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Zvolanek KM, Moore JE, Jarvis K, Moum SJ, Bright MG. Macrovascular blood flow and microvascular cerebrovascular reactivity are regionally coupled in adolescence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.590312. [PMID: 38746187 PMCID: PMC11092525 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.590312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular imaging assessments are particularly challenging in adolescent cohorts, where not all modalities are appropriate, and rapid brain maturation alters hemodynamics at both macro- and microvascular scales. In a preliminary sample of healthy adolescents (n=12, 8-25 years), we investigated relationships between 4D flow MRI-derived blood velocity and blood flow in bilateral anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity in associated vascular territories. As hypothesized, higher velocities in large arteries are associated with an earlier response to a vasodilatory stimulus (cerebrovascular reactivity delay) in the downstream territory. Higher blood flow through these arteries is associated with a larger BOLD response to a vasodilatory stimulus (cerebrovascular reactivity amplitude) in the associated territory. These trends are consistent in a case study of adult moyamoya disease. In our small adolescent cohort, macrovascular-microvascular relationships for velocity/delay and flow/CVR change with age, though underlying mechanisms are unclear. Our work emphasizes the need to better characterize this key stage of human brain development, when cerebrovascular hemodynamics are changing, and standard imaging methods offer limited insight into these processes. We provide important normative data for future comparisons in pathology, where combining macro- and microvascular assessments may better help us prevent, stratify, and treat cerebrovascular disease.
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Chen DY, Di X, Biswal B. Cerebrovascular reactivity increases across development in multiple networks as revealed by a breath-holding task: A longitudinal fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26515. [PMID: 38183372 PMCID: PMC10789211 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to understand the neurodevelopmental changes that occur in cognition and behavior across childhood. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal obtained from fMRI is understood to be comprised of both neuronal and vascular information. However, it is unclear whether the vascular response is altered across age in studies investigating development in children. Since the breath-hold (BH) task is commonly used to understand cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in fMRI studies, it can be used to account for developmental differences in vascular response. This study examines how the cerebrovascular response changes over age in a longitudinal children's BH data set from the Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) Rockland Sample (aged 6-18 years old at enrollment). A general linear model approach was applied to derive CVR from BH data. To model both the longitudinal and cross-sectional effects of age on BH response, we used mixed-effects modeling with the following terms: linear, quadratic, logarithmic, and quadratic-logarithmic, to find the best-fitting model. We observed increased BH BOLD signals in multiple networks across age, in which linear and logarithmic mixed-effects models provided the best fit with the lowest Akaike information criterion scores. This shows that the cerebrovascular response increases across development in a brain network-specific manner. Therefore, fMRI studies investigating the developmental period should account for cerebrovascular changes that occur with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Y. Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesRutgers School of Graduate StudiesNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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Abbott N, Love T. Bridging the Divide: Brain and Behavior in Developmental Language Disorder. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1606. [PMID: 38002565 PMCID: PMC10670267 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a heterogenous neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a child's ability to comprehend and/or produce spoken and/or written language, yet it cannot be attributed to hearing loss or overt neurological damage. It is widely believed that some combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors influences brain and language development in this population, but it has been difficult to bridge theoretical accounts of DLD with neuroimaging findings, due to heterogeneity in language impairment profiles across individuals and inconsistent neuroimaging findings. Therefore, the purpose of this overview is two-fold: (1) to summarize the neuroimaging literature (while drawing on findings from other language-impaired populations, where appropriate); and (2) to briefly review the theoretical accounts of language impairment patterns in DLD, with the goal of bridging the disparate findings. As will be demonstrated with this overview, the current state of the field suggests that children with DLD have atypical brain volume, laterality, and activation/connectivity patterns in key language regions that likely contribute to language difficulties. However, the precise nature of these differences and the underlying neural mechanisms contributing to them remain an open area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Abbott
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Tracy Love
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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4
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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Dawkins TG, Douglas AJM, Griffiths TD, Richards CT, Owen K, Lord RN, Pugh CJA, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Ainslie PN, McManus AM, Stembridge M. Neurovascular coupling and cerebrovascular hemodynamics are modified by exercise training status at different stages of maturation during youth. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H510-H521. [PMID: 37450291 PMCID: PMC10538977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00302.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is mediated via nitric oxide signaling, which is independently influenced by sex hormones and exercise training. Whether exercise training differentially modifies NVC pre- versus postpuberty, where levels of circulating sex hormones will differ greatly within and between sexes, remains to be determined. Therefore, we investigated the influence of exercise training status on resting intracranial hemodynamics and NVC at different stages of maturation. Posterior and middle cerebral artery velocities (PCAv and MCAv) and pulsatility index (PCAPI and MCAPI) were assessed via transcranial Doppler ultrasound at rest and during visual NVC stimuli. N = 121 exercise-trained (males, n = 32; females, n = 32) and untrained (males, n = 28; females, n = 29) participants were characterized as pre (males, n = 33; females, n = 29)- or post (males, n = 27; females, n = 32)-peak height velocity (PHV). Exercise-trained youth demonstrated higher resting MCAv (P = 0.010). Maturity and training status did not affect the ΔPCAv and ΔMCAv during NVC. However, pre-PHV untrained males (19.4 ± 13.5 vs. 6.8 ± 6.0%; P ≤ 0.001) and females (19.3 ± 10.8 vs. 6.4 ± 7.1%; P ≤ 0.001) had a higher ΔPCAPI during NVC than post-PHV untrained counterparts, whereas the ΔPCAPI was similar in pre- and post-PHV trained youth. Pre-PHV untrained males (19.4 ± 13.5 vs. 7.9 ± 6.0%; P ≤ 0.001) and females (19.3 ± 10.8 vs. 11.1 ± 7.3%; P = 0.016) also had a larger ΔPCAPI than their pre-PHV trained counterparts during NVC, but the ΔPCAPI was similar in trained and untrained post-PHV youth. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training elevates regional cerebral blood velocities during youth, but training-mediated adaptations in NVC are only attainable during early stages of adolescence. Therefore, childhood provides a unique opportunity for exercise-mediated adaptations in NVC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that the change in cerebral blood velocity during a neurovascular coupling task (NVC) is similar in pre- and postpubertal youth, regardless of exercise-training status. However, prepubertal untrained youth demonstrated a greater increase in cerebral blood pulsatility during the NVC task when compared with their trained counterparts. Our findings highlight that childhood represents a unique opportunity for exercise-mediated adaptations in cerebrovascular hemodynamics during NVC, which may confer long-term benefits in cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dean R Perkins
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J M Douglas
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Griffiths
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cory T Richards
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Owen
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Windsor Clive Primary School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali M McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Chen DY, Di X, Biswal B. Cerebrovascular reactivity increases across development in multiple networks as revealed by a breath-holding task: a longitudinal fMRI study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522905. [PMID: 36712029 PMCID: PMC9881997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to understand the neurodevelopmental changes that occur in cognition and behavior across childhood. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal obtained from fMRI is understood to be comprised of both neuronal and vascular information. However, it is unclear whether the vascular response is altered across age in studies investigating development in children. Since the breath-hold task is commonly used to understand cerebrovascular reactivity in fMRI studies, it can be used to account for developmental differences in vascular response. This study examines how the cerebrovascular response changes over age in a longitudinal children's breath-hold dataset from the Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) Rockland Sample (ages 6 to 18 years old at enrollment). A general linear model (GLM) approach was applied to derive cerebrovascular reactivity from breath-hold data. To model both the longitudinal and cross-sectional effects of age on breath-hold response, we used mixed effects modeling with the following terms: linear, quadratic, logarithmic, and quadratic-logarithmic, to find the best-fitting model. We observed increased breath-hold BOLD signal in multiple networks across age, in which linear and logarithmic mixed effects models provided the best fit with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) scores. This shows that the cerebrovascular response increases across development in a brain network-specific manner. Therefore, fMRI studies investigating the developmental period should account for cerebrovascular changes which occur with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Y. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, US
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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7
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Comparison of test–retest reliability of BOLD and pCASL fMRI in a two-center study. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:62. [PMID: 35366813 PMCID: PMC8977011 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The establishment of test–retest reliability and reproducibility (TRR) is an important part of validating any research tool, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The primary objective of this study is to investigate the reliability of pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI data acquired across two different scanners in a sample of healthy adults. While single site/single scanner studies have shown acceptable repeatability, TRR of both in a practical multisite study occurring in two facilities spread out across the country with weeks to months between scans is critically needed. Methods Ten subjects were imaged with similar 3 T MRI scanners at the University of Pittsburgh and Massachusetts General Hospital. Finger-tapping and Resting-state data were acquired for both techniques. Analysis of the resting state data for functional connectivity was performed with the Functional Connectivity Toolbox, while analysis of the finger tapping data was accomplished with FSL. pCASL Blood flow data was generated using AST Toolbox. Activated areas and networks were identified via pre-defined atlases and dual-regression techniques. Analysis for TRR was conducted by comparing pCASL and BOLD images in terms of Intraclass correlation coefficients, Dice Similarity Coefficients, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results Both BOLD and pCASL scans showed strong activation and correlation between the two locations for the finger tapping tasks. Functional connectivity analyses identified elements of the default mode network in all resting scans at both locations. Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA showed significant variability between subjects, but no significant variability for location. Global CBF was very similar between the two scanning locations, and repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant differences between the two scanning locations. Conclusions The results of this study show that when similar scanner hardware and software is coupled with identical data analysis protocols, consistent and reproducible functional brain images can be acquired across sites. The variability seen in the activation maps is greater for pCASL versus BOLD images, as expected, however groups maps are remarkably similar despite the low number of subjects. This demonstrates that multi-site fMRI studies of task-based and resting state brain activity is feasible.
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8
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Olivo G, Nilsson J, Garzón B, Lebedev A, Wåhlin A, Tarassova O, Ekblom MM, Lövdén M. Higher VO 2max is associated with thicker cortex and lower grey matter blood flow in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16724. [PMID: 34408221 PMCID: PMC8373929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption), a validated measure of aerobic fitness, has been associated with better cerebral artery compliance and measures of brain morphology, such as higher cortical thickness (CT) in frontal, temporal and cingular cortices, and larger grey matter volume (GMV) of the middle temporal gyrus, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex. Single sessions of physical exercise can promptly enhance cognitive performance and brain activity during executive tasks. However, the immediate effects of exercise on macro-scale properties of the brain’s grey matter remain unclear. We investigated the impact of one session of moderate-intensity physical exercise, compared with rest, on grey matter volume, cortical thickness, working memory performance, and task-related brain activity in older adults. Cross-sectional associations between brain measures and VO2max were also tested. Exercise did not induce statistically significant changes in brain activity, grey matter volume, or cortical thickness. Cardiovascular fitness, measured by VO2max, was associated with lower grey matter blood flow in the left hippocampus and thicker cortex in the left superior temporal gyrus. Cortical thickness was reduced at post-test independent of exercise/rest. Our findings support that (1) fitter individuals may need lower grey matter blood flow to meet metabolic oxygen demand, and (2) have thicker cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Olivo
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Haraldsgatan 1, 413 14, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonna Nilsson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamín Garzón
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Haraldsgatan 1, 413 14, Göteborg, Sweden.,Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lebedev
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Wåhlin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga Tarassova
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria M Ekblom
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockhom, Sweden
| | - Martin Lövdén
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Haraldsgatan 1, 413 14, Göteborg, Sweden.,Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zou P, Scoggins MA, Li Y, Jones M, Helton KJ, Ogg RJ. Developmental patterns of CBF and BOLD responses to visual stimulus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:630-640. [PMID: 32436777 PMCID: PMC7922748 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20925303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the developmental changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hemodynamic responses to changing neural activity, we used the arterial spin label (ASL) technique to measure resting CBF and simultaneous CBF / blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes during visual stimulation in 97 typically developing children and young adults (age 13.35 [6.02, 25.25] (median [min, max]) years old at the first time point). The longitudinal study protocol included three MRIs (2.7 ± 0.06 obtained), one year apart, for each participant. Mixed-effect linear and non-linear statistical models were used to analyze age effects on CBF and BOLD signals. Resting CBF decreased exponentially with age (p = 0.0001) throughout the brain, and developmental trajectories differed across brain lobes. The absolute CBF increase in visual cortex during stimulation was constant over the age range, but the fractional CBF change increased with age (p = 0.0001) and the fractional BOLD signal increased with age (p = 0.0001) correspondingly. These findings suggest that the apparent neural hemodynamic coupling in visual cortex does not change after age six years, but age-related BOLD signal changes continue through adolescence primarily due to the changes with age in resting CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zou
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew A Scoggins
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Melissa Jones
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathleen J Helton
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Ogg
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Steber S, Rossi S. So young, yet so mature? Electrophysiological and vascular correlates of phonotactic processing in 18-month-olds. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 43:100784. [PMID: 32510350 PMCID: PMC7184260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated neural correlates of implicit phonotactic processing in 18-month-old children that just reached an important step in language development: the vocabulary spurt. Pseudowords, either phonotactically legal or illegal with respect to their native language, were acoustically presented to monolingually German raised infants. Neural activity was simultaneously assessed by means of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The former method excellently tracks fast processing mechanisms, whereas the latter reveals brain areas recruited. Results of the present study indicate that 18-month-olds recognize the linguistic properties of their native language based on phonotactics. This manifested in an increased N400 for legal compared to illegal pseudowords in the EEG conforming to adult-like mechanisms. Unfortunately, fNIRS findings did not support this discrimination ability. Possible methodological and brain maturational reasons might explain this null finding. This study provides evidence for the advantage of a multi-methodological approach in order to get a clear picture on neural language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Steber
- ICONE - Innsbruck Cognitive Neuroscience, Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sonja Rossi
- ICONE - Innsbruck Cognitive Neuroscience, Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Komaki Y, Debacker C, Djemai B, Ciobanu L, Tsurugizawa T, Bihan DL. Differential effects of aquaporin-4 channel inhibition on BOLD fMRI and diffusion fMRI responses in mouse visual cortex. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228759. [PMID: 32437449 PMCID: PMC7241787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of astrocytes to the BOLD fMRI and DfMRI responses in visual cortex of mice following visual stimulation was investigated using TGN-020, an aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channel blocker, acting as an astrocyte function perturbator. Under TGN-020 injection the amplitude of the BOLD fMRI response became significantly higher. In contrast no significant changes in the DfMRI responses and the electrophysiological responses were observed. Those results further confirm the implications of astrocytes in the neurovascular coupling mechanism underlying BOLD fMRI, but not in the DfMRI responses which remained unsensitive to astrocyte function perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Komaki
- NeuroSpin/Joliot, CEA-Saclay Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Boucif Djemai
- NeuroSpin/Joliot, CEA-Saclay Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luisa Ciobanu
- NeuroSpin/Joliot, CEA-Saclay Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Denis Le Bihan
- NeuroSpin/Joliot, CEA-Saclay Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Functional MRI (fMRI) is clinically used for localization of eloquent cortex before surgical intervention, most commonly motor and language function in patients with tumors or epilepsy. In the pediatric population, special considerations for fMRI relate to limited examination tolerance, small head size, developing anatomy and physiology, and diverse potential abnormalities. In this article, we will highlight pearls and pitfalls of clinical pediatric fMRI including blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging principles, patient preparation, study acquisition, data postprocessing, and examination interpretation. CONCLUSION. Clinical fMRI is indicated for presurgical localization of eloquent cortex in patients with tumors, epilepsy, or other neurologic conditions and requires a solid understanding of technical considerations and data processing. In children, special approaches are needed for patient preparation as well as study design, acquisition, and interpretation. Radiologists should be cognizant of developmental neuroanatomy, causes of neuropathology, and capacity for neuroplasticity in the pediatric population.
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13
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Vannest J, Maloney TC, Tenney JR, Szaflarski JP, Morita D, Byars AW, Altaye M, Holland SK, Glauser TA. Changes in functional organization and functional connectivity during story listening in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 193:10-17. [PMID: 28209266 PMCID: PMC5554735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Children with Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (BECTS), despite high likelihood for seizure remission, are reported to have subtle difficulties in language and other cognitive skills. We used functional MRI and a story listening task to examine the effect of BECTS on patterns of activation and connectivity. Language and cognitive skills were assessed using standardized measures. Twenty-four children with recently diagnosed BECTS and 40 typically-developing children participated. In a functionally-defined region of interest in right inferior frontal gyrus, BECTS patients showed a lower level of activation. Across both groups combined, increased activation in superior/middle temporal regions of interest was associated with better language scores. Connectivity in the story processing network was similar between groups, but connectivity within left inferior frontal gyrus was decreased in children with BECTS. These results suggest that language networks are largely maintained in new-onset BECTS, but some subtle changes in activation and connectivity can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Morita
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Anna W Byars
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Scott K Holland
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Tracy A Glauser
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
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14
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Cohen AD, Wang Y. Improving the Assessment of Breath-Holding Induced Cerebral Vascular Reactivity Using a Multiband Multi-echo ASL/BOLD Sequence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5079. [PMID: 30911056 PMCID: PMC6434035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath holding (BH) is a viable vasodilatory stimulus for calculating functional MRI-derived cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR). The BH technique suffers from reduced repeatability compared with gas inhalation techniques; however, extra equipment is needed to perform gas inhalation techniques, and this equipment is not available at all institutions. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity and repeatability of BH activation and CVR using a multiband multi-echo simultaneous arterial spin labelling/blood oxygenation level dependent (ASL/BOLD) sequence. Whole-brain images were acquired in 14 volunteers. Ten subjects returned for repeat imaging. Each subject performed four cycles of 16 s BH on expiration interleaved with paced breathing. Following standard preprocessing, the echoes were combined using a T2*-weighted approach. BOLD and ASL BH activation was computed, and CVR was then determined as the percent signal change related to the activation. The "M" parameter from the Davis Model was also computed by incorporating the ASL signal. Our results showed higher BH activation strength, volume, and repeatability for the combined multi-echo (MEC) data compared with the single-echo data. MEC CVR also had higher repeatability, sensitivity, specificity, and reliability compared with the single-echo BOLD data. These data support the usefulness of an MBME ASL/BOLD acquisition for BH CVR and M measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cohen
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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15
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Cornblath EJ, Tang E, Baum GL, Moore TM, Adebimpe A, Roalf DR, Gur RC, Gur RE, Pasqualetti F, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Sex differences in network controllability as a predictor of executive function in youth. Neuroimage 2019; 188:122-134. [PMID: 30508681 PMCID: PMC6401302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive function is a quintessential human capacity that emerges late in development and displays different developmental trends in males and females. Sex differences in executive function in youth have been linked to vulnerability to psychopathology as well as to behaviors that impinge on health, wellbeing, and longevity. Yet, the neurobiological basis of these differences is not well understood, in part due to the spatiotemporal complexity inherent in patterns of brain network maturation supporting executive function. Here we test the hypothesis that sex differences in impulsivity in youth stem from sex differences in the controllability of structural brain networks as they rewire over development. Combining methods from network neuroscience and network control theory, we characterize the network control properties of structural brain networks estimated from diffusion imaging data acquired in males and females in a sample of 879 youth aged 8-22 years. We summarize the control properties of these networks by estimating average and modal controllability, two statistics that probe the ease with which brain areas can drive the network towards easy versus difficult-to-reach states. We find that females have higher modal controllability in frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions while males have higher average controllability in frontal and subcortical regions. Furthermore, controllability profiles in males are negatively related to the false positive rate on a continuous performance task, a common measure of impulsivity. Finally, we find associations between average controllability and individual differences in activation during an n-back working memory task. Taken together, our findings support the notion that sex differences in the controllability of structural brain networks can partially explain sex differences in executive function. Controllability of structural brain networks also predicts features of task-relevant activation, suggesting the potential for controllability to represent context-specific constraints on network state more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Cornblath
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Evelyn Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Graham L Baum
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Azeez Adebimpe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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16
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Li H, Cao W, Zhang X, Sun B, Jiang S, Li J, Liu C, Yin W, Wu Y, Liu T, Yao D, Luo C. BOLD-fMRI reveals the association between renal oxygenation and functional connectivity in the aging brain. Neuroimage 2019; 186:510-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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17
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Gilbert A, Vidal XE, Estevez R, Cohen-Salmon M, Boulay AC. Postnatal development of the astrocyte perivascular MLC1/GlialCAM complex defines a temporal window for the gliovascular unit maturation. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1267-1278. [PMID: 30684007 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells of the central nervous system are morphologically complex. They display numerous processes interacting with synapses and blood vessels. At the vascular interface, astrocyte endfeet-terminated processes almost entirely cover the blood vessel surface and participate to the gliovascular unit where important vascular properties of the brain are set such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. How specific morphological and functional interactions between astrocytes and the vascular compartment develop has not been fully investigated. Here, we elaborated an original experimental strategy to study the postnatal development of astrocyte perivascular endfeet. Using purified gliovascular units, we focused on the postnatal expression of MLC1 and GlialCAM, two transmembrane proteins forming a complex enriched at the junction between mature astrocyte perivascular endfeet. We showed that MLC1 and GlialCAM were enriched and assembled into mature complexes in astrocyte perivascular endfeet between postnatal days 10 and 15, after the formation of astrocyte perivascular Aquaporin 4 water channels. These events correlated with the increased expression of Claudin-5 and P-gP, two endothelial-specific BBB components. These results illustrate for the first time that astrocyte perivascular endfeet differentiation is a complex and progressive process which correlates with BBB maturation. Moreover, our results suggest that maturation of the astrocyte endfeet MLC1/GlialCAM complex between postnatal days 10 and 15 might be a key event in the gliovascular unit maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilbert
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Xabier Elorza Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Estevez
- Unitat de Fisiología, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France.
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot Paris, Paris Cedex 05, 75005, France
- Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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18
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Hutton JS, Phelan K, Horowitz-Kraus T, Dudley J, Altaye M, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Shared Reading Quality and Brain Activation during Story Listening in Preschool-Age Children. J Pediatr 2017; 191:204-211.e1. [PMID: 29173308 PMCID: PMC5728185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between maternal shared reading quality (verbal interactivity and engagement) and brain function during story listening in at-risk, preschool-age children, in the context of behavioral evidence and American Academy of Pediatrics, recommendations. STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 22 healthy, 4-year-old girls from low socioeconomic status households completed functional magnetic resonance imaging using an established story listening task, followed by videotaped observation of uncoached mother-daughter reading of the same, age-appropriate picture book. Shared reading quality was independently scored applying dialogic reading and other evidence-based criteria reflecting interactivity and engagement, and applied as a predictor of neural activation during the functional magnetic resonance imaging task, controlling for income and maternal education. RESULTS Shared reading quality scores were generally low and negatively correlated with maternal distraction by smartphones (P < .05). Scores were positively correlated with activation in left-sided brain areas supporting expressive and complex language, social-emotional integration, and working memory (P <.05, false discovery rate corrected). CONCLUSIONS Maternal shared reading quality is positively correlated with brain activation supporting complex language, executive function, and social-emotional processing in at-risk, preschool-age children. These findings represent novel neural biomarkers of how this modifiable aspect of home reading environment may influence foundational emergent literacy skills, reinforce behavioral evidence and American Academy of Pediatrics, recommendations, and underscore the potential of dialogic reading interventions to promote healthy brain development, especially in at-risk households.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Hutton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kieran Phelan
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jonathan Dudley
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tom DeWitt
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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19
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Age-related functional brain changes in young children. Neuroimage 2017; 155:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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20
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Haist F, Anzures G. Functional development of the brain's face-processing system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8:10.1002/wcs.1423. [PMID: 27906518 PMCID: PMC5182129 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the first 20 years of life, the human brain undergoes tremendous growth in size, weight, and synaptic connectedness. Over the same time period, a person achieves remarkable transformations in perception, thought, and behavior. One important area of development is face processing ability, or the ability to quickly and accurately extract extensive information about a person's identity, emotional state, attractiveness, intention, and numerous other types of information that are crucial to everyday social interaction and communication. Associating particular brain changes with specific behavioral and intellectual developments has historically been a serious challenge for researchers. Fortunately, modern neuroimaging is dramatically advancing our ability to make associations between morphological and behavioral developments. In this article, we demonstrate how neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of the development of face processing ability to show that this essential perceptual and cognitive skill matures consistently yet slowly over the first two decades of life. In this manner, face processing is a model system of many areas of complex cognitive development. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1423. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1423 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Haist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gizelle Anzures
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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21
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Abstract
In contemporary society, the image of the “flexible brain” and the notion of neuroplasticity are increasingly replacing that of the static mature brain. Brains and neurons are considered to be constantly generated and regenerated. Age cohort comparisons and longitudinal studies introduce a developmental perspective to the field. However, these articulations and investigations occur within a sociopolitical field marked by vested interests and the celebration of all things neural. Utilizing the notion of “the generational brain,” we propose that it is fruitful to exploit the polysemity of the word “generation,” as well as the historicity of scientific concepts and methods, to interrogate and re/formulate questions currently addressed in developmental neuroscience in particular and neuroscience in general. This special issue’s contributions provide an early impression of what a “critical friendship” with developmental neuroscience, aware of its sociocultural and epistemological implications as well as the historicity of concepts, may look like.
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22
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Merhar SL, Gozdas E, Tkach JA, Harpster KL, Schwartz TL, Yuan W, Kline-Fath BM, Leach JL, Altaye M, Holland SK. Functional and structural connectivity of the visual system in infants with perinatal brain injury. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:43-8. [PMID: 26991261 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with perinatal brain injury are at risk of later visual problems. Advanced neuroimaging techniques show promise to detect functional and structural alterations of the visual system. We hypothesized that infants with perinatal brain injury would have less brain activation during a visual functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task and reduced task-based functional connectivity and structural connectivity as compared with healthy controls. METHODS Ten infants with perinatal brain injury and 20 control infants underwent visual fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) during natural sleep with no sedation. Activation maps, functional connectivity maps, and structural connectivity were analyzed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS Most infants in both groups had negative activation in the visual cortex during the fMRI task. Infants with brain injury showed reduced activation in the occipital cortex, weaker connectivity between visual areas and other areas of the brain during the visual task, and reduced fractional anisotropy in white matter tracts projecting to visual regions, as compared with control infants. CONCLUSION Infants with brain injury sustained in the perinatal period showed evidence of decreased brain activity and functional connectivity during a visual task and altered structural connectivity as compared with healthy term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Merhar
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elveda Gozdas
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jean A Tkach
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Karen L Harpster
- Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Terry L Schwartz
- Division of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Weihong Yuan
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Department of Radiology and Medical imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James L Leach
- Department of Radiology and Medical imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Scott K Holland
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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23
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Jog MA, Yan L, Kilroy E, Krasileva K, Jann K, LeClair H, Elashoff D, Wang DJJ. Developmental trajectories of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism at baseline and during working memory tasks. Neuroimage 2016; 134:587-596. [PMID: 27103136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological interpretation of developmental BOLD fMRI findings remains difficult due to the confounding issues of potentially varied baseline of brain function and varied strength of neurovascular coupling across age groups. The central theme of the present research is to study the development of brain function and neuronal activity through in vivo assessments of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) both at baseline and during the performance of a working memory task in a cohort of typically developing children aged 7 to 18years. Using a suite of 4 emerging MRI technologies including MR blood oximetry, phase-contrast MRI, pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) perfusion MRI and concurrent CBF/BOLD fMRI, we found: 1) At baseline, both global CBF and CMRO2 showed an age related decline while global OEF was stable across the age group; 2) During the working memory task, neither BOLD nor CBF responses showed significant variations with age in the activated fronto-parietal brain regions. Nevertheless, detailed voxel-wise analyses revealed sub-regions within the activated fronto-parietal regions that show significant decline of fractional CMRO2 responses with age. These findings suggest that the brain may become more "energy efficient" with age during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank A Jog
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Kilroy
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Krasileva
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Holly LeClair
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Phillips AA, Chan FH, Zheng MMZ, Krassioukov AV, Ainslie PN. Neurovascular coupling in humans: Physiology, methodological advances and clinical implications. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:647-64. [PMID: 26661243 PMCID: PMC4821024 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15617954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling reflects the close temporal and regional linkage between neural activity and cerebral blood flow. Although providing mechanistic insight, our understanding of neurovascular coupling is largely limited to non-physiologicalex vivopreparations and non-human models using sedatives/anesthetics with confounding cerebrovascular implications. Herein, with particular focus on humans, we review the present mechanistic understanding of neurovascular coupling and highlight current approaches to assess these responses and the application in health and disease. Moreover, we present new guidelines for standardizing the assessment of neurovascular coupling in humans. To improve the reliability of measurement and related interpretation, the utility of new automated software for neurovascular coupling is demonstrated, which provides the capacity for coalescing repetitive trials and time intervals into single contours and extracting numerous metrics (e.g., conductance and pulsatility, critical closing pressure, etc.) according to patterns of interest (e.g., peak/minimum response, time of response, etc.). This versatile software also permits the normalization of neurovascular coupling metrics to dynamic changes in arterial blood gases, potentially influencing the hyperemic response. It is hoped that these guidelines, combined with the newly developed and openly available software, will help to propel the understanding of neurovascular coupling in humans and also lead to improved clinical management of this critical physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Phillips
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), UBC, Vancouver, Canada Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Franco Hn Chan
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mei Mu Zi Zheng
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), UBC, Vancouver, Canada Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrei V Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), UBC, Vancouver, Canada Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, Canada Department of Physical Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, Canada GF Strong Rehabilitation Center, Vancouver, Canada Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Kozberg M, Hillman E. Neurovascular coupling and energy metabolism in the developing brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 225:213-42. [PMID: 27130418 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, increases in local neural activity are almost always accompanied by increases in local blood flow. However, many functional imaging studies of the newborn and developing human brain have observed patterns of hemodynamic responses that differ from adult responses. Among the proposed mechanisms for the observed variations is that neurovascular coupling itself is still developing in the perinatal brain. Many of the components thought to be involved in actuating and propagating this hemodynamic response are known to still be developing postnatally, including perivascular cells such as astrocytes and pericytes. Both neural and vascular networks expand and are then selectively pruned over the first year of human life. Additionally, the metabolic demands of the newborn brain are still evolving. These changes are highly likely to affect early postnatal neurovascular coupling, and thus may affect functional imaging signals in this age group. This chapter will discuss the literature relating to neurovascular development. Potential effects of normal and aberrant development of neurovascular coupling on the newborn brain will also be explored, as well as ways to effectively utilize imaging techniques that rely on hemodynamic modulation such as fMRI and NIRS in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kozberg
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - E Hillman
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Institute for Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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26
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Whittaker JR, Driver ID, Bright MG, Murphy K. The absolute CBF response to activation is preserved during elevated perfusion: Implications for neurovascular coupling measures. Neuroimage 2016; 125:198-207. [PMID: 26477657 PMCID: PMC4692513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques in which the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to a neural stimulus are measured, can be used to estimate the fractional increase in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) that accompanies evoked neural activity. A measure of neurovascular coupling is obtained from the ratio of fractional CBF and CMRO2 responses, defined as n, with the implicit assumption that relative rather than absolute changes in CBF and CMRO2 adequately characterise the flow-metabolism response to neural activity. The coupling parameter n is important in terms of its effect on the BOLD response, and as potential insight into the flow-metabolism relationship in both normal and pathological brain function. In 10 healthy human subjects, BOLD and CBF responses were measured to test the effect of baseline perfusion (modulated by a hypercapnia challenge) on the coupling parameter n during graded visual stimulation. A dual-echo pulsed arterial spin labelling (PASL) sequence provided absolute quantification of CBF in baseline and active states as well as relative BOLD signal changes, which were used to estimate CMRO2 responses to the graded visual stimulus. The absolute CBF response to the visual stimuli were constant across different baseline CBF levels, meaning the fractional CBF responses were reduced at the hyperperfused baseline state. For the graded visual stimuli, values of n were significantly reduced during hypercapnia induced hyperperfusion. Assuming the evoked neural responses to the visual stimuli are the same for both baseline CBF states, this result has implications for fMRI studies that aim to measure neurovascular coupling using relative changes in CBF. The coupling parameter n is sensitive to baseline CBF, which would confound its interpretation in fMRI studies where there may be significant differences in baseline perfusion between groups. The absolute change in CBF, as opposed to the change relative to baseline, may more closely match the underlying increase in neural activity in response to a stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Whittaker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian D Driver
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Molly G Bright
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Clinical Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK.
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Hutton JS, Horowitz-Kraus T, Mendelsohn AL, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Home Reading Environment and Brain Activation in Preschool Children Listening to Stories. Pediatrics 2015; 136:466-78. [PMID: 26260716 PMCID: PMC9923605 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Parent-child reading is widely advocated to promote cognitive development, including in recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics to begin this practice at birth. Although parent-child reading has been shown in behavioral studies to improve oral language and print concepts, quantifiable effects on the brain have not been previously studied. Our study used blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between home reading environment and brain activity during a story listening task in a sample of preschool-age children. We hypothesized that while listening to stories, children with greater home reading exposure would exhibit higher activation of left-sided brain regions involved with semantic processing (extraction of meaning). METHODS Nineteen 3- to 5-year-old children were selected from a longitudinal study of normal brain development. All completed blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging using an age-appropriate story listening task, where narrative alternated with tones. We performed a series of whole-brain regression analyses applying composite, subscale, and individual reading-related items from the validated StimQ-P measure of home cognitive environment as explanatory variables for neural activation. RESULTS Higher reading exposure (StimQ-P Reading subscale score) was positively correlated (P < .05, corrected) with neural activation in the left-sided parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex, a "hub" region supporting semantic language processing, controlling for household income. CONCLUSIONS In preschool children listening to stories, greater home reading exposure is positively associated with activation of brain areas supporting mental imagery and narrative comprehension, controlling for household income. These neural biomarkers may help inform eco-bio-developmental models of emergent literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Hutton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics,,Address correspondence to John S. Hutton, MD, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail:
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics,,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium,,Communication Sciences Research Center, and
| | - Alan L. Mendelsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York
| | - Tom DeWitt
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium,,Communication Sciences Research Center, and,Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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Abstract
In human participants, the intensive practice of particular cognitive activities can induce sustained improvements in cognitive performance, which in some cases transfer to benefits on untrained activities. Despite the growing body of research examining the behavioral effects of cognitive training in children, no studies have explored directly the neural basis of these training effects in a systematic, controlled fashion. Therefore, the impact of training on brain neurophysiology in childhood, and the mechanisms by which benefits may be achieved, are unknown. Here, we apply new methods to examine dynamic neurophysiological connectivity in the context of a randomized trial of adaptive working memory training undertaken in children. After training, connectivity between frontoparietal networks and both lateral occipital complex and inferior temporal cortex was altered. Furthermore, improvements in working memory after training were associated with increased strength of neural connectivity at rest, with the magnitude of these specific neurophysiological changes being mirrored by individual gains in untrained working memory performance.
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