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Wei W, Lattau SSJ, Xin W, Pan Y, Tatenhorst L, Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Hao Z, Popa-Wagner A, Gerner ST, Huber S, Nietert M, Klose C, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Huttner HB, Liu H, Fitzner D, Doeppner TR. Dynamic Brain Lipid Profiles Modulate Microglial Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Inflammation Under Ischemic Conditions in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2306863. [PMID: 39252446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are critically involved in post-stroke inflammation affecting neurological outcomes. Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in microglia results in a dysfunctional and pro-inflammatory state in the aged brain and worsens the outcome of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of LD-rich microglia (LDRM) under stroke conditions is unknown. Using in vitro and in vivo stroke models, herein accumulation patterns of microglial LD and their corresponding microglial inflammatory signaling cascades are studied. Interactions between temporal and spatial dynamics of lipid profiles and microglial phenotypes in different post-stroke brain regions are found. Hence, microglia display enhanced levels of LD accumulation and elevated perilipin 2 (PLIN2) expression patterns when exposed to hypoxia or stroke. Such LDRM exhibit high levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β as well as a pro-inflammatory phenotype and differentially expressed lipid metabolism-related genes. These post-ischemic alterations result in distinct lipid profiles with spatial and temporal dynamics, especially with regard to cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol levels, further exacerbating post-ischemic inflammation. The present study sheds new light on the dynamic changes of brain lipid profiles and aggregation patterns of LD in microglia exposed to ischemia, demonstrating a mutual mechanism between microglial phenotype and function, which contributes to progression of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | | | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhongnan Hao
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Nietert
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, UMG, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34720, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35037, Giessen, Germany
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
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Desmeules C, Corbeil O, Huot-Lavoie M, Béchard L, Brodeur S, Demers MF, Roy MA, Deslauriers J. Psychotic Disorders and exosomes: An overview of current evidence and future directions. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116066. [PMID: 38996632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Due to its reliance on heterogeneous symptomatology, the accurate diagnosis of psychotic disorders remains a challenging task in clinical practice. Precise and early diagnosis of psychotic disorders facilitates early intervention, which has been shown to have substantial benefits for long-term outcomes. Still, the lack of specific biomarkers is an important limitation in early diagnosis and intervention. Exosomes, which act as messengers between cells, including brain cells, contain a vast array of molecules that hold promise for unveiling disorder-specific abnormalities. In this review, we discuss recent evidence highlighting the potential of circulating exosomes and brain-derived exosomes as valuable tools for the identification of accessible, non-invasive, and blood-based biomarkers of psychotic symptomatology and risk. We discuss current limitations in biomarker discovery studies focusing on exosomes. To enhance diagnosis specificity and treatment response, we also provide guidance for future investigations that need to target biomarkers of risk and relapse, as well as consider duration of untreated psychosis, biological sex, and other factors in the multifactorial biosignature of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Desmeules
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Olivier Corbeil
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CIUSSS-CN, Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Maxime Huot-Lavoie
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laurent Béchard
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CIUSSS-CN, Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Brodeur
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; CIUSSS-CN, Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Marie-France Demers
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CIUSSS-CN, Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CIUSSS-CN, Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jessica Deslauriers
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li J, Huang Y, Lyu F, Wang Y, Wei P, Yuan Y, Fu Y, Gao Y. Microglial histone deacetylase 2 is dispensable for functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:817-835. [PMID: 38069842 PMCID: PMC11197137 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231197173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The Class-I histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate microglial inflammation and neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether the individual Class-I HDACs play an indispensable role in TBI pathogenesis remains elusive. HDAC2 has been shown to upregulate pro-inflammatory genes in myeloid cells under brain injuries such as intracerebral hemorrhage, thereby worsening outcomes. Thus, we hypothesized that HDAC2 drives microglia toward a pro-inflammatory neurotoxic phenotype in a murine model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our results revealed that HDAC2 expression was highly induced in CD16/CD32+ pro-inflammatory microglia 3 and 7d after TBI. Surprisingly, microglia-targeted HDAC2 knockout (HDAC2 miKO) mice failed to demonstrate a beneficial phenotype after CCI/TBI compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. HDAC2 miKO mice exhibited comparable levels of grey and white matter injury, efferocytosis, and sensorimotor and cognitive deficits after CCI/TBI as WT mice. RNA sequencing of isolated microglia 3d after CCI/TBI indicated the elevation of a panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in HDAC2 miKO mice over WT mice, and flow cytometry showed further elevated brain infiltration of neutrophils and B cells in HDAC2 miKO mice. Together, this study does not support a detrimental role for HDAC2 in microglial responses after TBI and calls for investigation into alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yana Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Rojas-Colón LA, Redell JB, Dash PK, Vegas PE, Vélez-Torres W. 4R-cembranoid suppresses glial cells inflammatory phenotypes and prevents hippocampal neuronal loss in LPS-treated mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25336. [PMID: 38656664 PMCID: PMC11073245 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. A key feature of neuroinflammation is neuronal loss and glial activation, including microglia and astrocytes. 4R-cembranoid (4R) is a natural compound that inhibits hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases memory function in mice. We used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection model to study the effect of 4R on neuronal density and microglia and astrocyte activation. C57BL/6J wild-type mice were injected with LPS (5 mg/kg) and 2 h later received either 4R (6 mg/kg) or vehicle. Mice were sacrificed after 72 h for analysis of brain pathology. Confocal images of brain sections immunostained for microglial, astrocyte, and neuronal markers were used to quantify cellular hippocampal phenotypes and neurons. Hippocampal lysates were used to measure the expression levels of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase-1, thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and orosomucoid-2 (ORM2) by western blot. iNOS and arginase-1 are widely used protein markers of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia, respectively. GDNF promotes neuronal survival, and ORM2 and THBS1 are astrocytic proteins that regulate synaptic plasticity and inhibit microglial activation. 4R administration significantly reduced neuronal loss and the number of pro-inflammatory microglia 72 h after LPS injection. It also decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory protein iNOS while increasing arginase-1 expression, supporting its anti-inflammatory role. The protein expression of THBS1, GDNF, and ORM2 was increased by 4R. Our data show that 4R preserves the integrity of hippocampal neurons against LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Rojas-Colón
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro E Vegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Wanda Vélez-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
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5
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Spiteri AG, Pilkington KR, Wishart CL, Macia L, King NJC. High-Dimensional Methods of Single-Cell Microglial Profiling to Enhance Understanding of Neuropathological Disease. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e985. [PMID: 38439574 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the innate myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, functionally implicated in almost every defined neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder. Current understanding of disease pathogenesis for many neuropathologies is limited and/or lacks reliable diagnostic markers, vaccines, and treatments. With the increasing aging of society and rise in neurogenerative diseases, improving our understanding of their pathogenesis is essential. Analysis of microglia from murine disease models provides an investigative tool to unravel disease processes. In many neuropathologies, bone-marrow-derived monocytes are recruited to the CNS, adopting a phenotype similar to that of microglia. This significantly confounds the accurate identification of cell-type-specific functions and downstream therapeutic targeting. The increased capacity to analyze more phenotypic markers using spectral-cytometry-based technologies allows improved separation of microglia from monocyte-derived cells. Full-spectrum profiling enables enhanced marker resolution, time-efficient analysis of >40 fluorescence parameters, and extraction of cellular autofluorescence parameters. Coupling this system with additional cytometric technologies, including cell sorting and high-parameter imaging, can improve the understanding of microglial phenotypes in disease. To this end, we provide detailed, step-by-step protocols for the analysis of murine brain tissue by high-parameter ex vivo cytometric analysis using the Aurora spectral cytometer (Cytek), including best practices for unmixing and autofluorescence extraction, cell sorting for single-cell RNA analysis, and imaging mass cytometry. Together, this provides a toolkit for researchers to comprehensively investigate microglial disease processes at protein, RNA, and spatial levels for the identification of therapeutic targets in neuropathology. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Processing the mouse brain into a single-cell suspension for microglia isolation Basic Protocol 2: Staining single-cell mouse brain suspensions for microglial phenotyping by spectral cytometry Basic Protocol 3: Flow cytometric sorting of mouse microglia for ex vivo analysis Basic Protocol 4: Processing the mouse brain for imaging mass cytometry for spatial microglia analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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6
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Bobotis BC, Halvorson T, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1317125. [PMID: 38425429 PMCID: PMC10902073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes. In parallel with advances in microglial biology, cutting-edge techniques for the characterization of microglial properties have emerged with increasing depth and precision. Labeling tools and reporter models are important for the study of microglial morphology, ultrastructure, and dynamics, but also for microglial isolation, which is required to glean key phenotypic information through single-cell transcriptomics and other emerging approaches. Strategies for selective microglial depletion and modulation can provide novel insights into microglia-targeted treatment strategies in models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, cancer, and autoimmunity. Finally, fate mapping has emerged as an important tool to answer fundamental questions about microglial biology, including their origin, migration, and proliferation throughout the lifetime of an organism. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of these established and emerging techniques, with applications to the study of microglia in development, homeostasis, and CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Caroline Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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7
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Ma W, Oswald J, Rios Angulo A, Chen Q. Tmem119 expression is downregulated in a subset of brain metastasis-associated microglia. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:6. [PMID: 38308250 PMCID: PMC10837931 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Under pathological conditions, the immune-specialized brain microenvironment contains both resident microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells recruited from peripheral circulation. Due to largely overlapping phenotypic similarities between these ontogenically distinct myeloid populations, studying their individual functions in central nervous system diseases has been challenging. Recently, transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119) has been reported as a marker for resident microglia which is not expressed by bone marrow-derived myeloid cells. However, several studies have reported the loss or reduction of Tmem119 expression in pathologically activated microglia. Here, we examined whether Tmem119 could be used as a robust marker to identify brain metastasis-associated microglia. In addition, we also compared Tmem119 expression of primary microglia to the immortalized microglia-like BV2 cell line and characterized expression changes after LPS treatment. Lastly, we used a commercially available transgenic mouse line (Tmem119-eGFP) to compare Tmem119 expression patterns to the traditional antibody-based detection methods. Our results indicate that brain metastasis-associated microglia have reduced Tmem119 gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ma
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jack Oswald
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Rios Angulo
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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DePaula-Silva AB. The Contribution of Microglia and Brain-Infiltrating Macrophages to the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases during TMEV Infection of the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38257819 PMCID: PMC10819099 DOI: 10.3390/v16010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with neurotropic viruses induces neuroinflammation and is associated with the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. The activation of the innate and adaptive immune response, including microglial, macrophages, and T and B cells, while required for efficient viral control within the CNS, is also associated with neuropathology. Under healthy conditions, resident microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining CNS homeostasis. However, during pathological events, such as CNS viral infection, microglia become reactive, and immune cells from the periphery infiltrate into the brain, disrupting CNS homeostasis and contributing to disease development. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a neurotropic picornavirus, is used in two distinct mouse models: TMEV-induced demyelination disease (TMEV-IDD) and TMEV-induced seizures, representing mouse models of multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, respectively. These murine models have contributed substantially to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and seizures/epilepsy following viral infection, serving as critical tools for identifying pharmacological targetable pathways to modulate disease development. This review aims to discuss the host-pathogen interaction during a neurotropic picornavirus infection and to shed light on our current understanding of the multifaceted roles played by microglia and macrophages in the context of these two complexes viral-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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9
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du Chatinier A, Velilla IQ, Meel MH, Hoving EW, Hulleman E, Metselaar DS. Microglia in pediatric brain tumors: The missing link to successful immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101246. [PMID: 37924816 PMCID: PMC10694606 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children. Despite the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for adult brain tumors, progress in pediatric neuro-oncology has been hindered by the complex and poorly understood nature of the brain's immune system during early development, a phase that is critical for the onset of many pediatric brain tumors. A defining characteristic of these tumors is the abundance of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. In this review, we explore the concept of microglial diversity across brain regions and throughout development and discuss how their maturation stage may contribute to tumor growth in children. We also summarize the current knowledge on the roles of microglia in common pediatric brain tumor entities and provide examples of myeloid-based immunotherapeutic strategies. Our review underscores the importance of microglial plasticity in pediatric brain tumors and its significance for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée du Chatinier
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Querol Velilla
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël Hananja Meel
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Wieger Hoving
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Serge Metselaar
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Sudwarts A, Thinakaran G. Alzheimer's genes in microglia: a risk worth investigating. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:90. [PMID: 37986179 PMCID: PMC10662636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite expressing many key risk genes, the role of microglia in late-onset Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology is somewhat ambiguous, with various phenotypes reported to be either harmful or protective. Herein, we review some key findings from clinical and animal model investigations, discussing the role of microglial genetics in mediating perturbations from homeostasis. We note that impairment to protective phenotypes may include prolonged or insufficient microglial activation, resulting in dysregulated metabolomic (notably lipid-related) processes, compounded by age-related inflexibility in dynamic responses. Insufficiencies of mouse genetics and aggressive transgenic modelling imply severe limitations in applying current methodologies for aetiological investigations. Despite the shortcomings, widely used amyloidosis and tauopathy models of the disease have proven invaluable in dissecting microglial functional responses to AD pathophysiology. Some recent advances have brought modelling tools closer to human genetics, increasing the validity of both aetiological and translational endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sudwarts
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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11
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Park DS, Kozaki T, Tiwari SK, Moreira M, Khalilnezhad A, Torta F, Olivié N, Thiam CH, Liani O, Silvin A, Phoo WW, Gao L, Triebl A, Tham WK, Gonçalves L, Kong WT, Raman S, Zhang XM, Dunsmore G, Dutertre CA, Lee S, Ong JM, Balachander A, Khalilnezhad S, Lum J, Duan K, Lim ZM, Tan L, Low I, Utami KH, Yeo XY, Di Tommaso S, Dupuy JW, Varga B, Karadottir RT, Madathummal MC, Bonne I, Malleret B, Binte ZY, Wei Da N, Tan Y, Wong WJ, Zhang J, Chen J, Sobota RM, Howland SW, Ng LG, Saltel F, Castel D, Grill J, Minard V, Albani S, Chan JKY, Thion MS, Jung SY, Wenk MR, Pouladi MA, Pasqualini C, Angeli V, Cexus ONF, Ginhoux F. iPS-cell-derived microglia promote brain organoid maturation via cholesterol transfer. Nature 2023; 623:397-405. [PMID: 37914940 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized brain-resident macrophages that arise from primitive macrophages colonizing the embryonic brain1. Microglia contribute to multiple aspects of brain development, but their precise roles in the early human brain remain poorly understood owing to limited access to relevant tissues2-6. The generation of brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates some key features of human embryonic brain development7-10. However, current approaches do not incorporate microglia or address their role in organoid maturation11-21. Here we generated microglia-sufficient brain organoids by coculturing brain organoids with primitive-like macrophages generated from the same human induced pluripotent stem cells (iMac)22. In organoid cocultures, iMac differentiated into cells with microglia-like phenotypes and functions (iMicro) and modulated neuronal progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, limiting NPC proliferation and promoting axonogenesis. Mechanistically, iMicro contained high levels of PLIN2+ lipid droplets that exported cholesterol and its esters, which were taken up by NPCs in the organoids. We also detected PLIN2+ lipid droplet-loaded microglia in mouse and human embryonic brains. Overall, our approach substantially advances current human brain organoid approaches by incorporating microglial cells, as illustrated by the discovery of a key pathway of lipid-mediated crosstalk between microglia and NPCs that leads to improved neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shin Park
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tatsuya Kozaki
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satish Kumar Tiwari
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Moreira
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Olivié
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Chung Hwee Thiam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oniko Liani
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Wint Wint Phoo
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Kin Tham
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Sethi Raman
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Meng Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Garett Dunsmore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Charles Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Salanne Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Ong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shabnam Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaibo Duan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ze Ming Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivy Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kagistia Hana Utami
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Balazs Varga
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur Thora Karadottir
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mufeeda Changaramvally Madathummal
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform Electron Microscopy, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform Electron Microscopy, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zainab Yasin Binte
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngan Wei Da
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingrou Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Wong
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - David Castel
- INSERM U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology & Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- INSERM U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology & Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sang Yong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Veronique Angeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivier N F Cexus
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Gao W, Jin X, Zhou P, Zhu H, Xie K, Jin B, Du L. Relationship between Uveitis and the Differential Reactivity of Retinal Microglia. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:1206-1212. [PMID: 37666222 PMCID: PMC10614524 DOI: 10.1159/000531156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis, a complicated group of ocular inflammatory diseases, can be affected by massive pathogenic contributors such as infection, autoimmunity, and genetics. Although it is well known that many pathological changes, including disorders of the immune system and disruption of the blood-retinal barrier, count much in the onset and progression of uveitis, there is a paucity of safe and effective treatments, which has exceedingly hindered the appropriate treatment of uveitis. As innate immune cells in the retina, microglia occupy a salient position in retinal homeostasis. Many studies have reported the activation of microglia in uveitis and the mitigation of uveitis by interfering with microglial reactivity, which strongly implicates microglia as a therapeutic target. However, it has been increasingly recognized that microglia are a nonhomogeneous population under different physiological and pathological conditions, which makes it essential to thoroughly have knowledge of their specific characteristics. The paper outlines the various properties of activated microglia in uveitis, summarizes the connections between their polarization patterns and the manifestations of uveitis, and ultimately is intended to enhance the understanding of microglial versatility and expedite the exploration of promising strategies for visual protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengyi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Henan Province Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Wickstead ES. Using Stems to Bear Fruit: Deciphering the Role of Alzheimer's Disease Risk Loci in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2240. [PMID: 37626736 PMCID: PMC10452566 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder globally. In people aged 65 and older, it is estimated that 1 in 9 currently live with the disease. With aging being the greatest risk factor for disease onset, the physiological, social and economic burden continues to rise. Thus, AD remains a public health priority. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 80 genomic loci with variants associated with increased AD risk. Although some variants are beginning to be characterized, the effects of many risk loci remain to be elucidated. One advancement which may help provide a patient-focused approach to tackle this issue is the application of gene editing technology and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The relatively non-invasive acquisition of cells from patients with known AD risk loci may provide important insights into the pathological role of these risk variants. Of the risk genes identified, many have been associated with the immune system, including ABCA7, CLU, MEF2C, PICALM and TREM2-genes known to be highly expressed in microglia. This review will detail the potential of using hiPSC-derived microglia to help clarify the role of immune-associated genetic risk variants in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Wickstead
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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14
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Sinner P, Peckert-Maier K, Mohammadian H, Kuhnt C, Draßner C, Panagiotakopoulou V, Rauber S, Linnerbauer M, Haimon Z, Royzman D, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Ramming A, Steinkasserer A, Wild AB. Microglial expression of CD83 governs cellular activation and restrains neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4601. [PMID: 37528070 PMCID: PMC10394088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation during neuroinflammation is crucial for coordinating the immune response against neuronal tissue, and the initial response of microglia determines the severity of neuro-inflammatory diseases. The CD83 molecule has been recently shown to modulate the activation status of dendritic cells and macrophages. Although the expression of CD83 is associated with early microglia activation in various disease settings, its functional relevance for microglial biology has been elusive. Here, we describe a thorough assessment of CD83 regulation in microglia and show that CD83 expression in murine microglia is not only associated with cellular activation but also with pro-resolving functions. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we reveal that conditional deletion of CD83 results in an over-activated state during neuroinflammation in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Subsequently, CD83-deficient microglia recruit more pathogenic immune cells to the central nervous system, deteriorating resolving mechanisms and exacerbating the disease. Thus, CD83 in murine microglia orchestrates cellular activation and, consequently, also the resolution of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Sinner
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Peckert-Maier
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hashem Mohammadian
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Kuhnt
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Draßner
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Panagiotakopoulou
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Department of Neurology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhana Haimon
- Departments of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dmytro Royzman
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deborah Kronenberg-Versteeg
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinkasserer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas B Wild
- Department of Immune Modulation, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Zhang X, Chen F, Sun M, Wu N, Liu B, Yi X, Ge R, Fan X. Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1157287. [PMID: 37360338 PMCID: PMC10287974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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16
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Ni D, Viengkhou B, Macia L, Hofer MJ, King NJC. Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37016414 PMCID: PMC10074823 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resident parenchymal myeloid population in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are strategically positioned to respond to neurotropic virus invasion and have been implicated in promoting both disease resolution and progression in the acute and post-infectious phase of virus encephalitis. In a mouse model of West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), infection of the CNS results in recruitment of large numbers of peripheral immune cells into the brain, the majority being nitric oxide (NO)-producing Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MCs). In this model, these cells enhance immunopathology and mortality. However, the contribution of microglia to this response is currently undefined. Here we used a combination of experimental tools, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), microglia and MC depletion reagents, high-dimensional spectral cytometry and computational algorithms to dissect the differential contribution of microglia and MCs to the anti-viral immune response in severe neuroinflammation seen in WNE. Intriguingly, analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed 6 unique microglia and 3 unique MC clusters that were predominantly timepoint-specific, demonstrating substantial transcriptional adaptation with disease progression over the course of WNE. While microglia and MC adopted unique gene expression profiles, gene ontology enrichment analysis, coupled with microglia and MC depletion studies, demonstrated a role for both of these cells in the trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, T cell responses and viral clearance. Over the course of infection, microglia transitioned from a homeostatic to an anti-viral and then into an immune cell-recruiting phenotype. Conversely, MC adopted antigen-presenting, immune cell-recruiting and NO-producing phenotypes, which all had anti-viral function. Overall, this study defines for the first time the single-cell transcriptomic responses of microglia and MCs over the course of WNE, demonstrating both protective and pathological roles of these cells that could potentially be targeted for differential therapeutic intervention to dampen immune-mediated pathology, while maintaining viral clearance functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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17
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Li T, Li D, Wei Q, Shi M, Xiang J, Gao R, Chen C, Xu ZX. Dissecting the neurovascular unit in physiology and Alzheimer's disease: Functions, imaging tools and genetic mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106114. [PMID: 37023830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an essential role in regulating neurovascular coupling, which refers to the communication between neurons, glia, and vascular cells to control the supply of oxygen and nutrients in response to neural activity. Cellular elements of the NVU coordinate to establish an anatomical barrier to separate the central nervous system from the milieu of the periphery system, restricting the free movement of substances from the blood to the brain parenchyma and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β deposition impairs the normal functions of NVU cellular elements, thus accelerating the disease progression. Here, we aim to describe the current knowledge of the NVU cellular elements, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, in regulating the blood-brain barrier integrity and functions in physiology as well as alterations encountered in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the NVU functions as a whole, therefore specific labeling and targeting NVU components in vivo enable us to understand the mechanism mediating cellular communication. We review approaches including commonly used fluorescent dyes, genetic mouse models, and adeno-associated virus vectors for imaging and targeting NVU cellular elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Wishart CL, Spiteri AG, Locatelli G, King NJC. Integrating transcriptomic datasets across neurological disease identifies unique myeloid subpopulations driving disease-specific signatures. Glia 2023; 71:904-925. [PMID: 36527260 PMCID: PMC10952672 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and bone marrow-derived monocytes are key elements of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, both capable of enhancing and dampening immune-mediated pathology. However, the study-specific focus on individual cell types, disease models or experimental approaches has limited our ability to infer common and disease-specific responses. This meta-analysis integrates bulk and single-cell transcriptomic datasets of microglia and monocytes from disease models of autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, sterile injury, and infection to build a comprehensive resource connecting myeloid responses across CNS disease. We demonstrate that the bulk microglial and monocyte program is highly contingent on the disease environment, challenging the notion of a universal microglial disease signature. Integration of six single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets revealed that these disease-specific signatures are likely driven by differing proportions of unique myeloid subpopulations that were individually expanded in different disease settings. These subsets were functionally-defined as neurodegeneration-associated, inflammatory, interferon-responsive, phagocytic, antigen-presenting, and lipopolysaccharide-responsive cellular states, revealing a core set of myeloid responses at the single-cell level that are conserved across CNS pathology. Showcasing the predictive and practical value of this resource, we performed differential expression analysis on microglia and monocytes across disease and identified Cd81 as a new neuroinflammatory-stable gene that accurately identified microglia and distinguished them from monocyte-derived cells across all experimental models at both the bulk and single-cell level. Together, this resource dissects the influence of disease environment on shared immune response programmes to build a unified perspective of myeloid behavior across CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Wishart
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alanna G. Spiteri
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Giuseppe Locatelli
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchNovartisBaselSwitzerland
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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19
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Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Tremblay MÈ, Petratos S, Zoupi L, Boziki M, Kesidou E, Simeonidou C, Theotokis P. Origin and Emergence of Microglia in the CNS-An Interesting (Hi)story of an Eccentric Cell. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2609-2628. [PMID: 36975541 PMCID: PMC10047736 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia belong to tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), representing the primary innate immune cells. This cell type constitutes ~7% of non-neuronal cells in the mammalian brain and has a variety of biological roles integral to homeostasis and pathophysiology from the late embryonic to adult brain. Its unique identity that distinguishes its "glial" features from tissue-resident macrophages resides in the fact that once entering the CNS, it is perennially exposed to a unique environment following the formation of the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, tissue-resident macrophage progenies derive from various peripheral sites that exhibit hematopoietic potential, and this has resulted in interpretation issues surrounding their origin. Intensive research endeavors have intended to track microglial progenitors during development and disease. The current review provides a corpus of recent evidence in an attempt to disentangle the birthplace of microglia from the progenitor state and underlies the molecular elements that drive microgliogenesis. Furthermore, it caters towards tracking the lineage spatiotemporally during embryonic development and outlining microglial repopulation in the mature CNS. This collection of data can potentially shed light on the therapeutic potential of microglia for CNS perturbations across various levels of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lida Zoupi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences & Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Minocycline treatment improves cognitive and functional plasticity in a preclinical mouse model of major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114295. [PMID: 36641083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and potentially life-threatening illness, which affects over 300 million people worldwide. MDD affects not only the emotional and social domains but also cognition. However, the currently available treatments targeting cognitive deficits in MDD are limited. Minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties recently identified as a potential antidepressant, has been shown to attenuate learning and memory deficits in animal models of cognitive impairment. Here, we explored whether minocycline recovers the deficits in cognition in a mouse model of depression. C57BL6/J adult male mice were exposed to two weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress to induce a depressive-like phenotype. Immediately afterward, mice received either vehicle or minocycline for three weeks in standard housing conditions. We measured anhedonia as a depressive-like response, and place learning to assess cognitive abilities. We also recorded long-term potentiation (LTP) as an index of hippocampal functional plasticity and ran immunohistochemical assays to assess microglial proportion and morphology. After one week of treatment, cognitive performance in the place learning test was significantly improved by minocycline, as treated mice displayed a higher number of correct responses when learning novel spatial configurations. Accordingly, minocycline-treated mice displayed higher LTP compared to controls. However, after three weeks of treatment, no difference between treated and control animals was found for behavior, neural plasticity, and microglial properties, suggesting that minocycline has a fast but short effect on cognition, without lasting effects on microglia. These findings together support the usefulness of minocycline as a potential treatment for cognitive impairment associated with MDD.
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21
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Hu X, Li S, Shi Z, Lin WJ, Yang Y, Li Y, Li H, Xu Y, Zhou M, Tang Y. Partial Ablation of Astrocytes Exacerbates Cerebral Infiltration of Monocytes and Neuronal Loss After Brain Stab Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:893-905. [PMID: 35437650 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), mechanical injury results in instantaneous tissue damages accompanied by subsequent pro-inflammatory cascades composed of microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, the interactive roles between microglia and astrocytes during the pathogenesis of TBI remain unclear and sometimes debatable. In this study, we used a forebrain stab injury mouse model to investigate the pathological role of reactive astrocytes in cellular and molecular changes of inflammatory response following TBI. In the ipsilateral hemisphere of stab-injured brain, monocyte infiltration and neuronal loss, as well as increased elevated astrogliosis, microglia activation and inflammatory cytokines were observed. To verify the role of reactive astrocytes in TBI, local and partial ablation of astrocytes was achieved by stereotactic injection of diphtheria toxin in the forebrain of Aldh1l1-CreERT2::Ai9::iDTR transgenic mice which expressed diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) in astrocytes after tamoxifen induction. This strategy achieved about 20% of astrocytes reduction at the stab site as validated by immunofluorescence co-staining of GFAP with tdTomato-positive astrocytes. Interestingly, reduction of astrocytes showed increased microglia activation and monocyte infiltration, accompanied with increased severity in stab injury-induced neuronal loss when compared with DTR-/- mice, together with elevation of inflammatory chemokines such as CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL10 in astrogliosis-reduced mice. Collectively, our data verified the interactive role of astrocytes as an immune modulator in suppressing inflammatory responses in the injured brain. Schematic diagram shows monocyte infiltration and neuronal loss, as well as increased elevated astrogliosis, microglia activation and chemokines were observed in the injured site after stab injury. Local and partial ablation of astrocytes led to increased microglia activation and monocyte infiltration, accompanied with increased severity in neuronal loss together with elevation of inflammatory chemokines as compared with control mice subjected stab injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaojian Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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22
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Yamanaka K, Nakamura K, Shibahara T, Takashima M, Takaki H, Hidaka M, Komori M, Yoshikawa Y, Wakisaka Y, Ago T, Kitazono T. Deletion of Nox4 enhances remyelination following cuprizone-induced demyelination by increasing phagocytic capacity of microglia and macrophages in mice. Glia 2023; 71:541-559. [PMID: 36321558 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
NOX4 is a major reactive oxygen species-producing enzyme that modulates cell stress responses. We here examined the effect of Nox4 deletion on demyelination-remyelination, the most common pathological change in the brain. We used a model of cuprizone (CPZ)-associated demyelination-remyelination in wild-type and Nox4-deficient (Nox4-/- ) mice. While the CPZ-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum after 4 weeks of CPZ intoxication was slightly less pronounced in Nox4-/- mice than that in wild-type mice, remyelination following CPZ withdrawal was significantly enhanced in Nox4-/- mice with an increased accumulation of IBA1-positive microglia/macrophages in the demyelinating corpus callosum. Consistently, locomotor function, as assessed by the beam walking test, was significantly better during the remyelination phase in Nox4-/- mice. Nox4 deletion did not affect autonomous growth of primary-culture oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Although Nox4 expression was higher in cultured macrophages than in microglia, Nox4-/- microglia and macrophages both showed enhanced phagocytic capacity of myelin debris and produced increased amounts of trophic factors upon phagocytosis. The expression of trophic factors was higher, in parallel with the accumulation of IBA1-positive cells, in the corpus callosum in Nox4-/- mice than that in wild-type mice. Nox4 deletion suppressed phagocytosis-induced increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, enhancing phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Treatment with culture medium of Nox4-/- macrophages engulfing myelin debris, but not that of Nox4-/- astrocytes, enhanced cell growth and expression of myelin-associated proteins in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Collectively, Nox4 deletion promoted remyelination after CPZ-induced demyelination by enhancing microglia/macrophage-mediated clearance of myelin debris and the production of trophic factors leading to oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamanaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Shibahara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takashima
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayato Takaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaoki Hidaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Komori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Yoshikawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Wakisaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Sánchez-Zavaleta R, Segovia J, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Herrera-Solís A, Méndez-Díaz M, de la Mora MP, Prospéro-García OE. GPR55 activation prevents amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and decrease the amphetamine-stimulated inflammatory response in the ventral hippocampus in male rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110636. [PMID: 36099968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response in the Central Nervous System (CNS) induced by psychostimulants seems to be a crucial factor in the development and maintenance of drug addiction. The ventral hippocampus (vHp) is part of the reward system involved in substance addiction and expresses abundant G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55). This receptor modulates the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, but there is no information regarding its anti-inflammatory effects and its impact on psychostimulant consumption. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether vHp GPR55 activation prevents both the inflammatory response induced by amphetamine (AMPH) in the vHp and the AMPH-induced conditioned place preference (A-CPP). Wistar adult male rats with a bilateral cannula into the vHp or intact males were subjected to A-CPP (5 mg/kg). Upon the completion of A-CPP, the vHp was dissected to evaluate IL-1β and IL-6 expression through RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Our results reveal that AMPH induces both A-CPP and an increase of IL-1β and IL-6 in the vHp. The GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI, 10 μM) infused into the vHp prevented A-CPP and the AMPH-induced IL-1β increase. CID 16020046 (CID, 10 μM), a selective GPR55 antagonist, abolished LPI effects. To evaluate the effect of the inflammatory response, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 μg/μl) was infused bilaterally into the vHp during A-CPP acquisition. LPS strengthened A-CPP and increased IL-1β/IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in the vHp. LPS also increased CD68, Iba1, GFAP and vimentin expression. All LPS-induced effects were blocked by LPI. Our results suggest that GPR55 activation in the vHp prevents A-CPP while decreasing the local neuro-inflammatory response. These findings indicate that vHp GPR55 is a crucial factor in preventing the rewarding effects of AMPH due to its capacity to interfere with proinflammatory responses in the vHp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Sánchez-Zavaleta
- Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, México
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Laboratorio de Efectos Terapéuticos de los Cannabinoides, Subdirección de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar E Prospéro-García
- Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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24
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Picard K, Corsi G, Decoeur F, Di Castro MA, Bordeleau M, Persillet M, Layé S, Limatola C, Tremblay MÈ, Nadjar A. Microglial homeostasis disruption modulates non-rapid eye movement sleep duration and neuronal activity in adult female mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:153-164. [PMID: 36202169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a natural physiological state, tightly regulated through several neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems, which is essential to maintain physical and mental health. Recent studies revealed that the functions of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, differ along the sleep-wake cycle. Inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, mainly produced by microglia in the brain, are also well-known to promote sleep. However, the contributing role of microglia on sleep regulation remains largely elusive, even more so in females. Given the higher prevalence of various sleep disorders in women, we aimed to determine the role of microglia in regulating the sleep-wake cycle specifically in female mice. Microglia were depleted in adult female mice with inhibitors of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) (PLX3397 or PLX5622), which is required for microglial population maintenance. This led to a 65-73% reduction of the microglial population, as confirmed by immunofluorescence staining against IBA1 (marker of microglia/macrophages) and TMEM119 (microglia-specific marker) in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and primary motor cortex. The spontaneous sleep-wake cycle was evaluated at steady-state, during microglial homeostasis disruption and after complete microglial repopulation, upon cessation of treatment with the inhibitors of CSF1R, using electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG). We found that microglia-depleted female mice spent more time in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and had an increased number of NREM sleep episodes, which was partially restored after microglial total repopulation. To determine whether microglia could regulate sleep locally by modulating synaptic transmission, we used patch clamp to record spontaneous activity of pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex, which showed an increase of excitatory synaptic transmission during the dark phase. These changes in neuronal activity were modulated by microglial depletion in a phase-dependent manner. Altogether, our results indicate that microglia are involved in the sleep regulation of female mice, further strengthening their potential implication in the development and/or progression of sleep disorders. Furthermore, our findings indicate that microglial repopulation can contribute to normalizing sleep alterations caused by their partial depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Giorgio Corsi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanny Decoeur
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marine Persillet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropharmacology, Inflammaging, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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25
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Evans R, Watkins LM, Hawkins K, Santiago G, Demetriou C, Naughton M, Dittmer M, Rees MI, Fitzgerald D, Morgan BP, Neal JW, Howell OW. Complement activation and increased anaphylatoxin receptor expression are associated with cortical grey matter lesions and the compartmentalised inflammatory response of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1094106. [PMID: 37032838 PMCID: PMC10073739 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1094106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of cortical pathology is an important determinant of multiple sclerosis (MS) severity. Cortical demyelination and neurodegeneration are related to inflammation of the overlying leptomeninges, a more inflammatory CSF milieu and with parenchymal microglia and astroglia activation. These are all components of the compartmentalised inflammatory response. Compartmentalised inflammation is a feature of progressive MS, which is not targeted by disease modifying therapies. Complement is differentially expressed in the MS CSF and complement, and complement receptors, are associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration. Methods To better understand if complement activation in the leptomeninges is associated with underlying cortical demyelination, inflammation, and microglial activation, we performed a neuropathological study of progressive MS (n = 22, 14 females), neuroinflammatory (n = 8), and non-neurological disease controls (n = 10). We then quantified the relative extent of demyelination, connective tissue inflammation, complement, and complement receptor positive microglia/macrophages. Results Complement was elevated at the leptomeninges, subpial, and within and around vessels of the cortical grey matter. The extent of complement C1q immunoreactivity correlated with connective tissue infiltrates, whilst activation products C4d, Bb, and C3b associated with grey matter demyelination, and C3a receptor 1+ and C5a receptor 1+ microglia/macrophages closely apposed C3b labelled cells. The density of C3a receptor 1+ and C5a receptor 1+ cells was increased at the expanding edge of subpial and leukocortical lesions. C5a receptor 1+ cells expressed TNFα, iNOS and contained puncta immunoreactive for proteolipid protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, suggesting their involvement in grey matter lesion expansion. Interpretation The presence of products of complement activation at the brain surfaces, their association with the extent of underlying pathology and increased complement anaphylatoxin receptor positive microglia/macrophages at expanding cortical grey matter lesions, could represent a target to modify compartmentalised inflammation and cortical demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Evans
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis M. Watkins
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen Hawkins
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Demetriou
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Naughton
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. Rees
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise Fitzgerald
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- School of Medicine, UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Neal
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W. Howell
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Owain W. Howell,
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26
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Modulation of the Microglial Nogo-A/NgR Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233768. [PMID: 36497029 PMCID: PMC9737582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. Our research has observed that the obstruction of signaling by inhibitory myelin proteins such as myelin-associated inhibitory factor, Nogo-A, with its receptor (NgR), can regulate microglial cell function and activity in pre-clinical animal studies. Our review explores the microglial role and polarization in MS pathology. Additionally, the potential therapeutics of targeting Nogo-A/NgR cellular mechanisms on microglia migration, polarization and phagocytosis for neurorepair in MS and other demyelination diseases will be discussed.
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27
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Muñoz EM. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221135697. [PMID: 36317305 PMCID: PMC9629557 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included.Summary StatementMicroglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina,Estela M. Muñoz, IHEM-UNCuyo-CONICET, Parque General San Martin, Ciudad de Mendoza, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
or
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28
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Menassa DA, Muntslag TAO, Martin-Estebané M, Barry-Carroll L, Chapman MA, Adorjan I, Tyler T, Turnbull B, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Nicoll JAR, Krsnik Z, Kostovic I, Gomez-Nicola D. The spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia across the human lifespan. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2127-2139.e6. [PMID: 35977545 PMCID: PMC9616795 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, shape neural development and are key neuroimmune hubs in the pathological signatures of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the importance of microglia, their development has not been carefully examined in the human brain, and most of our knowledge derives from rodents. We aimed to address this gap in knowledge by establishing an extensive collection of 97 post-mortem tissues in order to enable quantitative, sex-matched, detailed analysis of microglia across the human lifespan. We identify the dynamics of these cells in the human telencephalon, describing waves in microglial density across gestation, infancy, and childhood, controlled by a balance of proliferation and apoptosis, which track key neurodevelopmental milestones. These profound changes in microglia are also observed in bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq datasets. This study provides a detailed insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia across the human lifespan and serves as a foundation for elucidating how microglia contribute to shaping neurodevelopment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Menassa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tim A O Muntslag
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Martin-Estebané
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Barry-Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bethany Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Zeljka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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29
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A systematic characterization of microglia-like cell occurrence during retinal organoid differentiation. iScience 2022; 25:104580. [PMID: 35789843 PMCID: PMC9250027 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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30
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Ruan C, Elyaman W. A New Understanding of TMEM119 as a Marker of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:902372. [PMID: 35769325 PMCID: PMC9234454 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.902372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Wittekindt M, Kaddatz H, Joost S, Staffeld A, Bitar Y, Kipp M, Frintrop L. Different Methods for Evaluating Microglial Activation Using Anti-Ionized Calcium-Binding Adaptor Protein-1 Immunohistochemistry in the Cuprizone Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111723. [PMID: 35681418 PMCID: PMC9179561 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathology of various central nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). While different methods exist to evaluate the extent of microglia activation, comparative studies investigating the sensitivity of these methods are missing for most models. In this study, we systematically evaluated which of the three commonly used histological methods (id est, quantification of microglia density, densitometrically evaluated staining intensity, or cellular morphology based on the determination of a ramification index, all measured in anti-ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (IBA1) immunohistochemical stains) is the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes in the microglia activation status in the context of MS. To this end, we used the toxin-induced cuprizone model which allows the experimental induction of a highly reproducible demyelination in several central nervous system regions, paralleled by early microglia activation. In this study, we showed that after 3 weeks of cuprizone intoxication, all methods reveal a significant microglia activation in the white matter corpus callosum. In contrast, in the affected neocortical grey matter, the evaluation of anti-IBA1 cell morphologies was the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes of microglial activation. The results of this study provide a useful guide for future immunohistochemical evaluations in the cuprizone and other neurodegenerative models.
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