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Marzi C, Giannelli M, Barucci A, Tessa C, Mascalchi M, Diciotti S. Efficacy of MRI data harmonization in the age of machine learning: a multicenter study across 36 datasets. Sci Data 2024; 11:115. [PMID: 38263181 PMCID: PMC10805868 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pooling publicly-available MRI data from multiple sites allows to assemble extensive groups of subjects, increase statistical power, and promote data reuse with machine learning techniques. The harmonization of multicenter data is necessary to reduce the confounding effect associated with non-biological sources of variability in the data. However, when applied to the entire dataset before machine learning, the harmonization leads to data leakage, because information outside the training set may affect model building, and potentially falsely overestimate performance. We propose a 1) measurement of the efficacy of data harmonization; 2) harmonizer transformer, i.e., an implementation of the ComBat harmonization allowing its encapsulation among the preprocessing steps of a machine learning pipeline, avoiding data leakage by design. We tested these tools using brain T1-weighted MRI data from 1740 healthy subjects acquired at 36 sites. After harmonization, the site effect was removed or reduced, and we showed the data leakage effect in predicting individual age from MRI data, highlighting that introducing the harmonizer transformer into a machine learning pipeline allows for avoiding data leakage by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marzi
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "Giuseppe Parenti", University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
- "Nello Carrara" Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Giannelli
- Unit of Medical Physics, Pisa University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Barucci
- "Nello Carrara" Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), National Research Council (CNR), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Tessa
- Radiology Unit Apuane e Lunigiana, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 54100, Massa, Italy
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Governance, Institute for Study, Prevention and netwoRk in Oncology (ISPRO), 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Diciotti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, 47522, Cesena, Italy.
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, University of Bologna, 40121, Bologna, Italy.
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Connectivity alterations of mesostriatal pathways in first episode psychosis. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:15. [PMID: 36918579 PMCID: PMC10014938 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Pathogenic understanding of the psychotic disorders converges on regulation of dopaminergic signaling in mesostriatocortical pathways. Functional connectivity of the mesostriatal pathways may inform us of the neuronal networks involved. STUDY DESIGN This longitudinal study of first episode psychosis (FEP) (49 patients, 43 controls) employed seed-based functional connectivity analyses of fMRI data collected during a naturalistic movie stimulus. STUDY RESULTS We identified hypoconnectivity of the dorsal striatum with the midbrain, associated with antipsychotic medication dose in FEP, in comparison with the healthy control group. The midbrain regions that showed hypoconnectivity with the dorsal striatum also showed hypoconnectivity with cerebellar regions suggested to be involved in regulation of the mesostriatocortical dopaminergic pathways. None of the baseline hypoconnectivity detected was seen at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend earlier resting state findings on mesostriatal connectivity in psychotic disorders and highlight the potential for cerebellar regulation of the mesostriatocortical pathways as a target of treatment trials.
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Functional network connectivity and topology during naturalistic stimulus is altered in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:83-91. [PMID: 35092893 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic disorders have been suggested to derive from dysfunctional integration of signaling between brain regions. Earlier studies have found several changes in functional network synchronization as well as altered network topology in patients with psychotic disorders. However, studies have used mainly resting-state that makes it more difficult to link functional alterations to any specific stimulus or experience. We set out to examine functional connectivity as well as graph (topological) measures and their association to symptoms in first-episode psychosis patients during movie viewing. Our goal was to understand whole-brain functional dynamics of complex naturalistic information processing in psychosis and changes in brain functional organization related to symptoms. METHODS 71 first-episode psychosis patients and 57 control subjects watched scenes from the movie Alice in Wonderland during 3 T fMRI. We compared functional connectivity and graph measures indicating integration, segregation and centrality between groups, and examined the association between topology and symptom scores in the patient group. RESULTS We identified a subnetwork with predominantly decreased links of functional connectivity in first-episode psychosis patients. The subnetwork was mainly comprised of nodes of and links between the cingulo-opercular, sensorimotor and default-mode networks. In topological measures, we observed between-group differences in properties of centrality. CONCLUSIONS Functional brain networks are affected during naturalistic information processing already in the early stages of psychosis, concentrated in salience- and cognitive control-related hubs and subnetworks. Understanding these aberrant dynamics could add to better targeted cognitive and behavioral interventions in the early stages of psychotic disorders.
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4
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Uncovering multi-site identifiability based on resting-state functional connectomes. Neuroimage 2019; 202:115967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Mäntylä T, Nummenmaa L, Rikandi E, Lindgren M, Kieseppä T, Hari R, Suvisaari J, Raij TT. Aberrant Cortical Integration in First-Episode Psychosis During Natural Audiovisual Processing. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:655-664. [PMID: 29885763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of psychotic disorders have reported both hypoactivity and hyperactivity in numerous brain regions. In line with the dysconnection hypothesis, these regions include cortical integrative hub regions. However, most earlier studies focused on a single cognitive function at a time, assessed by delivering artificial stimuli to patients with chronic psychosis. Thus, it remains unresolved whether these findings are present already in early psychosis and whether they translate to real-life-like conditions that require multisensory processing and integration. METHODS Scenes from the movie Alice in Wonderland (2010) were shown to 51 patients with first-episode psychosis (16 women) and 32 community-based control subjects (17 women) during 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared intersubject correlation, a measure of similarity of brain signal time courses in each voxel, between the groups. We also quantified the hubness as the number of connections each region has. RESULTS Intersubject correlation was significantly lower in patients with first-episode psychosis than in control subjects in the medial and lateral prefrontal, cingulate, precuneal, and parietotemporal regions, including the default mode network. Regional magnitude of between-group difference in intersubject correlation was associated with the hubness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel evidence for the dysconnection hypothesis by showing that during complex real-life-like stimulation, the most prominent functional alterations in psychotic disorders relate to integrative brain functions. Presence of such abnormalities in first-episode psychosis rules out long-term effects of illness or medication. These methods can be used in further studies to map widespread hub alterations in a single functional magnetic resonance imaging session and link them to potential downstream and upstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Mäntylä
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Turku PET Centre and Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva Rikandi
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija Lindgren
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka T Raij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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6
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Yu M, Linn KA, Cook PA, Phillips ML, McInnis M, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Weissman MM, Shinohara RT, Sheline YI. Statistical harmonization corrects site effects in functional connectivity measurements from multi-site fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4213-4227. [PMID: 29962049 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets at multiple MRI scanners and clinical sites can improve statistical power and generalizability of results. However, multi-site neuroimaging studies have reported considerable nonbiological variability in fMRI measurements due to different scanner manufacturers and acquisition protocols. These undesirable sources of variability may limit power to detect effects of interest and may even result in erroneous findings. Until now, there has not been an approach that removes unwanted site effects. In this study, using a relatively large multi-site (4 sites) fMRI dataset, we investigated the impact of site effects on functional connectivity and network measures estimated by widely used connectivity metrics and brain parcellations. The protocols and image acquisition of the dataset used in this study had been homogenized using identical MRI phantom acquisitions from each of the neuroimaging sites; however, intersite acquisition effects were not completely eliminated. Indeed, in this study, we found that the magnitude of site effects depended on the choice of connectivity metric and brain atlas. Therefore, to further remove site effects, we applied ComBat, a harmonization technique previously shown to eliminate site effects in multi-site diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and cortical thickness studies. In the current work, ComBat successfully removed site effects identified in connectivity and network measures and increased the power to detect age associations when using optimal combinations of connectivity metrics and brain atlases. Our proposed ComBat harmonization approach for fMRI-derived connectivity measures facilitates reliable and efficient analysis of retrospective and prospective multi-site fMRI neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Yu
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin A Linn
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip A Cook
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette I Sheline
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Charbonnier L, van Meer F, Johnstone A, Crabtree D, Buosi W, Manios Y, Androutsos O, Giannopoulou A, Viergever M, Smeets P. Effects of hunger state on the brain responses to food cues across the life span. Neuroimage 2018; 171:246-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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8
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Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Rasmusson G, Bailer UF, Berner LA, Liu TT, Kaye WH. Aberrant Cerebral Blood Flow in Response to Hunger and Satiety in Women Remitted from Anorexia Nervosa. Front Nutr 2017; 4:32. [PMID: 28770207 PMCID: PMC5515860 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of pathological eating in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains poorly understood. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an indirect marker of neuronal function. In healthy adults, fasting increases CBF, reflecting increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to support brain metabolism. This study investigated whether women remitted from restricting-type AN (RAN) have altered CBF in response to hunger that may indicate homeostatic dysregulation contributing to their ability to restrict food. We compared resting CBF measured with pulsed arterial spin labeling in 21 RAN and 16 healthy comparison women (CW) when hungry (after a 16-h fast) and after a meal. Only remitted subjects were examined to avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition on brain function. Compared to CW, RAN demonstrated a reduced difference in the Hungry − Fed CBF contrast in the right ventral striatum, right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (pcorr < 0.05) and left posterior insula (punc < 0.05); RAN had decreased CBF when hungry versus fed, whereas CW had increased CBF when hungry versus fed. Moreover, decreased CBF when hungry in the left insula was associated with greater hunger ratings on the fasted day for RAN. This represents the first study to show that women remitted from AN have aberrant resting neurovascular function in homeostatic neural circuitry in response to hunger. Regions involved in homeostatic regulation showed group differences in the Hungry − Fed contrast, suggesting altered cellular energy metabolism in this circuitry that may reduce motivation to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Grace Rasmusson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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9
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Ely AV, Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Bailer UF, Berner LA, Fudge JL, Paulus MP, Kaye WH. Response in taste circuitry is not modulated by hunger and satiety in women remitted from bulimia nervosa. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:519-530. [PMID: 28691842 PMCID: PMC5505182 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) engage in episodes of binge eating, marked by loss of control and eating despite fullness. Does altered reward and metabolic state contribute to BN pathophysiology? Normally, hunger increases (and satiety decreases) reward salience to regulate eating. We investigated whether BN is associated with an abnormal response in a neural circuit involved in translating taste signals into motivated behavior, when hungry and fed. Twenty-six women remitted from BN (RBN) and 22 control women (CW) were administered water and sucrose during 2 counterbalanced fMRI visits, following a 16-hr fast or a standardized breakfast. Significant Group × Condition interactions were found in the left putamen, insula, and amygdala. Post hoc analyses revealed CW were significantly more responsive to taste stimuli when hungry versus fed in the left putamen and amygdala. In contrast, RBN response did not differ between conditions. Further, RBN had greater activation in the left amygdala compared with CW when fed. Findings suggest that RBN neural response to rewarding stimuli may not be modulated by metabolic state. Data raise the possibility that disinhibited eating in BN could result from a failure to devalue food reward when fed, resulting in an exaggerated response. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Ely
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | | | | | - Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | - Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
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10
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Bischoff-Grethe A, Connolly CG, Jordan SJ, Brown GG, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Heaton RK, Woods SP, Grant I. Altered reward expectancy in individuals with recent methamphetamine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:17-30. [PMID: 27649775 PMCID: PMC5225125 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic methamphetamine use may lead to changes in reward-related function of the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus. Whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals show heightened reactivity to positively valenced stimuli (i.e. positive reinforcement mechanisms), or an exaggerated response to negatively valenced stimuli (i.e. driven by negative reinforcement mechanisms) remains unclear. This study investigated neural functioning of expectancy and receipt for gains and losses in adults with (METH+) and without (METH-) histories of methamphetamine dependence. METHODS Participants (17 METH+; 23 METH-) performed a probabilistic feedback expectancy task during blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were given visual cues probabilistically associated with monetary gain, loss, or neutral outcomes. General linear models examined the BOLD response to: (1) anticipation of gains and losses, and (2) gain and loss monetary outcomes. RESULTS METH+ had less BOLD response to loss anticipation than METH- in the ventral striatum and posterior caudate. METH+ also showed more BOLD response to loss outcomes than to gain outcomes in the anterior and posterior caudate, whereas METH- did not show differential responses to the valence of outcomes. DISCUSSION METH+ individuals showed attenuated neural response to anticipated gains and losses, but their response to loss outcomes was greater than to gain outcomes. A decreased response to loss anticipation, along with a greater response to loss outcomes, suggests an altered ability to evaluate future risks and benefits based upon prior experience, which may underlie suboptimal decision-making in METH+ individuals that increases the likelihood of risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephan J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Gonzalez-Castillo J, Chen G, Nichols TE, Bandettini PA. Variance decomposition for single-subject task-based fMRI activity estimates across many sessions. Neuroimage 2016; 154:206-218. [PMID: 27773827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report an exploratory within-subject variance decomposition analysis conducted on a task-based fMRI dataset with an unusually large number of repeated measures (i.e., 500 trials in each of three different subjects) distributed across 100 functional scans and 9 to 10 different sessions. Within-subject variance was segregated into four primary components: variance across-sessions, variance across-runs within a session, variance across-blocks within a run, and residual measurement/modeling error. Our results reveal inhomogeneous and distinct spatial distributions of these variance components across significantly active voxels in grey matter. Measurement error is dominant across the whole brain. Detailed evaluation of the remaining three components shows that across-session variance is the second largest contributor to total variance in occipital cortex, while across-runs variance is the second dominant source for the rest of the brain. Network-specific analysis revealed that across-block variance contributes more to total variance in higher-order cognitive networks than in somatosensory cortex. Moreover, in some higher-order cognitive networks across-block variance can exceed across-session variance. These results help us better understand the temporal (i.e., across blocks, runs and sessions) and spatial distributions (i.e., across different networks) of within-subject natural variability in estimates of task responses in fMRI. They also suggest that different brain regions will show different natural levels of test-retest reliability even in the absence of residual artifacts and sufficiently high contrast-to-noise measurements. Further confirmation with a larger sample of subjects and other tasks is necessary to ensure generality of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gonzalez-Castillo
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Department of Statistics & WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Functional MRI Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Alderson-Day B, Diederen K, Fernyhough C, Ford JM, Horga G, Margulies DS, McCarthy-Jones S, Northoff G, Shine JM, Turner J, van de Ven V, van Lutterveld R, Waters F, Jardri R. Auditory Hallucinations and the Brain's Resting-State Networks: Findings and Methodological Observations. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1110-23. [PMID: 27280452 PMCID: PMC4988751 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential for alterations to the brain's resting-state networks (RSNs) to explain various kinds of psychopathology. RSNs provide an intriguing new explanatory framework for hallucinations, which can occur in different modalities and population groups, but which remain poorly understood. This collaboration from the International Consortium on Hallucination Research (ICHR) reports on the evidence linking resting-state alterations to auditory hallucinations (AH) and provides a critical appraisal of the methodological approaches used in this area. In the report, we describe findings from resting connectivity fMRI in AH (in schizophrenia and nonclinical individuals) and compare them with findings from neurophysiological research, structural MRI, and research on visual hallucinations (VH). In AH, various studies show resting connectivity differences in left-hemisphere auditory and language regions, as well as atypical interaction of the default mode network and RSNs linked to cognitive control and salience. As the latter are also evident in studies of VH, this points to a domain-general mechanism for hallucinations alongside modality-specific changes to RSNs in different sensory regions. However, we also observed high methodological heterogeneity in the current literature, affecting the ability to make clear comparisons between studies. To address this, we provide some methodological recommendations and options for future research on the resting state and hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Diederen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Judith M. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Guillermo Horga
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel S. Margulies
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James M. Shine
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vincent van de Ven
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko van Lutterveld
- Center for Mindfulness, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Flavie Waters
- North Metro Health Service Mental Health, Graylands Health Campus, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Univ Lille, CNRS (UMR 9193), SCALab & CHU Lille, Psychiatry dept. (CURE), Lille, France
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13
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Rath J, Wurnig M, Fischmeister F, Klinger N, Höllinger I, Geißler A, Aichhorn M, Foki T, Kronbichler M, Nickel J, Siedentopf C, Staffen W, Verius M, Golaszewski S, Koppelstaetter F, Auff E, Felber S, Seitz RJ, Beisteiner R. Between- and within-site variability of fMRI localizations. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2151-60. [PMID: 26955899 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides first data about the spatial variability of fMRI sensorimotor localizations when investigating the same subjects at different fMRI sites. Results are comparable to a previous patient study. We found a median between-site variability of about 6 mm independent of task (motor or sensory) and experimental standardization (high or low). An intraclass correlation coefficient analysis using data quality measures indicated a major influence of the fMRI site on variability. In accordance with this, within-site localization variability was considerably lower (about 3 mm). We conclude that the fMRI site is a considerable confound for localization of brain activity. However, when performed by experienced clinical fMRI experts, brain pathology does not seem to have a relevant impact on the reliability of fMRI localizations. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2151-2160, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Rath
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Wurnig
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Fischmeister
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolaus Klinger
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Höllinger
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Geißler
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aichhorn
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Foki
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Neuroscience Institute, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Janpeter Nickel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Verius
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Eduard Auff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Felber
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology, Stiftungsklinikum Mittelrhein, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J Seitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany.,Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Beisteiner
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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14
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Gee DG, McEwen SC, Forsyth JK, Haut KM, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet D, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Constable T, Cannon TD. Reliability of an fMRI paradigm for emotional processing in a multisite longitudinal study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2558-79. [PMID: 25821147 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite neuroimaging studies can facilitate the investigation of brain-related changes in many contexts, including patient groups that are relatively rare in the general population. Though multisite studies have characterized the reliability of brain activation during working memory and motor functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks, emotion processing tasks, pertinent to many clinical populations, remain less explored. A traveling participants study was conducted with eight healthy volunteers scanned twice on consecutive days at each of the eight North American Longitudinal Prodrome Study sites. Tests derived from generalizability theory showed excellent reliability in the amygdala ( Eρ2 = 0.82), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; Eρ2 = 0.83), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Eρ2 = 0.76), insula ( Eρ2 = 0.85), and fusiform gyrus ( Eρ2 = 0.91) for maximum activation and fair to excellent reliability in the amygdala ( Eρ2 = 0.44), IFG ( Eρ2 = 0.48), ACC ( Eρ2 = 0.55), insula ( Eρ2 = 0.42), and fusiform gyrus ( Eρ2 = 0.83) for mean activation across sites and test days. For the amygdala, habituation ( Eρ2 = 0.71) was more stable than mean activation. In a second investigation, data from 111 healthy individuals across sites were aggregated in a voxelwise, quantitative meta-analysis. When compared with a mixed effects model controlling for site, both approaches identified robust activation in regions consistent with expected results based on prior single-site research. Overall, regions central to emotion processing showed strong reliability in the traveling participants study and robust activation in the aggregation study. These results support the reliability of blood oxygen level-dependent signal in emotion processing areas across different sites and scanners and may inform future efforts to increase efficiency and enhance knowledge of rare conditions in the population through multisite neuroimaging paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Gee
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen M Haut
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Doreen Olvet
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Lisiecka DM, Suckling J, Barnes TRE, Chaudhry IB, Dazzan P, Husain N, Jones PB, Joyce EM, Lawrie SM, Upthegrove R, Deakin B. The benefit of minocycline on negative symptoms in early-phase psychosis in addition to standard care - extent and mechanism (BeneMin): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 25886254 PMCID: PMC4351843 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative symptoms of psychosis do not respond to the traditional therapy with first- or second-generation antipsychotics and are among main causes of a decrease in quality of life observed in individuals suffering from the disorder. Minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracyclic antibiotic displaying neuroprotective properties has been suggested as a new potential therapy for negative symptoms. In the two previous clinical trials comparing minocycline and placebo, both added to the standard care, patients receiving minocycline showed increased reduction in negative symptoms. Three routes to neuroprotection by minocycline have been identified: neuroprotection against grey matter loss, anti-inflammatory action and stabilisation of glutamate receptors. However, it is not yet certain what the extent of the benefit of minocycline in psychosis is and what its mechanism is. We present a protocol for a multi-centre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial entitled The Benefit of Minocycline on Negative Symptoms of Psychosis: Extent and Mechanism (BeneMin). METHODS After providing informed consent, 226 participants in the early phase of psychosis will be randomised to receive either 100 mg modified-release capsules of minocycline or similar capsules with placebo for 12 months in addition to standard care. The participants will be tested for outcome variables before and after the intervention period. The extent of benefit will be tested via clinical outcome measures, namely the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score, social and cognitive functioning scores, antipsychotic medication dose equivalent and level of weight gain. The mechanism of action of minocycline will be tested via blood screening for circulating cytokines and magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional T1-weighted rapid gradient-echo, proton density T2-weighted dual echo and T2*-weighted gradient echo planar imaging with N-back task and resting state. Eight research centres in UK and 15 National Health Service Trusts and Health Boards will be involved in recruiting participants, performing the study and analysing the data. DISCUSSION The BeneMin trial can inform as to whether in minocycline we have found a new and effective therapy against negative symptoms of psychosis. The European Union Clinical Trial Register: EudraCT 2010-022463-35 with the registration finalised in July 2011. The recruitment in the trial started in January 2013 with the first patient recruited in March 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Lisiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas R E Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Imran B Chaudhry
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Lancashire Care Early Intervention Service, Accrington, UK.
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
| | - Nusrat Husain
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Peter B Jones
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Bill Deakin
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, Manchester, UK.
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16
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Connolly CG, Bischoff-Grethe A, Jordan SJ, Woods SP, Ellis RJ, Paulus MP, Grant I. Altered functional response to risky choice in HIV infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111583. [PMID: 25347679 PMCID: PMC4210250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risky decision-making is commonly observed in persons at risk for and infected with HIV and is associated with executive dysfunction. Yet it is currently unknown whether HIV alters brain processing of risk-taking decision-making. METHODS This study examined the neural substrate of a risky decision-making task in 21 HIV seropositive (HIV+) and 19 seronegative (HIV-) comparison participants. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted while participants performed the risky-gains task, which involves choosing among safe (20 cents) and risky (40/80 cent win or loss) choices. Linear mixed effects analyses examining group and decision type were conducted. Robust regressions were performed to examine the relationship between nadir CD4 count and Kalichman sexual compulsivity and brain activation in the HIV+ group. The overlap between the task effects and robust regressions was explored. RESULTS Although there were no serostatus effects in behavioral performance on the risky-gains task, HIV+ individuals exhibited greater activation for risky choices in the basal ganglia, i.e. the caudate nucleus, but also in the anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and insula relative to the HIV- group. The HIV+ group also demonstrated reduced functional responses to safe choices in the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to the HIV- group. HIV+ individuals with higher nadir CD4 count and greater sexual compulsivity displayed lower differential responses to safe versus risky choices in many of these regions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated fronto-striatal loop dysfunction associated with HIV infection during risky decision-making. Combined with similar between-group task behavior, this suggests an adaptive functional response in regions critical to reward and behavioral control in the HIV+ group. HIV-infected individuals with higher CD4 nadirs demonstrated activation patterns more similar to seronegative individuals. This suggests that the severity of past immunosuppression (CD4 nadir) may exert a legacy effect on processing of risky choices in the HIV-infected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm G. Connolly
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABG); (IG)
| | - Stephan J. Jordan
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Grant
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABG); (IG)
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17
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Forsyth JK, McEwen SC, Gee DG, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet DM, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos HW, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Qiu M, Cannon TD. Reliability of functional magnetic resonance imaging activation during working memory in a multi-site study: analysis from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Neuroimage 2014; 97:41-52. [PMID: 24736173 PMCID: PMC4065837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-site neuroimaging studies offer an efficient means to study brain functioning in large samples of individuals with rare conditions; however, they present new challenges given that aggregating data across sites introduces additional variability into measures of interest. Assessing the reliability of brain activation across study sites and comparing statistical methods for pooling functional data are critical to ensuring the validity of aggregating data across sites. The current study used two samples of healthy individuals to assess the feasibility and reliability of aggregating multi-site functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a Sternberg-style verbal working memory task. Participants were recruited as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS), which comprises eight fMRI scanning sites across the United States and Canada. In the first study sample (n=8), one participant from each home site traveled to each of the sites and was scanned while completing the task on two consecutive days. Reliability was examined using generalizability theory. Results indicated that blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was reproducible across sites and was highly reliable, or generalizable, across scanning sites and testing days for core working memory ROIs (generalizability ICCs=0.81 for left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 0.95 for left superior parietal cortex). In the second study sample (n=154), two statistical methods for aggregating fMRI data across sites for all healthy individuals recruited as control participants in the NAPLS study were compared. Control participants were scanned on one occasion at the site from which they were recruited. Results from the image-based meta-analysis (IBMA) method and mixed effects model with site covariance method both showed robust activation in expected regions (i.e. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor cortex, superior parietal cortex, inferior temporal cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia). Quantification of the similarity of group maps from these methods confirmed a very high (96%) degree of spatial overlap in results. Thus, brain activation during working memory function was reliable across the NAPLS sites and both the IBMA and mixed effects model with site covariance methods appear to be valid approaches for aggregating data across sites. These findings indicate that multi-site functional neuroimaging can offer a reliable means to increase power and generalizability of results when investigating brain function in rare populations and support the multi-site investigation of working memory function in the NAPLS study, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dylan G Gee
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel H Mathalon
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Aysenil Belger
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heidi W Thermenos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Maolin Qiu
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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18
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Suckling J, Henty J, Ecker C, Deoni SC, Lombardo MV, Baron‐Cohen S, Jezzard P, Barnes A, Chakrabarti B, Ooi C, Lai M, Williams SC, Murphy DG, Bullmore E. Are power calculations useful? A multicentre neuroimaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3569-77. [PMID: 24644267 PMCID: PMC4282319 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There are now many reports of imaging experiments with small cohorts of typical participants that precede large-scale, often multicentre studies of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Data from these calibration experiments are sufficient to make estimates of statistical power and predictions of sample size and minimum observable effect sizes. In this technical note, we suggest how previously reported voxel-based power calculations can support decision making in the design, execution and analysis of cross-sectional multicentre imaging studies. The choice of MRI acquisition sequence, distribution of recruitment across acquisition centres, and changes to the registration method applied during data analysis are considered as examples. The consequences of modification are explored in quantitative terms by assessing the impact on sample size for a fixed effect size and detectable effect size for a fixed sample size. The calibration experiment dataset used for illustration was a precursor to the now complete Medical Research Council Autism Imaging Multicentre Study (MRC-AIMS). Validation of the voxel-based power calculations is made by comparing the predicted values from the calibration experiment with those observed in MRC-AIMS. The effect of non-linear mappings during image registration to a standard stereotactic space on the prediction is explored with reference to the amount of local deformation. In summary, power calculations offer a validated, quantitative means of making informed choices on important factors that influence the outcome of studies that consume significant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Suckling
- Brain Mapping UnitDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation NHS TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian Henty
- Brain Mapping UnitDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Christine Ecker
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesInstitute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonUK
| | - Sean C. Deoni
- Division of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research CentreDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Baron‐Cohen
- Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation NHS TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Autism Research CentreDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Barnes
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London HospitalsLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research CentreDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Cinly Ooi
- Brain Mapping UnitDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Meng‐Chuan Lai
- Autism Research CentreDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging SciencesKing's College London Institute of PsychiatryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Declan G.M. Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesInstitute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonUK
| | - Edward Bullmore
- Brain Mapping UnitDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation NHS TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline Ltd., Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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19
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Hagan CC, Graham JME, Widmer B, Holt RJ, Ooi C, van Nieuwenhuizen AO, Fonagy P, Reynolds S, Target M, Kelvin R, Wilkinson PO, Bullmore ET, Lennox BR, Sahakian BJ, Goodyer I, Suckling J. Magnetic resonance imaging of a randomized controlled trial investigating predictors of recovery following psychological treatment in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: study protocol for Magnetic Resonance-Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (MR-IMPACT). BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:247. [PMID: 24094274 PMCID: PMC3851239 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorders (MDD) are a debilitating and pervasive group of mental illnesses afflicting many millions of people resulting in the loss of 110 million working days and more than 2,500 suicides per annum. Adolescent MDD patients attending NHS clinics show high rates of recurrence into adult life. A meta-analysis of recent research shows that psychological treatments are not as efficacious as previously thought. Modest treatment outcomes of approximately 65% of cases responding suggest that aetiological and clinical heterogeneity may hamper the better use of existing therapies and discovery of more effective treatments. Information with respect to optimal treatment choice for individuals is lacking, with no validated biomarkers to aid therapeutic decision-making. METHODS/DESIGN Magnetic resonance-Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies, the MR-IMPACT study, plans to identify brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of depressions and examine whether there are specific behavioural or neural markers predicting remission and/or subsequent relapse in a subsample of depressed adolescents recruited to the IMPACT randomised controlled trial (Registration # ISRCTN83033550). DISCUSSION MR-IMPACT is an investigative biomarker component of the IMPACT pragmatic effectiveness trial. The aim of this investigation is to identify neural markers and regional indicators of the pathophysiology of and treatment response for MDD in adolescents. We anticipate that these data may enable more targeted treatment delivery by identifying those patients who may be optimal candidates for therapeutic response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Adjunctive study to IMPACT trial (Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN83033550).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Hagan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Julia ME Graham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Barry Widmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Rosemary J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Cinly Ooi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Adrienne O van Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Psychoanalysis Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shirley Reynolds
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7QH, UK
| | - Mary Target
- Psychoanalysis Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Raphael Kelvin
- Brookside Family Consultation Clinic, 18d Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul O Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Belinda R Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ian Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Greve DN, Brown GG, Mueller BA, Glover G, Liu TT. A survey of the sources of noise in fMRI. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2013; 78:396-416. [PMID: 25106392 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-012-9294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive method for measuring brain function by correlating temporal changes in local cerebral blood oxygenation with behavioral measures. fMRI is used to study individuals at single time points, across multiple time points (with or without intervention), as well as to examine the variation of brain function across normal and ill populations. fMRI may be collected at multiple sites and then pooled into a single analysis. This paper describes how fMRI data is analyzed at each of these levels and describes the noise sources introduced at each level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N Greve
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,
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21
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Wurnig MC, Rath J, Klinger N, Höllinger I, Geissler A, Fischmeister FP, Aichhorn M, Foki T, Kronbichler M, Nickel J, Siedentopf C, Staffen W, Verius M, Golaszewski S, Koppelstätter F, Knosp E, Auff E, Felber S, Seitz RJ, Beisteiner R. Variability of clinical functional MR imaging results: a multicenter study. Radiology 2013; 268:521-31. [PMID: 23525207 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate intersite variability of clinical functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including influence of task standardization on variability and use of various parameters to inform the clinician whether the reliability of a given functional localization is high or low. MATERIALS AND METHODS Local ethics committees approved the study; all participants gave written informed consent. Eight women and seven men (mean age, 40 years) were prospectively investigated at three experienced functional MR sites with 1.5- (two sites) or 3-T (one site) MR. Nonstandardized motor and highly standardized somatosensory versions of a frequently requested clinical task (localization of the primary sensorimotor cortex) were used. Perirolandic functional MR variability was assessed (peak activation variability, center of mass [COM] variability, intraclass correlation values, overlap ratio [OR], activation size ratio). Data quality measures for functional MR images included percentage signal change (PSC), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and head motion parameters. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and a correlation analysis. RESULTS Localization of perirolandic functional MR activity differed by 8 mm (peak activity) and 6 mm (COM activity) among sites. Peak activation varied up to 16.5 mm (COM range, 0.4-16.5 mm) and 45.5 mm (peak activity range, 1.8-45.5 mm). Signal strength (PSC, CNR) was significantly lower for the somatosensory task (mean PSC, 1.0% ± 0.5 [standard deviation]; mean CNR, 1.2 ± 0.4) than for the motor task (mean PSC, 2.4% ± 0.8; mean CNR, 2.9 ± 0.9) (P < .001, both). Intersite variability was larger with low signal strength (negative correlations between signal strength and peak activation variability) even if the task was highly standardized (mean OR, 22.0% ± 18.9 [somatosensory task] and 50.1% ± 18.8 [motor task]). CONCLUSION Clinical practice and clinical functional MR biomarker studies should consider that the center of task-specific brain activation may vary up to 16.5 mm, with the investigating site, and should maximize functional MR signal strength and evaluate reliability of local results with PSC and CNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz C Wurnig
- Department of Neurology, MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Dodds CM, O’Neill B, Beaver J, Makwana A, Bani M, Merlo-Pich E, Fletcher PC, Koch A, Bullmore ET, Nathan PJ. Effect of the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist GSK598809 on brain responses to rewarding food images in overweight and obese binge eaters. Appetite 2012; 59:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Glover GH, Mueller BA, Turner JA, van Erp TGM, Liu TT, Greve DN, Voyvodic JT, Rasmussen J, Brown GG, Keator DB, Calhoun VD, Lee HJ, Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Diaz M, O'Leary DS, Gadde S, Preda A, Lim KO, Wible CG, Stern HS, Belger A, McCarthy G, Ozyurt B, Potkin SG. Function biomedical informatics research network recommendations for prospective multicenter functional MRI studies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:39-54. [PMID: 22314879 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides practical recommendations for the design and execution of multicenter functional MRI (MC-fMRI) studies based on the collective experience of the Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network (FBIRN). The study was inspired by many requests from the fMRI community to FBIRN group members for advice on how to conduct MC-fMRI studies. The introduction briefly discusses the advantages and complexities of MC-fMRI studies. Prerequisites for MC-fMRI studies are addressed before delving into the practical aspects of carefully and efficiently setting up a MC-fMRI study. Practical multisite aspects include: (i) establishing and verifying scan parameters including scanner types and magnetic fields, (ii) establishing and monitoring of a scanner quality program, (iii) developing task paradigms and scan session documentation, (iv) establishing clinical and scanner training to ensure consistency over time, (v) developing means for uploading, storing, and monitoring of imaging and other data, (vi) the use of a traveling fMRI expert, and (vii) collectively analyzing imaging data and disseminating results. We conclude that when MC-fMRI studies are organized well with careful attention to unification of hardware, software and procedural aspects, the process can be a highly effective means for accessing a desired participant demographics while accelerating scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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24
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Bullmore E. The future of functional MRI in clinical medicine. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1267-71. [PMID: 22261374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years or so, functional MRI has matured very rapidly from being an experimental imaging method in the hands of a few labs to being a very widely available and widely used workhorse of cognitive neuroscience and clinical neuroscience research internationally. FMRI studies have had a considerable impact on our understanding of brain system phenotypes of neurological and psychiatric disorders; and some impact already on development of new therapeutics. However, the direct benefit of fMRI to individual patients with brain disorders has so far been minimal. Here I provide a personal perspective on what has already been achieved, and imagine how the further development of fMRI over the medium term might lead to even greater engagement with clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Bullmore
- University of Cambridge and GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Han K, Talavage TM. Effects of combining field strengths on auditory functional MRI group analysis: 1.5T and 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:1480-8. [PMID: 21959971 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate effects of combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from different field strengths on group analysis as a function of the number of subjects at each field strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 28 subjects (18 at 3T) participated in an auditory task of passively listening to a 0.75s segment of jazz music in an event-related design. Results of single-subject analysis were combined to create all possible subject combinations for a group size of eight subjects from each of the 3T and 1.5T pools, comprising subject mixtures of (3T/1.5T) 0/8, 2/6, 4/4, 6/2, and 8/0. Group analysis performance of each subject permutation was measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and activation overlap maps. RESULTS While area under ROC curves, extent of activation in the gold standard region, and reliability of activation increased with the number of 3T subjects, marginal gain decreased. ROC performance overlap across mixtures was observed, indicating that some combinations of subjects markedly outperformed others. For detection of activation, 4/4 was arguably the minimum mixture level that was comparable to 3T-only group results. CONCLUSION Inclusion of 1.5T data does not necessarily reduce the validity of group analysis. Lower field strength data was found only to limit detection power, but did not affect specificity. Within the limits of realignment error, these results should also extend to group longitudinal analyses of subject mixtures from different field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Han
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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26
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Joos AAB, Saum B, Zeeck A, Perlov E, Glauche V, Hartmann A, Freyer T, Sandholz A, Unterbrink T, van Elst LT, Tüscher O. Frontocingular dysfunction in bulimia nervosa when confronted with disease-specific stimuli. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2011; 19:447-53. [PMID: 21809423 DOI: 10.1002/erv.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by dysregulation of impulse control, in other words, uncontrolled eating. Functional neuroimaging studies have been sparse and have used variable methodologies. METHOD Thirteen medication-free female BN patients and 13 female healthy controls were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a disease-specific food paradigm. Stimuli were rated after the scanning procedure. RESULTS Bulimia nervosa patients showed increased fear ratings and a trend for increased disgust. Magnetic resonance imaging data of 10 BN patients could be analysed. Three BN patients had to be excluded from the analysis because of minimal blood oxygen level dependent signals. Compared with healthy controls, BN patients showed less activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, which extended into the lateral prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the right temporal pole showed decreased reactivity. DISCUSSION This study substantiates a key role of lateral prefrontal dysfunction in BN, a brain region involved in impulse control. Furthermore, the anterior cingulate cortex, which plays a key role in emotion processing, is dysfunctional. A major limitation of this study is the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A B Joos
- University of Freiburg, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Barch DM, Mathalon DH. Using brain imaging measures in studies of procognitive pharmacologic agents in schizophrenia: psychometric and quality assurance considerations. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:13-8. [PMID: 21334602 PMCID: PMC4073232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first phase of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICs) initiative focused on the identification of cognitive constructs from human and animal neuroscience that were relevant to understanding cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, as well as promising task paradigms that could be used to assess these constructs behaviorally. The current phase of CNTRICs has the goal of expanding this initial work by including measures of brain function that can augment these behavioral tasks as biomarkers to be used in drug development processing. Here we review many of the psychometric issues that need to be addressed regarding the development and inclusion of such methods in the drug development process. In addition, we review quality assurance concerns, issues associated with multicenter trials, concerns associated with potential pharmacologic confounds on imaging measures, as well as power and analysis considerations. Although review is couched in the context of the use of biomarkers for treatment studies in schizophrenia, we believe the issues and suggestions included are relevant to the entire range of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as to a wide range of imaging modalities (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, event-related potentials, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, near infrared spectroscopy, etc.) and are relevant to both pharmacologic and psychological intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Barch
- Washington University, Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry and Radiology
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28
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Schwarz AJ, Becerra L, Upadhyay J, Anderson J, Baumgartner R, Coimbra A, Evelhoch J, Hargreaves R, Robertson B, Iyengar S, Tauscher J, Bleakman D, Borsook D. A procedural framework for good imaging practice in pharmacological fMRI studies applied to drug development #2: protocol optimization and best practices. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:671-82. [PMID: 21477664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments are more complex compared with standard radiological imaging, involving additional data streams and hardware along with complex analysis methods. Here, we propose guidelines based around mitigating risks associated with the complexities of the technique at the level of the individual imaging protocol, including workable and effective quality assurance/quality control procedures and rigorous, predefined, analysis pipelines. Our aim is to provide a framework for 'good imaging practice' (GIP), enabling these requirements to be addressed at an appropriate level of detail. The development of a procedural framework for GIP in pharmaceutical fMRI studies could lead to greater acceptance of the method within industry and facilitate validation and, eventually, qualification of the technique as an imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Schwarz
- Imaging Consortium for Drug Development, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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29
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Maus B, van Breukelen GJP, Goebel R, Berger MPF. Optimal design of multi-subject blocked fMRI experiments. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1338-52. [PMID: 21406234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of a multi-subject fMRI experiment needs specification of the number of subjects and scanning time per subject. For example, for a blocked design with conditions A or B, fixed block length and block order ABN, where N denotes a null block, the optimal number of cycles of ABN and the optimal number of subjects have to be determined. This paper presents a method to determine the optimal number of subjects and optimal number of cycles for a blocked design based on the A-optimality criterion and a linear cost function by which the number of cycles and the number of subjects are restricted. Estimation of individual stimulus effects and estimation of contrasts between stimulus effects are both considered. The mixed-effects model is applied and analytical results for the A-optimal number of subjects and A-optimal number of cycles are obtained under the assumption of uncorrelated errors. For correlated errors with a first-order autoregressive (AR1) error structure, numerical results are presented. Our results show how the optimal number of cycles and subjects depend on the within- to between-subject variance ratio. Our method is a new approach to determine the optimal scanning time and optimal number of subjects for a multi-subject fMRI experiment. In contrast to previous results based on power analyses, the optimal number of cycles and subjects can be described analytically and costs are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Maus
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Suckling J, Barnes A, Job D, Brennan D, Lymer K, Dazzan P, Marques TR, MacKay C, McKie S, Williams SR, Williams SC, Deakin B, Lawrie S. The Neuro/PsyGRID calibration experiment: identifying sources of variance and bias in multicenter MRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:373-86. [PMID: 21425392 PMCID: PMC6870300 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calibration experiments precede multicenter trials to identify potential sources of variance and bias. In support of future imaging studies of mental health disorders and their treatment, the Neuro/PsyGRID consortium commissioned a calibration experiment to acquire functional and structural MRI from twelve healthy volunteers attending five centers on two occasions. Measures were derived of task activation from a working memory paradigm, fractal scaling (Hurst exponent) from resting fMRI, and grey matter distributions from T(1) -weighted sequences. At each intracerebral voxel a fixed-effects analysis of variance estimated components of variance corresponding to factors of center, subject, occasion, and within-occasion order, and interactions of center-by-occasion, subject-by-occasion, and center-by-subject, the latter (since there is no intervention) a surrogate of the expected variance of the treatment effect standard error across centers. A rank order test of between-center differences was indicative of crossover or noncrossover subject-by-center interactions. In general, factors of center, subject and error variance constituted >90% of the total variance, whereas occasion, order, and all interactions were generally <5%. Subject was the primary source of variance (70%-80%) for grey-matter, with error variance the dominant component for fMRI-derived measures. Spatially, variance was broadly homogenous with the exception of fractal scaling measures which delineated white matter, related to the flip angle of the EPI sequence. Maps of P values for the associated F-tests were also derived. Rank tests were highly significant indicating the order of measures across centers was preserved. In summary, center effects should be modeled at the voxel-level using existing and long-standing statistical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Job
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Brennan
- Institute of Neurological Science, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lymer
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, SFC Brain Imaging Research Centre, SINAPSE Collaboration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare MacKay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shane McKie
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steve R. Williams
- Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C.R. Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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31
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Gradin V, Gountouna VE, Waiter G, Ahearn TS, Brennan D, Condon B, Marshall I, McGonigle DJ, Murray AD, Whalley H, Cavanagh J, Hadley D, Lymer K, McIntosh A, Moorhead TW, Job D, Wardlaw J, Lawrie SM, Steele JD. Between- and within-scanner variability in the CaliBrain study n-back cognitive task. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:86-95. [PMID: 20880670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric neuroimaging techniques are likely to improve understanding of the brain in health and disease, but studies tend to be small, based in one imaging centre and of unclear generalisability. Multicentre studies have great appeal but face problems if functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from different centres are to be combined. Fourteen healthy volunteers had two brain scans on different days at three scanners. Considerable effort was first made to use similar scanning sequences and standardise task implementation across centres. The n-back cognitive task was used to investigate between- and within-scanner reproducibility and reliability. Both the functional imaging and behavioural results were in good accord with the existing literature. We found no significant differences in the activation/deactivation maps between scanners, or between repeat visits to the same scanners. Between- and within-scanner reproducibility and reliability was very similar. However, the smoothness of images from the scanners differed, suggesting that smoothness equalization might further reduce inter-scanner variability. Our results for the n-back task suggest it is possible to acquire fMRI data from different scanners which allows pooling across centres, when the same field strength scanners are used and scanning sequences and paradigm implementations are standardised.
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32
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Suckling J, Barnes A, Job D, Brenan D, Lymer K, Dazzan P, Marques TR, MacKay C, McKie S, Williams SR, Williams SCR, Lawrie S, Deakin B. Power calculations for multicenter imaging studies controlled by the false discovery rate. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31:1183-95. [PMID: 20063303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in brain imaging research (neuroimaging) to explore structural and functional changes across dispersed neural networks visible only via multisubject experiments. Multicenter investigations are an effective way to increase recruitment rates. This article describes image-based power calculations for a two-group, cross-sectional design specified by the mean effect size and its standard error, sample size, false discovery rate (FDR), and size of the network (i.e., proportion of image locations) that truly demonstrates an effect. Minimum sample size (for fixed effect size) and the minimum effect size (for fixed sample size) are calculated by specifying the acceptable power threshold. Within-center variance was estimated in five participating centers by repeat MRI scanning of 12 healthy participants from whom distributions of gray matter were estimated. The effect on outcome measures when varying FDR and the proportion of true positives is presented. Their spatial patterns reflect within-center variance, which is consistent across centers. Sample sizes 3-6 times larger are needed when detecting effects in subcortical regions compared to the neocortex. Hypothesized multicenter studies of patients with first episode psychosis and control participants were simulated with varying proportions of the cohort recruited at each center. There is little penalty to sample size for recruitment at five centers compared to the center with the lowest variance alone. At 80% power 80 participants per group are required to observe differences in gray matter in high variance regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Multisite reliability of cognitive BOLD data. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2163-75. [PMID: 20932915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigators perform multi-site functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to increase statistical power, to enhance generalizability, and to improve the likelihood of sampling relevant subgroups. Yet undesired site variation in imaging methods could off-set these potential advantages. We used variance components analysis to investigate sources of variation in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal across four 3-T magnets in voxelwise and region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. Eighteen participants traveled to four magnet sites to complete eight runs of a working memory task involving emotional or neutral distraction. Person variance was more than 10 times larger than site variance for five of six ROIs studied. Person-by-site interactions, however, contributed sizable unwanted variance to the total. Averaging over runs increased between-site reliability, with many voxels showing good to excellent between-site reliability when eight runs were averaged and regions of interest showing fair to good reliability. Between-site reliability depended on the specific functional contrast analyzed in addition to the number of runs averaged. Although median effect size was correlated with between-site reliability, dissociations were observed for many voxels. Brain regions where the pooled effect size was large but between-site reliability was poor were associated with reduced individual differences. Brain regions where the pooled effect size was small but between-site reliability was excellent were associated with a balance of participants who displayed consistently positive or consistently negative BOLD responses. Although between-site reliability of BOLD data can be good to excellent, acquiring highly reliable data requires robust activation paradigms, ongoing quality assurance, and careful experimental control.
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34
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Del Parigi A. Promise and limitations of functional neuroimaging in the study of obesity: is it time for a consortium and a multicenter trial? Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 33:607-10. [PMID: 19528983 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yendiki A, Greve DN, Wallace S, Vangel M, Bockholt J, Mueller BA, Magnotta V, Andreasen N, Manoach DS, Gollub RL. Multi-site characterization of an fMRI working memory paradigm: reliability of activation indices. Neuroimage 2010; 53:119-31. [PMID: 20451631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies are facilitated significantly when it is possible to recruit subjects and acquire data at multiple sites. However, the use of different scanners and acquisition protocols is a potential source of variability in multi-site data. In this work we present a multi-site study of the reliability of fMRI activation indices, where 10 healthy volunteers were scanned at 4 different sites while performing a working memory paradigm. Our results indicate that, even with different scanner manufacturers and field strengths, activation variability due to site differences is small compared to variability due to subject differences in this cognitive task, provided we choose an appropriate activation measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, Dept. of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Schnack HG, van Haren NEM, Brouwer RM, van Baal GCM, Picchioni M, Weisbrod M, Sauer H, Cannon TD, Huttunen M, Lepage C, Collins DL, Evans A, Murray RM, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Mapping reliability in multicenter MRI: voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31:1967-82. [PMID: 21086550 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicenter structural MRI studies can have greater statistical power than single-center studies. However, across-center differences in contrast sensitivity, spatial uniformity, etc., may lead to tissue classification or image registration differences that could reduce or wholly offset the enhanced statistical power of multicenter data. Prior work has validated volumetric multicenter MRI, but robust methods for assessing reliability and power of multisite analyses with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical thickness measurement (CORT) are not yet available. We developed quantitative methods to investigate the reproducibility of VBM and CORT to detect group differences and estimate heritability when MRI scans from different scanners running different acquisition protocols in a multicenter setup are included. The method produces brain maps displaying information such as lowest detectable effect size (or heritability) and effective number of subjects in the multicenter study. We applied the method to a five-site multicenter calibration study using scanners from four different manufacturers, running different acquisition protocols. The reliability maps showed an overall good comparability between the sites, providing a reasonable gain in sensitivity in most parts of the brain. In large parts of the cerebrum and cortex scan pooling improved heritability estimates, with "effective-N" values upto the theoretical maximum. For some areas, "optimal-pool" maps indicated that leaving out a site would give better results. The reliability maps also reveal which brain regions are in any case difficult to measure reliably (e.g., around the thalamus). These tools will facilitate the design and analysis of multisite VBM and CORT studies for detecting group differences and estimating heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Costafreda SG. Pooling FMRI data: meta-analysis, mega-analysis and multi-center studies. Front Neuroinform 2009; 3:33. [PMID: 19826498 PMCID: PMC2759345 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.11.033.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of pooled data from related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments has the potential to significantly accelerate progress in brain mapping. Such data-pooling can be achieved through meta-analysis (the pooled analysis of published results), mega-analysis (the pooled analysis of raw data) or multi-site studies, which can be seen as designed mega-analyses. Current limitations in function-location brain mapping and how data-pooling can be used to remediate them are reviewed, with particular attention to power aggregation and mitigation of false positive results. Some recently developed analysis tools for meta- and mega-analysis are also presented, and recommendations for the conduct of valid fMRI data pooling are formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi G Costafreda
- Biomedical Research Center Nucleus and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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