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Xie M, Miller AS, Pallegar PN, Umpierre A, Liang Y, Wang N, Zhang S, Nagaraj NK, Fogarty ZC, Ghayal NB, Oskarsson B, Zhao S, Zheng J, Qi F, Nguyen A, Dickson DW, Wu LJ. Rod-shaped microglia interact with neuronal dendrites to regulate cortical excitability in TDP-43 related neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.30.601396. [PMID: 39005475 PMCID: PMC11244918 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.30.601396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Motor cortical hyperexcitability is well-documented in the presymptomatic stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanisms underlying this early dysregulation are not fully understood. Microglia, as the principal immune cells of the central nervous system, have emerged as important players in sensing and regulating neuronal activity. Here we investigated the role of microglia in the motor cortical circuits in a mouse model of TDP-43 neurodegeneration (rNLS8). Utilizing multichannel probe recording and longitudinal in vivo calcium imaging in awake mice, we observed neuronal hyperactivity at the initial stage of disease progression. Spatial and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that microglia are the primary responders to motor cortical hyperactivity. We further identified a unique subpopulation of microglia, rod-shaped microglia, which are characterized by a distinct morphology and transcriptional profile. Notably, rod-shaped microglia predominantly interact with neuronal dendrites and excitatory synaptic inputs to attenuate motor cortical hyperactivity. The elimination of rod-shaped microglia through TREM2 deficiency increased neuronal hyperactivity, exacerbated motor deficits, and further decreased survival rates of rNLS8 mice. Together, our results suggest that rod-shaped microglia play a neuroprotective role by attenuating cortical hyperexcitability in the mouse model of TDP-43 related neurodegeneration.
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Arora P, Trivedi R, Kumari M, Singh K, Sandhir R, D'Souza MM, Rana P. Altered DTI scalars in the hippocampus are associated with morphological and structural changes after traumatic brain injury. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:853-863. [PMID: 38381381 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Blunt and diffuse injury is a highly prevalent form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) which can result in microstructural alterations in the brain. The blunt impact on the brain can affect the immediate contact region but can also affect the vulnerable regions like hippocampus, leading to functional impairment and long-lasting cognitive deficits. The hippocampus of the moderate weight drop injured male rats was longitudinally assessed for microstructural changes using in vivo MR imaging from 4 h to Day 30 post-injury (PI). The DTI analysis found a prominent decline in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) values after injury. The perturbed DTI scalars accompanied histological changes in the hippocampus, wherein both the microglia and astrocytes showed changes in the morphometric parameters at all timepoints. Along with this, the hippocampus showed presence of Aβ positive fibrils and neurite plaques after injury. Therefore, this study concludes that TBI can lead to a complex morphological, cellular, and structural alteration in the hippocampus which can be diagnosed using in vivo MR imaging techniques to prevent long-term functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palkin Arora
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Richa Trivedi
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India.
| | - Megha Kumari
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Maria M D'Souza
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Rana
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
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Taylor MA, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Context is key: glucocorticoid receptor and corticosteroid therapeutics in outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1351685. [PMID: 38529007 PMCID: PMC10961349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1351685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health burden, and survivors suffer functional and psychiatric consequences that can persist long after injury. TBI induces a physiological stress response by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but the effects of injury on the stress response become more complex in the long term. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests long lasting dysfunction of the stress response after TBI. Additionally, pre- and post-injury stress both have negative impacts on outcome following TBI. This bidirectional relationship between stress and injury impedes recovery and exacerbates TBI-induced psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction. Previous clinical and experimental studies have explored the use of synthetic glucocorticoids as a therapeutic for stress-related TBI outcomes, but these have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, long-term steroid treatment is associated with multiple negative side effects. There is a pressing need for alternative approaches that improve stress functionality after TBI. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been identified as a fundamental link between stress and immune responses, and preclinical evidence suggests GR plays an important role in microglia-mediated outcomes after TBI and other neuroinflammatory conditions. In this review, we will summarize GR-mediated stress dysfunction after TBI, highlighting the role of microglia. We will discuss recent studies which target microglial GR in the context of stress and injury, and we suggest that cell-specific GR interventions may be a promising strategy for long-term TBI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Alkaslasi MR, Lloyd EYH, Gable AS, Silberberg H, Yarur HE, Tsai VS, Tejeda HA, Le Pichon CE. The transcriptional response of cortical neurons to concussion reveals divergent fates after injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.581939. [PMID: 38463961 PMCID: PMC10925231 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.581939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for neurodegeneration, however little is known about how different neuron types respond to this kind of injury. In this study, we follow neuronal populations over several months after a single mild TBI (mTBI) to assess long ranging consequences of injury at the level of single, transcriptionally defined neuronal classes. We find that the stress responsive Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) defines a population of cortical neurons after mTBI. We show that neurons that activate ATF3 upregulate stress-related genes while repressing many genes, including commonly used markers for these cell types. Using an inducible reporter linked to ATF3, we genetically mark damaged cells to track them over time. Notably, we find that a population in layer V undergoes cell death acutely after injury, while another in layer II/III survives long term and retains the ability to fire action potentials. To investigate the mechanism controlling layer V neuron death, we genetically silenced candidate stress response pathways. We found that the axon injury responsive kinase MAP3K12, also known as dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK), is required for the layer V neuron death. This work provides a rationale for targeting the DLK signaling pathway as a therapeutic intervention for traumatic brain injury. Beyond this, our novel approach to track neurons after a mild, subclinical injury can inform our understanding of neuronal susceptibility to repeated impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor R. Alkaslasi
- Unit on the Development of Neurodegeneration, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eliza Y. H. Lloyd
- Unit on the Development of Neurodegeneration, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Austin S. Gable
- Unit on the Development of Neurodegeneration, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Silberberg
- Unit on the Development of Neurodegeneration, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hector E. Yarur
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valerie S. Tsai
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire E. Le Pichon
- Unit on the Development of Neurodegeneration, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Zhang J, Gu Y, Sun W, Yu L, Li T. Tetrahydrocurcumin Protects Against GSK3β/PTEN/PI3K/Akt-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses and Microglial Polarization Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04034-6. [PMID: 38368289 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and microglial polarization play crucial roles in neuroprotection during traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether THC regulates microglial polarization in TBI is unknown. Thus, we intended to analyze the functions and mechanism of THC in nerve injury after TBI via the regulation of microglial polarization. A TBI rat model was established, and modified neurological function score (mNSS), brain water content, Nissl staining, and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining were used to evaluate neurological function. The expression of the M1-linked markers CD16 and CD86, as well as the M2-associated markers CD206 and YM-1, was analyzed via qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed via ELISA. Primary microglia were isolated from the brain and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce injury. TUNEL staining was used to measure primary microglial apoptosis. The expression of GSK3β, PTEN, and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins was detected via western blotting. TBI induced nerve injury, while THC improved neurological function recovery after TBI. Further analysis indicated that THC enhanced M2 microglial polarization and attenuated the inflammatory reaction mediated by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that THC promoted the M2 microglial phenotype through upregulating GSK3β expression. Additionally, we proved that GSK3β activated the PI3K/Akt pathway by phosphorylating PTEN. In conclusion, we demonstrated that THC protected against nerve injury after TBI via microglial polarization via the GSK3B/PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling axis, suggesting the potential of THC for TBI treatment by promoting microglial M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Sun
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Tushuai Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214013, People's Republic of China.
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Onkar A, Khan F, Goenka A, Rajendran RL, Dmello C, Hong CM, Mubin N, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Smart Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in the Brain: Unveiling their Biology, Diagnostic Potential, and Therapeutic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6709-6742. [PMID: 38315446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Information exchange is essential for the brain, where it communicates the physiological and pathological signals to the periphery and vice versa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bound cellular informants actively transferring informative calls to and from the brain via lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid cargos. In recent years, EVs have also been widely used to understand brain function, given their "cell-like" properties. On the one hand, the presence of neuron and astrocyte-derived EVs in biological fluids have been exploited as biomarkers to understand the mechanisms and progression of multiple neurological disorders; on the other, EVs have been used in designing targeted therapies due to their potential to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Despite the expanding literature on EVs in the context of central nervous system (CNS) physiology and related disorders, a comprehensive compilation of the existing knowledge still needs to be made available. In the current review, we provide a detailed insight into the multifaceted role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BDEVs) in the intricate regulation of brain physiology. Our focus extends to the significance of these EVs in a spectrum of disorders, including brain tumors, neurodegenerative conditions, neuropsychiatric diseases, autoimmune disorders, and others. Throughout the review, parallels are drawn for using EVs as biomarkers for various disorders, evaluating their utility in early detection and monitoring. Additionally, we discuss the promising prospects of utilizing EVs in targeted therapy while acknowledging the existing limitations and challenges associated with their applications in clinical scenarios. A foundational comprehension of the current state-of-the-art in EV research is essential for informing the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Onkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Nida Mubin
- Department of Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Green TR, Nguyen T, Dunker V, Ashton D, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Rowe RK. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Predicts Microglial Activation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Juvenile Rats. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:95-116. [PMID: 38404523 PMCID: PMC10890961 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may exacerbate neuroinflammation post-injury. Few translational studies have examined BBB dysfunction and subsequent neuroinflammation post-TBI in juveniles. We hypothesized that BBB dysfunction positively predicts microglial activation and that vulnerability to BBB dysfunction and associated neuroinflammation are dependent on age at injury. Post-natal day (PND)17 and PND35 rats (n = 56) received midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery, and immunoglobulin-G (IgG) stain was quantified as a marker of extravasated blood in the brain and BBB dysfunction. We investigated BBB dysfunction and the microglial response in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and motor cortex relative to age at injury and days post-injury (DPI; 1, 7, and 25). We measured the morphologies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-labeled microglia using cell body area and perimeter, microglial branch number and length, end-points/microglial cell, and number of microglia. Data were analyzed using generalized hierarchical models. In PND17 rats, TBI increased levels of IgG compared to shams. Independent of age at injury, IgG in TBI rats was higher at 1 and 7 DPI, but resolved by 25 DPI. TBI activated microglia (more cells and fewer end-points) in PND35 rats compared to respective shams. Independent of age at injury, TBI induced morphological changes indicative of microglial activation, which resolved by 25 DPI. TBI rats had fewer cells and end-points per cell at 1 and 7 DPI than 25 DPI. Independent of TBI, PND17 rats had larger, more activated microglia than PND35 rats; PND17 TBI rats had larger cell body areas and perimeters than PND35 TBI rats. Importantly, we found support in both ages that IgG quantification predicted microglial activation after TBI. The number of microglia increased with increasing IgG, whereas branch length decreased with increasing IgG, which together indicate microglial activation. Our results suggest that stabilization of the BBB after pediatric TBI may be an important therapeutic strategy to limit neuroinflammation and promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R.F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Veronika Dunker
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Danielle Ashton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Cumberland Biological and Ecological Researchers, Longmont, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Packer JM, Bray CE, Beckman NB, Wangler LM, Davis AC, Goodman EJ, Klingele NE, Godbout JP. Impaired cortical neuronal homeostasis and cognition after diffuse traumatic brain injury are dependent on microglia and type I interferon responses. Glia 2024; 72:300-321. [PMID: 37937831 PMCID: PMC10764078 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric complications including depression and cognitive decline develop in the years after traumatic brain injury (TBI), negatively affecting quality of life. Microglial and type 1 interferon (IFN-I) responses are associated with the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation after diffuse TBI in mice. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if impaired neuronal homeostasis and increased IFN-I responses intersected after TBI to cause cognitive impairment. Here, the RNA profile of neurons and microglia after TBI (single nucleus RNA-sequencing) with or without microglia depletion (CSF1R antagonist) was assessed 7 dpi. There was a TBI-dependent suppression of cortical neuronal homeostasis with reductions in CREB signaling, synaptogenesis, and synaptic migration and increases in RhoGDI and PTEN signaling (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis). Microglial depletion reversed 50% of TBI-induced gene changes in cortical neurons depending on subtype. Moreover, the microglial RNA signature 7 dpi was associated with increased stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation and IFN-I responses. Therefore, we sought to reduce IFN-I signaling after TBI using STING knockout mice and a STING antagonist, chloroquine (CQ). TBI-associated cognitive deficits in novel object location and recognition (NOL/NOR) tasks at 7 and 30 dpi were STING dependent. In addition, TBI-induced STING expression, microglial morphological restructuring, inflammatory (Tnf, Cd68, Ccl2) and IFN-related (Irf3, Irf7, Ifi27) gene expression in the cortex were attenuated in STINGKO mice. CQ also reversed TBI-induced cognitive deficits and reduced TBI-induced inflammatory (Tnf, Cd68, Ccl2) and IFN (Irf7, Sting) cortical gene expression. Collectively, reducing IFN-I signaling after TBI with STING-dependent interventions attenuated the prolonged microglial activation and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Packer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chelsea E Bray
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Nicolas B Beckman
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynde M Wangler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amara C Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ethan J Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathaniel E Klingele
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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11
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Desmond LW, Holbrook EM, Wright CTO, Zambrano CA, Stamper CE, Bohr AD, Frank MG, Podell BK, Moreno JA, MacDonald AS, Reber SO, Hernández-Pando R, Lowry CA. Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 and Lipopolysaccharide Challenge on Polarization of Murine BV-2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:474. [PMID: 38203645 PMCID: PMC10779110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the in vivo administration of soil-derived bacteria with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, such as Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659, can prevent a stress-induced shift toward an inflammatory M1 microglial immunophenotype and microglial priming in the central nervous system (CNS). It remains unclear whether M. vaccae NCTC 11659 can act directly on microglia to mediate these effects. This study was designed to determine the effects of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 on the polarization of naïve BV-2 cells, a murine microglial cell line, and BV-2 cells subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Briefly, murine BV-2 cells were exposed to 100 µg/mL whole-cell, heat-killed M. vaccae NCTC 11659 or sterile borate-buffered saline (BBS) vehicle, followed, 24 h later, by exposure to 0.250 µg/mL LPS (Escherichia coli 0111: B4; n = 3) in cell culture media vehicle (CMV) or a CMV control condition. Twenty-four hours after the LPS or CMV challenge, cells were harvested to isolate total RNA. An analysis using the NanoString platform revealed that, by itself, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 had an "adjuvant-like" effect, while exposure to LPS increased the expression of mRNAs encoding proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine ligands, the C3 component of complement, and components of inflammasome signaling such as Nlrp3. Among LPS-challenged cells, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 had limited effects on differential gene expression using a threshold of 1.5-fold change. A subset of genes was assessed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), including Arg1, Ccl2, Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, and Tnf. Based on the analysis using real-time RT-PCR, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 by itself again induced "adjuvant-like" effects, increasing the expression of Il1b, Il6, and Tnf while decreasing the expression of Arg1. LPS by itself increased the expression of Ccl2, Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, and Tnf while decreasing the expression of Arg1. Among LPS-challenged cells, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 enhanced LPS-induced increases in the expression of Nlrp3 and Tnf, consistent with microglial priming. In contrast, among LPS-challenged cells, although M. vaccae NCTC 11659 did not fully prevent the effects of LPS relative to vehicle-treated control conditions, it increased Arg1 mRNA expression, suggesting that M. vaccae NCTC 11659 induces an atypical microglial phenotype. Thus, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 acutely (within 48 h) induced immune-activating and microglial-priming effects when applied directly to murine BV-2 microglial cells, in contrast to its long-term anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects observed on the CNS when whole-cell, heat-killed preparations of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 were given peripherally in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Desmond
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Evan M. Holbrook
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Caelan T. O. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Cristian A. Zambrano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Christopher E. Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Adam D. Bohr
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Matthew G. Frank
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Stefan O. Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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12
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Wangler LM, Godbout JP. Microglia moonlighting after traumatic brain injury: aging and interferons influence chronic microglia reactivity. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:926-940. [PMID: 37723009 PMCID: PMC10592045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Most of the individuals who experience traumatic brain injury (TBI) develop neuropsychiatric and cognitive complications that negatively affect recovery and health span. Activation of multiple inflammatory pathways persists after TBI, but it is unclear how inflammation contributes to long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits. One outcome of TBI is microglial priming and subsequent hyper-reactivity to secondary stressors, injuries, or immune challenges that further augment complications. Additionally, microglia priming with aging contributes to exaggerated glial responses to TBI. One prominent inflammatory pathway, interferon (IFN) signaling, is increased after TBI and may contribute to microglial priming and subsequent reactivity. This review discusses the contributions of microglia to inflammatory processes after TBI, as well as the influence of aging and IFNs on microglia reactivity and chronic inflammation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynde M Wangler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, 190 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Jones C, Elliott B, Liao Z, Johnson Z, Ma F, Bailey ZS, Gilsdorf J, Scultetus A, Shear D, Webb K, Lee JS. PEG hydrogel containing dexamethasone-conjugated hyaluronic acid reduces secondary injury and improves motor function in a rat moderate TBI model. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114533. [PMID: 37666386 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-term impairments in motor and cognitive function. TBI initiates a secondary injury cascade including a neuro-inflammatory response that is detrimental to tissue repair and limits recovery. Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids such as dexamethasone can reduce the deleterious effects of secondary injury; but challenges associated with dosing, administration route, and side effects have hindered their clinical application. Previously, we developed a hydrolytically degradable hydrogel (PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM) composed of poly (ethylene) glycol-bis-(acryloyloxy acetate) (PEG-bis-AA) and dexamethasone-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-DXM) for local and sustained dexamethasone delivery. In this study, we evaluated the effect of locally applied PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogel on secondary injury and motor function recovery after moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI. Hydrogel treatment significantly improved motor function evaluated by beam walk and rotarod tests compared to untreated rats over 7 days post-injury (DPI). We also observed that the hydrogel treatment reduced lesion volume, inflammatory response, astrogliosis, apoptosis, and increased neuronal survival compared to untreated rats at 7 DPI. These results suggest that PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels can mitigate secondary injury and promote motor functional recovery following moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jones
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Bradley Elliott
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zhen Liao
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zack Johnson
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Fuying Ma
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zachary S Bailey
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20783, USA
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20783, USA
| | - Anke Scultetus
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20783, USA
| | - Deborah Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20783, USA
| | - Ken Webb
- MicroEnvironmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Drug Design, Development and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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14
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Tapp ZM, Ren C, Palmer K, Kumar J, Atluri RR, Fitzgerald J, Velasquez J, Godbout J, Sheridan J, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Divergent Spatial Learning, Enhanced Neuronal Transcription, and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Develop During Recovery from Post-Injury Sleep Fragmentation. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:613-626. [PMID: 37752925 PMCID: PMC10518692 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes pathophysiology that may significantly decrease quality of life over time. A major propagator of this response is chronic, maladaptive neuroinflammation, which can be exacerbated by stressors such as sleep fragmentation (SF). This study determined whether post-TBI SF had lasting behavioral and inflammatory effects even with a period of recovery. To test this, male and female mice received a moderate lateral fluid percussion TBI or sham surgery. Half the mice were left undisturbed, and half were exposed to daily SF for 30 days. All mice were then undisturbed between 30 and 60 days post-injury (DPI), allowing mice to recover from SF (SF-R). SF-R did not impair global Barnes maze performance. Nonetheless, TBI SF-R mice displayed retrogression in latency to reach the goal box within testing days. These nuanced behavioral changes in TBI SF-R mice were associated with enhanced expression of neuronal processing/signaling genes and indicators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, a marker of BBB integrity, was differentially altered by TBI and TBI SF-R. For example, TBI enhanced cortical AQP4 whereas TBI SF-R mice had the lowest cortical expression of perivascular AQP4, dysregulated AQP4 polarization, and the highest number of CD45+ cells in the ipsilateral cortex. Altogether, post-TBI SF caused lasting, divergent behavioral responses associated with enhanced expression of neuronal transcription and BBB disruption even after a period of recovery from SF. Understanding lasting impacts from post-TBI stressors can better inform both acute and chronic post-injury care to improve long-term outcome post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M. Tapp
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cindy Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelsey Palmer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ravitej R. Atluri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John Velasquez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John Sheridan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Lana D, Magni G, Landucci E, Wenk GL, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. Phenomic Microglia Diversity as a Druggable Target in the Hippocampus in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13668. [PMID: 37761971 PMCID: PMC10531074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, the complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in disease animal models to find druggable targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Activation of microglia was long considered detrimental for neuron survival, but more recently it has become apparent that the real scenario of microglia morphofunctional diversity is far more complex. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the alterations in microglia phenomics in the hippocampus of animal models of normal brain aging, acute neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Microglia undergo phenomic changes consisting of transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions. The classical subdivision of microglia into M1 and M2, two different, all-or-nothing states is too simplistic, and does not correspond to the variety of phenotypes recently discovered in the brain. We will discuss the phenomic modifications of microglia focusing not only on the differences in microglia reactivity in the diverse models of neurodegenerative disorders, but also among different areas of the brain. For instance, in contiguous and highly interconnected regions of the rat hippocampus, microglia show a differential, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that microglia responses are not uniform, but vary significantly from area to area in response to insults. It is of great interest to verify whether the differences in microglia reactivity may explain the differential susceptibility of different brain areas to insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of microglia phenomics in health and disease is of paramount importance to find new druggable targets for the development of novel microglia-targeted therapies in different CNS disorders. This will allow interventions in three different ways: (i) by suppressing the pro-inflammatory properties of microglia to limit the deleterious effect of their activation; (ii) by modulating microglia phenotypic change to favor anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) by influencing microglia priming early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Domenico Edoardo Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
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16
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Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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17
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Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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18
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Liang SQ, Li PH, Hu YY, Zhao JL, Shao FZ, Kuang F, Ren KX, Wei TX, Fan F, Feng L, Han H, Qin HY. Myeloid-specific blockade of notch signaling alleviates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease by dominantly regulating resident microglia activation through NF-κB signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193081. [PMID: 37680624 PMCID: PMC10481959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yolk sac-derived microglia and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages play a key role during Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. However, the regulatory mechanism of microglia/macrophage activation and function in PD pathogenesis remains unclear. Recombination signal-binding protein Jκ (RBP-J)-mediated Notch signaling regulates macrophage development and activation. In this study, with an 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hydrochloride-induced acute murine PD model, we found that Notch signaling was activated in amoeboid microglia accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons. Furthermore, using myeloid-specific RBP-J knockout (RBP-JcKO) mice combined with a PD model, our results showed that myeloid-specific disruption of RBP-J alleviated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and improved locomotor activity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that the number of infiltrated inflammatory macrophages and activated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II+ microglia decreased in RBP-JcKO mice compared with control mice. Moreover, to block monocyte recruitment by using chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout mice, the effect of RBP-J deficiency on dopaminergic neurodegeneration was not affected, indicating that Notch signaling might regulate neuroinflammation independent of CCR2+ monocyte infiltration. Notably, when microglia were depleted with the PLX5622 formulated diet, we found that myeloid-specific RBP-J knockout resulted in more TH+ neurons and fewer activated microglia. Ex vitro experiments demonstrated that RBP-J deficiency in microglia might reduce inflammatory factor secretion, TH+ neuron apoptosis, and p65 nuclear translocation. Collectively, our study first revealed that RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling might participate in PD progression by mainly regulating microglia activation through nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang-Ze Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kai-Xi Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tiao-Xia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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19
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Fang M, Liu W, Tuo J, Liu M, Li F, Zhang L, Yu C, Xu Z. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of post-traumatic epilepsy: a literature review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1141434. [PMID: 37638179 PMCID: PMC10449544 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1141434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe head trauma can lead to seizures. Persistent epileptic seizures and their progression are associated with the severity of trauma. Although case reports have revealed that early use of anti-seizure drugs after trauma can prevent epilepsy, clinical case-control studies have failed to confirm this phenomenon. To date, many brain trauma models have been used to study the correlation between post-traumatic seizures and related changes in neural circuit function. According to these studies, neuronal and glial responses are activated immediately after brain trauma, usually leading to significant cell loss in injured brain regions. Over time, long-term changes in neural circuit tissues, especially in the neocortex and hippocampus, lead to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and an increased risk of spontaneous seizures. These changes include alterations in inhibitory interneurons and the formation of new, over-recurrent excitatory synaptic connections. In this study, we review the progress of research related to post-traumatic epilepsy to better understand the mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of post-traumatic seizures and to provide theoretical references for the clinical treatment of post-traumatic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Medical Group Chuantou Xichang Hospital, Xichang, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangjing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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20
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Mate De Gerando A, Welikovitch LA, Khasnavis A, Commins C, Glynn C, Chun JE, Perbet R, Hyman BT. Tau seeding and spreading in vivo is supported by both AD-derived fibrillar and oligomeric tau. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:191-210. [PMID: 37341831 PMCID: PMC10329061 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble fibrillar tau, the primary constituent of neurofibrillary tangles, has traditionally been thought to be the biologically active, toxic form of tau mediating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. More recent studies have implicated soluble oligomeric tau species, referred to as high molecular weight (HMW), due to their properties on size-exclusion chromatography, in tau propagation across neural systems. These two forms of tau have never been directly compared. We prepared sarkosyl-insoluble and HMW tau from the frontal cortex of Alzheimer patients and compared their properties using a variety of biophysical and bioactivity assays. Sarkosyl-insoluble fibrillar tau comprises abundant paired-helical filaments (PHF) as quantified by electron microscopy (EM) and is more resistant to proteinase K, compared to HMW tau, which is mostly in an oligomeric form. Sarkosyl-insoluble and HMW tau are nearly equivalent in potency in HEK cell bioactivity assay for seeding aggregates, and their injection reveals similar local uptake into hippocampal neurons in PS19 Tau transgenic mice. However, the HMW preparation appears to be far more potent in inducing a glial response including Clec7a-positive rod microglia in the absence of neurodegeneration or synapse loss and promotes more rapid propagation of misfolded tau to distal, anatomically connected regions, such as entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. These data suggest that soluble HMW tau has similar properties to fibrillar sarkosyl-insoluble tau with regard to tau seeding potential, but may be equal or even more bioactive with respect to propagation across neural systems and activation of glial responses, both relevant to tau-related Alzheimer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasie Mate De Gerando
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Welikovitch
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anita Khasnavis
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Commins
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Calina Glynn
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua E Chun
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Romain Perbet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Asveda T, Priti T, Ravanan P. Exploring microglia and their phenomenal concatenation of stress responses in neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2023:121920. [PMID: 37429415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cells are highly functioning but also extremely stress-sensitive cells. By defending the neuronal cells against pathogenic insults, microglial cells, a unique cell type, act as the frontline cavalry in the central nervous system (CNS). Their remarkable and unique ability to self-renew independently after their creation is crucial for maintaining normal brain function and neuroprotection. They have a wide range of molecular sensors that help maintain CNS homeostasis during development and adulthood. Despite being the protector of the CNS, studies have revealed that persistent microglial activation may be the root cause of innumerable neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Amyloid Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). From our vigorous review, we state that there is a possible interlinking between pathways of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, inflammation, and oxidative stress resulting in dysregulation of the microglial population, directly influencing the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, complement factors, free radicals, and nitric oxides leading to cell death via apoptosis. Recent research uses the suppression of these three pathways as a therapeutic approach to prevent neuronal death. Hence, in this review, we have spotlighted the advancement in microglial studies, which focus on their molecular defenses against multiple stresses, and current therapeutic strategies indirectly targeting glial cells for neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankavelu Asveda
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Talwar Priti
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, 412G Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Kloske CM, Gearon MD, Weekman EM, Rogers C, Patel E, Bachstetter A, Nelson PT, Wilcock DM. Association between APOE genotype and microglial cell morphology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:620-630. [PMID: 37087107 PMCID: PMC10280358 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE is the largest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) with E4 conferring an increased risk for AD compared to E3. The ApoE protein can impact diverse pathways in the brain including neuroinflammation but the precise impact of ApoE isoforms on inflammation remains unknown. As microglia are a primary source of neuroinflammation, this study determined whether ApoE isoforms have an impact on microglial morphology and activation using immunohistochemistry and digital analyses. Analysis of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunoreactivity indicated greater microglial activation in both the hippocampus and superior and middle temporal gyrus (SMTG) in dementia participants versus non-demented controls. Further, only an increase in activation was seen in E3-Dementia participants in the entire SMTG, whereas in the grey matter of the SMTG, only a diagnosis of dementia impacted activation. Specific microglial morphologies showed a reduction in ramified microglia in the dementia group. For rod microglia, a reduction was seen in E4-Control patients in the hippocampus whereas in the SMTG an increase was seen in E4-Dementia patients. These findings suggest an association between ApoE isoforms and microglial morphologies and highlight the importance of considering ApoE isoforms in studies of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kloske
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mary D Gearon
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Erica M Weekman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Colin Rogers
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ela Patel
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Adam Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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23
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Mate de Gerando A, Welikovitch LA, Khasnavis A, Commins C, Glynn C, Chun JE, Perbet R, Hyman BT. Tau seeding and spreading in vivo is supported by both AD-derived fibrillar and oligomeric tau. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534418. [PMID: 37034629 PMCID: PMC10081282 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble fibrillar tau, the primary constituent of neurofibrillary tangles, has traditionally been thought to be the biologically active, toxic form of tau mediating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. More recent studies have implicated soluble oligomeric tau species, referred to as high molecular weight (HMW) due to its properties on size exclusion chromatography, in tau propagation across neural systems. These two forms of tau have never been directly compared. We prepared sarkosyl insoluble and HMW tau from the frontal cortex of Alzheimer patients and compared their properties using a variety of biophysical and bioactivity assays. Sarkosyl insoluble fibrillar tau is comprised of abundant paired helical filaments (PHF) as quantified by electron microscopy (EM), and is more resistant to proteinase K, compared to HMW tau which is mostly in an oligomeric form. Sarkosyl insoluble and HMW tau are nearly equivalent in potency in a HEK cell bioactivity assay for seeding aggregates and their injection reveals similar local uptake into hippocampal neurons in PS19 Tau transgenic mice. However, the HMW preparation appears to be far more potent in inducing a glial response including Clec7a-positive rod-microglia in the absence of neurodegeneration or synapse loss and promotes more rapid propagation of misfolded tau to distal, anatomically connected regions, such as entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. These data suggest that soluble HMW tau has similar properties to fibrillar sarkosyl insoluble tau with regard to tau seeding potential but may be equal or even more bioactive with respect to propagation across neural systems and activation of glial responses, both relevant tau-related Alzheimer phenotypes.
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24
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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25
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Varghese N, Morrison B. Partial Depletion of Microglia Attenuates Long-Term Potentiation Deficits following Repeated Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:547-560. [PMID: 36508265 PMCID: PMC10081725 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been a health concern in both military and civilian populations due to recent military and geopolitical conflicts. Military service members are frequently exposed to repeated bTBI throughout their training and deployment. Our group has previously reported compounding functional deficits as a result of increased number of blast exposures. In this study, we further characterized the decrease in long-term potentiation (LTP) by varying the blast injury severity and the inter-blast interval between two blast exposures. LTP deficits were attenuated with increasing inter-blast intervals. We also investigated changes in microglial activation; expression of CD68 was increased and expression of CD206 was decreased after multiple blast exposures. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, interleukin (IL)-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interferon gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) increased, while expression of IL-10 decreased in the acute period after both single and repeated bTBI. By partially depleting microglia prior to injury, LTP deficits after injury were significantly reduced. Treatment with the novel drug, MW-189, prevented LTP deficits when administered immediately following a repeated bTBI and even when administered only for an acute period (24 h) between two blast injuries. These findings could inform the development of therapeutic strategies to treat the neurological deficits of repeated bTBI suggesting that microglia play a major role in functional neuronal deficits and may be a viable therapeutic target to lessen the neurophysiological deficits after bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barclay Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Herrero Babiloni A, Baril AA, Charlebois-Plante C, Jodoin M, Sanchez E, De Baets L, Arbour C, Lavigne GJ, Gosselin N, De Beaumont L. The Putative Role of Neuroinflammation in the Interaction between Traumatic Brain Injuries, Sleep, Pain and Other Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051793. [PMID: 36902580 PMCID: PMC10002551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are widely prevalent following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and have the potential to contribute to numerous post-traumatic physiological, psychological, and cognitive difficulties developing chronically, including chronic pain. An important pathophysiological mechanism involved in the recovery of TBI is neuroinflammation, which leads to many downstream consequences. While neuroinflammation is a process that can be both beneficial and detrimental to individuals' recovery after sustaining a TBI, recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may worsen outcomes in traumatically injured patients, as well as exacerbate the deleterious consequences of sleep disturbances. Additionally, a bidirectional relationship between neuroinflammation and sleep has been described, where neuroinflammation plays a role in sleep regulation and, in turn, poor sleep promotes neuroinflammation. Given the complexity of this interplay, this review aims to clarify the role of neuroinflammation in the relationship between sleep and TBI, with an emphasis on long-term outcomes such as pain, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunctions, and elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. In addition, some management strategies and novel treatment targeting sleep and neuroinflammation will be discussed in order to establish an effective approach to mitigate long-term outcomes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Herrero Babiloni
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrée-Ann Baril
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | | | - Marianne Jodoin
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Erlan Sanchez
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Liesbet De Baets
- Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Caroline Arbour
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gilles J. Lavigne
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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27
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Zhai Y, Ye SY, Wang QS, Xiong RP, Fu SY, Du H, Xu YW, Peng Y, Huang ZZ, Yang N, Zhao Y, Ning YL, Li P, Zhou YG. Overexpressed ski efficiently promotes neurorestoration, increases neuronal regeneration, and reduces astrogliosis after traumatic brain injury. Gene Ther 2023; 30:75-87. [PMID: 35132206 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors suffer from long-term disability and neuropsychiatric sequelae due to irreparable brain tissue destruction. However, there are still few efficient therapies to promote neurorestoration in damaged brain tissue. This study aimed to investigate whether the pro-oncogenic gene ski can promote neurorestoration after TBI. We established a ski-overexpressing experimental TBI mouse model using adenovirus-mediated overexpression through immediate injection after injury. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, MRI-based 3D lesion volume reconstruction, neurobehavioral tests, and analyses of neuronal regeneration and astrogliosis were used to assess neurorestorative efficiency. The effects of ski overexpression on the proliferation of cultured immature neurons and astrocytes were evaluated using imaging flow cytometry. The Ski protein level increased in the perilesional region at 3 days post injury. ski overexpression further elevated Ski protein levels up to 14 days post injury. Lesion volume was attenuated by approximately 36-55% after ski overexpression, with better neurobehavioral recovery, more newborn immature and mature neurons, and less astrogliosis in the perilesional region. Imaging flow cytometry results showed that ski overexpression elevated the proliferation rate of immature neurons and reduced the proliferation rate of astrocytes. These results show that ski can be considered a novel neurorestoration-related gene that effectively promotes neurorestoration, facilitates neuronal regeneration, and reduces astrogliosis after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhai
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yang Ye
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Fu
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Du
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wei Xu
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Huang
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yang
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lei Ning
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- The Molecular Biology Centre, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Oey NE, Tan PT, Pande SD. Young Age, Liver Dysfunction, and Neurostimulant Use as Independent Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Seizures: A Multiracial Single-Center Experience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2301. [PMID: 36767668 PMCID: PMC9915627 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the potentially modifiable risk factors that are predictive of post-traumatic brain injury seizures in relation to the severity of initial injury, neurosurgical interventions, neurostimulant use, and comorbidities. This retrospective study was conducted on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients admitted to a single center from March 2008 to October 2017. We recruited 151 patients from a multiracial background with TBI, of which the data from 141 patients were analyzed, as 10 were excluded due to incomplete follow-up records or a past history of seizures. Of the remaining 141 patients, 33 (24.4%) patients developed seizures during long-term follow up post-TBI. Young age, presence of cerebral contusion, Indian race, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on admission, and use of neurostimulant medications were associated with increased risk of seizures. In conclusion, due to increased risk of seizures, younger TBI patients, as well as patients with low GCS on admission, cerebral contusions on brain imaging, and those who received neurostimulants or neurosurgical interventions should be monitored for post-TBI seizures. While it is possible that these findings may be explained by the differing mechanisms of injury in younger vs. older patients, the finding that patients on neurostimulants had an increased risk of seizures will need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei Ting Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
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29
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Bolte AC, Shapiro DA, Dutta AB, Ma WF, Bruch KR, Kovacs MA, Royo Marco A, Ennerfelt HE, Lukens JR. The meningeal transcriptional response to traumatic brain injury and aging. eLife 2023; 12:e81154. [PMID: 36594818 PMCID: PMC9810333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the meningeal compartment plays instrumental roles in various neurological disorders, however, we still lack fundamental knowledge about meningeal biology. Here, we utilized high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques to investigate the transcriptional response of the meninges to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aging in the sub-acute and chronic time frames. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we first explored how mild TBI affects the cellular and transcriptional landscape in the meninges in young mice at one-week post-injury. Then, using bulk RNA-seq, we assessed the differential long-term outcomes between young and aged mice following TBI. In our scRNA-seq studies, we highlight injury-related changes in differential gene expression seen in major meningeal cell populations including macrophages, fibroblasts, and adaptive immune cells. We found that TBI leads to an upregulation of type I interferon (IFN) signature genes in macrophages and a controlled upregulation of inflammatory-related genes in the fibroblast and adaptive immune cell populations. For reasons that remain poorly understood, even mild injuries in the elderly can lead to cognitive decline and devastating neuropathology. To better understand the differential outcomes between the young and the elderly following brain injury, we performed bulk RNA-seq on young and aged meninges 1.5 months after TBI. Notably, we found that aging alone induced upregulation of meningeal genes involved in antibody production by B cells and type I IFN signaling. Following injury, the meningeal transcriptome had largely returned to its pre-injury signature in young mice. In stark contrast, aged TBI mice still exhibited upregulation of immune-related genes and downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Overall, these findings illustrate the dynamic transcriptional response of the meninges to mild head trauma in youth and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Bolte
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Immunology Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Daniel A Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Arun B Dutta
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Wei Feng Ma
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Katherine R Bruch
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Michael A Kovacs
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Immunology Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Ana Royo Marco
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Hannah E Ennerfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Immunology Training Program, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
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Alipour M, Tebianian M, Tofigh N, Taheri RS, Mousavi SA, Naseri A, Ahmadi A, Munawar N, Shahpasand K. Active immunotherapy against pathogenic Cis pT231-tau suppresses neurodegeneration in traumatic brain injury mouse models. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102285. [PMID: 36087426 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), characterized by acute neurological impairment, is associated with a higher incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), whose hallmarks include hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Recently, phosphorylated tau at Thr231 has been shown to exist in two distinct cis and trans conformations. Moreover, targeted elimination of cis P-tau by passive immunotherapy with an appropriate mAb that efficiently suppresses tau-mediated neurodegeneration in severe TBI mouse models has proven to be a useful tool to characterize the neurotoxic role of cis P-tau as an early driver of the tauopathy process after TBI. Here, we investigated whether active immunotherapy can develop sufficient neutralizing antibodies to specifically target and eliminate cis P-tau in the brain of TBI mouse models. First, we explored the therapeutic efficacy of two different vaccines. C57BL/6 J mice were immunized with either cis or trans P-tau conformational peptides plus adjuvant. After rmTBI in mice, we found that cis peptide administration developed a specific Ab that precisely targeted and neutralized cis P-tau, inhibited the development of neuropathology and brain dysfunction, and restored various structural and functional sequelae associated with TBI in chronic phases. In contrast, trans P-tau peptide application not only lacked neuroprotective properties, but also contributed to a number of neuropathological features, including progressive TBI-induced neuroinflammation, widespread tau-mediated neurodegeneration, worsening functional deficits, and brain atrophy. Taken together, our results suggest that active immunotherapy strategies against pathogenic cis P-tau can halt the process of tauopathy and would have profound clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoume Alipour
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Basic Science and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tebianian
- Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nahid Tofigh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sadat Taheri
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Alireza Mousavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Naseri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Amplified Gliosis and Interferon-Associated Inflammation in the Aging Brain following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9082-9096. [PMID: 36257689 PMCID: PMC9732830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1377-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with chronic psychiatric complications and increased risk for development of neurodegenerative pathology. Aged individuals account for most TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. Nonetheless, neurobiological mechanisms that underlie worsened functional outcomes after TBI in the elderly remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify pathways that govern differential responses to TBI with age. Here, adult (2 months of age) and aged (16-18 months of age) male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to diffuse brain injury (midline fluid percussion), and cognition, gliosis, and neuroinflammation were determined 7 or 30 d postinjury (dpi). Cognitive impairment was evident 7 dpi, independent of age. There was enhanced morphologic restructuring of microglia and astrocytes 7 dpi in the cortex and hippocampus of aged mice compared with adults. Transcriptional analysis revealed robust age-dependent amplification of cytokine/chemokine, complement, innate immune, and interferon-associated inflammatory gene expression in the cortex 7 dpi. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the transcriptional data showed that type I interferon (IFN) signaling was significantly enhanced in the aged brain after TBI compared with adults. Age prolonged inflammatory signaling and microgliosis 30 dpi with an increased presence of rod microglia. Based on these results, a STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist, DMXAA, was used to determine whether augmenting IFN signaling worsened cortical inflammation and gliosis after TBI. DMXAA-treated Adult-TBI mice showed comparable expression of myriad genes that were overexpressed in the cortex of Aged-TBI mice, including Irf7, Clec7a, Cxcl10, and Ccl5 Overall, diffuse TBI promoted amplified IFN signaling in aged mice, resulting in extended inflammation and gliosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elderly individuals are at higher risk of complications following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individuals >70 years old have the highest rates of TBI-related hospitalization, neurodegenerative pathology, and death. Although inflammation has been linked with poor outcomes in aging, the specific biological pathways driving worsened outcomes after TBI in aging remain undefined. In this study, we identify amplified interferon-associated inflammation and gliosis in aged mice following TBI that was associated with persistent inflammatory gene expression and microglial morphologic diversity 30 dpi. STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist DMXAA was used to demonstrate a causal link between augmented interferon signaling and worsened neuroinflammation after TBI. Therefore, interferon signaling may represent a therapeutic target to reduce inflammation-associated complications following TBI.
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Wang Y, Wernersbach I, Strehle J, Li S, Appel D, Klein M, Ritter K, Hummel R, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Early posttraumatic CSF1R inhibition via PLX3397 leads to time- and sex-dependent effects on inflammation and neuronal maintenance after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:49-66. [PMID: 35933030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for early therapeutic interventions after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to prevent neurodegeneration. Microglia/macrophage (M/M) depletion and repopulation after treatment with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors reduces neurodegeneration. The present study investigates short- and long-term consequences after CSF1R inhibition during the early phase after TBI. METHODS Sex-matched mice were subjected to TBI and CSF1R inhibition by PLX3397 for 5 days and sacrificed at 5 or 30 days post injury (dpi). Neurological deficits were monitored and brain tissues were examined for histo- and molecular pathological markers. RNAseq was performed with 30 dpi TBI samples. RESULTS At 5 dpi, CSF1R inhibition attenuated the TBI-induced perilesional M/M increase and associated gene expressions by up to 50%. M/M attenuation did not affect structural brain damage at this time-point, impaired hematoma clearance, and had no effect on IL-1β expression. At 30 dpi, following drug discontinuation at 5 dpi and M/M repopulation, CSF1R inhibition attenuated brain tissue loss regardless of sex, as well as hippocampal atrophy and thalamic neuronal loss in male mice. Selected gene markers of brain inflammation and apoptosis were reduced in males but increased in females after early CSF1R inhibition as compared to corresponding TBI vehicle groups. Neurological outcome in behaving mice was almost not affected. RNAseq and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of injured brains at 30 dpi revealed more genes associated with dendritic spines and synapse function after early CSF1R inhibition as compared to vehicle, suggesting improved neuronal maintenance and recovery. In TBI vehicle mice, GSEA showed high oxidative phosphorylation, oxidoreductase activity and ribosomal biogenesis suggesting oxidative stress and increased abundance of metabolically highly active cells. More genes associated with immune processes and phagocytosis in PLX3397 treated females vs males, suggesting sex-specific differences in response to early CSF1R inhibition after TBI. CONCLUSIONS M/M attenuation after CSF1R inhibition via PLX3397 during the early phase of TBI reduces long-term brain tissue loss, improves neuronal maintenance and fosters synapse recovery. Overall effects were not sex-specific but there is evidence that male mice benefit more than female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Appel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Ritter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Medical Faculty, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Liu J, Sato Y, Falcone-Juengert J, Kurisu K, Shi J, Yenari MA. Sexual dimorphism in immune cell responses following stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105836. [PMID: 35932990 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent bodies of work in regard to stroke have revealed significant sex differences in terms of risk and outcome. While differences in sex hormones have been the focus of earlier research, the reasons for these differences are much more complex and require further identification. This review covers differences in sex related immune responses with a focus on differences in immune cell composition and function. While females are more susceptible to immune related diseases, they seem to have better outcomes from stroke at the experimental level with reduced pro-inflammatory responses. However, at the clinical level, the picture is much more complex with worse neurological outcomes from stroke. While the use of exogenous sex steroids can replicate some of these findings, it is apparent that many other factors are involved in the modulation of immune responses. As a result, more research is needed to better understand these differences and identify appropriate interventions and risk modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Liu
- Dept Neurosurgery, UCSF and SF VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoshimichi Sato
- Dept Neurosurgery, UCSF and SF VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA; Dept Neurosurgery, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kota Kurisu
- Dept Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jian Shi
- Dept Neurology, UCSF and SF VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Post-Injury Buprenorphine Administration Is Associated with Long-Term Region-Specific Glial Alterations in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102068. [PMID: 36297504 PMCID: PMC9607339 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major leading cause of death and disability. While previous studies regarding focal pathologies following TBI have been done, there is a lack of information concerning the role of analgesics and their influences on injury pathology. Buprenorphine (Bup), an opioid analgesic, is a commonly used analgesic in experimental TBI models. Our previous studies investigated the acute effects of Buprenorphine-sustained release-Lab (Bup-SR-Lab) on diffuse neuronal/glial pathology, neuroinflammation, cell damage, and systemic physiology. The current study investigated the longer-term chronic outcomes of Bup-SR-Lab treatment at 4 weeks following TBI utilizing a central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model in adult male rats. Histological assessments of physiological changes, neuronal damage, cortical and thalamic cytokine expression, microglial and astrocyte morphological changes, and myelin alterations were done, as we had done in our acute study. In the current study the Whisker Nuisance Task (WNT) was also performed pre- and 4w post-injury to assess changes in somatosensory sensitivity following saline or Bup-SR-Lab treatment. Bup-SR-Lab treatment had no impact on overall physiology or neuronal damage at 4w post-injury regardless of region or injury, nor did it have any significant effects on somatosensory sensitivity. However, greater IL-4 cytokine expression with Bup-SR-Lab treatment was observed compared to saline treated animals. Microglia and astrocytes also demonstrated region-specific morphological alterations associated with Bup-SR-Lab treatment, in which cortical microglia and thalamic astrocytes were particularly vulnerable to Bup-mediated changes. There were discernable injury-specific and region-specific differences regarding myelin integrity and changes in specific myelin basic protein (MBP) isoform expression following Bup-SR-Lab treatment. This study indicates that use of Bup-SR-Lab could impact TBI-induced glial alterations in a region-specific manner 4w following diffuse brain injury.
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Activation of NLRP3 Is Required for a Functional and Beneficial Microglia Response after Brain Trauma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081550. [PMID: 35893807 PMCID: PMC9332196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous research studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI), many physiopathologic mechanisms remain unknown. TBI is a complex process, in which neuroinflammation and glial cells play an important role in exerting a functional immune and damage-repair response. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the first steps to initiate neuroinflammation and so its regulation is essential. Using a closed-head injury model and a pharmacological (MCC950; 3 mg/kg, pre- and post-injury) and genetical approach (NLRP3 knockout (KO) mice), we defined the transcriptional and behavioral profiles 24 h after TBI. Wild-type (WT) mice showed a strong pro-inflammatory response, with increased expression of inflammasome components, microglia and astrocytes markers, and cytokines. There was no difference in the IL1β production between WT and KO, nor compensatory mechanisms of other inflammasomes. However, some microglia and astrocyte markers were overexpressed in KO mice, resulting in an exacerbated cytokine expression. Pretreatment with MCC950 replicated the behavioral and blood-brain barrier results observed in KO mice and its administration 1 h after the lesion improved the damage. These findings highlight the importance of NLRP3 time-dependent activation and its role in the fine regulation of glial response.
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Tapp ZM, Cornelius S, Oberster A, Kumar JE, Atluri R, Witcher KG, Oliver B, Bray C, Velasquez J, Zhao F, Peng J, Sheridan J, Askwith C, Godbout JP, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Sleep fragmentation engages stress-responsive circuitry, enhances inflammation and compromises hippocampal function following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114058. [PMID: 35358498 PMCID: PMC9068267 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs the ability to restore homeostasis in response to stress, indicating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction. Many stressors result in sleep disturbances, thus mechanical sleep fragmentation (SF) provides a physiologically relevant approach to study the effects of stress after injury. We hypothesize SF stress engages the dysregulated HPA-axis after TBI to exacerbate post-injury neuroinflammation and compromise recovery. To test this, male and female mice were given moderate lateral fluid percussion TBI or sham-injury and left undisturbed or exposed to daily, transient SF for 7- or 30-days post-injury (DPI). Post-TBI SF increases cortical expression of interferon- and stress-associated genes characterized by inhibition of the upstream regulator NR3C1 that encodes glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Moreover, post-TBI SF increases neuronal activity in the hippocampus, a key intersection of the stress-immune axes. By 30 DPI, TBI SF enhances cortical microgliosis and increases expression of pro-inflammatory glial signaling genes characterized by persistent inhibition of the NR3C1 upstream regulator. Within the hippocampus, post-TBI SF exaggerates microgliosis and decreases CA1 neuronal activity. Downstream of the hippocampus, post-injury SF suppresses neuronal activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus indicating decreased HPA-axis reactivity. Direct application of GR agonist, dexamethasone, to the CA1 at 30 DPI increases GR activity in TBI animals, but not sham animals, indicating differential GR-mediated hippocampal action. Electrophysiological assessment revealed TBI and SF induces deficits in Schaffer collateral long-term potentiation associated with impaired acquisition of trace fear conditioning, reflecting dorsal hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits. Together these data demonstrate that post-injury SF engages the dysfunctional post-injury HPA-axis, enhances inflammation, and compromises hippocampal function. Therefore, external stressors that disrupt sleep have an integral role in mediating outcome after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M. Tapp
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Sydney Cornelius
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Alexa Oberster
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Julia E. Kumar
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Ravitej Atluri
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristina G. Witcher
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Braedan Oliver
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Chelsea Bray
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - John Velasquez
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Fangli Zhao
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Juan Peng
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 320-55 Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - John Sheridan
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12(th) Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Candice Askwith
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Dept. of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1858 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, USA 43210,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
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Shah DS, Sanan A, Morell AA, Eichberg DG, Shah AH, Luther E, Lu VM, Elarjani T, Higgins DMO, Patel NV, Jagid JR, Ivan ME, Komotar RJ. Traumatic brain injury and subsequent brain tumor development: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:3003-3018. [PMID: 35641842 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of prior head trauma in stimulating brain tumor development has been previously described in the literature but continues to be debated. The goal of this study was to conduct a systematic review interrogating the contemporary literature to delineate any possible relationship between traumatic brain injury and brain tumor development. A systematic review exploring development of post-TBI brain tumor was conducted by searching electronic databases. Abstracts from articles were read and selected for full-text review according to criteria previously established in the scientific literature. Relevant full-text articles were divided into case reports and single-arm studies and epidemiological studies. Of 1070 resultant articles, 18 case reports and single-arm studies (level of evidence of IV and V) with 45 patients were included. The most common cause of TBI was traffic accidents. The average period between TBI and subsequent tumor diagnosis was 12.8 years. Meningiomas represented the largest share of tumors, followed by gliomas. Most post-TBI brain tumors developed in the frontal and temporal lobes. Fifteen epidemiological studies were also interrogated from a variety of countries (level of evidence of III). Case-control studies were more common than cohort studies. There were 9 of 15 studies proposed a possible relationship between history of head trauma and development of brain tumor. The relationship between head trauma and neoplastic growth continues to be heavily debated. There are certainly case reports and epidemiological studies in the literature that suggest a correlational relationship between the two. However, there is no concrete evidence of a causal relationship between TBI and brain tumors. More research is needed to definitively delineate the extent of any such relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darsh S Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 501 Red River St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Akshat Sanan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexis A Morell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel G Eichberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Evan Luther
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Victor M Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Turki Elarjani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Nitesh V Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan R Jagid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo J Komotar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Lupeol Treatment Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Neuropathology in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116086. [PMID: 35682768 PMCID: PMC9181489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) signifies a major cause of death and disability. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Astrocytes and microglia, cells of the CNS, are considered the key players in initiating an inflammatory response after injury. Several evidence suggests that activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO have the potential to cause more harmful effects in the pathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have established that lupeol provides neuroprotection through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in Aβ and LPS model and neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of lupeol on apoptosis caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in TBI have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we explored the role of Lupeol on antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress and its potential mechanism following TBI. In these experiments, adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TBI, TBI+ Lupeol, and Sham group. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ROS/LPO assays were performed to investigate the role of lupeol against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Lupeol treatment reversed TBI-induced behavioral and memory disturbances. Lupeol attenuated TBI-induced generation of reactive oxygen species/lipid per oxidation (ROS/LPO) and improved the antioxidant protein level, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the mouse brain. Similarly, our results indicated that lupeol treatment inhibited glial cell activation, p-NF-κB, and downstream signaling molecules, such as TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-1β, in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, lupeol treatment also inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic signaling molecules, such as caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome-C, and reversed deregulated Bcl2 in TBI-treated mice. Overall, our study demonstrated that lupeol inhibits the activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO that lead to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis followed by TBI.
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Bray CE, Witcher KG, Adekunle-Adegbite D, Ouvina M, Witzel M, Hans E, Tapp ZM, Packer J, Goodman E, Zhao F, Chunchai T, O'Neil S, Chattipakorn SC, Sheridan J, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Askwith C, Godbout JP. Chronic Cortical Inflammation, Cognitive Impairment, and Immune Reactivity Associated with Diffuse Brain Injury Are Ameliorated by Forced Turnover of Microglia. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4215-4228. [PMID: 35440489 PMCID: PMC9121837 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1910-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of cognitive, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative complications that may develop after injury. Increased microglial reactivity following TBI may underlie chronic neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and exaggerated responses to immune challenges. Therefore, the goal of this study was to force turnover of trauma-associated microglia that develop after diffuse TBI and determine whether this alleviated chronic inflammation, improved functional recovery and attenuated reduced immune reactivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Male mice received a midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) and 7 d later were subjected to a forced microglia turnover paradigm using CSF1R antagonism (PLX5622). At 30 d postinjury (dpi), cortical gene expression, dendritic complexity, myelin content, neuronal connectivity, cognition, and immune reactivity were assessed. Myriad neuropathology-related genes were increased 30 dpi in the cortex, and 90% of these gene changes were reversed by microglial turnover. Reduced neuronal connectivity was evident 30 dpi and these deficits were attenuated by microglial turnover. TBI-associated dendritic remodeling and myelin alterations, however, remained 30 dpi independent of microglial turnover. In assessments of functional recovery, increased depressive-like behavior, and cognitive impairment 30 dpi were ameliorated by microglia turnover. To investigate microglial priming and reactivity 30 dpi, mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS. This immune challenge caused prolonged lethargy, sickness behavior, and microglial reactivity in the TBI mice. These extended complications with LPS in TBI mice were prevented by microglia turnover. Collectively, microglial turnover 7 dpi alleviated behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with microglial priming and immune reactivity 30 dpi.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A striking feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), even mild injuries, is that over 70% of individuals have long-term neuropsychiatric complications. Chronic inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathology of these complications and these issues can be exaggerated by immune challenge. Therefore, our goal was to force the turnover of microglia 7 d after TBI. This subacute 7 d postinjury (dpi) time point is a critical transitional period in the shift toward chronic inflammatory processes and microglia priming. This forced microglia turnover intervention in mice attenuated the deficits in behavior and cognition 30 dpi. Moreover, microglia priming and immune reactivity after TBI were also reduced with microglia turnover. Therefore, microglia represent therapeutic targets after TBI to reduce persistent neuroinflammation and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Bray
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kristina G Witcher
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Michelle Ouvina
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mollie Witzel
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Emma Hans
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zoe M Tapp
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jonathan Packer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ethan Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Fangli Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Neurophysiology unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Shane O'Neil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - John Sheridan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Candice Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Arora P, Singh K, Kumari M, Trivedi R. Temporal profile of serum metabolites and inflammation following closed head injury in rats is associated with HPA axis hyperactivity. Metabolomics 2022; 18:28. [PMID: 35486220 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Closed head injury (CHI) causes neurological disability along with systemic alterations that can activate neuro-endocrine response through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. A dysregulated HPA axis function can lead to relocation of energy substrates and alteration in metabolic pathways and inflammation at the systemic level. OBJECTIVES Assessment of time-dependent changes in serum metabolites and inflammation after both mild and moderate CHI. Along with this, serum corticosterone levels and hypothalamic microglial response were observed. METHODS Rats underwent mild and moderate weight-drop injury and their serum and hypothalamus were assessed at acute, sub-acute and chronic timepoints. Changes in serum metabolomics were determined using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. Serum inflammatory cytokine, corticosterone levels and hypothalamic microglia were assessed at all timepoints. RESULTS Metabolites including lactate, choline and branched chain amino acids were found as the classifiers that helped distinguish between control and injured rats during acute, sub-acute and chronic timepoints. While, increased αglucose: βglucose and TMAO: choline ratios after acute and sub-acute timepoints of mild injury differentiated from moderate injured rats. The injured rats also showed distinct inflammatory profile where IL-1β and TNF-α levels were upregulated in moderate injured rats while IL-10 levels were downregulated in mild injured rats. Furthermore, injury specific alterations in serum metabolic and immunologic profile were found to be associated with hyperactive HPA axis, with consistent increase in serum corticosterone concentration post injury. The hypothalamic microglia showed a characteristic activated de-ramified cellular morphology in both mild and moderate injured rats. CONCLUSION The study suggests that HPA axis hyperactivity along with hypothalamic microglial activation led to temporal changes in the systemic metabolism and inflammation. These time dependent changes in the metabolite profile of rats can further strengthen the knowledge of diagnostic markers and help distinguish injury related outcomes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palkin Arora
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, 110054, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, 110054, India
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megha Kumari
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, 110054, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Richa Trivedi
- Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences (RNAIS), Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Zheng RZ, Lee KY, Qi ZX, Wang Z, Xu ZY, Wu XH, Mao Y. Neuroinflammation Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Take It Seriously or Not. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855701. [PMID: 35392083 PMCID: PMC8981520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and disability, with a substantial socioeconomic burden. With the standardization of the treatment process, there is increasing interest in the role that the secondary insult of TBI plays in outcome heterogeneity. The secondary insult is neither detrimental nor beneficial in an absolute sense, among which the inflammatory response was a complex cascade of events and can thus be regarded as a double-edged sword. Therefore, clinicians should take the generation and balance of neuroinflammation following TBI seriously. In this review, we summarize the current human and animal model studies of neuroinflammation and provide a better understanding of the inflammatory response in the different stages of TBI. In particular, advances in neuroinflammation using proteomic and transcriptomic techniques have enabled us to identify a functional specific delineation of the immune cell in TBI patients. Based on recent advances in our understanding of immune cell activation, we present the difference between diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury. In addition, we give a figurative profiling of the general paradigm in the pre- and post-injury inflammatory settings employing a bow-tie framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuin-Yu Lee
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University Institute of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Brett BL, Gardner RC, Godbout J, Dams-O’Connor K, Keene CD. Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:498-507. [PMID: 34364650 PMCID: PMC8636548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly of greater severity (i.e., moderate to severe), has been identified as a risk factor for all-cause dementia and Parkinson's disease, with risk for specific dementia subtypes being more variable. Among the limited studies involving neuropathological (postmortem) confirmation, the association between TBI and risk for neurodegenerative disease increases in complexity, with polypathology often reported on examination. The heterogeneous clinical and neuropathological outcomes associated with TBI are likely reflective of the multifaceted postinjury acute and chronic processes that may contribute to neurodegeneration. Acutely in TBI, axonal injury and disrupted transport influences molecular mechanisms fundamental to the formation of pathological proteins, such as amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau. These protein deposits may develop into amyloid-β plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles, and dystrophic neurites. These and other characteristic neurodegenerative disease pathologies may then spread across brain regions. The acute immune and neuroinflammatory response involves alteration of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells; release of downstream pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and recruitment of peripheral immune cells. Although thought to be neuroprotective and reparative initially, prolongation of these processes may promote neurodegeneration. We review the evidence for TBI as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease, in clinical and neuropathological studies. Further, we describe the dynamic interactions between acute response to injury and chronic processes that may be involved in TBI-related pathogenesis and progression of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Brett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of
Wisconsin,Corresponding author: Benjamin L.
Brett, 414-955-7316, , Medical College of
Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Raquel C. Gardner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill
Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco and the San
Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Jonathan Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury Program,
The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristen Dams-O’Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance,
Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Mercurio D, Fumagalli S, Schafer MKH, Pedragosa J, Ngassam LDC, Wilhelmi V, Winterberg S, Planas AM, Weihe E, De Simoni MG. Protein Expression of the Microglial Marker Tmem119 Decreases in Association With Morphological Changes and Location in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:820127. [PMID: 35221925 PMCID: PMC8866855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.820127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the infiltration of macrophages are hallmarks of neuroinflammation after acute brain injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The two myeloid populations share many features in the post-injury inflammatory response, thus, being antigenically indistinguishable. Recently Tmem119, a type I transmembrane protein specifically expressed by microglia under physiological conditions, was proposed as a tool to differentiate resident microglia from blood-borne macrophages, not expressing it. However, the validity of Tmem119 as a specific marker of resident microglia in the context of acute brain injury, where microglia are activated and macrophages are recruited, needs validation. Our purpose was to investigate Tmem119 expression and distribution in relation to the morphology of brain myeloid cells present in the injured area after TBI. Mice underwent sham surgery or TBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Brains from sham-operated, or TBI mice, were analyzed by in situ hybridization to identify the cells expressing Tmem119, and by Western blot and quantitative immunofluorescence to measure Tmem119 protein levels in the entire brain regions and single cells. The morphology of Iba1+ myeloid cells was analyzed at different times (4 and 7 days after TBI) and several distances from the contused edge in order to associate Tmem119 expression with morphological evolution of active microglia. In situ hybridization indicated an increased Tmem119 RNA along with increased microglial complement C1q activation in the contused area and surrounding regions. On the contrary, the biochemical evaluation showed a drop in Tmem119 protein levels in the same areas. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreased in Iba1+ myeloid cells found in the contused cortex at both time points, with the cells showing the hypertrophic ameboid morphology having no Tmem119 expression. The Tmem119 was present on ramifications of resident microglia and its presence was decreased as a consequence of microglial activation in cortical areas close to contusion. Based on the data, we conclude that the decrease of Tmem119 in reactive microglia may depend on the process of microglial activation, which involves the retracting of their branchings to acquire an ameboid shape. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreases in reactive microglia to similar levels than the blood-borne macrophages, thus, failing to discriminate the two myeloid populations after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin K-H Schafer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Verena Wilhelmi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Perea JR, García E, Vallés-Saiz L, Cuadros R, Hernández F, Bolós M, Avila J. p38 activation occurs mainly in microglia in the P301S Tauopathy mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2130. [PMID: 35136118 PMCID: PMC8826411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain. Many of these pathologies also present an inflammatory component determined by the activation of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. p38 MAPK is one of the molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation. Although this kinase is expressed mainly in glia, its activation in certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease has been associated with its ability to phosphorylate tau in neurons. Using the P301S Tauopathy mouse model, here we show that p38 activation increases during aging and that this occurs mainly in microglia of the hippocampus rather than in neurons. Furthermore, we have observed that these mice present an activated microglial variant called rod microglia. Interestingly, p38 activation in this subpopulation of microglia is decreased. On the basis of our findings, we propose that rod microglia might have a neuroprotective phenotype in the context of tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Perea
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther García
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Vallés-Saiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cuadros
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC) (Campus de Cantoblanco), 1 Nicolás Cabrera st, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.
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Fitzgerald J, Houle S, Cotter C, Zimomra Z, Martens KM, Vonder Haar C, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury Causes Sex-Specific Deficits in Anterograde but Not Retrograde Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:806598. [PMID: 35185489 PMCID: PMC8854992 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.806598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common symptom after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Memory, in particular, is often disrupted during chronic post-injury recovery. To understand the sex-specific effects of brain injury on retrograde and anterograde memory, we examined paired associate learning (PAL), spatial learning and memory, and fear memory after lateral fluid percussion TBI. We hypothesized that male and female mice would display unique memory deficits after TBI. PAL task acquisition was initiated via touchscreen operant conditioning 22 weeks before sham injury or TBI. Post-injury PAL testing occurred 7 weeks post-injury. Barnes maze and fear conditioning were completed at 14- and 15-weeks post-injury, respectively. Contrary to our expectations, behavioral outcomes were not primarily influenced by TBI. Instead, sex-specific differences were observed in all tasks which exposed task-specific trends in male TBI mice. Male mice took longer to complete the PAL task, but this was not affected by TBI and did not compromise the ability to make a correct choice. Latency to reach the goal box decreased across testing days in Barnes maze, but male TBI mice lagged in improvement compared to all other groups. Use of two learning indices revealed that male TBI mice were deficient in transferring information from 1 day to the next. Finally, acquisition and contextual retention of fear memory were similar between all groups. Cued retention of the tone-shock pairing was influenced by both injury and sex. Male sham mice displayed the strongest cued retention of fear memory, evidenced by increased freezing behavior across the test trial. In contrast, male TBI mice displayed reduced freezing behavior with repetitive tone exposure. An inverse relationship in freezing behavior to tone exposure was detected between female sham and TBI mice, although the difference was not as striking. Together, these studies show that retrograde memory is intact after lateral TBI. However, male mice are more vulnerable to post-injury anterograde memory deficits. These behaviors were not associated with gross pathological change near the site injury or in subcortical brain regions associated with memory formation. Future studies that incorporate pre- and post-injury behavioral analysis will be integral in defining sex-specific memory impairment after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Samuel Houle
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher Cotter
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Zimomra
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kris M. Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran,
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Minocycline fails to treat chronic traumatic brain injury-induced impulsivity and attention deficits. Exp Neurol 2022; 348:113924. [PMID: 34774860 PMCID: PMC9295442 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts millions worldwide and can cause lasting psychiatric symptoms. Chronic neuroinflammation is a characteristic of post-injury pathology and is also associated with psychiatric conditions such as ADHD and bipolar disorder. Therefore, the current study sought to determine whether TBI-induced impulsivity and inattention could be treated using minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties. Rats were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRT), a measure of motor impulsivity and attention. After behavior was stable on the 5CSRT, rats received either a bilateral frontal TBI or sham procedure. Minocycline was given at either an early (1 h post-injury) or chronic (9 weeks post-injury) timepoint. Minocycline was delivered every 12 h for 5 days (45 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavioral testing on the 5CSRT began again after one week of recovery and continued for 12 more weeks, then rats were transcardially perfused. Impulsivity and inattention were both substantially increased following TBI. Minocycline had no therapeutic effects at either the early or late time points. TBI rats had increased lesion volume, but minocycline did not attenuate lesion size. Additionally, microglia count measured by IBA-1+ cells was only increased acutely after TBI, and minocycline did not differentially change the number of microglia in TBI rats. Despite this, minocycline had clear effects on the gut microbiome. Based on the results of this study, minocycline may have limited efficacy for post-injury psychiatric-like symptoms.
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Melatonin alleviates traumatic brain injury‑induced anxiety‑like behaviors in rats: Roles of the protein kinase A/cAMP‑response element binding signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:248. [PMID: 35261620 PMCID: PMC8855513 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. Given its capabilities of neuroprotection and low neurotoxicity, melatonin could be a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was conducted to determine the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on TBI-induced anxiety and the possible molecular mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups. The rodent model of TBI was established using the weight-drop method. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg after TBI. H89 (0.02 mg/kg), a special protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; 0.1 mg/kg), an activator of PKA, were administered by stereotactic injection of the brain to evaluate the roles of PKA and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in melatonin-related mood regulation, respectively. At 30 days post-TBI, the changes in anxiety-like behaviors in rats were measured using the open field and elevated plus maze tests. At 24 h post-TBI, the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated using immunofluorescence assay. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the amygdala were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of PKA, phosphorylated (p)-PKA, CREB, p-CREB, NF-κB and p-NF-κB in the amygdala were detected using western blotting. It was revealed that melatonin partially reversed TBI-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats, and decreased the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis in the amygdala induced by TBI. H89 partially blocked the neuroprotective effects of melatonin; while dibutyryl-cAMP not only reduced the H89-induced emotional disturbance but also enhanced the protective effects of melatonin against TBI. Overall, melatonin can alleviate TBI-induced anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Moreover, the underlying mechanism may be associated with the activation of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway.
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Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Rod Microglia Phenotype in CA1 Hippocampal Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031422. [PMID: 35163344 PMCID: PMC8836225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in diseases animal models. We demonstrated that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced rapid, time- and space-dependent phenotypic microglia modifications in CA1 stratum pyramidalis (SP) and stratum radiatum (SR) of rat organotypic hippocampal slices as well as the degeneration of pyramidal neurons, especially in the outer layer of SP. Twenty-four h following OGD, many rod microglia formed trains of elongated cells spanning from the SR throughout the CA1, reaching the SP outer layer where they acquired a round-shaped amoeboid phagocytic head and phagocytosed most of the pyknotic, damaged neurons. NIR-laser treatment, known to preserve neuronal viability after OGD, prevented rod microglia formation. In CA3 SP, pyramidal neurons were less damaged, no rod microglia were found. Thirty-six h after OGD, neuronal damage was more pronounced in SP outer and inner layers of CA1, rod microglia cells were no longer detectable, and most microglia were amoeboid/phagocytic. Damaged neurons, more numerous 36 h after OGD, were phagocytosed by amoeboid microglia in both inner and outer layers of CA1. In response to OGD, microglia can acquire different morphofunctional phenotypes which depend on the time after the insult and on the subregion where microglia are located.
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Revisiting Excitotoxicity in Traumatic Brain Injury: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010152. [PMID: 35057048 PMCID: PMC8781803 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Consequences vary from mild cognitive impairment to death and, no matter the severity of subsequent sequelae, it represents a high burden for affected patients and for the health care system. Brain trauma can cause neuronal death through mechanical forces that disrupt cell architecture, and other secondary consequences through mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, programmed cell death, and, most importantly, excitotoxicity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the many classical and novel pathways implicated in tissue damage following TBI. We summarize the preclinical evidence of potential therapeutic interventions and describe the available clinical evaluation of novel drug targets such as vitamin B12 and ifenprodil, among others.
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Li G, Liu H, He Y, Hu Z, Gu Y, Li Y, Ye Y, Hu J. Neurological Symptoms and Their Associations With Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Chronic Phase Following Traumatic Brain Injuries. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:895852. [PMID: 35815027 PMCID: PMC9263586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.895852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying biological mechanisms for neurological symptoms following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the associations between serum inflammatory biomarkers and neurological symptoms in the chronic phase following moderate to severe TBI. METHODS The serum interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and the tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α in 72 TBI patients 6 months to 2 years post injury were measured. Neurological symptoms including depression, chronic headache, sleep disturbance, irritability, anxiety, and global neurological disability was assessed. The associations between the biomarkers and the neurological symptoms were assessed using correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS It was found that the most common post-injury symptom was sleep disturbance (84.7%), followed by chronic headaches (59.7%), irritability (55.6%), and depression (54.2%). TNF-α was a protective factor for chronic headache (OR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.235-0.952). IL-6 was positively associated with sleep disturbance (r = 0.274, p = 0.021), while IL-5 and IL-12p70 were negatively associated with the degree of global neurological disability (r = -0.325, p = 0.006; r = -0.319, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for the association between chronic inflammation with neurological symptoms following a TBI, which suggests that anti-inflammatory could be a potential target for post-TBI neurological rehabilitation. Further research with larger sample sizes and more related biomarkers are still needed, however, to elucidate the inflammatory mechanisms for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqin Li
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong He
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeqing Hu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junmei Hu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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