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Sun F, Cui D, Jiao Q, Niu J, Zhang X, Shi Y, Liu H, Ouyang Z, Yu G, Dou R, Guo Y, Dong L, Cao W. The co-activation pattern between the DMN and other brain networks affects the cognition of older adults: evidence from naturalistic stimulation fMRI data. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad466. [PMID: 38044469 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function changes affect cognitive functions in older adults, yet the relationship between cognition and the dynamic changes of brain networks during naturalistic stimulation is not clear. Here, we recruited the young, middle-aged and older groups from the Cambridge Center for Aging and Neuroscience to investigate the relationship between dynamic metrics of brain networks and cognition using functional magnetic resonance imaging data during movie-watching. We found six reliable co-activation pattern (CAP) states of brain networks grouped into three pairs with opposite activation patterns in three age groups. Compared with young and middle-aged adults, older adults dwelled shorter time in CAP state 4 with deactivated default mode network (DMN) and activated salience, frontoparietal and dorsal-attention networks (DAN), and longer time in state 6 with deactivated DMN and activated DAN and visual network, suggesting altered dynamic interaction between DMN and other brain networks might contribute to cognitive decline in older adults. Meanwhile, older adults showed easier transfer from state 6 to state 3 (activated DMN and deactivated sensorimotor network), suggesting that the fragile antagonism between DMN and other cognitive networks might contribute to cognitive decline in older adults. Our findings provided novel insights into aberrant brain network dynamics associated with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an 271099, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an 271099, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an 271099, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Jinpeng Niu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Haiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Ruhai Dou
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Li Dong
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Weifang Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an 271099, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
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2
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Caudle MM, Spadoni AD, Schiehser DM, Simmons AN, Bomyea J. Neural activity and network analysis for understanding reasoning using the matrix reasoning task. Cogn Process 2023; 24:585-594. [PMID: 37597116 PMCID: PMC10533635 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-023-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Reasoning requires the ability to manipulate mental representations and understand relationships between objects. There is a paucity of research regarding the functional connections between multiple brain areas that may interact during commonly used reasoning tasks. The present study aimed to examine functional activation and connectivity of frontoparietal regions during a Matrix Decision Making Task, completed by twenty-one right-handed healthy participants while undergoing fMRI. Voxel-wise whole brain analysis of neural response to the task revealed activation spanning dorsal and lateral prefrontal, occipital, and parietal regions. Utilizing Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation, a data-driven approach that estimates the presence and direction of connectivity between specific ROIs, connectivity between prefrontal and sensory processing regions were revealed. Moreover, the magnitude of connectivity strength between the left precentral gyrus and left dorsal cingulate (dACC) was positively correlated with MR behavioral performance. Taken together, results are consistent with earlier work demonstrating involvement of regions comprising the central executive network in relational reasoning. These data expand existing knowledge regarding communication of key brain regions during the task and demonstrate that understanding how key brain regions are interconnected can effectively predict the quality of behavioral output.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Caudle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, University of California San Diego, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - A D Spadoni
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - D M Schiehser
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - A N Simmons
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - J Bomyea
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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3
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Parietal Alpha Oscillations: Cognitive Load and Mental Toughness. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091135. [PMID: 36138871 PMCID: PMC9496702 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive effort is intrinsically linked to task difficulty, intelligence, and mental toughness. Intelligence reflects an individual’s cognitive aptitude, whereas mental toughness (MT) reflects an individual’s resilience in pursuing success. Research shows that parietal alpha oscillations are associated with changes in task difficulty. Critically, it remains unclear whether parietal alpha oscillations are modulated by intelligence and MT as a personality trait. We examined event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) of alpha oscillations associated with encoding, retention, and recognition in the Sternberg task in relation to intelligence and mental toughness. Eighty participants completed the Sternberg task with 3, 4, 5 and 6 digits, Raven Standard Progressive Matrices test and an MT questionnaire. A positive dependence on difficulty was observed for all studied oscillatory effects (t = −8.497, p < 0.001; t = 2.806, p < 0.005; t = −2.103, p < 0.05). The influence of Raven intelligence was observed for encoding-related alpha ERD (t = −2.02, p = 0.049). The influence of MT was observed only for difficult conditions in recognition-related alpha ERD (t = −3.282, p < 0.005). Findings indicate that the modulation of alpha rhythm related to encoding, retention and recognition may be interpreted as correlates of cognitive effort modulation. Specifically, results suggest that effort related to encoding depends on intelligence, whereas recognition-related effort level depends on mental toughness.
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4
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Basner M, Stahn AC, Nasrini J, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Mühl C, Macias BR, Laurie SS. Effects of head-down tilt bed rest plus elevated CO 2 on cognitive performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1235-1246. [PMID: 33630672 PMCID: PMC8262780 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity and elevated CO2 levels are two important environmental spaceflight stressors that can adversely affect astronaut cognitive performance and jeopardize mission success. This study investigated the effects of 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) with (n = 11 participants, 30-day HDBR) and without (n = 8 participants, 60-day HDBR) elevated ambient (3.73 mmHg) CO2 concentrations on cognitive performance. Participants of both groups performed all 10 tests of NASA's Cognition battery and a brief alertness and mood survey repeatedly before, during, and after the HDBR period. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects. Concentrating on the first 30 days of HDBR, a modest but statistically significant slowing across a range of cognitive domains was found in both groups (controls: -0.37 SD; 95% CI -0.48, -0.27; adjusted P < 0.0001; CO2: -0.25 SD; 95% CI -0.34, -0.16; adjusted P < 0.001), most prominently for sensorimotor speed. These changes were observed early during HDBR and did not further deteriorate or improve with increasing time in HDBR. The study found similar cognitive effects of HDBR irrespective of CO2 levels, suggesting that elevated CO2 neither ameliorated nor worsened the HDBR effects. In both groups, cognitive performance after 15 days of recovery was statistically indistinguishable from pre-HDBR performance. However, subjects undergoing 60 days of HDBR rated themselves as feeling more sleepy, tired, physically exhausted, stressed, and unhealthy during recovery compared to their 30-day counterparts.NEW AND NOTEWORTHY This study investigated the effects of prolonged head-down tilt bed rest with and without elevated (3.73 mmHg) levels of ambient CO2 on cognitive performance across a range of cognitive domains and is one of the few studies investigating combined effects of environmental stressors prevalent in spaceflight. The study showed moderate declines in cognitive speed induced by head-down tilt bed rest and suggests that exposure to elevated levels of ambient CO2 did not modify this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander C Stahn
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jad Nasrini
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David F Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Mühl
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Basner M, Dinges DF, Howard K, Moore TM, Gur RC, Mühl C, Stahn AC. Continuous and Intermittent Artificial Gravity as a Countermeasure to the Cognitive Effects of 60 Days of Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643854. [PMID: 33815148 PMCID: PMC8009974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and psychological stressors can adversely affect astronaut cognitive performance in space. This study used a 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) paradigm to simulate some of the physiologic changes induced by microgravity. Twenty-four participants (mean ± SD age 33.3 ± 9.2 years, N = 16 men) spent 60 consecutive days in strict HDBR. They were studied in three groups of eight subjects each. One group served as Control, whereas the other two groups received either a continuous or intermittent artificial gravity (AG) countermeasure of 30 min centrifugation daily (1 g acceleration at the center of mass and 2 g at the feet). Participants performed all 10 tests of NASA’s Cognition battery and a brief alertness and mood survey repeatedly before, during, and after the HDBR period. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set difficulty effects. A modest but statistically significant slowing across a range of cognitive domains was found in all three groups during HDBR compared to baseline, most consistently for sensorimotor speed, whereas accuracy was unaffected. These changes were observed early during HDBR and did not further worsen or improve with increasing time in HDBR, except for emotion recognition performance. With increasing time spent in HDBR, participants required longer time to decide which facial emotion was expressed. They were also more likely to select categories with negative valence over categories with neutral or positive valence. Except for workload, which was rated lower in the Control group, continuous or intermittent AG did not modify the effect of HDBR on cognitive performance or subjective responses. Participants expressed several negative survey responses during HDBR relative to baseline, and some of the responses further deteriorated during recovery, which highlights the importance of adequate medical and psychological support during extended duration HDBR studies. In conclusion, 60 days of HDBR were associated with moderate cognitive slowing and changes in emotion recognition performance, but these effects were not mitigated by either continuous or intermittent exposure to AG for 30 min daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David F Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kia Howard
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Mühl
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Stahn
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Stocco A, Prat CS, Graham LK. Individual Differences in Reward-Based Learning Predict Fluid Reasoning Abilities. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12941. [PMID: 33619738 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reason and problem-solve in novel situations, as measured by the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), is highly predictive of both cognitive task performance and real-world outcomes. Here we provide evidence that RAPM performance depends on the ability to reallocate attention in response to self-generated feedback about progress. We propose that such an ability is underpinned by the basal ganglia nuclei, which are critically tied to both reward processing and cognitive control. This hypothesis was implemented in a neurocomputational model of the RAPM task, which was used to derive novel predictions at the behavioral and neural levels. These predictions were then verified in one neuroimaging and two behavioral experiments. Furthermore, an effective connectivity analysis of the neuroimaging data confirmed a role for the basal ganglia in modulating attention. Taken together, these results suggest that individual differences in a neural circuit related to reward processing underpin human fluid reasoning abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stocco
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington
| | - Chantel S Prat
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington
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7
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Ang YS, Frontero N, Belleau E, Pizzagalli DA. Disentangling vulnerability, state and trait features of neurocognitive impairments in depression. Brain 2020; 143:3865-3877. [PMID: 33176359 PMCID: PMC7805803 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating disorder that often starts manifesting in early childhood and peaks in onset during adolescence. Neurocognitive impairments have emerged as clinically important characteristics of depression, but it remains controversial which domains specifically index pre-existing vulnerability, state-related or trait-related markers. Here, we disentangled these effects by analysing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset (n = 4626). Using information of participants' current and past mental disorders, as well as family mental health history, we identified low-risk healthy (n = 2100), high-risk healthy (n = 2023), remitted depressed (n = 401) and currently depressed children (n = 102). Factor analysis of 11 cognitive variables was performed to elucidate latent structure and canonical correlation analyses conducted to probe regional brain volumes reliably associated with the cognitive factors. Bayesian model comparison of various a priori hypotheses differing in how low-risk healthy, high-risk healthy, remitted depressed and currently depressed children performed in various cognitive domains was performed. Factor analysis revealed three domains: language and reasoning, cognitive flexibility and memory recall. Deficits in language and reasoning ability, as well as in volumes of associated regions such as the middle temporal and superior frontal gyrus, represented state- and trait-related markers of depression but not pre-existing vulnerability. In contrast, there was no compelling evidence of impairments in other domains. These findings-although cross-sectional and specific to 9-10-year-old children-might have important clinical implications, suggesting that cognitive dysfunction may not be useful targets of preventive interventions. Depressed patients, even after remission, might also benefit from less commonly used treatments such as cognitive remediation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Siang Ang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nicole Frontero
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Emily Belleau
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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8
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Choi S, O'Neil SH, Joshi AA, Li J, Bush AM, Coates TD, Leahy RM, Wood JC. Anemia predicts lower white matter volume and cognitive performance in sickle and non-sickle cell anemia syndrome. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:1055-1065. [PMID: 31259431 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe chronic anemia is an independent predictor of overt stroke, white matter damage, and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. Severe anemia also predisposes to white matter strokes in young children, independent of the anemia subtype. We previously demonstrated symmetrically decreased white matter (WM) volumes in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). In the current study, we investigated whether patients with non-sickle anemia also have lower WM volumes and cognitive dysfunction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was performed on 52 clinically asymptomatic SCD patients (age = 21.4 ± 7.7; F = 27, M = 25; hemoglobin = 9.6 ± 1.6 g/dL), 26 non-sickle anemic patients (age = 23.9 ± 7.9; F = 14, M = 12; hemoglobin = 10.8 ± 2.5 g/dL) and 40 control subjects (age = 27.7 ± 11.3; F = 28, M = 12; hemoglobin = 13.4 ± 1.3 g/dL). Voxel-wise changes in WM brain volumes were compared to hemoglobin levels to identify brain regions that are vulnerable to anemia. White matter volume was diffusely lower in deep, watershed areas proportionally to anemia severity. After controlling for age, sex, and hemoglobin level, brain volumes were independent of disease. WM volume loss was associated with lower Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ; P = .0048; r2 = .18) and an abnormal burden of silent cerebral infarctions (P = .029) in males, but not in females. Hemoglobin count and cognitive measures were similar between subjects with and without white-matter hyperintensities. The spatial distribution of volume loss suggests chronic hypoxic cerebrovascular injury, despite compensatory hyperemia. Neurocognitive consequences of WM volume changes and silent cerebral infarction were strongly sexually dimorphic. Understanding the possible neurological consequences of chronic anemia may help inform our current clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Signal and Image Processing InstituteUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationChildren's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Sharon H. O'Neil
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Anand A. Joshi
- Signal and Image Processing InstituteUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Jian Li
- Signal and Image Processing InstituteUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Adam M. Bush
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationChildren's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Radiology DepartmentStanford University Stanford California
| | - Thomas D. Coates
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationChildren's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Richard M. Leahy
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Signal and Image Processing InstituteUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - John C. Wood
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationChildren's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California
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Scully RR, Basner M, Nasrini J, Lam CW, Hermosillo E, Gur RC, Moore T, Alexander DJ, Satish U, Ryder VE. Effects of acute exposures to carbon dioxide on decision making and cognition in astronaut-like subjects. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:17. [PMID: 31240239 PMCID: PMC6584569 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations below those found on the International Space Station are reported to deteriorate complex decision-making. Effective decision-making is critical to human spaceflight, especially during an emergency response. Therefore, effects of acutely elevated CO2 on decision-making competency and various cognitive domains were assessed in astronaut-like subjects by the Strategic Management Simulation (SMS) and Cognition test batteries. The double-blind cross-over study included 22 participants at the Johnson Space Center randomly assigned to one of four groups. Each group was exposed to a different sequence of four concentrations of CO2 (600, 1200, 2500, 5000 ppm). Subjects performed Cognition before entering the chamber, 15 min and 2.5 h after entering the chamber, and 15 min after exiting the chamber. The SMS was administered 30 min after subjects entered the chamber. There were no clear dose–response patterns for performance on either SMS or Cognition. Performance on most SMS measures and aggregate speed, accuracy, and efficiency scores across Cognition tests were lower at 1200 ppm than at baseline (600 ppm); however, at higher CO2 concentrations performance was similar to or exceeded baseline for most measures. These outcomes, which conflict with those of other studies, likely indicate differing characteristics of the various subject populations and differences in the aggregation of unrecognized stressors, in addition to CO2, are responsible for disparate outcomes among studies. Studies with longer exposure durations are needed to verify that cognitive impairment does not develop over time in crew-like subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Scully
- 1Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences, KBRwyle, Houston, TX 77058 USA.,2Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- 3Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jad Nasrini
- 3Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Chiu-Wing Lam
- 1Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences, KBRwyle, Houston, TX 77058 USA.,2Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Emanuel Hermosillo
- 3Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- 4Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Tyler Moore
- 4Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David J Alexander
- 5Space Medicine Operations Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Usha Satish
- 6Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Upstate Medical University State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Valerie E Ryder
- 2Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 USA
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Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening BD, Rizzardi LF, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor L, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AMK, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer M, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VYH, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick AM, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel HH, Pietrzyk R, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears DD, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GBI, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SMC, Mason CE, Mignot E, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder MP, Turek FW. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019; 364:364/6436/eaau8650. [PMID: 30975860 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine E Garrett-Bakelman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Manjula Darshi
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Ruben C Gur
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jad Nasrini
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Lynn Taylor
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Ahadi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniela Bezdan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Songjie Chen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Covington
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - David F Dinges
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan P Hillary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peng Jiang
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler M Moore
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hemal H Patel
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Varsha Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rintaro Saito
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denis N Salins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael B Stenger
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John B Charles
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Craig E Kundrot
- Space Life and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Graham B I Scott
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Mathias Basner
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | - Christopher E Mason
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Brinda K Rana
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Scott M Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Zappasodi F, Perrucci MG, Saggino A, Croce P, Mercuri P, Romanelli R, Colom R, Ebisch SJH. EEG microstates distinguish between cognitive components of fluid reasoning. Neuroimage 2019; 189:560-573. [PMID: 30710677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid reasoning is considered central to general intelligence. How its psychometric structure relates to brain function remains poorly understood. For instance, what is the dynamic composition of ability-specific processes underlying fluid reasoning? We investigated whether distinct fluid reasoning abilities could be differentiated by electroencephalography (EEG) microstate profiles. EEG microstates specifically capture rapidly altering activity of distributed cortical networks with a high temporal resolution as scalp potential topographies that dynamically vary over time in an organized manner. EEG was recorded simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in twenty healthy adult participants during cognitively distinct fluid reasoning tasks: induction, spatial relationships and visualization. Microstate parameters successfully discriminated between fluid reasoning and visuomotor control tasks as well as between the fluid reasoning tasks. Mainly, microstate B coverage was significantly higher during spatial relationships and visualization, compared to induction, while microstate C coverage was significantly decreased during spatial relationships and visualization, compared to induction. Additionally, microstate D coverage was highest during spatial relationships and microstate A coverage was most strongly reduced during the same condition. Consistently, multivariate analysis with a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure accurately classified the fluid reasoning tasks based on the coverage parameter. These EEG data and their correlation with fMRI data suggest that especially the tasks most strongly relying on visuospatial processing modulated visual and default mode network activity. We propose that EEG microstates can provide valuable information about neural activity patterns with a dynamic and complex temporal structure during fluid reasoning, suggesting cognitive ability-specific interplays between multiple brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zappasodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Aristide Saggino
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Croce
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasqua Mercuri
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Romanelli
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Sjoerd J H Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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12
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Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. Executive Functions Brain System: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analytic Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:379-405. [PMID: 28961762 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To characterize commonalities and differences between two executive functions: reasoning and inhibitory control. Methods A total of 5,974 participants in 346 fMRI experiments of inhibition or reasoning were selected. First level analysis consisted of Analysis of Likelihood Estimation (ALE) studies performed in two pooled data groups: (a) brain areas involved in reasoning and (b) brain areas involved in inhibition. Second level analysis consisted of two contrasts: (i) brain areas involved in reasoning but not in inhibition and (ii) brain areas involved in inhibition but not in reasoning. Lateralization Indexes were calculated. Results Four brain areas appear as the most critical: the dorsolateral aspect of the frontal lobes, the superior parietal lobules, the mesial aspect of the premotor area (supplementary motor area), and some subcortical areas, particularly the putamen and the thalamus. ALE contrasts showed significant differentiation of the networks, with the reasoning > inhibition-contrast showing a predominantly leftward participation, and the inhibition > reasoning-contrast, a clear right advantage. Conclusion Executive functions are mediated by sizable brain areas including not only cortical, but also involving subcortical areas in both hemispheres. The strength of activation shows dissociation between the hemispheres for inhibition (rightward) and reasoning (leftward) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ardila
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Byron Bernal
- Department of Radiology/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
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13
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Varriale V, van der Molen MW, De Pascalis V. Mental rotation and fluid intelligence: A brain potential analysis. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Shokri-Kojori E, Krawczyk DC. Signatures of multiple processes contributing to fluid reasoning performance. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Pua EPK, Malpas CB, Bowden SC, Seal ML. Different brain networks underlying intelligence in autism spectrum disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3253-3262. [PMID: 29667272 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been sustained clinical and cognitive neuroscience research interest in how network correlates of brain-behavior relationships might be altered in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. As previous work has mostly focused on adults, the nature of whole-brain connectivity networks underlying intelligence in pediatric cohorts with abnormal neurodevelopment requires further investigation. We used network-based statistics (NBS) to examine the association between resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) connectivity and fluid intelligence ability in male children (n = 50) with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD; M = 10.45, SD = 1.58 years and in controls (M = 10.38, SD = 0.96 years) matched on fluid intelligence performance, age and sex. Repeat analyses were performed in independent sites for validation and replication. Despite being equivalent on fluid intelligence ability to strictly matched neurotypical controls, boys with ASD displayed a subnetwork of significantly increased associations between functional connectivity and fluid intelligence. Between-group differences remained significant at higher edge thresholding, and results were validated in independent-site replication analyses in an equivalent age and sex-matched cohort with ASD. Regions consistently implicated in atypical connectivity correlates of fluid intelligence in ASD were the angular gyrus, posterior middle temporal gyrus, occipital and temporo-occipital regions. Development of fluid intelligence neural correlates in young ASD males is aberrant, with an increased strength in intrinsic connectivity association during childhood. Alterations in whole-brain network correlates of fluid intelligence in ASD may be a compensatory mechanism that allows equal task performance to neurotypical peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Peng Kiat Pua
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Charles B Malpas
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen C Bowden
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Marc L Seal
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Basner M, Nasrini J, Hermosillo E, McGuire S, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Rittweger J, Mulder E, Wittkowski M, Donoviel D, Stevens B, Bershad EM. Effects of −12° head-down tilt with and without elevated levels of CO2 on cognitive performance: the SPACECOT study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:750-760. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity and elevated levels of CO2 are two common environmental stressors in spaceflight that may affect cognitive performance of astronauts. In this randomized, double-blind, crossover trial (SPACECOT), 6 healthy males (mean ± SD age: 41 ± 5 yr) were exposed to 0.04% (ambient air) and 0.5% CO2 concentrations during 26.5-h periods of −12° head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest with a 1-wk washout period between exposures. Subjects performed the 10 tests of the Cognition Test Battery before and on average 0.1, 5.2, and 21.0 h after the initiation of HDT bed rest. HDT in ambient air induced a change in response strategy, with increased response speed (+0.19 SD; P = 0.0254) at the expense of accuracy (−0.19 SD; P = 0.2867), resulting in comparable cognitive efficiency. The observed effects were small and statistically significant for cognitive speed only. However, even small declines in accuracy can potentially cause errors during mission-critical tasks in spaceflight. Unexpectedly, exposure to 0.5% CO2 reversed the response strategy changes observed under HDT in ambient air. This was possibly related to hypercapnia-induced cerebrovascular reactivity that favors cortical regions in general and the frontal cortex in particular, or to the CNS arousing properties of mildly to moderately increased CO2 levels. There were no statistically significant time-in-CO2 effects for any cognitive outcome. The small sample size and the small effect sizes are major limitations of this study and its findings. The results should not be generalized beyond the group of investigated subjects until they are confirmed by adequately powered follow-up studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Simulating microgravity with exposure to 21 h of −12° head-down tilt bed rest caused a change in response strategy on a range of cognitive tests, with a statistically significant increase in response speed at the expense of accuracy. Cognitive efficiency was not affected. The observed speed-accuracy tradeoff was small but may nevertheless be important for mission-critical tasks in spaceflight. Importantly, the change in response strategy was reversed by increasing CO2 concentrations to 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jad Nasrini
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emanuel Hermosillo
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah McGuire
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David F. Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Wittkowski
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorit Donoviel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian Stevens
- Department of Neurology and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric M. Bershad
- Department of Neurology and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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17
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Chen Z, De Beuckelaer A, Wang X, Liu J. Distinct neural substrates of visuospatial and verbal-analytic reasoning as assessed by Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16230. [PMID: 29176725 PMCID: PMC5701148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed spontaneous neural activity to be associated with fluid intelligence (gF) which is commonly assessed by Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, and embeds two types of reasoning: visuospatial and verbal-analytic reasoning. With resting-state fMRI data, using global brain connectivity (GBC) analysis which averages functional connectivity of a voxel in relation to all other voxels in the brain, distinct neural correlates of these two reasoning types were found. For visuospatial reasoning, negative correlations were observed in both the primary visual cortex (PVC) and the precuneus, and positive correlations were observed in the temporal lobe. For verbal-analytic reasoning, negative correlations were observed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and temporoparietal junction, and positive correlations were observed in the angular gyrus. Furthermore, an interaction between GBC value and type of reasoning was found in the PVC, rIFG and the temporal lobe. These findings suggest that visuospatial reasoning benefits more from elaborate perception to stimulus features, whereas verbal-analytic reasoning benefits more from feature integration and hypothesis testing. In sum, the present study offers, for different types of reasoning in gF, first empirical evidence of separate neural substrates in the resting brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencai Chen
- Department of Psychology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Alain De Beuckelaer
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Personnel Management, Work and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Functional brain activation associated with working memory training and transfer. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Conant LL, Liebenthal E, Desai A, Binder JR. The relationship between maternal education and the neural substrates of phoneme perception in children: Interactions between socioeconomic status and proficiency level. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:14-22. [PMID: 28437659 PMCID: PMC5602599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between maternal education (ME) and both behavioral performances and brain activation during the discrimination of phonemic and nonphonemic sounds were examined using fMRI in children with different levels of phoneme categorization proficiency (CP). Significant relationships were found between ME and intellectual functioning and vocabulary, with a trend for phonological awareness. A significant interaction between CP and ME was seen for nonverbal reasoning abilities. In addition, fMRI analyses revealed a significant interaction between CP and ME for phonemic discrimination in left prefrontal cortex. Thus, ME was associated with differential patterns of both neuropsychological performance and brain activation contingent on the level of CP. These results highlight the importance of examining SES effects at different proficiency levels. The pattern of results may suggest the presence of neurobiological differences in the children with low CP that affect the nature of relationships with ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Einat Liebenthal
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali Desai
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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20
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21
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EEG Microstate Correlates of Fluid Intelligence and Response to Cognitive Training. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:502-520. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Hearne LJ, Mattingley JB, Cocchi L. Functional brain networks related to individual differences in human intelligence at rest. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32328. [PMID: 27561736 PMCID: PMC4999800 DOI: 10.1038/srep32328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is a fundamental ability that sets humans apart from other animal species. Despite its importance in defining human behaviour, the neural networks responsible for intelligence are not well understood. The dominant view from neuroimaging work suggests that intelligent performance on a range of tasks is underpinned by segregated interactions in a fronto-parietal network of brain regions. Here we asked whether fronto-parietal interactions associated with intelligence are ubiquitous, or emerge from more widespread associations in a task-free context. First we undertook an exploratory mapping of the existing literature on functional connectivity associated with intelligence. Next, to empirically test hypotheses derived from the exploratory mapping, we performed network analyses in a cohort of 317 unrelated participants from the Human Connectome Project. Our results revealed a novel contribution of across-network interactions between default-mode and fronto-parietal networks to individual differences in intelligence at rest. Specifically, we found that greater connectivity in the resting state was associated with higher intelligence scores. Our findings highlight the need to broaden the dominant fronto-parietal conceptualisation of intelligence to encompass more complex and context-specific network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Hearne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Hobeika L, Diard-Detoeuf C, Garcin B, Levy R, Volle E. General and specialized brain correlates for analogical reasoning: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1953-69. [PMID: 27012301 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reasoning by analogy allows us to link distinct domains of knowledge and to transfer solutions from one domain to another. Analogical reasoning has been studied using various tasks that have generally required the consideration of the relationships between objects and their integration to infer an analogy schema. However, these tasks varied in terms of the level and the nature of the relationships to consider (e.g., semantic, visuospatial). The aim of this study was to identify the cerebral network involved in analogical reasoning and its specialization based on the domains of information and task specificity. We conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 27 experiments that used analogical reasoning tasks. The left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was one of the regions most consistently activated across the studies. A comparison between semantic and visuospatial analogy tasks showed both domain-oriented regions in the inferior and middle frontal gyri and a domain-general region, the left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, which was specialized for analogy tasks. A comparison of visuospatial analogy to matrix problem tasks revealed that these two relational reasoning tasks engage, at least in part, distinct right and left cerebral networks, particularly separate areas within the left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight several cognitive and cerebral differences between relational reasoning tasks that can allow us to make predictions about the respective roles of distinct brain regions or networks. These results also provide new, testable anatomical hypotheses about reasoning disorders that are induced by brain damage. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1953-1969, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hobeika
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,ICM, Frontlab, Paris, 75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital De La Salpêtrière, Behavioural Neuropsychiatry Unit, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Capucine Diard-Detoeuf
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,ICM, Frontlab, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Béatrice Garcin
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,ICM, Frontlab, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,ICM, Frontlab, Paris, 75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital De La Salpêtrière, Behavioural Neuropsychiatry Unit, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, 75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, 75013, France.,ICM, Frontlab, Paris, 75013, France
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Monge ZA, Greenwood PM, Parasuraman R, Strenziok M. Individual differences in reasoning and visuospatial attention are associated with prefrontal and parietal white matter tracts in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology 2016; 30:558-67. [PMID: 26986750 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although reasoning and attention are 2 cognitive processes necessary for ensuring the efficiency of many everyday activities in older adults, the role of white matter integrity in these processes has been little studied. This is an important question due to the role of white matter integrity as a neural substrate of cognitive aging. Here, we sought to examine the white matter tracts subserving reasoning and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults. METHOD Sixty-one adults ages 60 and older completed a battery of cognitive tests to assess reasoning and visuospatial attention. In addition, diffusion tensor images were collected to assess fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter integrity. A principle components analysis of the test scores yielded 2 components: reasoning and visuospatial attention. Whole-brain correlations between FA and the cognitive components were submitted to probabilistic tractography analyses for visualization of cortical targets of tracts. RESULTS For reasoning, bilateral thalamo-anterior prefrontal, anterior corpus callosum, and corpus callosum body tracts interconnecting the superior frontal cortices and right cingulum bundle were found. For visuospatial attention, a right inferior fronto-parietal tract and bilateral parietal and temporal connections were found. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in older adults, prefrontal cortex white matter tracts and interhemispheric communication are important in higher order cognitive functioning. On the other hand, right-sided fronto-parietal tracts appear to be critical for supporting control of cognitive processes, such as redirecting attention. Researchers may use our results to develop neuroscience-based interventions for older adults targeting brain mechanisms involved in cognitive plasticity. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Basner M, Savitt A, Moore TM, Port AM, McGuire S, Ecker AJ, Nasrini J, Mollicone DJ, Mott CM, McCann T, Dinges DF, Gur RC. Development and Validation of the Cognition Test Battery for Spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2015; 86:942-52. [PMID: 26564759 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.4343.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained high-level cognitive performance is of paramount importance for the success of space missions, which involve environmental, physiological, and psychological stressors that may affect brain functions. Despite subjective symptom reports of cognitive fluctuations in spaceflight, the nature of neurobehavioral functioning in space has not been clarified. METHODS We developed a computerized cognitive test battery (Cognition) that has sensitivity to multiple cognitive domains and was specifically designed for the high-performing astronaut population. Cognition consists of 15 unique forms of 10 neuropsychological tests that cover a range of cognitive domains, including emotion processing, spatial orientation, and risk decision making. Cognition is based on tests known to engage specific brain regions as evidenced by functional neuroimaging. Here we describe the first normative and acute total sleep deprivation data on the Cognition test battery as well as several efforts underway to establish the validity, sensitivity, feasibility, and acceptability of Cognition. RESULTS Practice effects and test-retest variability differed substantially between the 10 Cognition tests, illustrating the importance of normative data that both reflect practice effects and differences in stimulus set difficulty in the population of interest. After one night without sleep, medium to large effect sizes were observed for 3 of the 10 tests addressing vigilant attention (Cohen's d = 1.00), cognitive throughput (d = 0.68), and abstract reasoning (d = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS In addition to providing neuroimaging-based novel information on the effects of spaceflight on a range of cognitive functions, Cognition will facilitate comparing the effects of ground-based analogues to spaceflight, increase consistency across projects, and thus enable meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, and the Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Turner BO, Marinsek N, Ryhal E, Miller MB. Hemispheric lateralization in reasoning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1359:47-64. [PMID: 26426534 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that reasoning in humans relies on a number of related processes whose neural loci are largely lateralized to one hemisphere or the other. A recent review of this evidence concluded that the patterns of lateralization observed are organized according to two complementary tendencies. The left hemisphere attempts to reduce uncertainty by drawing inferences or creating explanations, even at the cost of ignoring conflicting evidence or generating implausible explanations. Conversely, the right hemisphere aims to reduce conflict by rejecting or refining explanations that are no longer tenable in the face of new evidence. In healthy adults, the hemispheres work together to achieve a balance between certainty and consistency, and a wealth of neuropsychological research supports the notion that upsetting this balance results in various failures in reasoning, including delusions. However, support for this model from the neuroimaging literature is mixed. Here, we examine the evidence for this framework from multiple research domains, including an activation likelihood estimation analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of reasoning. Our results suggest a need to either revise this model as it applies to healthy adults or to develop better tools for assessing lateralization in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Turner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Nicole Marinsek
- Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Emily Ryhal
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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Simard I, Luck D, Mottron L, Zeffiro TA, Soulières I. Autistic fluid intelligence: Increased reliance on visual functional connectivity with diminished modulation of coupling by task difficulty. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:467-78. [PMID: 26594629 PMCID: PMC4596928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different test types lead to different intelligence estimates in autism, as illustrated by the fact that autistic individuals obtain higher scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test than they do on the Wechsler IQ, in contrast to relatively similar performance on both tests in non-autistic individuals. However, the cerebral processes underlying these differences are not well understood. This study investigated whether activity in the fluid “reasoning” network, which includes frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, is differently modulated by task complexity in autistic and non-autistic individuals during the RSPM. In this purpose, we used fMRI to study autistic and non-autistic participants solving the 60 RSPM problems focussing on regions and networks involved in reasoning complexity. As complexity increased, activity in the left superior occipital gyrus and the left middle occipital gyrus increased for autistic participants, whereas non-autistic participants showed increased activity in the left middle frontal gyrus and bilateral precuneus. Using psychophysiological interaction analyses (PPI), we then verified in which regions did functional connectivity increase as a function of reasoning complexity. PPI analyses revealed greater connectivity in autistic, compared to non-autistic participants, between the left inferior occipital gyrus and areas in the left superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobe, right middle occipital gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus. We also observed generally less modulation of the reasoning network as complexity increased in autistic participants. These results suggest that autistic individuals, when confronted with increasing task complexity, rely mainly on visuospatial processes when solving more complex matrices. In addition to the now well-established enhanced activity observed in visual areas in a range of tasks, these results suggest that the enhanced reliance on visual perception has a central role in autistic cognition. Reasoning network is less modulated by problem complexity in autism. Autistic individuals rely more extensively on visuospatial processes to solve complex problems. Results support the central role of visual perception in autistic cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Simard
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada ; Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7401, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3M5, Canada
| | - David Luck
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7401, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3M5, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, Faculté de Medicine, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurent Mottron
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7401, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3M5, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, Faculté de Medicine, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas A Zeffiro
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Psychiatry, Rm 2651, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Isabelle Soulières
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7401, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3M5, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
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Basten U, Hilger K, Fiebach CJ. Where smart brains are different: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional and structural brain imaging studies on intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Neural effects of short-term training on working memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:147-60. [PMID: 24496717 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Working memory training has been the focus of intense research interest. Despite accumulating behavioral work, knowledge about the neural mechanisms underlying training effects is scarce. Here, we show that 7 days of training on an n-back task led to substantial performance improvements in the trained task; furthermore, the experimental group showed cross-modal transfer, as compared with an active control group. In addition, there were two neural effects that emerged as a function of training: first, increased perfusion during task performance in selected regions, reflecting a neural response to cope with high task demand; second, increased blood flow at rest in regions where training effects were apparent. We also found that perfusion at rest was correlated with task proficiency, probably reflecting an improved neural readiness to perform. Our findings are discussed within the context of the available neuroimaging literature on n-back training.
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Modafinil alters intrinsic functional connectivity of the right posterior insula: a pharmacological resting state fMRI study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107145. [PMID: 25237810 PMCID: PMC4169531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modafinil is employed for the treatment of narcolepsy and has also been, off-label, used to treat cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. In a previous study, we have reported that single dose administration of modafinil in healthy young subjects enhances fluid reasoning and affects resting state activity in the Fronto Parietal Control (FPC) and Dorsal Attention (DAN) networks. No changes were found in the Salience Network (SN), a surprising result as the network is involved in the modulation of emotional and fluid reasoning. The insula is crucial hub of the SN and functionally divided in anterior and posterior subregions. Methodology Using a seed-based approach, we have now analyzed effects of modafinil on the functional connectivity (FC) of insular subregions. Principal Findings Analysis of FC with resting state fMRI (rs-FMRI) revealed increased FC between the right posterior insula and the putamen, the superior frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate cortex in the modafinil-treated group. Conclusions Modafinil is considered a putative cognitive enhancer. The rs-fMRI modifications that we have found are consistent with the drug cognitive enhancing properties and indicate subregional targets of action. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01684306
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Dumontheil I. Development of abstract thinking during childhood and adolescence: the role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:57-76. [PMID: 25173960 PMCID: PMC6987955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) supports self-generated, abstract thought processing. Flexibly attending towards and processing abstract thoughts develop in adolescence. RPFC activation becomes more specific to relational integration during development. Prospective memory development remains to be further studied using neuroimaging. Training of abstract thinking, e.g. reasoning, may have implication for education.
Rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) has increased in size and changed in terms of its cellular organisation during primate evolution. In parallel emerged the ability to detach oneself from the immediate environment to process abstract thoughts and solve problems and to understand other individuals’ thoughts and intentions. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is thought to play an important role in supporting the integration of abstract, often self-generated, thoughts. Thoughts can be temporally abstract and relate to long term goals, or past or future events, or relationally abstract and focus on the relationships between representations rather than simple stimulus features. Behavioural studies have provided evidence of a prolonged development of the cognitive functions associated with RLPFC, in particular logical and relational reasoning, but also episodic memory retrieval and prospective memory. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies provide further support for a prolonged development of RLPFC during adolescence, with some evidence of increased specialisation of RLPFC activation for relational integration and aspects of episodic memory retrieval. Topics for future research will be discussed, such as the role of medial RPFC in processing abstract thoughts in the social domain, the possibility of training abstract thinking in the domain of reasoning, and links to education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iroise Dumontheil
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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Al-Adawi S, Braidy N, Essa M, Al-Azri F, Hussain S, Al-Sibani N, Al-Khabouri J, Al-Asmi A, Al-Mashani A. Cognitive profiles in patients with multi-infarct dementia: an omani study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:271-82. [PMID: 25202321 PMCID: PMC4154192 DOI: 10.1159/000363621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on neurocognitive impairment among patients presenting with multi-infarct dementia (MID) have received little attention from non-Western societies, and the Arab world is no exception. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize neurocognitive, affective and vegetative functioning in patients with MID in Oman. Methods In this study, we recruited 20 Omani patients presenting with MID and age- and gender-matched controls at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Behavioral Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. In addition to the collection of clinical and demographic information, various cognitive batteries were administered to the consenting participants, including those indexing nonverbal reasoning abilities, working memory (attention, concentration and recall) and executive functioning. Questionnaires that elicit the affective range and the quality of sleep were also administered. Results Compared with the matched healthy subjects, the patients diagnosed with MID significantly differed in the presently operationalized indices of visuospatial function, semantic memory and affective and vegetative functioning. In contrast, episodic memory and some attentional capacities were not significantly different compared with the control subjects. Conclusions The present study was explorative and clinically designed to describe neurocognitive functioning in patients with MID seeking consultation at a tertiary care center in Oman. Our data are necessary for planning and setting up community services and health care programs for demented patients in a society where dementia is a growing silent epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Musthafa Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Faisal Al-Azri
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Hussain
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nasser Al-Sibani
- Al-Masara Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jabar Al-Khabouri
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Saggino A, Pezzuti L, Tommasi M, Cianci L, Colom R, Orsini A. Null sex differences in general intelligence among elderly. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Electrophysiological indices of interference resolution covary with individual fluid intelligence: investigating reactive control processes in a 3-back working memory task. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 1:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Simos PG, Rezaie R, Papanicolaou AC, Fletcher JM. Does IQ affect the functional brain network involved in pseudoword reading in students with reading disability? A magnetoencephalography study. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 7:932. [PMID: 24409136 PMCID: PMC3884211 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined whether individual differences in performance and verbal IQ affect the profiles of reading-related regional brain activation in 127 students experiencing reading difficulties and typical readers. Using magnetoencephalography in a pseudoword read-aloud task, we compared brain activation profiles of students experiencing word-level reading difficulties who did (n = 29) or did not (n = 36) meet the IQ-reading achievement discrepancy criterion. Typical readers assigned to a lower-IQ (n = 18) or a higher IQ (n = 44) subgroup served as controls. Minimum norm estimates of regional cortical activity revealed that the degree of hypoactivation in the left superior temporal and supramarginal gyri in both RD subgroups was not affected by IQ. Moreover, IQ did not moderate the positive association between degree of activation in the left fusiform gyrus and phonological decoding ability. We did find, however, that the hypoactivation of the left pars opercularis in RD was restricted to lower-IQ participants. In accordance with previous morphometric and fMRI studies, degree of activity in inferior frontal, and inferior parietal regions correlated with IQ across reading ability subgroups. Results are consistent with current views questioning the relevance of IQ-discrepancy criteria in the diagnosis of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Simos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Crete Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | - Roozbeh Rezaie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA ; Neuroscience Institute-Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew C Papanicolaou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA ; Neuroscience Institute-Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jack M Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston Houston, TX, USA
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A spiking neural model applied to the study of human performance and cognitive decline on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Strenziok M, Greenwood PM, Santa Cruz SA, Thompson JC, Parasuraman R. Differential contributions of dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal white matter tracts to cognitive control in healthy older adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81410. [PMID: 24312550 PMCID: PMC3846728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex mediates cognitive control by means of circuitry organized along dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal axes. Along the dorso-ventral axis, ventrolateral PFC controls semantic information, whereas dorsolateral PFC encodes task rules. Along the rostro-caudal axis, anterior prefrontal cortex encodes complex rules and relationships between stimuli, whereas posterior prefrontal cortex encodes simple relationships between stimuli and behavior. Evidence of these gradients of prefrontal cortex organization has been well documented in fMRI studies, but their functional correlates have not been examined with regard to integrity of underlying white matter tracts. We hypothesized that (a) the integrity of specific white matter tracts is related to cognitive functioning in a manner consistent with the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal organization of the prefrontal cortex, and (b) this would be particularly evident in healthy older adults. We assessed three cognitive processes that recruit the prefrontal cortex and can distinguish white matter tracts along the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal dimensions -episodic memory, working memory, and reasoning. Correlations between cognition and fractional anisotropy as well as fiber tractography revealed: (a) Episodic memory was related to ventral prefrontal cortex-thalamo-hippocampal fiber integrity; (b) Working memory was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and (c) Reasoning was related to integrity of corpus callosum body fibers subserving rostral and caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings confirm the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex's role in semantic control and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's role in rule-based processing, in accordance with the dorso-ventral prefrontal cortex gradient. Reasoning-related rostral and caudal superior frontal white matter may facilitate different levels of task rule complexity. This study is the first to demonstrate dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal prefrontal cortex processing gradients in white matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Strenziok
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Greenwood
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sophia A. Santa Cruz
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James C. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Bagga D, Singh N, Singh S, Modi S, Kumar P, Bhattacharya D, Garg ML, Khushu S. Assessment of abstract reasoning abilities in alcohol-dependent subjects: an fMRI study. Neuroradiology 2013; 56:69-77. [PMID: 24221533 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-013-1281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic alcohol abuse has been traditionally associated with impaired cognitive abilities. The deficits are most evident in higher order cognitive functions, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving and visuospatial processing. The present study sought to increase current understanding of the neuropsychological basis of poor abstract reasoning abilities in alcohol-dependent subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS An abstract reasoning task-based fMRI study was carried out on alcohol-dependent subjects (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 18) to examine neural activation pattern. The study was carried out using a 3-T whole-body magnetic resonance scanner. Preprocessing and post processing was performed using SPM 8 software. RESULTS Behavioral data indicated that alcohol-dependent subjects took more time than controls for performing the task but there was no significant difference in their response accuracy. Analysis of the fMRI data indicated that for solving abstract reasoning-based problems, alcohol-dependent subjects showed enhanced right frontoparietal neural activation involving inferior frontal gyrus, post central gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and occipito-temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The extensive activation observed in alcohol dependents as compared to controls suggests that alcohol dependents recruit additional brain areas to meet the behavioral demands for equivalent task performance. The results are consistent with previous fMRI studies suggesting decreased neural efficiency of relevant brain networks or compensatory mechanisms for the execution of task for showing an equivalent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bagga
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Intelligence is differentially related to neural effort in the task-positive and the task-negative brain network. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huepe D, Salas N. Fluid intelligence, social cognition, and perspective changing abilities as pointers of psychosocial adaptation. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:287. [PMID: 23785329 PMCID: PMC3684846 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Huepe
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago de Chile
| | - Natalia Salas
- Faculty of Education, Cognitive Development Center, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago de Chile
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Woolgar A, Bor D, Duncan J. Global increase in task-related fronto-parietal activity after focal frontal lobe lesion. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1542-52. [PMID: 23767925 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A critical question for neuropsychology is how complex brain networks react to damage. Here, we address this question for the well-known executive control or multiple-demand (MD) system, a fronto-parietal network showing increased activity with many different kinds of cognitive demand, including standard tests of fluid intelligence. Using fMRI, we ask how focal frontal lobe damage affects MD activity during a standard fluid intelligence task. Despite poor behavioral performance, frontal patients showed increased fronto-parietal activity relative to controls. The activation difference was not accounted for by difference in IQ. Moreover, rather than specific focus on perilesional or contralesional cortex, additional recruitment was distributed throughout the MD regions and surrounding cortex and included parietal MD regions distant from the injury. The data suggest that, following local frontal lobe damage, there is a global compensatory recruitment of an adaptive and integrated fronto-parietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Woolgar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2109.
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Kafouri S, Kramer M, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike B, Richer L, Toro R, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T. Breastfeeding and brain structure in adolescence. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 42:150-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ebisch SJ, Perrucci MG, Mercuri P, Romanelli R, Mantini D, Romani GL, Colom R, Saggino A. Common and unique neuro-functional basis of induction, visualization, and spatial relationships as cognitive components of fluid intelligence. Neuroimage 2012; 62:331-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Shokri-Kojori E, Motes MA, Rypma B, Krawczyk DC. The network architecture of cortical processing in visuo-spatial reasoning. Sci Rep 2012; 2:411. [PMID: 22624092 PMCID: PMC3355370 DOI: 10.1038/srep00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasoning processes have been closely associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC), but specifically emerge from interactions among networks of brain regions. Yet it remains a challenge to integrate these brain-wide interactions in identifying the flow of processing emerging from sensory brain regions to abstract processing regions, particularly within PFC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while participants performed a visuo-spatial reasoning task. We found increasing involvement of occipital and parietal regions together with caudal-rostral recruitment of PFC as stimulus dimensions increased. Brain-wide connectivity analysis revealed that interactions between primary visual and parietal regions predominantly influenced activity in frontal lobes. Caudal-to-rostral influences were found within left-PFC. Right-PFC showed evidence of rostral-to-caudal connectivity in addition to relatively independent influences from occipito-parietal cortices. In the context of hierarchical views of PFC organization, our results suggest that a caudal-to-rostral flow of processing may emerge within PFC in reasoning tasks with minimal top-down deductive requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235-7205, USA.
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Yuan Z, Qin W, Wang D, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Yu C. The salience network contributes to an individual's fluid reasoning capacity. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Semrud-Clikeman M. The Role of Inattention on Academics, Fluid Reasoning, and Visual–Spatial Functioning in Two Subtypes of ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2012; 1:18-29. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2012.665766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Perfetti B, Tesse M, Varanese S, Saggino A, Onofrj M. Irrelevant features of a stimulus can either facilitate or disrupt performance in a working memory task: the role of fluid intelligence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26249. [PMID: 22022580 PMCID: PMC3194836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that fluid intelligence (gf) is fundamental to overcome interference due to information of a previously encoded item along a task-relevant domain. However, the biasing effect of task-irrelevant dimensions is still unclear as well as its relation with gf. The present study aimed at clarifying these issues. Gf was assessed in 60 healthy subjects. In a different session, the same subjects performed two versions (letter-detection and spatial) of a three-back working memory task with a set of physically identical stimuli (letters) presented at different locations on the screen. In the letter-detection task, volunteers were asked to match stimuli on the basis of their identity whereas, in the spatial task, they were required to match items on their locations. Cross-domain bias was manipulated by pseudorandomly inserting a match between the current and the three back items on the irrelevant domain. Our findings showed that a task-irrelevant feature of a salient stimulus can actually bias the ongoing performance. We revealed that, at trials in which the current and the three-back items matched on the irrelevant domain, group accuracy was lower (interference). On the other hand, at trials in which the two items matched on both the relevant and irrelevant domains, the group showed an enhancement of the performance (facilitation). Furthermore, we demonstrated that individual differences in fluid intelligence covaries with the ability to override cross-domain interference in that higher gf subjects showed better performance at interference trials than low gf subjects. Altogether, our findings suggest that stimulus features irrelevant to the task can affect cognitive performance along the relevant domain and that gf plays an important role in protecting relevant memory contents from the hampering effect of such a bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Perfetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sophie Davis School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Fluid intelligence and psychosocial outcome: from logical problem solving to social adaptation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24858. [PMID: 21957464 PMCID: PMC3177863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While fluid intelligence has proved to be central to executive functioning, logical reasoning and other frontal functions, the role of this ability in psychosocial adaptation has not been well characterized. Methodology/Principal Findings A random-probabilistic sample of 2370 secondary school students completed measures of fluid intelligence (Raven's Progressive Matrices, RPM) and several measures of psychological adaptation: bullying (Delaware Bullying Questionnaire), domestic abuse of adolescents (Conflict Tactic Scale), drug intake (ONUDD), self-esteem (Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale) and the Perceived Mental Health Scale (Spanish adaptation). Lower fluid intelligence scores were associated with physical violence, both in the role of victim and victimizer. Drug intake, especially cannabis, cocaine and inhalants and lower self-esteem were also associated with lower fluid intelligence. Finally, scores on the perceived mental health assessment were better when fluid intelligence scores were higher. Conclusions/Significance Our results show evidence of a strong association between psychosocial adaptation and fluid intelligence, suggesting that the latter is not only central to executive functioning but also forms part of a more general capacity for adaptation to social contexts.
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Xu J, Potenza MN. White matter integrity and five-factor personality measures in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2011; 59:800-7. [PMID: 21840401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-factor model organizes personality traits into five factors: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Measures of these personality traits predict people's behaviors and important outcomes of their lives. Therefore, understanding the neural correlates of these personality traits is important. This study assessed the relationships between white matter (WM) integrity and personality traits among 51 healthy participants using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Neuroticism correlated positively while Openness and Agreeableness correlated negatively with DTI mean diffusivity (MD) in the corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus, tracts that interconnect prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex, and subcortical structures. Furthermore, Neuroticism correlated positively with MD in the anterior cingulum and uncinate fasciculus, tracts interconnecting PFC and amygdala. Openness correlated negatively with MD of WM adjacent to the dorsolateral PFC in both hemispheres. These findings suggest that greater Neuroticism associates with worse integrity of WM interconnecting extensive cortical and subcortical structures including the PFC and amygdala and that greater Openness associates with better integrity of WM interconnecting extensive cortical and subcortical structures including the dorsolateral PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Desco M, Navas-Sanchez FJ, Sanchez-González J, Reig S, Robles O, Franco C, Guzmán-De-Villoria JA, García-Barreno P, Arango C. Mathematically gifted adolescents use more extensive and more bilateral areas of the fronto-parietal network than controls during executive functioning and fluid reasoning tasks. Neuroimage 2011; 57:281-292. [PMID: 21463696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the neural substrates of fluid reasoning and visuospatial working memory in adolescents with precocious mathematical ability. The study population comprised two groups of adolescents: 13 math-gifted adolescents and 14 controls with average mathematical skills. Patterns of activation specific to reasoning tasks in math-gifted subjects were examined using functional magnetic resonance images acquired while the subjects were performing Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and the Tower of London (TOL) tasks. During the tasks, both groups showed significant activations in the frontoparietal network. In the math-gifted group, clusters of activation were always bilateral and more regions were recruited, especially in the right hemisphere. In the TOL task, math-gifted adolescents showed significant hyper-activations relative to controls in the precuneus, superior occipital lobe (BA 19), and medial temporal lobe (BA 39). The maximum differences between the groups were detected during RAPM tasks at the highest level of difficulty, where math-gifted subjects showed significant activations relative to controls in the right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), anterior cingulated gyrus (BA 32), and frontal (BA 9, and BA 6) areas. Our results support the hypothesis that greater ability for complex mathematical reasoning may be related to more bilateral patterns of activation and that increased activation in the parietal and frontal regions of math-gifted adolescents is associated with enhanced skills in visuospatial processing and logical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Desco
- Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Navas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sanchez-González
- Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Philips Healthcare, Clinical Science, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Reig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olalla Robles
- Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Franco
- Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Guzmán-De-Villoria
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Diagnostic Radiology Dept, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro García-Barreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Royal Academy of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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