1
|
Ma M, Likhanov M, Zhou X. Number sense-arithmetic link in Grade 1 and Grade 2: A case of fluency. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 94:897-918. [PMID: 38802998 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggested fluent processing as an explanation on why number sense contributes to simple arithmetic tasks-'Fluency hypothesis'. AIMS The current study investigates whether number sense contributes to such arithmetic tasks when other cognitive factors are controlled for (including those that mediate the link); and whether this contribution varies as a function of participants' individual maths fluency levels. SAMPLE Four hundred and thirty-seven Chinese schoolchildren (186 females; Mage = 83.49 months) completed a range of cognitive measures in Grade 1 (no previous classroom training) and in Grade 2 (a year later). METHODS Number sense, arithmetic (addition and subtraction), spatial ability, visuo-spatial working memory, perception, reaction time, character reading and general intelligence were measured. RESULTS Our data showed that the link between number sense and arithmetic was weaker in Grade 1 (Beta = .15 for addition and .06 (ns) for subtraction) compared to Grade 2 (.23-.28), but still persisted in children with no previous maths training. Further, math's performance in Grade 1 did not affect the link between number sense and maths performance in Grade 2. CONCLUSION Our data extended previous findings by showing that number sense is linked with simple maths task performance even after controlling for multiple cognitive factors. Our results brought some evidence that number sense-arithmetic link is somewhat sensitive to previous formal maths education. Further research is needed, as the differences in effects between grades were quite small, and arithmetic in Grade 1 did not moderate the link at question in Grade 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kou JW, Fan LY, Chen HC, Chen SY, Hu X, Zhang K, Kovelman I, Chou TL. Neural substrates of L2-L1 transfer effects on phonological awareness in young Chinese-English bilingual children. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120592. [PMID: 38548037 PMCID: PMC11032115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing trend of bilingual education between Chinese and English has contributed to a rise in the number of early bilingual children, who were exposed to L2 prior to formal language instruction of L1. The L2-L1 transfer effect in an L1-dominant environment has been well established. However, the threshold of L2 proficiency at which such transfer manifests remains unclear. This study investigated the behavioral and neural processes involved when manipulating phonemes in an auditory phonological task to uncover the transfer effect in young bilingual children. Sixty-two first graders from elementary schools in Taiwan were recruited in this study (29 Chinese monolinguals, 33 Chinese-English bilinguals). The brain activity was measured using fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy). Bilingual children showed right lateralization to process Chinese and left lateralization to process English, which supports more on the accommodation effect within the framework of the assimilation-accommodation hypothesis. Also, compared to monolinguals, bilingual children showed more bilateral frontal activation in Chinese, potentially reflecting a mixed influence from L2-L1 transfer effects and increased cognitive load of bilingual exposure. These results elucidate the developmental adjustments in the neural substrates associated with early bilingual exposure in phonological processing, offering valuable insights into the bilingual learning process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Kou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Fan
- Department of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chin Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Yuan Chen
- Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaosu Hu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kehui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ioulia Kovelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Z, Li X, Qi G, Yang J, Sun H, Guo Q, Wu J, Xu M. Phonological properties of logographic words modulate brain activation in bilinguals: a comparative study of Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae150. [PMID: 38652552 PMCID: PMC11037275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain networks for the first (L1) and second (L2) languages are dynamically formed in the bilingual brain. This study delves into the neural mechanisms associated with logographic-logographic bilingualism, where both languages employ visually complex and conceptually rich logographic scripts. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we examined the brain activity of Chinese-Japanese bilinguals and Japanese-Chinese bilinguals as they engaged in rhyming tasks with Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Results showed that Japanese-Chinese bilinguals processed both languages using common brain areas, demonstrating an assimilation pattern, whereas Chinese-Japanese bilinguals recruited additional neural regions in the left lateral prefrontal cortex for processing Japanese Kanji, reflecting their accommodation to the higher phonological complexity of L2. In addition, Japanese speakers relied more on the phonological processing route, while Chinese speakers favored visual form analysis for both languages, indicating differing neural strategy preferences between the 2 bilingual groups. Moreover, multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that, despite the considerable neural overlap, each bilingual group formed distinguishable neural representations for each language. These findings highlight the brain's capacity for neural adaptability and specificity when processing complex logographic languages, enriching our understanding of the neural underpinnings supporting bilingual language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7186, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Geqi Qi
- Department of Psychology, College of Education Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, West College Road 235, Huhhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and System, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street No 5, Beijing 100811, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong J, Zhang W, Li A, Lee Y, Cai H, Jiang W, Yan H. Effects of short-term second language learning on the development of individual semantic networks in written and spoken language. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137558. [PMID: 38007086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily focused on the relationship between native language (L1) and second language (L2) in the brain, specifically in one language modality, such as written or spoken language. However, there is limited research on how L2 proficiency impacts both modalities. This study aimed to investigate the functional networks involved in reading and speech comprehension for both L1 and L2, and observe changes in these networks as L2 proficiency improves. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a previous research conducted by Gurunandan et al., which involved Spanish-English bilingual participants undergoing a three-month English training program. Participants underwent fMRI scanning and performed a semantic animacy judgment task in both spoken and written language before and after training. Through analysis, distinct neural networks associated with spoken and written language were found between individuals' L1 and L2, both before and after training. Moreover, as L2 proficiency improved, the spoken and written networks for L2 remained distinct from those of the L1. These findings suggest that short-term L2 learning experiences can modify neural networks, but may not be enough to achieve native-like proficiency, supporting the accommodation hypothesis. These results have important implications for language learning and education, indicating that additional short-term training and exposure alone may not bridge the gap between L1 and L2 processing networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aqian Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Lee
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China; Department of Linguistics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dang Q, Ma F, Yuan Q, Fu Y, Chen K, Zhang Z, Lu C, Guo T. Processing negative emotion in two languages of bilinguals: Accommodation and assimilation of the neural pathways based on a meta-analysis. Cereb Cortex 2023:7133665. [PMID: 37083264 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have examined the neural mechanisms of negative emotional words, but scarce evidence is available for the interactions among related brain regions from the functional brain connectivity perspective. Moreover, few studies have addressed the neural networks for negative word processing in bilinguals. To fill this gap, the current study examined the brain networks for processing negative words in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) with Chinese-English bilinguals. To identify objective indicators associated with negative word processing, we first conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis on contrasts between negative and neutral words (including 32 contrasts from 1589 participants) using the activation likelihood estimation method. Results showed that the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), the left amygdala, the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), and the left thalamus were involved in processing negative words. Next, these six clusters were used as regions of interest in effective connectivity analyses using extended unified structural equation modeling to pinpoint the brain networks for bilingual negative word processing. Brain network results revealed two pathways for negative word processing in L1: a dorsal pathway consisting of the left IFG, the left mPFC, and the left PCC, and a ventral pathway involving the left amygdala, the left ITG, and the left thalamus. We further investigated the similarity and difference between brain networks for negative word processing in L1 and L2. The findings revealed similarities in the dorsal pathway, as well as differences primarily in the ventral pathway, indicating both neural assimilation and accommodation across processing negative emotion in two languages of bilinguals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinpu Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fengyang Ma
- School of Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Qiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yongben Fu
- The Psychological Education and Counseling Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Keyue Chen
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Taomei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Li H, Zhang M, Wang Z, Ao X, Jian J, Wei N, Liu H, Ding G, Meng X. Functional preference of the left inferior parietal lobule to second language reading. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119989. [PMID: 36858331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional neural substance for reading in a second language has been reported by prior studies. However, to date, there has been little investigation into whether and how the brain's adaptation to a second language is induced by specific linguistic tasks or is a general effect during reading in a new language. To address this issue, our study investigated Chinese children learning English as a second language by combining cross-sectional and longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. We compared brain activation across four reading tasks, orthographic tasks and phonological tasks in Chinese (the first language, L1) and English (the second language, L2). By comparing the activation pattern across languages, we observed greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) in English compared to Chinese, suggesting a functional preference of the LIPL to L2. In addition, greater correlation between LIPL-related FC and L2 was mainly observed in the phonological task, indicating that LIPL could be associated with phonological processing. Moreover, a proportion of the children were enrolled in an 8-week phonological-based reading-training program. We observed significant functional plasticity of the LIPL elicited by this training program only in the English phonological task and not in the orthographic task, further substantiating that the additional requirements of the LIPL in L2 are mainly associated with phonological processing. The findings provide new insights into understanding the functional contribution of the LIPL to reading in a second language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hehui Li
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Human Communication, Development, and Information Sciences, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengke Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiya Ao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Jian
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PekingU-PolyU Center for Child Development and Learning, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Hu L, Qu J, Zhang S, Su X, Li A, Mei L. Neural similarities and differences between native and second languages in the bilateral fusiform cortex in Chinese-English bilinguals. Neuropsychologia 2023; 179:108464. [PMID: 36565993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the field of bilingualism, researchers have proposed an assimilation hypothesis that posits that bilinguals apply the neural network of their native language to process their second language. In Chinese-English bilinguals, the bilateral fusiform gyrus has been identified as the key brain region showing the assimilation process. Specifically, in contrast to left-lateralized activation in the fusiform gyrus in native English speakers, Chinese-English bilinguals recruit the bilateral fusiform cortex to process English words as they do in the processing of Chinese characters. Nevertheless, it is unclear which type of information processing is assimilated in the fusiform gyrus. Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, this study examined the differences in information representation and functional connectivity between both languages in the fusiform subregions in Chinese-English bilinguals. Univariate analysis revealed that both Chinese and English naming elicited strong activations in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, which confirmed the assimilation process at the activation intensity level. RSA indicated that the neural pattern of English phonological information was assimilated by Chinese in the anterior and middle right fusiform gyrus, while those of orthographic and visual form information were not. Further PPI analysis demonstrated that the neural representation of English phonological information in the right anterior fusiform subregion was related to its interaction with the frontotemporal areas for high-level linguistic processing, while the neural representation of English orthographic information in the right middle fusiform subregion was linked to its interaction with the left inferior occipital cortex for visual processing. These results suggest that, despite the recruitment of similar neural resources in one's native and second languages, the assimilation of information representation is limited in the bilateral fusiform cortex. Our results shed light on the neural mechanisms of second language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Su
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Likhanov M, Bogdanova O, Alenina E, Kolienko T, Kovas Y. No evidence of a positive effect of learning Chinese language as an L2 on spatial ability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1262. [PMID: 36690672 PMCID: PMC9871025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial ability (SA) was shown to be a robust predictor of success in various educational contexts, including STEM. Thus, ways to improve SA are of interest to educational psychology. There is some evidence that SA might be improved via learning character-based language, e.g. Chinese as a second language (CSL), however, the existing research is quite limited. The study aims to investigate an effect of CSL learning on SA in schoolchildren from Year 2 to Year 7. Current study employs a sample of Russian schoolchildren (N = 283), who learnt: English only, English and Spanish; or English and Chinese. Participants completed Raven's progressive matrices and Mental rotation task at the age of 8 and again at the age of 14. Our data showed negligible group differences in the initial SA level at Year 2 (before learning second language). Similar negligible differences were found at Year 7. Regression analysis showed that SA was predicted by intelligence (Raven's) and gender but not language learnt at both ages. This pattern of results indicates that learning a Chinese as a second language is unlikely to affect SA. Further research is needed to investigate whether other factors, such as length, intensity and context of learning, moderate this link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Olga Bogdanova
- Psychology Department, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia Alenina
- Laboratory for Social and Cognitive Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kolienko
- Secondary School Number 43 of Primorski District, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
How Characters Are Learned Leaves Its Mark on the Neural Substrates of Chinese Reading. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0111-22.2022. [PMID: 36635247 PMCID: PMC9787807 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0111-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain functions differently as one learns to read may shed light on the controversial nature of the reading ability of human being. Logographic writing system such as Chinese has been found to rely on specialized neural substrates beyond the reading network of alphabetic languages. The ability to read in Chinese has also been proposed to rely on writing skills. However, it was unclear whether the learning-related alteration of neural responses was language specific or resulted from the more reliance on writing practice during acquisition. This study investigated whether the emergence of typical logographic-specific regions relied on learning by writing. We taught proficient alphabetic language readers Chinese characters and used pre-test and post-test to identify changes in two critical stages of reading, namely, orthographic processing and orthographic-to-phonological mapping. Two typical left hemispheric areas for logographic reading showed increased responses to characters in the brains of proficient alphabetic readers after learning, regardless of whether the learning strategy involved writing practice. Moreover, learning strategy modulated the response magnitude or multivoxel patterns in the left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus, some of which were task dependent. The findings corroborated a limited role of writing in the emergence of logographic-specific reading network and suggested the heterogeneous nature of different brain regions in this network.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li H, Wu J, Marks RA, Huang H, Li L, Dong L, Luo YJ, Tao W, Ding G. Functional mapping and cooperation between the cerebellum and cerebrum during word reading. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5175-5190. [PMID: 35213687 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple areas in the cerebellum have been reported to be engaged in reading. However, how these regions cooperate with the reading-related areas in the cerebrum remains unclear. Here, brain images of fifty-two adults were acquired via functional magnetic resonance imaging. By comparing the cerebellar activation across three localization tasks targeting orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing, we first identified three different reading-related areas in the cerebellum, biased toward orthography, phonology, and semantics, respectively. Then, functional connectivity (FC) analyses demonstrated that the mean FC between functionally corresponding areas across the cerebrum and cerebellum was greater than that between noncorresponding areas during silent word reading. FC patterns of functionally corresponding areas could significantly predict reading speed, with the FC driven from orthographic and semantic areas contributing the most. Effective FC analyses further showed that orthographic and semantic areas in the cerebellum had selective and direct connectivity to areas in the cerebrum with similar functional specificity. These results suggest that reading-related areas vary in their functions to reading, and cooperation between areas with corresponding functions was greater than that between noncorresponding areas. These findings emphasize the importance of functional cooperation between the cerebrum and cerebellum during reading from a new perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hehui Li
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Rebecca A Marks
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Huiya Huang
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China.,College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, P.R. China
| | - Wuhai Tao
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng T, Chen C, Guo J. First language translation involvement in second language word processing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:986450. [PMID: 36160538 PMCID: PMC9493259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on bilingual word processing have demonstrated that the two languages in a mental lexicon can be parallelly activated. However, it is under discussion whether the activated, non-target language gets involved in the target language. The present study aimed to investigate the role of the first language (L1, the non-target one) translation in the second language (L2, the target one) word processing. The tasks of semantic relatedness judgment and lexical decision were both adopted, to explore the relation of the possible L1 involvement and the task demand. Besides, bilinguals with relatively higher and lower L2 proficiency were recruited, to clarify the potential influence of L2 proficiency. Results showed that the manipulation of L1 translation exerted an influence on bilinguals' task performances, indicating that L1 translation was involved, but did not just serve as a by-product when bilinguals were processing L2 words. And about the influence of L2 proficiency, the higher proficiency bilinguals performed better than the lower proficiency ones when the L1 translations could be taken advantage of, indicating a better access to L1 translation in L2 word processing, as bilinguals' L2 proficiency increased. As for the task demands, the L1 translation was partially involved in Experiment 1 while a full involvement was observed in Experiment 2, suggesting a differed depth of L1 translation involvement, if the task demands allowed. The present study supplemented the previous ones due to its participants (the intermediate bilinguals) and tasks (the tasks of semantic relatedness judgment and lexical decision); besides, it provided an interesting view into interpreting the "task schema" of the BIA+ model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tu L, Zhou F, Omata K, Li W, Huang R, Gao W, Zhu Z, Li Y, Liu C, Mao M, Zhang S, Hanakawa T. Increased Gray Matter Volume Induced by Chinese Language Acquisition in Adult Alphabetic Language Speakers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:824219. [PMID: 35548546 PMCID: PMC9084625 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is interesting to explore the effects of second language (L2) acquisition on anatomical change in brain at different stages for the neural structural adaptations are dynamic. Short-term Chinese training effects on brain anatomical structures in alphabetic language speakers have been already studied. However, little is known about the adaptations of the gray matter induced by acquiring Chinese language for a relatively long learning period in adult alphabetic language speakers. To explore this issue, we recruited 38 Indian overseas students in China as our subjects. The learned group included 17 participants who had learned Mandarin Chinese for an average of 3.24 years and achieved intermediate Chinese language proficiency. The control group included 21 subjects who had no knowledge about Chinese. None of the participants had any experience in learning logographic and tonal language before Chinese learning. We found that (1) the learned group had significantly greater gray matter volume (GMV) in the left lingual gyrus (LG) compared with the control group; (2) the Chinese characters’ reading accuracy was significantly and positively correlated to the GMV in the left LG and fusiform gyrus (FG) across the two groups; and (3) in the learned group, the duration of Chinese learning was significantly and positively correlated with the GMV in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) after correction for multiple comparisons with small volume corrections. Our structural imaging findings are in line with the functional imaging studies reporting increased brain activation induced by Chinese acquisition in alphabetic language speakers. The regional gray matter changes reflected the additional requirements imposed by the more difficult processing of Chinese characters and tones. The present study also show that the biological bases of the adaptations induced by a relatively long period of Chinese learning were limited in the common areas for first and foreign language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tu
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Wendi Li
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhu
- Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- South China Business Trade College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li A, Yang R, Qu J, Dong J, Gu L, Mei L. Neural representation of phonological information during Chinese character reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4013-4029. [PMID: 35545935 PMCID: PMC9374885 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that phonological processing of Chinese characters elicited activation in the left prefrontal cortex, bilateral parietal cortex, and occipitotemporal regions. However, it is controversial what role the left middle frontal gyrus plays in Chinese character reading, and whether the core regions (e.g., the left superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus) for phonological processing of alphabetic languages are also involved in Chinese character reading. To address these questions, the present study used both univariate and multivariate analysis (i.e., representational similarity analysis, RSA) to explore neural representations of phonological information during Chinese character reading. Participants were scanned while performing a reading aloud task. Univariate activation analysis revealed a widely distributed network for word reading, including the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, lateral temporal cortex, and occipitotemporal cortex. More importantly, RSA showed that the left prefrontal (i.e., the left middle frontal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus) and bilateral occipitotemporal areas (i.e., the left inferior and middle temporal gyrus and bilateral fusiform gyrus) represented phonological information of Chinese characters. These results confirmed the importance of the left middle frontal gyrus and regions in ventral pathway in representing phonological information of Chinese characters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqian Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lala Gu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li H, Yuan Q, Luo YJ, Tao W. A new perspective for understanding the contributions of the cerebellum to reading: The cerebro-cerebellar mapping hypothesis. Neuropsychologia 2022; 170:108231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Hirshorn EA, Harris LN. Culture is not destiny, for reading: highlighting variable routes to literacy within writing systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1513:31-47. [PMID: 35313016 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-writing system research in psychology and cognitive neuroscience has yielded important findings regarding how a writing system's structure can influence the cognitive challenges of learning to read and the neural underpinnings of literacy. The current paper reviews these differences and extends the findings to demonstrate diversity in how skilled reading is accomplished within a single writing system, English. We argue that broad clusters of behavioral and neural patterns found across writing systems can also be found within subpopulations who display atypical routes to skilled English reading, subpopulations including Chinese-English bilinguals, deaf native signers, compensated readers, and distortion-sensitive readers. The patterns of interest include a tradeoff between the degree of reliance on phonological and morphological processing for skilled reading, a shift in attentional focus from smaller to larger orthographic units, and enhanced bilaterality of neural processing during word reading. Lastly, we consider how understanding atypical routes to reading may apply to other writing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay N Harris
- Department of Leadership, Educational Psychology and Foundations, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao Y, Meng X, Bai Z, Liu X, Zhang M, Li H, Ding G, Liu L, Booth JR. Left and Right Arcuate Fasciculi Are Uniquely Related to Word Reading Skills in Chinese-English Bilingual Children. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 3:109-131. [PMID: 37215330 PMCID: PMC10158580 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Whether reading in different writing systems recruits language-unique or language-universal neural processes is a long-standing debate. Many studies have shown the left arcuate fasciculus (AF) to be involved in phonological and reading processes. In contrast, little is known about the role of the right AF in reading, but some have suggested that it may play a role in visual spatial aspects of reading or the prosodic components of language. The right AF may be more important for reading in Chinese due to its logographic and tonal properties, but this hypothesis has yet to be tested. We recruited a group of Chinese-English bilingual children (8.2 to 12.0 years old) to explore the common and unique relation of reading skill in English and Chinese to fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral AF. We found that both English and Chinese reading skills were positively correlated with FA in the rostral part of the left AF-direct segment. Additionally, English reading skill was positively correlated with FA in the caudal part of the left AF-direct segment, which was also positively correlated with phonological awareness. In contrast, Chinese reading skill was positively correlated with FA in certain segments of the right AF, which was positively correlated with visual spatial ability, but not tone discrimination ability. Our results suggest that there are language universal substrates of reading across languages, but that certain left AF nodes support phonological mechanisms important for reading in English, whereas certain right AF nodes support visual spatial mechanisms important for reading in Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- PekingU-PolyU Center for Child Development and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - James R. Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The influence of orthographic depth on multilinguals' neural networks. Neuropsychologia 2022; 164:108095. [PMID: 34843750 PMCID: PMC8754173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orthographic depth, the consistency and complexity of grapheme-phoneme correspondence, influences brain activation in multilinguals’ first (L1) and second language (L2). The intrinsic functional connectivity of cross-language transfer was investigated between two groups of multilinguals, those whose L2 orthography is deeper than their L1 (S-to-D group) and those whose L2 orthography is shallower than their L1 (D-to-S group). Based on previous reports, we focused on two seed regions: the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) and the left posterior supramarginal gyrus (pSMG). Group comparisons revealed stronger connectivity for the D-to-S group between the left pSMG and the right precuneus/cuneal cortex and the right SMG/angular gyrus. Moreover, we found that the greater the linguistic orthographic distance—the less similar in orthographic depth two languages are—the greater the negative connectivity between the left pSMG and the right pSMG, middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and frontal pole, and a cluster that included the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis, frontal operculum, and insular cortex. When linguistic distance was greater, there was also greater negative connectivity between the VWFA and the left precuneus. Furthermore, stronger connectivity was found between the left pSMG and the right precuneus in multilinguals who spoke at least three languages (trilinguals) compared to those who only spoke two languages (bilinguals). Follow-up analyses revealed that this difference was driven by stronger intrinsic connectivity in D-to-S trilinguals compared to the S-to-D trilinguals. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that multilinguals’ intrinsic functional connectivity is shaped by the orthographic depth of their L2 in relation to L1, as well as differences between bilingualism and trilingualism.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cargnelutti E, Tomasino B, Fabbro F. Effects of Linguistic Distance on Second Language Brain Activations in Bilinguals: An Exploratory Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:744489. [PMID: 35069147 PMCID: PMC8770833 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.744489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this quantitative meta-analysis, we used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach to address the effects of linguistic distance between first (L1) and second (L2) languages on language-related brain activations. In particular, we investigated how L2-related networks may change in response to linguistic distance from L1. Thus, we examined L2 brain activations in two groups of participants with English as L2 and either (i) a European language (European group, n = 13 studies) or (ii) Chinese (Chinese group, n = 18 studies) as L1. We further explored the modulatory effect of age of appropriation (AoA) and proficiency of L2. We found that, irrespective of L1-L2 distance-and to an extent-irrespective of L2 proficiency, L2 recruits brain areas supporting higher-order cognitive functions (e.g., cognitive control), although with group-specific differences (e.g., the insula region in the European group and the frontal cortex in the Chinese group). The Chinese group also selectively activated the parietal lobe, but this did not occur in the subgroup with high L2 proficiency. These preliminary results highlight the relevance of linguistic distance and call for future research to generalize findings to other language pairs and shed further light on the interaction between linguistic distance, AoA, and proficiency of L2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cargnelutti
- Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Languages, Literature, Communication, Education, and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lai CH, Hsieh SK, Lee CL, Su LIW, Liu TH, Lu CR, Tsai IN, Chou TL. Neuro-Cognitive Differences in Semantic Processing Between Native Speakers and Proficient Learners of Mandarin Chinese. Front Psychol 2021; 12:781304. [PMID: 34867693 PMCID: PMC8637610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the neural mechanism underlying semantic processing in Mandarin Chinese adult learners, focusing on the learners who were Indo-European language speakers with advanced levels of proficiency in Mandarin Chinese. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging technique and a semantic judgment task to test 24 Mandarin Chinese adult learners (L2 group) and 26 Mandarin Chinese adult native speakers (L1 group) as a control group. In the task, participants were asked to indicate whether two-character pairs were related in meaning. Compared to the L1 group, the L2 group had greater activation in the bilateral occipital regions, including the fusiform gyrus and middle occipital gyrus, as well as the right superior parietal lobule. On the other hand, less activation in the bilateral temporal regions was found in the L2 group relative to the L1 group. Correlation analysis further revealed that, within the L2 group, increased activation in the left middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus (M/STG, BA 21) was correlated with higher accuracy in the semantic judgment task as well as better scores in the two vocabulary tests, the Assessment of Chinese character list for grade 3 to grade 9 (A39) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. In addition, functional connectivity analysis showed that connectivity strength between the left fusiform gyrus and left ventral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 47) was modulated by the accuracy in the semantic judgment task in the L1 group. By contrast, this modulation effect was weaker in the L2 group. Taken together, our study suggests that Mandarin Chinese adult learners rely on greater recruitment of the bilateral occipital regions to process orthographic information to access the meaning of Chinese characters. Also, our correlation results provide convergent evidence that the left M/STG (BA 21) plays a crucial role in the storage of semantic knowledge for readers to access to conceptual information. Moreover, the connectivity results indicate that the left ventral pathway (left fusiform gyrus-left ventral IFG) is associated with orthographic-semantic processing in Mandarin Chinese. However, this semantic-related ventral pathway might require more time and language experience to be developed, especially for the late adult learners of Mandarin Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ho Lai
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Kai Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lily I-Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsin Liu
- Graduate Program of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ni Tsai
- Graduate Program of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Abstract. This research provides a systematic overview of psychological areas using assimilation and accommodation to explain development and adaptation processes from 1998 to 2018. We primarily aimed to identify the main psychological research areas connected to assimilation and accommodation. We used assimilation and accommodation as keywords to extract data from SpringerLink, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES. Of 500 articles, 473 were included in the analysis. Ten categories were identified to allow systematization along with different research areas and development trajectories. The meanings of these terms were analyzed in terms of scientific impact, their connection to Piaget and Baldwin, application, and research methods. Our analysis has distilled the most driving and scientifically relevant approaches to assimilation and accommodation within psychological research, with the work of Baldwin and Piaget influencing practically all views. Thus, we have identified a common understanding of assimilation and accommodation, although the direction of the adaptation process should be made explicit in the future. Based on our analyses, we were able to identify white spots on the research map that should be focused on in future work: the need to better understand the interdependence and synchronicity of both processes, the connection to affects and emotions, and the potential co-research with artificial intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Department of Psychology, University of Primorska, Slovenia
| | - Jan Apschner
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zaharchuk HA, Karuza EA. Multilayer networks: An untapped tool for understanding bilingual neurocognition. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 220:104977. [PMID: 34166942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linguistic similarity is a term so broad and multi-faceted that it is not easily defined. The degree of overlap between languages is known to affect lexical competition during online processing and production, and its relevance for second language acquisition has also been established. Nevertheless, determining what makes two languages similar (or not) increases in complexity when multiple levels of the language hierarchy (e.g., phonology, syntax) are considered. How can we feasibly account for the patterns of convergence and divergence at each level of representation, as well as the interactions between them? The growing field of network science brings new methodologies to bear on this longstanding question. Below, we summarize current network science approaches to modeling language structure and discuss implications for understanding various linguistic processes. Critically, we stress the particular value of multilayer techniques, unique and powerful in their ability to simultaneously accommodate an array of node-to-node (or word-to-word) relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Zaharchuk
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Language Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Elisabeth A Karuza
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Language Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tu L, Niu M, Pan X, Hanakawa T, Liu X, Lu Z, Gao W, Ouyang D, Zhang M, Li S, Wang J, Jiang B, Huang R. Age of Acquisition of Mandarin Modulates Cortical Thickness in High-Proficient Cantonese-Mandarin Bidialectals. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2021; 50:723-736. [PMID: 32651840 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-020-09716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the onset age of second language acquisition (AoA-L2) can modulate brain structure of bilinguals. However, the underlying mechanism of anatomical plasticity induced by AoA-L2 is still a question in debate. In order to explore the issue, we recruited two groups of native Cantonese-Mandarin speakers, the early group began to speak in Mandarin at about 3.5 and the late group at about 6.5 years old. In addition, the early group had earlier experience in reading Chinese characters than the late group did. Through estimating the cortical thickness (CT), we found that (1) compared with the late group, the early group had thicker CT in the lateral occipital region, left middle temporal gyrus, and left parahippocampal region, which are all involved in visuospatial processing, probably reflecting the effect induced by the earlier or later experiences in processing the characters of Chinese for the two groups; and (2) compared with the late group, the early group had thicker CT in left superior parietal region, which is believed to be involved in language switching, maybe for the early group had the earlier experience in switching back and forth between Cantonese and Mandarin and therefore recruited the executive control network earlier. Our findings revealed the effects of the AoA-L2 in oral language acquisition as well as in written language acquisition as the main determinants of bilingual language structural representation in human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tu
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Niu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximin Pan
- Department of Radiology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Center for Translation Studies, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiya Li
- College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjing Wang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat Sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferreira RA, Vinson D, Dijkstra T, Vigliocco G. Word learning in two languages: Neural overlap and representational differences. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107703. [PMID: 33307100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural basis of newly learned words in Spanish as a mother tongue (L1) and English as a second language (L2). Participants acquired new names for real but unfamiliar concepts in both languages over the course of two days. On day 3, they completed a semantic categorization task during fMRI scanning. The results revealed largely overlapping brain regions for newly learned words in Spanish and English. However, Spanish showed a heightened BOLD response within prefrontal cortex (PFC), due to increased competition of existing lexical representations. In contrast, English displayed higher activity than Spanish within primary auditory cortex, which suggests increased phonological processing due to more irregular phonological-orthographic mappings. Overall, these results suggest that novel words are learned similarly in Spanish L1 and English L2, and that they are represented in largely overlapping brain regions. However, they differ in terms of cognitive control and phonological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ferreira
- Facultad de Educación, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David Vinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ton Dijkstra
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Vigliocco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu Y, Ma J, Cai L, Wang Z, Fan M, Chu J, Zhang Y, Li X. Brain Activity during Visual and Auditory Word Rhyming Tasks in Cantonese-Mandarin-English Trilinguals. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120936. [PMID: 33291662 PMCID: PMC7761916 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the brain activity during phonological processing of second languages (L2) is similar to that of the first language (L1) in trilingual individuals, especially when the L1 is logographic, and the L2s are logographic and alphabetic, respectively. To explore this issue, this study examined brain activity during visual and auditory word rhyming tasks in Cantonese–Mandarin–English trilinguals. Thirty Chinese college students whose L1 was Cantonese and L2s were Mandarin and English were recruited. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted while subjects performed visual and auditory word rhyming tasks in three languages (Cantonese, Mandarin, and English). The results revealed that in Cantonese–Mandarin–English trilinguals, whose L1 is logographic and the orthography of their L2 is the same as L1—i.e., Mandarin and Cantonese, which share the same set of Chinese characters—the brain regions for the phonological processing of L2 are different from those of L1; when the orthography of L2 is quite different from L1, i.e., English and Cantonese who belong to different writing systems, the brain regions for the phonological processing of L2 are similar to those of L1. A significant interaction effect was observed between language and modality in bilateral lingual gyri. Regions of interest (ROI) analysis at lingual gyri revealed greater activation of this region when using English than Cantonese and Mandarin in visual tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zengjian Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Miao Fan
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chu
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Children’s Health Care, National Center for Women and Children’s Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-3135-7869
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhattacharjee S, Kashyap R, O'Brien BA, McCloskey M, Oishi K, Desmond JE, Rapp B, Chen SHA. Reading proficiency influences the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence from selective modulation of dorsal and ventral pathways of reading in bilinguals. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 210:104850. [PMID: 32890855 PMCID: PMC8103814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION tDCS can modulate reading which is processed by lexical (ventral) and sub-lexical (dorsal) pathways. Previous research indicates that pathway recruitment in bilinguals depends on a script's orthographic depth and a reader's proficiency with it. The effect of tDCS on each reading pathway has not been investigated in bilinguals. We stimulated the left dorsal and ventral pathways separately in Chinese-English (C-E) bilinguals to understand whether pathway-specific modulation by tDCS is possible and, if so, how it is influenced by orthographic depth and script proficiency. METHODS A double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject experiment was designed wherein 16 balanced bilinguals received anodal tDCS in dorsal, ventral and sham sessions. Two tDCS montages of electrode sizes 5 × 5 cm2 with 1) anode at CP5 and cathode at CZ, and 2) anode at TP7 and cathode at nape of the neck, were applied for stimulating the dorsal and ventral pathways respectively. Bilinguals were asked to read word lists for each language before and after stimulation. RTs for accurate trials were analysed using linear mixed-effect modelling that included proficiency scores for reading English pseudo-words (PW) and Chinese pinyin. RESULTS For both languages, word reading RTs were faster following dorsal pathway stimulation. The dorsal stimulation effect (change in RT) was negatively correlated with pseudoword reading and pinyin proficiency. Stimulation of the ventral pathway decreased RTs only for Chinese reading. CONCLUSION Dorsal and ventral reading pathways can be selectively modulated by tDCS in bilingual readers with dorsal (sub-lexical) pathway stimulation affecting reading in both scripts and ventral (lexical) pathway stimulation selectively affecting Chinese reading. Dorsal pathway tDCS effects are modulated by sub-lexical reading proficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajan Kashyap
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Singapore
| | - Beth Ann O'Brien
- Centre for Research in Child Development (CRCD), National Institute of Education, Singapore
| | - Michael McCloskey
- Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - John E Desmond
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC Medicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ren Y, Xu Z, Lu S, Wang T, Yang W. Stimulus Specific to Age-Related Audio-Visual Integration in Discrimination Tasks. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520978419. [PMID: 33403096 PMCID: PMC7739091 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520978419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related audio-visual integration (AVI) has been investigated extensively; however, AVI ability is either enhanced or reduced with ageing, and this matter is still controversial because of the lack of systematic investigations. To remove possible variates, 26 older adults and 26 younger adults were recruited to conduct meaningless and semantic audio-visual discrimination tasks to assess the ageing effect of AVI systematically. The results for the mean response times showed a significantly faster response to the audio-visual (AV) target than that to the auditory (A) or visual (V) target and a significantly faster response to all targets by the younger adults than that by the older adults (A, V, and AV) in all conditions. In addition, a further comparison of the differences between the probability of audio-visual cumulative distributive functions (CDFs) and race model CDFs showed delayed AVI effects and a longer time window for AVI in older adults than that in younger adults in all conditions. The AVI effect was lower in older adults than that in younger adults during simple meaningless image discrimination (63.0 ms vs. 108.8 ms), but the findings were inverse during semantic image discrimination (310.3 ms vs. 127.2 ms). In addition, there was no significant difference between older and younger adults during semantic character discrimination (98.1 ms vs. 117.2 ms). These results suggested that AVI ability was impaired in older adults, but a compensatory mechanism was established for processing sematic audio-visual stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Ren
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Management, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Sa Lu
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Light and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Light Industry Technical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong J, Li A, Chen C, Qu J, Jiang N, Sun Y, Hu L, Mei L. Language distance in orthographic transparency affects cross-language pattern similarity between native and non-native languages. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:893-907. [PMID: 33112483 PMCID: PMC7856648 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How native and non-native languages are represented in the brain is one of the most important questions in neurolinguistics. Much research has found that the similarity in neural activity of native and non-native languages are influenced by factors such as age of acquisition, language proficiency, and language exposure in the non-native language. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the similarity between native and non-native languages in orthographic transparency, a key factor that affects the cognitive and neural mechanisms of phonological access, modulates the cross-language similarity in neural activation and which brain regions show the modulatory effects of language distance in orthographic transparency. To address these questions, the present study used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to precisely estimate the neural pattern similarity between native language and two non-native languages in Uyghur-Chinese-English trilinguals, whose third language (i.e., English) was more similar to the native language (i.e., Uyghur) in orthography than to their second language (i.e., Chinese). Behavioral results revealed that subjects responded faster to words in the non-native language with more similar orthography to their native language in the word naming task. More importantly, RSA revealed greater neural pattern similarity between Uyghur and English than between Uyghur and Chinese in select brain areas for phonological processing, especially in the left hemisphere. Further analysis confirmed that those brain regions represented phonological information. These results provide direct neuroimaging evidence for the modulatory effect of language distance in orthographic transparency on cross-language pattern similarity between native and non-native languages during word reading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Functional Dissociations of the Left Anterior and Posterior Occipitotemporal Cortex for Semantic and Non-semantic Phonological Access. Neuroscience 2020; 430:94-104. [PMID: 32032670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the ventral and dorsal brain regions that respectively support semantic and non-semantic phonological access. Nevertheless, the specific role of the left occipitotemporal cortex (lOTC) in the two pathways of phonological access is ambiguous. To address that question, the present study compared word reading in Chinese (presumably relying on the semantic pathway) with that in English (presumably relying on the non-semantic pathway). Results revealed a clear dissociation in the involvement of the anterior and posterior lOTC in semantic and non-semantic phonological access. Specifically, the anterior lOTC showed greater activation for Chinese than for English, whereas the posterior lOTC showed greater activation for English than for Chinese. More importantly, both psychophysiological interaction analysis and resting-state functional connectivity analysis showed that the anterior lOTC was functionally connected to the ventral brain regions (e.g., left anterior fusiform gyrus, anterior temporal lobe, and ventral inferior frontal gyrus), whereas the posterior lOTC was functionally connected to the dorsal brain regions (e.g., left posterior superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and dorsal inferior frontal gyrus). These results suggest that the anterior and posterior lOTC are involved in semantic and non-semantic phonological access, respectively.
Collapse
|
29
|
Functional lateralization of tool-sound and action-word processing in a bilingual brain. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2020.92718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
30
|
XIN X, LAN T, ZHANG Q. Assimilation mechanisms of phonological encoding in second language spoken production for English-Chinese bilinguals. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
31
|
Bartha-Doering L, Bonelli S. Epilepsy and Bilingualism. A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1235. [PMID: 31849811 PMCID: PMC6893901 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In patients with epilepsy, language abilities and neural language organization have been primarily investigated for the patient's mother tongue. However, in clinical practice, many patients use more than one language or use their second language more than their mother tongue. Yet, information about the linguistic profiles and brain organization of both languages in bilingual epilepsy patients is scarce. The purpose of this study was thus to systematically review the literature on language localization and language abilities in bilingual patients with epilepsy. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using various electronic databases, including Embase and Medline. Key aspects of inclusion criteria were the assessment of language abilities and/or the investigation of neural language mapping in bilingual patients with epilepsy. Results: Our search strategy yielded 155 articles on language in bilingual epilepsy patients. Of these, 12 met final eligibility criteria. The majority of included articles focused on brain mapping of language using fMRI, Wada-test, or electrocortical stimulation in bilingual epilepsy patients, five studies investigated interictal language abilities in this patient group. Study results showed a pronounced heterogeneity of language abilities in bilingual patients, varying from intact language profiles to impairment in several language functions in both languages. However, the mother tongue was most often better perserved than the second language. Furthermore, studies on brain mapping of both languages again revealed heterogeneous findings ranging from identical brain regions for both languages to overlapping, but more distributed cortical areas for the non-native language. Conclusions: This review underlines the need to evaluate linguistic abilities in both languages, as well as the necessity to preoperatively map both languages in bilingual epilepsy patients. In contrast to the large scientific interest in language abilities and language localization in monolingual epilepsy patients, this review shows that in bilingual patients, the examination of language functions and the identification of brain regions associated with both languages so far played a minor role in epilepsy research. Our review thus emphasizes the need of future research activities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bartha-Doering
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Bonelli
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
L1 Reading Experience Influences L2 Lexical Learning: Spanish Learning in Chinese Speakers and English Speakers. Neuroscience 2019; 416:255-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
33
|
Cross-Language Pattern Similarity in the Bilateral Fusiform Cortex Is Associated with Reading Proficiency in Second Language. Neuroscience 2019; 410:254-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Cargnelutti E, Tomasino B, Fabbro F. Language Brain Representation in Bilinguals With Different Age of Appropriation and Proficiency of the Second Language: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Imaging Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 31178707 PMCID: PMC6537025 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Language representation in the bilingual brain is the result of many factors, of which age of appropriation (AoA) and proficiency of the second language (L2) are probably the most studied. Many studies indeed compare early and late bilinguals, although it is not yet clear what the role of the so-called critical period in L2 appropriation is. In this study, we carried out coordinate-based meta-analyses to address this issue and to inspect the role of proficiency in addition to that of AoA. After the preliminary inspection of the early (also very early) and late bilinguals' language networks, we explored the specific activations associated with each language and compared them within and between the groups. Results confirmed that the L2 language brain representation was wider than that associated with L1. This was observed regardless of AoA, although differences were more relevant in the late bilinguals' group. In particular, L2 entailed a greater enrollment of the brain areas devoted to the executive functions, and this was also observed in proficient bilinguals. The early bilinguals displayed many activation clusters as well, which also included the areas involved in cognitive control. Interestingly, these regions activated even in L1 of both early and late bilingual groups, although less consistently. Overall, these findings suggest that bilinguals in general are constantly subjected to cognitive effort to monitor and regulate the language use, although early AoA and high proficiency are likely to reduce this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cargnelutti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, DILL, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- PERCRO Perceptual Robotics Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Sawada R, Kubota Y, Yoshimura S, Toichi M. Widespread and lateralized social brain activity for processing dynamic facial expressions. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3753-3768. [PMID: 31090126 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic facial expressions of emotions constitute natural and powerful means of social communication in daily life. A number of previous neuroimaging studies have explored the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of dynamic facial expressions, and indicated the activation of certain social brain regions (e.g., the amygdala) during such tasks. However, the activated brain regions were inconsistent across studies, and their laterality was rarely evaluated. To investigate these issues, we measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a relatively large sample (n = 51) during the observation of dynamic facial expressions of anger and happiness and their corresponding dynamic mosaic images. The observation of dynamic facial expressions, compared with dynamic mosaics, elicited stronger activity in the bilateral posterior cortices, including the inferior occipital gyri, fusiform gyri, and superior temporal sulci. The dynamic facial expressions also activated bilateral limbic regions, including the amygdalae and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, more strongly versus mosaics. In the same manner, activation was found in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left cerebellum. Laterality analyses comparing original and flipped images revealed right hemispheric dominance in the superior temporal sulcus and IFG and left hemispheric dominance in the cerebellum. These results indicated that the neural mechanisms underlying processing of dynamic facial expressions include widespread social brain regions associated with perceptual, emotional, and motor functions, and include a clearly lateralized (right cortical and left cerebellar) network like that involved in language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shota Uono
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Sawada
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubota
- Health and Medical Services Center, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brice H, Mencl WE, Frost SJ, Bick AS, Rueckl JG, Pugh KR, Frost R. Neurobiological signatures of L2 proficiency: Evidence from a bi-directional cross-linguistic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2019; 50:7-16. [PMID: 30976136 PMCID: PMC6452641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that convergence of print and speech processing across a network of primarily left-hemisphere regions of the brain is a predictor of future reading skills in children, and a marker of fluent reading ability in adults. The present study extends these findings into the domain of second-language (L2) literacy, through brain imaging data of English and Hebrew L2 learners. Participants received an fMRI brain scan, while performing a semantic judgement task on spoken and written words and pseudowords in both their L1 and L2, alongside a battery of L1 and L2 behavioural measures. Imaging results show, overall, show a similar network of activation for reading across the two languages, alongside significant convergence of print and speech processing across a network of left-hemisphere regions in both L1 and L2 and in both cohorts. Importantly, convergence is greater for L1 in occipito-temporal regions tied to automatic skilled reading processes including the visual word-form area, but greater for L2 in frontal regions of the reading network, tied to more effortful, active processing. The main groupwise brain effects tell a similar story, with greater L2 than L1 activation across frontal, temporal and parietal regions, but greater L1 than L2 activation in parieto-occipital regions tied to automatic mapping processes in skilled reading. These results provide evidence for the shifting of the reading networks towards more automatic processing as reading proficiency rises and the mappings and statistics of the new orthography are learned and incorporated into the reading system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atira Sara Bick
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jay G. Rueckl
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
| | - Kenneth R. Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
- Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ram Frost
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- Basque Centre on Cognition Brain and Language, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Word inversion sensitivity as a marker of visual word form area lateralization: An application of a novel multivariate measure of laterality. Neuroimage 2019; 191:493-502. [PMID: 30807821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An area within the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC), the "visual word form area" (VWFA), typically exhibits a strongly left-lateralized response to orthographic stimuli in skilled readers. While individual variation in VWFA lateralization has been observed, the behavioral significance of laterality differences remains unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that differences in VWFA lateralization reflect differing preferences for holistic orthographic analysis. To examine this hypothesis, we implemented a new multivariate method that uses machine learning to assess functional lateralization, along with a traditional univariate lateralization method. We related these neural metrics to behavioral indices of holistic orthographic analysis (inversion sensitivity). The multivariate measure successfully detected the lateralization of orthographic processing in the VWFA, and as hypothesized, predicted behavioral differences in holistic orthographic analysis. An exploratory whole brain analysis identified further regions with a relationship between inversion sensitivity and lateralization: one near the junction of the inferior frontal and precentral sulci, and another along the superior temporal gyrus. We conclude that proficient native readers of English exhibit differences in cortical lateralization of the VWFA that have significant implications for reading behavior.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang C, Yang Z, Cao F, Liu L, Tao S. Letter-sound integration in native Chinese speakers learning English: Brain fails in automatic responses but succeeds with more attention. Cogn Neurosci 2018; 10:100-116. [PMID: 30270811 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2018.1529665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Both native language background and second-language proficiency may shape brain responses to a second language. Using cross-modal mismatch negativity (MMN) (pre-attentive processing) and audiovisual P300 (attentive processing) paradigms, this study examined how native Chinese speakers with various second-language proficiency responded to English letter-sound integration and what role visual attention may play in this process. The results indicated that native Chinese speakers failed to integrate letters and sounds in pre-attentive stage of reading, regardless of their English proficiency level, in contrast to the successful letter-sound integration shown by native English speakers. With more explicit visual attention resources, native Chinese speakers integrated English letters and sounds just as successfully as native English speakers did. These findings suggest that native language background may exert profound constraints on automatic brain responses to a second language, and attention may help the brain overcome these constraints and respond as required by the second language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhen Yang
- b Department of Psychology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fan Cao
- c Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,d School of Humanities and Social Science , the Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen , China
| | - Li Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Sha Tao
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li H, Qu J, Chen C, Chen Y, Xue G, Zhang L, Lu C, Mei L. Lexical learning in a new language leads to neural pattern similarity with word reading in native language. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:98-109. [PMID: 30136328 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested similar neural activations for word reading in native and second languages. However, such similarities were qualitatively determined (i.e., overlapping activation based on traditional univariate activation analysis). In this study, using representational similarity analysis and an artificial language training paradigm, we quantitatively computed cross-language neural pattern similarity to examine the modulatory effect of proficiency in the new language. Twenty-four native Chinese speakers were trained to learn 30 words in a logographic artificial language for 12 days and scanned while performing a semantic decision task after 4-day training and after 12-day training. Results showed that higher proficiency in the new language was associated with higher cross-language pattern similarity in select regions of the reading network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengrou Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim SY, Liu L, Cao F. How does first language (L1) influence second language (L2) reading in the brain? Evidence from Korean-English and Chinese-English bilinguals. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:1-13. [PMID: 28437658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine how L1 influences L2 reading in the brain, two late bilingual groups, Korean-English (KE) and Chinese-English (CE), performed a visual word rhyming judgment task in their L2 (English) and were compared to L1 control groups (i.e., KK and CC). The results indicated that the L2 activation is similar to the L1 activation for both KE and CE language groups. In addition, conjunction analyses revealed that the right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus were more activated in KK and KE than CC and CE, suggesting that these regions are more involved in Korean speakers than Chinese speakers for both L1 and L2. Finally, an ROI analysis at the left middle frontal gyrus revealed greater activation for CE than for KE and a positive correlation with accuracy in CE, but a negative correlation in KE. Taken together, we found evidence that important brain regions for L1 are carried over to L2 reading, maybe more so in highly proficient bilinguals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Say Young Kim
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of English Language and Literature, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim N, Kim J, Kang CK, Park CA, Lim MR, Kim YB, Bak BG. Human Brain Mapping of Visual Script Familiarity between Phonological and Logographic Language: 3 T Functional MRI Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5732642. [PMID: 28758118 PMCID: PMC5516734 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5732642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurolinguistic circuitry for two different scripts of language, such as phonological scripts (PhonoS) versus logographic scripts (LogoS) (e.g., English versus Chinese, resp.), recruits segregated neural pathways according to orthographic regularity (OrthoR). The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of VSF for cortical representation according to different OrthoR to represent Hangul versus Hanja as PhonoS versus LogoS, respectively. A total of 24 right-handed, native Korean undergraduate students with the first language of PhonoS and the second language of LogoS were divided into high- or low-competent groups for L2 of LogoS. The implicit word reading task was performed using Hanja and Hangul scripts during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition. Fluctuations of fMRI BOLD signal demonstrated that the LogoS was associated with the ventral pathway, whereas PhonoS was associated with the dorsal pathway. By interaction analysis, compared with high-competent group, low-competent group showed significantly greater activation for Hanja than for Hangul reading in the right superior parietal lobule area and the left supplementary motor area, which might be due to neural efficiency such as attention and cognition rather than core neurolinguistic neural demand like OrthoR processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nambeom Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-A Park
- Bioimaging Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Lim
- Department of General Education, Ajou University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bo Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Bak
- Department of Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gao Y, Sun Y, Lu C, Ding G, Guo T, Malins JG, Booth JR, Peng D, Liu L. Dynamic spatial organization of the occipito-temporal word form area for second language processing. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:20-28. [PMID: 28610849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the left occipito-temporal region having shown consistent activation in visual word form processing across numerous studies in different languages, the mechanisms by which word forms of second languages are processed in this region remain unclear. To examine this more closely, 16 Chinese-English and 14 English-Chinese late bilinguals were recruited to perform lexical decision tasks to visually presented words in both their native and second languages (L1 and L2) during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Here we demonstrate that visual word form processing for L1 versus L2 engaged different spatial areas of the left occipito-temporal region. Namely, the spatial organization of the visual word form processing in the left occipito-temporal region is more medial and posterior for L2 than L1 processing in Chinese-English bilinguals, whereas activation is more lateral and anterior for L2 in English-Chinese bilinguals. In addition, for Chinese-English bilinguals, more lateral recruitment of the occipito-temporal region was correlated with higher L2 proficiency, suggesting higher L2 proficiency is associated with greater involvement of L1-preferred mechanisms. For English-Chinese bilinguals, higher L2 proficiency was correlated with more lateral and anterior activation of the occipito-temporal region, suggesting higher L2 proficiency is associated with greater involvement of L2-preferred mechanisms. Taken together, our results indicate that L1 and L2 recruit spatially different areas of the occipito-temporal region in visual word processing when the two scripts belong to different writing systems, and that the spatial organization of this region for L2 visual word processing is dynamically modulated by L2 proficiency. Specifically, proficiency in L2 in Chinese-English is associated with assimilation to the native language mechanisms, whereas L2 in English-Chinese is associated with accommodation to second language mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China; School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Taomei Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | | | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Danling Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cao F, Sussman BL, Rios V, Yan X, Wang Z, Spray GJ, Mack RM. Different mechanisms in learning different second languages: Evidence from English speakers learning Chinese and Spanish. Neuroimage 2017; 148:284-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
44
|
Cao F, Yan X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Spray GJ, Deng Y. Neural signatures of phonological deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia. Neuroimage 2017; 146:301-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
45
|
Cao F, Perfetti CA. Neural Signatures of the Reading-Writing Connection: Greater Involvement of Writing in Chinese Reading than English Reading. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168414. [PMID: 27992505 PMCID: PMC5161366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on cross-linguistic comparisons of the neural correlates of reading has consistently found that the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) is more involved in Chinese than in English. However, there is a lack of consensus on the interpretation of the language difference. Because this region has been found to be involved in writing, we hypothesize that reading Chinese characters involves this writing region to a greater degree because Chinese speakers learn to read by repeatedly writing the characters. To test this hypothesis, we recruited English L1 learners of Chinese, who performed a reading task and a writing task in each language. The English L1 sample had learned some Chinese characters through character-writing and others through phonological learning, allowing a test of writing-on-reading effect. We found that the left MFG was more activated in Chinese than English regardless of task, and more activated in writing than in reading regardless of language. Furthermore, we found that this region was more activated for reading Chinese characters learned by character-writing than those learned by phonological learning. A major conclusion is that writing regions are also activated in reading, and that this reading-writing connection is modulated by the learning experience. We replicated the main findings in a group of native Chinese speakers, which excluded the possibility that the language differences observed in the English L1 participants were due to different language proficiency level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Charles A Perfetti
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Unsuccessful letter–sound integration in English reading by native Chinese speakers: evidence from an event related potentials study. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
47
|
Liu H, Cao F. L1 and L2 processing in the bilingual brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 159:60-73. [PMID: 27295606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies investigating bilingual processes have produced controversial results in determining similarities versus differences between L1 and L2 neural networks. The current meta-analytic study was conducted to examine what factors play a role in the similarities and differences between L1 and L2 networks with a focus on age of acquisition (AOA) and whether the orthographic transparency of L2 is more or less transparent than that of L1. Using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), we found L2 processing involved more additional regions than L1 for late bilinguals in comparison to early bilinguals, suggesting L2 processing is more demanding in late bilinguals. We also provide direct evidence that AOA of L2 influences L1 processing through the findings that early bilinguals had greater activation in the left fusiform gyrus than late bilinguals during L1 processing even when L1 languages were the same in the two groups, presumably due to greater co-activation of orthography in L1 and L2 in early bilinguals. In addition, we found that the same L2 languages evoked different brain activation patterns depending on whether it was more or less transparent than L1 in orthographic transparency. The bilateral auditory cortex and right precentral gyrus were more involved in shallower-than-L1 L2s, suggesting a "sound-out" strategy for a more regular language by involving the phonological regions and sensorimotor regions to a greater degree. In contrast, the left frontal cortex was more involved in the processing of deeper-than-L1 L2s, presumably due to the increased arbitrariness of mapping between orthography and phonology in L2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengshuang Liu
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637332, Singapore.
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, 1026 Red Cedar Rd, Rm 104, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu L, Li H, Zhang M, Wang Z, Wei N, Liu L, Meng X, Ding G. Aberrant topologies and reconfiguration pattern of functional brain network in children with second language reading impairment. Dev Sci 2016; 19:657-72. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; PR China
| | - Hehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; PR China
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; PR China
| | - Zhengke Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; PR China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; PR China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; PR China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; PR China
- The Joint PekingU-PolyU Center for Child Development and Learning; PR China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; Beijing Normal University; PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
How does language distance between L1 and L2 affect the L2 brain network? An fMRI study of Korean–Chinese–English trilinguals. Neuroimage 2016; 129:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
50
|
Krafnick AJ, Tan LH, Flowers DL, Luetje MM, Napoliello EM, Siok WT, Perfetti C, Eden GF. Chinese Character and English Word processing in children's ventral occipitotemporal cortex: fMRI evidence for script invariance. Neuroimage 2016; 133:302-312. [PMID: 27012502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to read is thought to involve the recruitment of left hemisphere ventral occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) by a process of "neuronal recycling", whereby object processing mechanisms are co-opted for reading. Under the same theoretical framework, it has been proposed that the visual word form area (VWFA) within OTC processes orthographic stimuli independent of culture and writing systems, suggesting that it is universally involved in written language. However, this "script invariance" has yet to be demonstrated in monolingual readers of two different writing systems studied under the same experimental conditions. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined activity in response to English Words and Chinese Characters in 1st graders in the United States and China, respectively. We examined each group separately and found the readers of English as well as the readers of Chinese to activate the left ventral OTC for their respective native writing systems (using both a whole-brain and a bilateral OTC-restricted analysis). Critically, a conjunction analysis of the two groups revealed significant overlap between them for native writing system processing, located in the VWFA and therefore supporting the hypothesis of script invariance. In the second part of the study, we further examined the left OTC region responsive to each group's native writing system and found that it responded equally to Object stimuli (line drawings) in the Chinese-reading children. In English-reading children, the OTC responded much more to Objects than to English Words. Together, these results support the script invariant role of the VWFA and also support the idea that the areas recruited for character or word processing are rooted in object processing mechanisms of the left OTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Krafnick
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Building D Suite 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Li-Hai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Room 409, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - D Lynn Flowers
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Building D Suite 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Megan M Luetje
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Building D Suite 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Eileen M Napoliello
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Building D Suite 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Wai-Ting Siok
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Room 409, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Charles Perfetti
- University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center, 3939 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Guinevere F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Building D Suite 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|