll OR, Jobling P, Horvat JC, Tadros MA. Neonatal Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infection causes neuroinflammation within the brainstem during the early postnatal period. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:158. [PMID: 38879567 PMCID: PMC11179230 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the most common causes of illness and morbidity in neonates worldwide. In the acute phase infections are known to cause wide-spread peripheral inflammation. However, the inflammatory consequences to the critical neural control centres for respiration have not been explored. Utilising a well characterised model of neonatal respiratory infection, we investigated acute responses within the medulla oblongata which contains key respiratory regions. Neonatal mice were intranasally inoculated within 24 h of birth, with either Chlamydia muridarum or sham-infected, and tissue collected on postnatal day 15, the peak of peripheral inflammation. A key finding of this study is that, while the periphery appeared to show no sex-specific effects of a neonatal respiratory infection, sex had a significant impact on the inflammatory response of the medulla oblongata. There was a distinct sex-specific response in the medulla coincident with peak of peripheral inflammation, with females demonstrating an upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and males showing very few changes. Microglia also demonstrated sex-specificity with the morphology of females and males differing based upon the nuclei. Astrocytes showed limited changes during the acute response to neonatal infection. These data highlight the strong sex-specific impact of a respiratory infection can have on the medulla in the acute inflammatory phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateleen E Hedley
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry M Gomez
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Eda Kecelioglu
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivia R Carroll
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa A Tadros
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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Hedley KE, Cuskelly A, Callister RJ, Horvat JC, Hodgson DM, Tadros MA. The medulla oblongata shows a sex-specific inflammatory response to systemic neonatal lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 389:578316. [PMID: 38394966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Early life inflammation has been linked to long-term modulation of behavioural outcomes due to the central nervous system, but it is now becoming apparent it is also linked to dysfunction of visceral physiology. The medulla oblongata contains a number of nuclei critical for homeostasis, therefore we utilised the well-established model of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure to examine the immediate and long-term impacts of systemic inflammation on the medulla oblongata. Wistar rats were injected with LPS or saline on postnatal days 3 and 5, with tissues collected on postnatal days 7 or 90 in order to assess expression of inflammatory mediators and microglial morphology in autonomic regions of the medulla oblongata. We observed a distinct sex-specific response of all measured inflammatory mediators at both ages, as well as significant neonatal sex differences in inflammatory mediators within saline groups. At both ages, microglial morphology had significant changes in branch length and soma size in a sex-specific manner in response to LPS exposure. This data not only highlights the strong sex-specific response of neonates to LPS administration, but also the significant life-long impact on the medulla oblongata and the potential altered control of visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateleen E Hedley
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Annalisa Cuskelly
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Education, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa A Tadros
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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Liu F, Cheng X, Zhao C, Zhang X, Liu C, Zhong S, Liu Z, Lin X, Qiu W, Zhang X. Single-Cell Mapping of Brain Myeloid Cell Subsets Reveals Key Transcriptomic Changes Favoring Neuroplasticity after Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:65-78. [PMID: 37755676 PMCID: PMC10774469 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between brain-resident and peripheral infiltrated immune cells are thought to contribute to neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia. However, conventional bulk sequencing makes it challenging to depict this complex immune network. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we mapped compositional and transcriptional features of peri-infarct immune cells. Microglia were the predominant cell type in the peri-infarct region, displaying a more diverse activation pattern than the typical pro- and anti-inflammatory state, with axon tract-associated microglia (ATMs) being associated with neuronal regeneration. Trajectory inference suggested that infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) exhibited a gradual fate trajectory transition to activated MDMs. Inter-cellular crosstalk between MDMs and microglia orchestrated anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting microglia phenotypes and promoted post-stroke neurogenesis, with SOX2 and related Akt/CREB signaling as the underlying mechanisms. This description of the brain's immune landscape and its relationship with neurogenesis provides new insight into promoting neural repair by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Hood RJ, Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Beard DJ, Rust R, Turner RJ, Stuckey SM, Collins-Praino LE, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Ong LK. Leakage beyond the primary lesion: A temporal analysis of cerebrovascular dysregulation at sites of hippocampal secondary neurodegeneration following cortical photothrombotic stroke. J Neurochem 2023; 167:733-752. [PMID: 38010732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a cortical stroke causes persistent impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks concomitant with secondary neurodegenerative processes such as amyloid-β accumulation in the hippocampus, a region remote from the primary infarct. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence suggesting that deposition of amyloid-β around cerebral vessels may lead to cerebrovascular structural changes, neurovascular dysfunction, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, there is limited knowledge about the temporal changes of hippocampal cerebrovasculature after cortical stroke. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the spatiotemporal cerebrovascular changes after cortical stroke. This was done using the photothrombotic stroke model targeting the motor and somatosensory cortices of mice. Cerebrovascular morphology as well as the co-localisation of amyloid-β with vasculature and blood-brain barrier integrity were assessed in the cortex and hippocampal regions at 7, 28 and 84 days post-stroke. Our findings showed transient cerebrovascular remodelling in the peri-infarct area up to 28 days post-stroke. Importantly, the cerebrovascular changes were extended beyond the peri-infarct region to the ipsilateral hippocampus and were sustained out to 84 days post-stroke. When investigating vessel diameter, we showed a decrease at 84 days in the peri-infarct and CA1 regions that were exacerbated in vessels with amyloid-β deposition. Lastly, we showed sustained vascular leakage in the peri-infarct and ipsilateral hippocampus, indicative of a compromised blood-brain-barrier. Our findings indicate that hippocampal vasculature may represent an important therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hood
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Beard
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shannon M Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Paul M, Paul JW, Hinwood M, Hood RJ, Martin K, Abdolhoseini M, Johnson SJ, Pollack M, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Clopidogrel Administration Impairs Post-Stroke Learning and Memory Recovery in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11706. [PMID: 37511466 PMCID: PMC10380815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel, which is one of the most prescribed antiplatelet medications in the world, is given to stroke survivors for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel exerts its antiplatelet activity via antagonism of the P2Y12 receptor (P2RY12). Although not widely known or considered during the initial clinical trials for clopidogrel, P2RY12 is also expressed on microglia, which are the brain's immune cells, where the receptor facilitates chemotactic migration toward sites of cellular damage. If microglial P2RY12 is blocked, microglia lose the ability to migrate to damaged sites and carry out essential repair processes. We aimed to investigate whether administering clopidogrel to mice post-stroke was associated with (i) impaired motor skills and cognitive recovery; (ii) physiological changes, such as survival rate and body weight; (iii) changes in the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels, microglia, and neurons; and (iv) changes in immune cells. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in adult male mice. From 24 h post-stroke, mice were treated daily for 14 days with either clopidogrel or a control. Cognitive performance (memory and learning) was assessed using a mouse touchscreen platform (paired associated learning task), while motor impairment was assessed using the cylinder task for paw asymmetry. On day 15, the mice were euthanized and their brains were collected for immunohistochemistry analysis. Clopidogrel administration significantly impaired learning and memory recovery, reduced mouse survival rates, and reduced body weight post-stroke. Furthermore, clopidogrel significantly increased vascular leakage, significantly increased the number and appearance of microglia, and significantly reduced the number of T cells within the peri-infarct region post-stroke. These data suggest that clopidogrel hampers cognitive performance post-stroke. This effect is potentially mediated by an increase in vascular permeability post-stroke, providing a pathway for clopidogrel to access the central nervous system, and thus, interfere in repair and recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paul
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Madeleine Hinwood
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Beyond the Primary Infarction: Focus on Mechanisms Related to Secondary Neurodegeneration after Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416024. [PMID: 36555665 PMCID: PMC9782185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that secondary neurodegeneration after stroke occurs at remote regions of the brain that are connected to the primary infarction site [...].
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Zhang G, Chen S, Jia J, Liu C, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhen X. Development and Evaluation of Novel Metformin Derivative Metformin Threonate for Brain Ischemia Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879690. [PMID: 35800435 PMCID: PMC9253272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data reveal that diabetes patients taking metformin exhibit lower incidence of stroke and better functional outcomes during post-stroke neurologic recovery. We previously demonstrated that chronic post-ischemic administration of metformin improved functional recovery in experimental cerebral ischemia. However, few beneficial effects of metformin on the acute phase of cerebral ischemia were reported either in experimental animals or in stroke patients, which limits the application of metformin in stroke. We hypothesized that slow cellular uptake of metformin hydrochloride may contribute to the lack of efficacy in acute stroke. We recently developed and patented a novel metformin derivative, metformin threonate (SHY-01). Pharmacokinetic profile in vivo and in cultured cells revealed that metformin is more rapidly uptaken and accumulated from SHY-01 than metformin hydrochloride. Accordingly, SHY-01 treatment exhibited more potent and rapid activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, SHY-01 elicited a stronger inhibition of microglia activation and more potent neuroprotection when compared to metformin hydrochloride. SHY-01 administration also had superior beneficial effects on neurologic functional recovery in experimental stroke and offered strong protection against acute cerebral ischemia with reduced infarct volume and mortality, as well as the improved sensorimotor and cognitive functions in rats. Collectively, these results indicated that SHY-01 had an improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profile and produced more potent protective effects on acute stroke and long-term neurological damage. We propose that SHY-01 is a very promising therapeutic candidate for cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gufang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuechu Zhen, ; Gufang Zhang,
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuechu Zhen, ; Gufang Zhang,
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Hinwood M, Nyberg J, Leigh L, Gustavsson S, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Ilicic M, Linden T, Åberg ND, Levi C, Spratt N, Carey LM, Pollack M, Johnson SJ, Kuhn GH, Walker FR, Nilsson M. Do P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prescribed poststroke modify the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia? Protocol for a target trial using multiple national Swedish registries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058244. [PMID: 35534077 PMCID: PMC9086614 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The target of a class of antiplatelet medicines, P2Y12R inhibitors, exists both on platelets and on brain immune cells (microglia). This protocol aims to describe a causal (based on a counterfactual model) approach for analysing whether P2Y12R inhibitors prescribed for secondary prevention poststroke may increase the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia via their actions on microglia, using real-world evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a cohort study nested within the Swedish National Health and Medical Registers, including all people with incident stroke from 2006 to 2016. We developed directed acyclic graphs to operationalise the causal research question considering potential time-independent and time-dependent confounding, using input from several experts. We developed a study protocol following the components of the target trial approach described by Hernan et al and describe the data structure that would be required in order to make a causal inference. We also describe the statistical approach required to derive the causal estimand associated with this important clinical question; that is, a time-to-event analysis for the development of cognitive disorder or dementia at 1, 2 and 5-year follow-up, based on approaches for competing events to account for the risk of all-cause mortality. Causal effect estimates and the precision in these estimates will be quantified. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Gothenburg and Confidentiality Clearance at Statistics Sweden with Dnr 937-18, and an approved addendum with Dnr 2019-0157. The analysis and interpretation of the results will be heavily reliant on the structure, quality and potential for bias of the databases used. When we implement the protocol, we will consider and document any biases specific to the dataset and conduct appropriate sensitivity analyses. Findings will be disseminated to local stakeholders via conferences, and published in appropriate scientific journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hinwood
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Nyberg
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Lucy Leigh
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Gustavsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Forensic Toxicology National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marina Ilicic
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Linden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Chris Levi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Spratt
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University - Melbourne Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georg Hans Kuhn
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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10
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The cytokines interleukin-6 and interferon-α induce distinct microglia phenotypes. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:96. [PMID: 35429976 PMCID: PMC9013466 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon (IFN)-α in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or cerebral interferonopathies, respectively. Transgenic mice with CNS-targeted chronic production of IL-6 (GFAP-IL6) or IFN-α (GFAP-IFN) recapitulate important clinical and pathological features of these human diseases. The activation of microglia is a prominent manifestation found both in the human diseases and in the transgenic mice, yet little is known about how this contributes to disease pathology. Methods Here, we used a combination of ex vivo and in situ techniques to characterize the molecular, cellular and transcriptomic phenotypes of microglia in GFAP-IL6 versus GFAP-IFN mice. In addition, a transcriptomic meta-analysis was performed to compare the microglia response from GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice to the response of microglia in a range of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Results We demonstrated that microglia show stimulus-specific responses to IL-6 versus IFN-α in the brain resulting in unique and extensive molecular and cellular adaptations. In GFAP-IL6 mice, microglia proliferated, had shortened, less branched processes and elicited transcriptomic and molecular changes associated with phagocytosis and lipid processing. In comparison, microglia in the brain of GFAP-IFN mice exhibited increased proliferation and apoptosis, had larger, hyper-ramified processes and showed transcriptomic and surface marker changes associated with antigen presentation and antiviral response. Further, a transcriptomic meta-analysis revealed that IL-6 and IFN-α both contribute to the formation of a core microglia response in animal models of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, tauopathy, multiple sclerosis and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that microglia responses to IL-6 and IFN-α are highly stimulus-specific, wide-ranging and give rise to divergent phenotypes that modulate microglia responses in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x.
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11
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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12
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Ding Z, Guo S, Luo L, Zheng Y, Gan S, Kang X, Wu X, Zhu S. Emerging Roles of Microglia in Neuro-vascular Unit: Implications of Microglia-Neurons Interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:706025. [PMID: 34712121 PMCID: PMC8546170 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.706025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which serve as the defensive interface of the nervous system, are activated in many neurological diseases. Their role as immune responding cells has been extensively studied in the past few years. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuronal feedback can be shaped by the molecular signals received and sent by microglia. Altered neuronal activity or synaptic plasticity leads to the release of various communication messages from neurons, which in turn exert effects on microglia. Research on microglia-neuron communication has thus expanded from focusing only on neurons to the neurovascular unit (NVU). This approach can be used to explore the potential mechanism of neurovascular coupling across sophisticated receptor systems and signaling cascades in health and disease. However, it remains unclear how microglia-neuron communication happens in the brain. Here, we discuss the functional contribution of microglia to synapses, neuroimmune communication, and neuronal activity. Moreover, the current state of knowledge of bidirectional control mechanisms regarding interactions between neurons and microglia are reviewed, with a focus on purinergic regulatory systems including ATP-P2RY12R signaling, ATP-adenosine-A1Rs/A2ARs, and the ATP-pannexin 1 hemichannel. This review aims to organize recent studies to highlight the multifunctional roles of microglia within the neural communication network in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Cordella F, Sanchini C, Rosito M, Ferrucci L, Pediconi N, Cortese B, Guerrieri F, Pascucci GR, Antonangeli F, Peruzzi G, Giubettini M, Basilico B, Pagani F, Grimaldi A, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C, Ragozzino D, Di Angelantonio S. Antibiotics Treatment Modulates Microglia-Synapses Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102648. [PMID: 34685628 PMCID: PMC8534187 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Dysbiosis’ of the adult gut microbiota, in response to challenges such as infection, altered diet, stress, and antibiotics treatment has been recently linked to pathological alteration of brain function and behavior. Moreover, gut microbiota composition constantly controls microglia maturation, as revealed by morphological observations and gene expression analysis. However, it is unclear whether microglia functional properties and crosstalk with neurons, known to shape and modulate synaptic development and function, are influenced by the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how antibiotic-mediated alteration of the gut microbiota influences microglial and neuronal functions in adult mice hippocampus. Hippocampal microglia from adult mice treated with oral antibiotics exhibited increased microglia density, altered basal patrolling activity, and impaired process rearrangement in response to damage. Patch clamp recordings at CA3-CA1 synapses revealed that antibiotics treatment alters neuronal functions, reducing spontaneous postsynaptic glutamatergic currents and decreasing synaptic connectivity, without reducing dendritic spines density. Antibiotics treatment was unable to modulate synaptic function in CX3CR1-deficient mice, pointing to an involvement of microglia–neuron crosstalk through the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the effect of dysbiosis on neuronal functions. Together, our findings show that antibiotic alteration of gut microbiota impairs synaptic efficacy, suggesting that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling supporting microglia is a major player in in the gut–brain axis, and in particular in the gut microbiota-to-neuron communication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Natalia Pediconi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Barbara Cortese
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, 69373 Lyon, France; (F.G.); (G.R.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, 69373 Lyon, France; (F.G.); (G.R.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinese 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Center for Brain Research, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.D.A.)
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14
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Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Hood RJ, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Ong LK. More than motor impairment: A spatiotemporal analysis of cognitive impairment and associated neuropathological changes following cortical photothrombotic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2439-2455. [PMID: 33779358 PMCID: PMC8393292 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211005877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence suggesting that a cortical stroke can cause delayed and remote hippocampal dysregulation, leading to cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate motor and cognitive outcomes after experimental stroke, and their association with secondary neurodegenerative processes. Specifically, we used a photothrombotic stroke model targeting the motor and somatosensory cortices of mice. Motor function was assessed using the cylinder and grid walk tasks. Changes in cognition were assessed using a mouse touchscreen platform. Neuronal loss, gliosis and amyloid-β accumulation were investigated in the peri-infarct and ipsilateral hippocampal regions at 7, 28 and 84 days post-stroke. Our findings showed persistent impairment in cognitive function post-stroke, whilst there was a modest spontaneous motor recovery over the investigated period of 84 days. In the peri-infarct region, we detected a reduction in neuronal loss and decreased neuroinflammation over time post-stroke, which potentially explains the spontaneous motor recovery. Conversely, we observed persistent neuronal loss together with concomitant increased neuroinflammation and amyloid-β accumulation in the hippocampus, which likely accounts for the persistent cognitive dysfunction. Our findings indicate that cortical stroke induces secondary neurodegenerative processes in the hippocampus, a region remote from the primary infarct, potentially contributing to the progression of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Li F, Xu D, Hou K, Gou X, Li Y. The role of P2Y12 receptor inhibition in ischemic stroke on microglia, platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 50:874-885. [PMID: 32248335 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
P2Y12 receptors on platelets have long been the main target of antiplatelet drugs. However, a growing number of studies have revealed that P2Y12 receptor activation on microglia and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) also aggravates ischemic stroke injury. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs in the vascular wall have important influence on the early lesion of atherosclerosis, which may lead to the origin of cerebral ischemic attack of atherosclerosis. Blockage of cellular P2Y12 receptors could inhibit microglial activation, block formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates, reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels and suppress migration and proliferation of VSMCs, implying that apart from anti-thrombotic effect, P2Y12 inhibitors have additional neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic therapeutic benefits against ischemic stroke. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in studies on P2Y12 receptors and emphatically introduce their significance in microglia, platelets and VSMCs after ischemic stroke, discussing how to exert the beneficial effects of P2Y12 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Corticosterone Administration Alters White Matter Tract Structure and Reduces Gliosis in the Sub-Acute Phase of Experimental Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136693. [PMID: 34206635 PMCID: PMC8269094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter tract (WMT) degeneration has been reported to occur following a stroke, and it is associated with post-stroke functional disturbances. White matter pathology has been suggested to be an independent predictor of post-stroke recovery. However, the factors that influence WMT remodeling are poorly understood. Cortisol is a steroid hormone released in response to prolonged stress, and elevated levels of cortisol have been reported to interfere with brain recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of corticosterone (CORT; the rodent equivalent of cortisol) on WMT structure post-stroke. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. At 72 h, mice were exposed to standard drinking water ± CORT (100 µg/mL). After two weeks of CORT administration, mice were euthanised and brain tissue collected for histological and biochemical analysis of WMT (particularly the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract). CORT administration was associated with increased tissue loss within the ipsilateral hemisphere, and modest and inconsistent WMT reorganization. Further, a structural and molecular analysis of the WMT components suggested that CORT exerted effects over axons and glial cells. Our findings highlight that CORT at stress-like levels can moderately influence the reorganization and microstructure of WMT post-stroke.
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17
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Catale C, Bisicchia E, Carola V, Viscomi MT. Early life stress exposure worsens adult remote microglia activation, neuronal death, and functional recovery after focal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:89-103. [PMID: 33677027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) is a devastating condition resulting in severe functional impairments that strongly vary among patients. Patients' features, such as age, social and cultural environment, and pre-existing psychiatric conditions may be particularly relevant for determining prognosis after CNS trauma. Although several studies demonstrated the impact of adult psycho-social stress exposure on functional recovery after CNS damage, no data exist regarding the long-term effects of the exposure to such experience at an early age. Here, we assessed whether early life stress (ELS) hampers the neuroinflammatory milieuand the functional recovery after focal brain injury in adulthood by using a murine model of ELS exposure combined with hemicerebellectomy (HCb), a model of remote damage. We found that ELS permanently altered microglia responses such that, once experienced HCb, they produced an exaggerated remote inflammatory response - consistent with a primed phenotype - associated with increased cell death and worse functional recovery. Notably, prevention of microglia/macrophages activation by GW2580 treatment during ELS exposure significantly reduced microglia responses, cell death and improved functional recovery. Conversely, GW2580 treatment administered in adulthood after HCb was ineffective in reducing inflammation and cell death or improving functional recovery. Our findings highlight that ELS impacts the immune system maturation producing permanent changes, and that it is a relevant factor modulating the response to a CNS damage. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the interaction between ELS and brain injury with the aim of developing targeted treatments to improve functional recovery after CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Catale
- Department of Psychology, Ph.D. Program in "Behavioral Neuroscience", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Carola
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, University "Cattolica Del S. Cuore", Rome, Italy.
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18
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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19
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 448:325-336. [PMID: 32941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly associated with aging, oxidative stress and genetic mutations. There are two pathological proteins involved in AD; Amyloid-β peptide and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT). The β- and γ-secretase enzyme cleaves the Amyloid precursor protein, which results in the formation of extracellular plaques in brain. While, Tau undergoes hyperphosphorylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs), which eventually generates Tau oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in neurons. Moreover, the brain-resident glia and infiltrated macrophages elevate the level of CNS inflammation, which trigger the oxidative damage of neuronal circuits by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric oxide (NO). Microglia is the primary immune cell in the CNS, which is continuously surveilling the neuronal synapses and pathogen invasion. Microglia in the resting state is called 'Ramified', which possess long surveilling extensions with a small cell body. But, upon activation, microglia retracts the cellular extensions and transform into round migratory cells, called as 'Amoeboid' state. Activated microglia undergoes actin remodeling by forming lamellipodia and filopodia, which directs the migratory axis while podosomes formed are involved in extracellular matrix degradation for invasion. Protein-aggregates in malfunctioning synapses and in CNS milieu can be detected by microglia, which results in its activation and migration. Subsequently, the phagocytosis of synapses leads to the inflammatory burst and memory loss. The extracellular nucleotides released from damaged neurons and the cytokine-chemokine gradients allow the neighboring microglia and macrophages to migrate-infiltrate at the site of neuronal-damage. The ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) purinergic receptor recognize extracellular ATP/ADP, which propagates through the intracellular calcium signaling, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and inflammation. The P2Y receptors give 'find me' or 'eat me' signals to microglia to either migrate or phagocytose cellular debris. Further, the actin cytoskeleton helps microglia to mediate directed chemotaxis and neuronal repair during neurodegeneration. Hence, we aim to emphasize the connection between purinergic signaling and actin-driven mechanical movements of microglia for migration and inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
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20
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Electroacupuncture Attenuates Inflammation after Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting NF- κB-Mediated Activation of Microglia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8163052. [PMID: 32922507 PMCID: PMC7453260 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation and microglia-mediated inflammation play an important role in the occurrence, development, and outcome of stroke. Brain injury induces the activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6. Many studies have confirmed that acupuncture is effective in treating ischemic stroke. However, its protective mechanism against ischemic brain injury is complex and multifactorial. In this study, we observed the effects of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) on microglial activation and inflammation in the cortical ischemic penumbra (IP) of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rats. It was found that electroacupuncture inhibited the degeneration and necrosis of microglia in the cortical IP and ameliorated mitochondrial damage. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed that microglia were in a resting state or weakly activated in the normal brain. After cerebral ischemia, the expression of microglial markers (Iba-1 and CD11b) increased, and NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression gradually increased. The dynamic changes were generally temporally consistent. Electroacupuncture downregulated the expressions of Iba-1 and CD11b. Additionally, it inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α and reduced the conversion of microglia to the M1 phenotype after ischemia. Electroacupuncture regulated the activation of microglia and microglia-mediated inflammation after cerebral ischemia, confirming the relevant theories regarding the effect of acupuncture treatment on cerebral ischemia and guiding clinical practice.
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21
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Altered circular RNA expression profiles in the non-ischemic thalamus in focal cortical infarction mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13206-13219. [PMID: 32639948 PMCID: PMC7377861 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Focal cerebral infarction leads to secondary changes in non-ischemic areas remote from but connected to the infarct site. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. However, the expression and roles of circRNAs in non-ischemic remote regions after ischemic stroke remain unknown. In this study, adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to establish focal cortical infarction. High-throughput sequencing was used to profile the circRNA expression in the mouse ipsilateral thalamus at 7 and 14 d after MCAO. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to predict the function of the differential expressed circRNAs' host and target genes. Compared with sham group, a total of 2659 circRNAs were significantly altered in the ipsilateral thalamus at 7 or 14 d after MCAO in mice. Among them, 73 circRNAs were significantly altered at both two time points after stroke. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that circRNAs plays important roles in secondary thalamic neurodegeneration and remodeling after focal cortical infarction. This is the first study to profile the circRNA expression in non-ischemic region of ischemic stroke, suggesting that circRNAs may be therapeutic targets for reducing post-stroke secondary remote neurodegeneration.
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22
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Pagani F, Testi C, Grimaldi A, Corsi G, Cortese B, Basilico B, Baiocco P, De Panfilis S, Ragozzino D, Di Angelantonio S. Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Microglia Functional Response to Tissue Damage and Favors Brain Iron Homeostasis. Neuroscience 2020; 439:241-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Growth Hormone Treatment Promotes Remote Hippocampal Plasticity after Experimental Cortical Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124563. [PMID: 32604953 PMCID: PMC7349868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common after stroke, and disturbances in hippocampal function are often involved, even in remote non-hippocampal injuries. In terms of hippocampal function, growth hormone (GH) is known to affects plasticity and cognition. We aimed to investigate whether GH treatment after an experimental cortical stroke could enhance remote hippocampal plasticity and the hippocampal-dependent visual discrimination task. C57BL6 male mice were subjected to cortical photothrombotic stroke. Stroke mice were then treated with either saline or GH at 48 h after occlusion for 28 days. We assessed learning and memory using mouse touchscreen platform for the visual discrimination task. We also evaluated markers of neural progenitor cells, synaptic plasticity and cerebrovascular remodelling in the hippocampal formation. GH treatment significantly improved the performance on visual discrimination task after stroke. We observed a concomitant increased number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We also detected increased protein levels and density of doublecortin, a neuronal precursor cells marker, as well as glutamate receptor 1 (GLuR1), a synaptic marker. These findings provide further neurobiological evidence for how GH treatment could be used to promote hippocampal plasticity in a remote region from the initial cortical injury, and thus enhance cognitive recovery after stroke.
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Datta A, Sarmah D, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Advances in Studies on Stroke-Induced Secondary Neurodegeneration (SND) and Its Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The occurrence of secondary neurodegeneration has exclusively been observed
after the first incidence of stroke. In humans and rodents, post-stroke secondary neurodegeneration
(SND) is an inevitable event that can lead to progressive neuronal loss at a region distant to initial infarct.
SND can lead to cognitive and motor function impairment, finally causing dementia. The exact
pathophysiology of the event is yet to be explored. It is seen that the thalami, in particular, are susceptible
to cause SND. The reason behind this is because the thalamus functioning as the relay center and is
positioned as an interlocked structure with direct synaptic signaling connection with the cortex. As SND
proceeds, accumulation of misfolded proteins and microglial activation are seen in the thalamus. This
leads to increased neuronal loss and worsening of functional and cognitive impairment.
Objective:
There is a necessity of specific interventions to prevent post-stroke SND, which are not properly
investigated to date owing to sparsely reproducible pre-clinical and clinical data. The basis of this
review is to investigate about post-stroke SND and its updated treatment approaches carefully.
Methods:
Our article presents a detailed survey of advances in studies on stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration
(SND) and its treatment.
Results:
This article aims to put forward the pathophysiology of SND. We have also tabulated the latest
treatment approaches along with different neuroimaging systems that will be helpful for future reference
to explore.
Conclusion:
In this article, we have reviewed the available reports on SND pathophysiology, detection
techniques, and possible treatment modalities that have not been attempted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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25
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Cao Z, Harvey SS, Bliss TM, Cheng MY, Steinberg GK. Inflammatory Responses in the Secondary Thalamic Injury After Cortical Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 11:236. [PMID: 32318016 PMCID: PMC7154072 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide and increasing efforts have focused on studying brain repair and recovery after stroke. Following stroke, the primary injury site can disrupt functional connections in nearby and remotely connected brain regions, resulting in the development of secondary injuries that may impede long-term functional recovery. In particular, secondary degenerative injury occurs in the connected ipsilesional thalamus following a cortical stroke. Although secondary thalamic injury was first described decades ago, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. We performed a systematic literature review using the NCBI PubMed database for studies that focused on the secondary thalamic degeneration after cortical ischemic stroke. In this review, we discussed emerging studies that characterized the pathological changes in the secondary degenerative thalamus after stroke; these included excitotoxicity, apoptosis, amyloid beta protein accumulation, blood-brain-barrier breakdown, and inflammatory responses. In particular, we highlighted key findings of the dynamic inflammatory responses in the secondary thalamic injury and discussed the involvement of several cell types in this process. We also discussed studies that investigated the effects of blocking secondary thalamic injury on inflammatory responses and stroke outcome. Targeting secondary injuries after stroke may alleviate network-wide deficits, and ultimately promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sean S Harvey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tonya M Bliss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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26
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Blockade of Nogo-A/Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) Inhibits Autophagic Activation and Prevents Secondary Neuronal Damage in the Thalamus after Focal Cerebral Infarction in Hypertensive Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 431:103-114. [PMID: 32068082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal cerebral infarction leads to autophagic activation, which contributes to secondary neuronal damage in the ipsilateral thalamus. Although Nogo-A deactivation enhances neuronal plasticity, its role in autophagic activation in the thalamus after ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of Nogo-A/Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) in autophagic activation in the ipsilateral thalamus after cerebral infarction. Focal neocortical infarction was established using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus was assessed by Nissl staining and immunostaining. The expression of Nogo-A, NgR1, Rho-A and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) as well as autophagic flux were evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. The roles of Nogo-A-NgR1 signaling in autophagic activation were determined by intraventricular delivery of an NgR1 antagonist peptide, NEP1-40, at 24 h after MCAO. The results showed that Nogo-A and NgR1 overexpression temporally coincided with marked increases in the levels of Beclin1, LC3-II and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 in the ipsilateral thalamus at seven and fourteen days after MCAO. In contrast, NEP1-40 treatment significantly reduced the expression of Rho-A and ROCK1 which was accompanied by marked reductions of LC3-II conversion as well as the levels of Beclin1 and SQSTM1/p62. Furthermore, NEP1-40 treatment significantly reduced neuronal loss and gliosis in the ipsilateral thalamus, and accelerated somatosensory recovery at the observed time-points after MCAO. These results suggest that blockade of Nogo-A-NgR1 signaling inhibits autophagic activation, attenuates secondary neuronal damage in the ipsilateral thalamus, and promotes functional recovery after focal cerebral cortical infarction.
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27
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Growth Hormone Promotes Motor Function after Experimental Stroke and Enhances Recovery-Promoting Mechanisms within the Peri-Infarct Area. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020606. [PMID: 31963456 PMCID: PMC7013985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor impairment is the most common and widely recognised clinical outcome after stroke. Current clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation focuses mainly on physical therapy, with no pharmacological intervention approved to facilitate functional recovery. Several studies have documented positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on cognitive function after stroke, but surprisingly, the effects on motor function remain unclear. In this study, photothrombotic occlusion targeting the motor and sensory cortex was induced in adult male mice. Two days post-stroke, mice were administered with recombinant human GH or saline, continuing for 28 days, followed by evaluation of motor function. Three days after initiation of the treatment, bromodeoxyuridine was administered for subsequent assessment of cell proliferation. Known neurorestorative processes within the peri-infarct area were evaluated by histological and biochemical analyses at 30 days post-stroke. This study demonstrated that GH treatment improves motor function after stroke by 50%–60%, as assessed using the cylinder and grid walk tests. Furthermore, the observed functional improvements occurred in parallel with a reduction in brain tissue loss, as well as increased cell proliferation, neurogenesis, increased synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis within the peri-infarct area. These findings provide new evidence about the potential therapeutic effects of GH in stroke recovery.
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28
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Kluge MG, Abdolhoseini M, Zalewska K, Ong LK, Johnson SJ, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Spatiotemporal analysis of impaired microglia process movement at sites of secondary neurodegeneration post-stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2456-2470. [PMID: 30204044 PMCID: PMC6893987 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18797346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been identified that after motor cortex stroke, the ability of microglia processes to respond to local damage cues is lost from the thalamus, a major site of secondary neurodegeneration (SND). In this study, we combine a photothrombotic stroke model in mice, acute slice and fluorescent imaging to analyse the loss of microglia process responsiveness. The peri-infarct territories and thalamic areas of SND were investigated at time-points 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after stroke. We confirmed the highly specific nature of non-responsive microglia processes to sites of SND. Non-responsiveness was at no time observed at the peri-infarct but started in the thalamus seven days post-stroke and persisted for 56 days. Loss of directed process extension is not a reflection of general functional paralysis as phagocytic function continued to increase over time. Additionally, we identified that somal P2Y12 was present on non-responsive microglia in the first two weeks after stroke but not at later time points. Finally, both classical microglia activation and loss of process extension are highly correlated with neuronal damage. Our findings highlight the importance of microglia, specifically microglia dynamic functions, to the progression of SND post-stroke, and their potential relevance as modulators or therapeutic targets during stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle G Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Zalewska
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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29
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Guan X, Wang Y, Kai G, Zhao S, Huang T, Li Y, Xu Y, Zhang L, Pang T. Cerebrolysin Ameliorates Focal Cerebral Ischemia Injury Through Neuroinflammatory Inhibition via CREB/PGC-1α Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1245. [PMID: 31695614 PMCID: PMC6818051 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the important factors aggravating brain injury after ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the effects of cerebrolysin (CBL) on neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro and the underlying mechanisms. The gene expressions of pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors were analyzed by real time PCR in rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, lipopolysaccharides-induced neuroinflammatory mice model and LPS-treated mouse primary microglia cells. The neuroprotective effects of CBL were evaluated by infarct size, Longa test and Rotarod test for long-term functional recovery in rats subjected to ischemia. The role of CREB/PGC-1α pathway in anti-neuroinflammatory effect of CBL was also determined by real time PCR and Western blotting. In the tMCAO model, administration of CBL at 3 h post-ischemia reduced infarct volume, promoted long-term functional recovery, decreased the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors and increased the gene expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Correspondingly, in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mice model, CBL treatment attenuated sickness behavior, decreased the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and increased the gene expression of anti-inflammatory factors. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, CBL increased the protein expression levels of PGC-1α and phosphorylated CREB to play anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, the application of the specific CREB inhibitor, 666-15 compound could effectively reverse the anti-inflammatory effect of CBL in primary mouse microglia cells and anti-ischemic brain injury of CBL in rats subjected to tMCAO. In conclusion, CBL ameliorated cerebral ischemia injury through reducing neuroinflammation partly via the activation of CREB/PGC-1α pathway and may play a therapeutic role as anti-neuroinflammatory agents in the brain disorders associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingyu Huang
- Guangdong Long Fu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, China
| | - Youzhen Li
- Guangdong Long Fu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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30
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Zhang X, Li G. P2Y receptors in neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 186:172788. [PMID: 31494119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes and evaluates the relationship between neuropathic pain and P2Y receptors from inception to 2019. Purinergic receptors have been well studied in recent years using various molecular biological methods. The main research objective of this review is to determine the association of P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors with neuropathic pain. This review includes the most comprehensive subtypes of P2Y that related to neuropathic pain and the current therapeutic method of neuropathic pain. G protein-coupled P2Y receptors are located on neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells and regulate neurotransmission. Nerve injury is the prime reason for abnormal regulation of P2Y receptor mRNA expression, subsequently, inducing neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain that is divided into peripheral, central and mixed. Numerous studies demonstrated a positive correlation between the expression level of P2Y receptors and neuropathic pain generation. Also, several reports showed that P2Y short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and P2Y antagonist can be used as an analgesic to relieve neuropathic pain via decreasing P2Y receptor expression level and neural cell activation. However, the transformation process from basic experiments to clinical applications is a long process. Current deficiencies and future research directions are discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Zhang
- Queen Mary, the University of London, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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31
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Zhu Z, Zheng L, Li Y, Huang T, Chao YC, Pan L, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Yu W, Li P. Potential Immunotherapeutic Targets on Myeloid Cells for Neurovascular Repair After Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:758. [PMID: 31447626 PMCID: PMC6696904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological deficits and cognitive dysfunctions caused by acute ischemic stroke pose enormous burden to the stroke families and the communities. Restoration of the normal function of the neurovascular unit following ischemic stroke is critical for improving neurological recovery and cognitive functions after stroke. Recent evidence suggests that the myeloid cells including both the resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils are highly plastic in response to the environmental cues. They intimately interact with multiple components of the neurovascular unit in response to the alarmins, danger associated pattern molecules (DAMPs) and other signals released from the ischemic brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the reciprocal interactions between the myeloid cells and the ischemic neurovascular unit during the late repair phase of cerebral ischemic stroke. We also summarize potential immunotherapeutic targets on myeloid cells and new therapeutic approaches targeting myeloid cells, such as cell transplantation, mitochondrial dynamic and extracellular vesicles-based therapy et al to enhance neurovascular repair for better stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Pietrogrande G, Zalewska K, Zhao Z, Abdolhoseini M, Chow WZ, Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Ong LK, Johnson SJ, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Low oxygen post conditioning prevents thalamic secondary neuronal loss caused by excitotoxicity after cortical stroke. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4841. [PMID: 30890719 PMCID: PMC6425023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we were interested in investigating whether Low oxygen post-conditioning (LOPC) was capable of limiting the severity of stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration (SND). To investigate the effect of LOPC we exposed adult male C57/BL6 mice to photothrombotic occlusion (PTO) of the motor and somatosensory cortex. This is known to induce progressive neurodegeneration in the thalamus within two weeks of infarction. Two days after PTO induction mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (i) LOPC-15 day exposure group; (ii) a LOPC 15 day exposure followed by a 15 day exposure to normal atmosphere; (iii) normal atmosphere for 15 days and (iv) normal atmosphere for 30 days (n = 20/group). We observed that LOPC reduced the extent of neuronal loss, as indicated by assessment of both area of loss and NeuN+ cell counts, within the thalamus. Additionally, we identified that LOPC reduced microglial activity and decreased activity within the excitotoxic signalling pathway of the NMDAR axis. Together, these findings suggest that LOPC limits neuronal death caused by excitotoxicity in sites of secondary damage and promotes neuronal survival. In conclusion, this work supports the potential of utilising LOPC to intervene in the sub-acute phase post-stroke to restrict the severity of SND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pietrogrande
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Zalewska
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Zidan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Wei Zhen Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia. .,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Newcastle, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
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Wu Y, Gao M, Wu J, Hu P, Xu X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Chen Z, Huang C. Sulforaphane triggers a functional elongation of microglial process via the Akt signal. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:51-62. [PMID: 30856464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are a kind of innate immune cells in the nervous system. The amoeboid morphology in microglia indicates a pro-inflammatory status, while their ramified morphologies are associated with anti-neuroinflammation. Recently, we and others have reported that drugs that trigger microglial process elongation may be beneficial for neuroinflammation inhibition. In this study, we found that sulforaphane (SFN), a compound extracted from broccoli sprouts, promotes primary cultured microglial process elongation in both normal and pro-inflammatory conditions in a reversible manner. This pro-elongation effect of SFN was also observed in the prefrontal cortex in vivo and accompanied with an attenuation of pro-inflammatory response as well as an enhancement of anti-inflammatory response in primary cultured microglia. Mechanistic studies revealed that the SFN treatment increased Akt phosphorylation levels in primary cultured microglia and Akt inhibition blocked the effect of SFN on microglial process elongation, suggesting that the regulation of microglial process by SFN is mediated by Akt activation. Functional studies showed that Akt inhibition reversed the effect of SFN on both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. In an inflammation model in vivo, SFN pretreatment not only prevented LPS-induced retractions of microglial process in the prefrontal cortex, but improved LPS-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice, including the increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swim test as well as the decrease in sucrose preference. These results indicate that the SFN inhibits microglial activation and neuroinflammation-triggered behavioral abnormalities likely through triggering Akt-mediated microglial process elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Minhui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215021, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peili Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 226001.
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Bisicchia E, Sasso V, Molinari M, Viscomi MT. Plasticity of microglia in remote regions after focal brain injury. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:104-111. [PMID: 30703556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is endowed with an intrinsic ability to recover from and adapt secondary compensatory mechanisms to injury. The basis of recovery stems from brain plasticity, defined as the brain's ability to make adaptive changes on structural and functional levels, ranging from molecular, synaptic, and cellular changes in response to alterations in their environment. In this multitude of responses, microglia have an active role and contribute to brain plasticity through their dynamic responses. This review will provide an overview of microglial responses in the context of acute CNS injury and their function in post-traumatic repair and assess the changes that are induced by damage in remote areas from, but functionally connected to, the primary site of injury. In the second section, we highlight the effects of several therapeutic approaches, with particular interest paid to specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, in modulating microglial responses in remote regions and enhancing long-term functional recovery via suppression of neurodegenerative cascades that are induced by damage, which may contribute to a translational bridge from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Kyrargyri V, Attwell D, Jolivet RB, Madry C. Analysis of Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Microglial Process Movement. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2034:191-205. [PMID: 31392686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's innate immune cells, are extremely motile cells, continuously surveying the central nervous system (CNS) to serve homeostatic functions and to respond to pathological events. In the healthy brain, microglia exhibit a small cell body with long, branched, and highly motile processes, which constantly extend and retract, effectively "patrolling" the brain parenchyma. Over the last decade, methodological advances in microscopy and the availability of genetically encoded reporter mice have allowed us to probe microglial physiology in situ. Beyond their classical immunological roles, unexpected functions of microglia have been revealed, both in the developing and the adult brain: microglia regulate the generation of newborn neurons, control the formation and elimination of synapses, and modulate neuronal activity. Many of these newly ascribed functions depend directly on microglial process movement. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying microglial motility is of great importance to understand their role in brain physiology and pathophysiology. Two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled microglia, either in vivo or ex vivo in acute brain slices, has emerged as an indispensable tool for investigating microglial movements and their functional consequences. This chapter aims to provide a detailed description of the experimental data acquisition and analysis needed to address these questions, with a special focus on key dynamic and morphological metrics such as surveillance, directed motility, and ramification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Renaud Blaise Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Madry
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Calovi S, Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System. Neuroscience 2018; 405:137-147. [PMID: 30582977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state. It is likely that several signaling systems with different biological functions operate in competition and/or synergy, thus regulating similar microglial behaviors. The purinergic system is one of the fundamental signaling systems that establish microglial behavior in a wide spectrum of conditions. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) belongs to the purinergic signaling system, which includes P2X, P2Y, and P1 receptors, as well as other proteins participating in ATP secretion and extracellular ATP degradation, and molecules that recognize purines as a ligand. In this review, we focus on the latest pre-clinical and basic purinergic system and microglial research, with particular attention to data collected in vivo and ex vivo. This chapter is divided into sections related to microglial ATP release, ATP degradation, and ATP-related actions mediated by P2X and P2Y receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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37
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Tiedt S, Duering M, Barro C, Kaya AG, Boeck J, Bode FJ, Klein M, Dorn F, Gesierich B, Kellert L, Ertl-Wagner B, Goertler MW, Petzold GC, Kuhle J, Wollenweber FA, Peters N, Dichgans M. Serum neurofilament light: A biomarker of neuroaxonal injury after ischemic stroke. Neurology 2018; 91:e1338-e1347. [PMID: 30217937 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the utility of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a biomarker for primary and secondary neuroaxonal injury after ischemic stroke (IS) and study its value for the prediction of clinical outcome. METHODS We used an ultrasensitive single-molecule array assay to measure serum NfL levels in healthy controls (n = 30) and 2 independent cohorts of patients with IS: (1) with serial serum sampling at hospital arrival (n = 196), at days 2, 3, and 7 (n = 89), and up to 6 months post stroke; and (2) with standardized MRI at baseline and at 6 months post stroke, and with cross-sectional serum sampling at 6 months (n = 95). We determined the temporal profile of serum NfL levels, their association with imaging markers of neuroaxonal injury, and with clinical outcome. RESULTS Patients with IS had higher serum NfL levels compared with healthy controls starting from admission until 6 months post stroke. Serum NfL levels peaked at day 7 (211.2 pg/mL [104.7-442.6], median [IQR]) and correlated with infarct volumes (day 7: partial r = 0.736, p = 1.5 × 10-15). Six months post stroke, patients with recurrent ischemic lesions on MRI (n = 19) had higher serum NfL levels compared to those without new lesions (n = 76, p = 0.002). Serum NfL levels 6 months post stroke further correlated with a quantitative measure of secondary neurodegeneration obtained from diffusion tensor imaging MRI (r = 0.361, p = 0.001). Serum NfL levels 7 days post stroke independently predicted modified Rankin Scale scores 3 months post stroke (cumulative odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 2.35 [1.60-3.45]; p = 1.24 × 10-05). CONCLUSION Serum NfL holds promise as a biomarker for monitoring primary and secondary neuroaxonal injury after IS and for predicting functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Tiedt
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Barro
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Asli Gizem Kaya
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Boeck
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Felix J Bode
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Dorn
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Benno Gesierich
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kellert
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W Goertler
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A Wollenweber
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital (S.T., M. Duering, A.G.K., J.B., B.G., F.A.W., M. Dichgans), and Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (S.T.), LMU Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (C.B., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J.B., G.C.P.), Bonn; Department of Neurology (F.J.B., G.C.P.), University Hospital Bonn; Departments of Neurology (M.K., L.K.), Neuroradiology (F.D.), and Radiology (B.E.-W.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Neurology (M.W.G.), University of Magdeburg, University Hospital; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.G.), Magdeburg, Germany; Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (N.P.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M. Dichgans), Munich, Germany.
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Dubbelaar ML, Kracht L, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM. The Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1753. [PMID: 30108586 PMCID: PMC6079257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analyses of microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), led to the identification of homeostatic as well as neurological disease-specific gene signatures of microglial phenotypes. Upon alterations in the neural microenvironment, either caused by local insults from within the CNS (during neurodegenerative diseases) or by macroenvironmental incidents, such as social stress, microglia can switch phenotypes-generally referred to as "microglial activation." The interplay between the microenvironment and its influence on microglial phenotypes, regulated by (epi)genetic mechanisms, can be imagined as the different colorful crystal formations (microglial phenotypes) that change upon rotation (microenvironmental changes) of a kaleidoscope. In this review, we will discuss microglial phenotypes in relation to neurodevelopment, homeostasis, in vitro conditions, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases based on transcriptome studies. By overlaying these disease-specific microglial signatures, recent publications have identified a specific set of genes that is differentially expressed in all investigated diseases, called a microglial core gene signature with multiple diseases. We will conclude this review with a discussion about the complexity of this microglial core gene signature associated with multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Kracht
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Kluge MG, Jones K, Kooi Ong L, Gowing EK, Nilsson M, Clarkson AN, Walker FR. Age-dependent Disturbances of Neuronal and Glial Protein Expression Profiles in Areas of Secondary Neurodegeneration Post-stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 393:185-195. [PMID: 30059704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that approximately 80% of strokes occur in those aged over 60 years, many pre-clinical stroke studies have been conducted in younger adult rodents, raising debate about translation and generalizability of these results. We were interested in potential age differences in stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration (SND). SND involves the death of neurons in areas remote from, but connected to, the site of infarction, as well as glial disturbances. Here we investigated potential differences in key parameters of SND in the thalamus, a major site of post-stroke SND. Protein expression profiles in young adult (2-4 months) and aged (22-23 months) mice were analyzed 28 days after a cortical stroke. Our results show that age reduced the expression of synaptic markers (PSD 95, Synapsin1) and increased Amyloid β oligomer accumulation after stroke. Protein expression of several markers of glial activity remained relatively stable across age groups post-stroke. We have identified that age exacerbates the severity of SND after stroke. Our results, however, do not support a view that microglia or astrocytes are the main contributors to the enhanced severity of SND in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle G Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley Jones
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
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40
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Ong LK, Chow WZ, TeBay C, Kluge M, Pietrogrande G, Zalewska K, Crock P, Åberg ND, Bivard A, Johnson SJ, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Isgaard J. Growth Hormone Improves Cognitive Function After Experimental Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1257-1266. [PMID: 29636425 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive impairment is a common outcome for stroke survivors. Growth hormone (GH) could represent a potential therapeutic option as this peptide hormone has been shown to improve cognition in various clinical conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of peripheral administration of GH at 48 hours poststroke for 28 days on cognitive function and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Experimental stroke was induced by photothrombotic occlusion in young adult mice. We assessed the associative memory cognitive domain using mouse touchscreen platform for paired-associate learning task. We also evaluated neural tissue loss, neurotrophic factors, and markers of neuroplasticity and cerebrovascular remodeling using biochemical and histology analyses. RESULTS Our results show that GH-treated stroked mice made a significant improvement on the paired-associate learning task relative to non-GH-treated mice at the end of the study. Furthermore, we observed reduction of neural tissue loss in GH-treated stroked mice. We identified that GH treatment resulted in significantly higher levels of neurotrophic factors (IGF-1 [insulin-like growth factor-1] and VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) in both the circulatory and peri-infarct regions. GH treatment in stroked mice not only promoted protein levels and density of presynaptic marker (SYN-1 [synapsin-1]) and marker of myelination (MBP [myelin basic protein]) but also increased the density and area coverage of 2 major vasculature markers (CD31 and collagen-IV), within the peri-infarct region. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling preclinical evidence for the usage of GH as a potential therapeutic tool in the recovery phase of patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kooi Ong
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Wei Zhen Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Clifford TeBay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Murielle Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Zalewska
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Patricia Crock
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, John Hunter Children's Hospital (P.C.)
| | - N David Åberg
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (N.D.A.)
| | - Andrew Bivard
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital (A.B.), University of Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (S.J.J.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Frederick R Walker
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Michael Nilsson
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine (J.I.)
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