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Lee W, Lee S, Park Y, Kim GE, Bae JB, Han JW, Kim KW. Construction and validation of a brain magnetic resonance imaging template for normal older Koreans. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:222. [PMID: 38943101 PMCID: PMC11212263 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial normalization to a standardized brain template is a crucial step in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Brain templates made from sufficient sample size have low brain variability, improving the accuracy of spatial normalization. Using population-specific template improves accuracy of spatial normalization because brain morphology varies according to ethnicity and age. METHODS We constructed a brain template of normal Korean elderly (KNE200) using MRI scans 100 male and 100 female aged over 60 years old with normal cognition. We compared the deformation after spatial normalization of the KNE200 template to that of the KNE96, constructed from 96 cognitively normal elderly Koreans and to that of the brain template (OCF), constructed from 434 non-demented older Caucasians to examine the effect of sample size and ethnicity on the accuracy of brain template, respectively. We spatially normalized the MRI scans of elderly Koreans and quantified the amount of deformations associated with spatial normalization using the magnitude of displacement and volumetric changes of voxels. RESULTS The KNE200 yielded significantly less displacement and volumetric change in the parahippocampal gyrus, medial and posterior orbital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, gyrus rectus, cerebellum and vermis than the KNE96. The KNE200 also yielded much less displacement in the cerebellum, vermis, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and thalamus and much less volumetric change in the cerebellum, vermis, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus than the OCF. CONCLUSION KNE200 had the better accuracy than the KNE96 due to the larger sample size and was far accurate than the template constructed from elderly Caucasians in elderly Koreans.
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Grants
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- HI09C1379 [A092077] Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- MSIT; 2018-2-00861 Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Wheesung Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseung Park
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace Eun Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bin Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Bernard JA. Cerebello-Hippocampal Interactions in the Human Brain: A New Pathway for Insights Into Aging. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01670-5. [PMID: 38438826 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum is recognized as being important for optimal behavioral performance across task domains, including motor function, cognition, and affect. Decades of work have highlighted cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits, from both structural and functional perspectives. However, these circuits of interest have been primarily (though not exclusively) focused on targets in the cerebral cortex. In addition to these cortical connections, the circuit linking the cerebellum and hippocampus is of particular interest. Recently, there has been an increased interest in this circuit, thanks in large part to novel findings in the animal literature demonstrating that neuronal firing in the cerebellum impacts that in the hippocampus. Work in the human brain has provided evidence for interactions between the cerebellum and hippocampus, though primarily this has been in the context of spatial navigation. Given the role of both regions in cognition and aging, and emerging evidence indicating that the cerebellum is impacted in age-related neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's, I propose that further attention to this circuit is warranted. Here, I provide an overview of cerebello-hippocampal interactions in animal models and from human imaging and outline the possible utility of further investigations to improve our understanding of aging and age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA.
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Hwang H, Kim SE, Lee HJ, Lee DA, Park KM. Identification of amnestic mild cognitive impairment by structural and functional MRI using a machine-learning approach. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 238:108177. [PMID: 38402707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of early treatment for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been extensively shown. However, classifying patients presenting with memory complaints in clinical practice as having MCI vs normal results is difficult. Herein, we assessed the feasibility of applying a machine learning approach based on structural volumes and functional connectomic profiles to classify the cognitive levels of cognitively unimpaired (CU) and amnestic MCI (aMCI) groups. We further applied the same method to distinguish aMCI patients with a single memory impairment from those with multiple memory impairments. METHODS Fifty patients with aMCI were enrolled and classified as having either verbal or visual-aMCI (verbal or visual memory impairment), or both aMCI (verbal and visual memory impairments) based on memory test results. In addition, 26 CU patients were enrolled in the control group. All patients underwent structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. We obtained structural volumes and functional connectomic profiles from structural and functional MRI, respectively, using graph theory. A support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was employed, and k-fold cross-validation was performed to discriminate between groups. RESULTS The SVM classifier based on structural volumes revealed an accuracy of 88.9% at classifying the cognitive levels of patients with CU and aMCI. However, when the structural volumes and functional connectomic profiles were combined, the accuracy increased to 92.9%. In the classification of verbal or visual-aMCI (n = 22) versus both aMCI (n = 28), the SVM classifier based on structural volumes revealed a low accuracy of 36.7%. However, when the structural volumes and functional connectomic profiles were combined, the accuracy increased to 53.1%. CONCLUSION Structural volumes and functional connectomic profiles obtained using a machine learning approach can be used to classify cognitive levels to distinguish between aMCI and CU patients. In addition, combining the functional connectomic profiles with structural volumes results in a better classification performance than the use of structural volumes alone for identifying both "aMCI versus CU" and "verbal- or visual-aMCI versus both aMCI" patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyoung Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Min Park
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Ye ZX, Bi J, Qiu LL, Chen XY, Li MC, Chen XY, Qiu YS, Yuan RY, Yu XT, Huang CY, Cheng B, Lin W, Chen WJ, Hu JP, Fu Y, Wang N, Gan SR. Cognitive impairment associated with cerebellar volume loss in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurol 2024; 271:918-928. [PMID: 37848650 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neuroscience and neurology studies have forced a reconsideration of the traditional motor-related scope of cerebellar function, which has now expanded to include various cognitive functions. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3; the most common hereditary ataxia) is neuropathologically characterized by cerebellar atrophy and frequently presents with cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE To characterize cognitive impairment in SCA3 and investigate the cerebellum-cognition associations. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional cohort study recruited 126 SCA3 patients and 41 healthy control individuals (HCs). Participants underwent a brain 3D T1-weighted images as well as neuropsychological tests. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and region of interest (ROI) approaches were performed on the 3D T1-weighted images. CERES was used to automatically segment cerebellums. Patients were grouped into cognitively impaired (CI) and cognitively preserved (CP), and clinical and MRI parameters were compared. Multivariable regression models were fitted to examine associations between cerebellar microstructural alterations and cognitive domain impairments. RESULTS Compared to HCs, SCA3 patients showed cognitive domain impairments in information processing speed, verbal memory, executive function, and visuospatial perception. Between CI and CP subgroups, the CI subgroup was older and had lower education, as well as higher severity scores. VBM and ROI analyses revealed volume loss in cerebellar bilateral lobule VI, right lobule Crus I, and right lobule IV of the CI subgroup, and all these cerebellar lobules were associated with the above cognitive domain impairments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the multiple cognitive domain impairments in SCA3 patients and indicate the responsible cerebellar lobules for the impaired cognitive domain(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xian Ye
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jin Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Liang-Liang Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Meng-Cheng Li
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Yu-Sen Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ru-Ying Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xin-Tong Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Chun-Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Bi Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Jian-Ping Hu
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
| | - Shi-Rui Gan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
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Christova P, Georgopoulos AP. Changes of gray matter volumes of subcortical regions across the lifespan: a Human Connectome Project study. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1303-1308. [PMID: 37850792 PMCID: PMC11068360 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00283.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed changes in gray matter volume (GMV) of nine subcortical regions (accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate, cerebellar cortex, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and ventral diencephalon) across the lifespan in a large sample of participants in the Human Connectome Project (n = 2,458, 5-90 yr old, 1,113 males and 1,345 females). 3T MRI data were acquired using a harmonized protocol and were processed in an identical way for all brains. GMVs of individual regions were adjusted for estimated total intracranial volume and regressed against age. We found highly statistically significant changes in GMV with age (P < 0.001) that were distinct among areas and mostly consistent between sexes, as follows. 1) The GMVs of accumbens, caudate, putamen, and cerebellum decreased with age in a linear fashion. The rate of decrease was steeper in males than in females for all regions. 2) The GMVs of the amygdala, pallidum, thalamus, ventral diencephalon, and brainstem changed with age in a quadratic fashion, i.e., increasing first and decreasing afterward. The estimated age at the peak (vertex) of the parabola was 51.8 yr for the brainstem and 28.0-37.9 yr for the other regions. The peak occurred earlier in males than in females, by an average of 8 yr, with the exception of the brainstem, where the age at the peak was very similar in both sexes. These results confirm previous findings and offer new insights into region-specific age-related changes in subcortical brain GMVs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report mixed effects of age on subcortical grey matter volume (GMV) during lifespan (n = 2458, 5-90 yr old, 1113 male, 1345 female). Striatal and cerebellar GMVs decreased linearly with age, more steeply in males. In contrast, GMVs of the amygdala, pallidum, thalamus, ventral diencephalon, and brainstem changed in a quadratic fashion, increasing first and decreasing afterward, with males peaking earlier than females in all regions but the brainstem where they peaked at nearly the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peka Christova
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The Neuroimaging Research Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The Neuroimaging Research Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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6
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Dang C, Wang Y, Li Q, Lu Y. Neuroimaging modalities in the detection of Alzheimer's disease-associated biomarkers. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad009. [PMID: 38666112 PMCID: PMC11003434 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Neuropathological changes in AD patients occur up to 10-20 years before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Specific diagnosis and appropriate intervention strategies are crucial during the phase of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The detection of biomarkers has emerged as a promising tool for tracking the efficacy of potential therapies, making an early disease diagnosis, and prejudging treatment prognosis. Specifically, multiple neuroimaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, optical imaging, and single photon emission-computed tomography, have provided a few potential biomarkers for clinical application. The MRI modalities described in this review include structural MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and arterial spin labelling. These techniques allow the detection of presymptomatic diagnostic biomarkers in the brains of cognitively normal elderly people and might also be used to monitor AD disease progression after the onset of clinical symptoms. This review highlights potential biomarkers, merits, and demerits of different neuroimaging modalities and their clinical value in MCI and AD patients. Further studies are necessary to explore more biomarkers and overcome the limitations of multiple neuroimaging modalities for inclusion in diagnostic criteria for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Dang
- Department of Periodical Press, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chifeng University of Affiliated Hospital, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yaoheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu X, He K, Guo Q, Xie F, Huang Q, Li Z. 18F-AV45 PET and MRI Reveal the Influencing Factors of Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Subjective Cognitive Decline Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:585-594. [PMID: 37066915 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a self-perceived decline in cognitive ability, which exhibits no objective impairment but increased risk of conversion to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate how influencing factors (risk gene, age, sex, and education) affect amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and gray matter (GM) atrophy in SCD population. METHODS 281 SCD subjects were included in this study, who underwent clinical evaluation, cognitive ability assessment, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping, 18F-Florbetapir positron emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging screening. Two-sample t tests and analysis of variance were performed based on voxel-wise outcome. RESULTS In 281 SCD subjects with an average age of 63.86, 194 subjects (69.04%) were female, and 56 subjects carried APOE ɛ4 genes. Statistical results revealed APOE ɛ4 gene, age, and sex influenced Aβ deposition in different brain regions; moreover, only the interaction exhibited between age and APOE ɛ4 genes. The GM atrophy of hippocampal, amygdala, precentral, and occipital lobes occurred in the group age over 60. The GM volume of the hippocampal, frontal, and occipital lobe in females was less than males. Education has an effect only on cognitive function. CONCLUSION In SCD, APOE ɛ4 gene, age, and sex significantly influenced Aβ deposition and APOE ɛ4 gene can interact with age in impacting Aβ deposition. Both age and sex can affect GM atrophy. The results suggested that female SCD with APOE ɛ4 genes and aged more than 60 years old might exhibit advanced AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Zhao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Lin CYR, Amokrane N, Chen S, Chen TX, Lai RY, Trinh P, Minyetty MJ, Emmerich H, Pan MK, Claassen DO, Kuo SH. Cerebellar impulsivity-compulsivity assessment scale. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:48-57. [PMID: 36401598 PMCID: PMC9852385 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebellum has been identified as the key brain region that modulates reward processing in animal models. Consistently, we recently found that people with cerebellar ataxia have impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICBs), the main symptoms related to abnormal reward processing. Due to the lack of a validated scale to quantitatively measure ICBs in cerebellar disorders, we aim to develop and validate a new scale, Cerebellar Impulsivity-Compulsivity Assessment (CIA). METHODS We recruited 62 cerebellar ataxia cases, categorized into those with ICBs and those without. We developed a preliminary version of CIA, containing 17 questions. We studied the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability to formulate the final version of CIA, which constitutes only 10 questions. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was generated to assess the sensitivity and specificity of CIA. RESULTS Cerebellar ataxia cases with ICBs have threefold higher total preliminary CIA scores than those without ICBs (12.06 ± 5.96 vs. 4.68 ± 3.50, p = 0.038). Cronbach's alpha revealed good internal consistency across all items (α > 0.70). By performing the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability on the preliminary version of CIA, we excluded seven questions (r < 0.70) and generated the final version of CIA. Based on the ROC, a score of 8.0 in CIA was chosen as the cut-off for ICBs in individuals with cerebellar ataxia with 81% sensitivity and 81% specificity. INTERPRETATION CIA is a novel tool to assess ICBs in cerebellar ataxia and broaden our understanding of the cerebellum-related cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ying R Lin
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nadia Amokrane
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Serena Chen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany X Chen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruo-Yah Lai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paula Trinh
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J Minyetty
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haidyn Emmerich
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Initiative of Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Koppelmans V, Ruitenberg MF, Schaefer SY, King JB, Hoffman JM, Mejia AF, Tasdizen T, Duff K. Delayed and More Variable Unimanual and Bimanual Finger Tapping in Alzheimer's Disease: Associations with Biomarkers and Applications for Classification. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1233-1252. [PMID: 37694362 PMCID: PMC10578230 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite reports of gross motor problems in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), fine motor function has been relatively understudied. OBJECTIVE We examined if finger tapping is affected in AD, related to AD biomarkers, and able to classify MCI or AD. METHODS Forty-seven cognitively normal, 27 amnestic MCI, and 26 AD subjects completed unimanual and bimanual computerized tapping tests. We tested 1) group differences in tapping with permutation models; 2) associations between tapping and biomarkers (PET amyloid-β, hippocampal volume, and APOEɛ4 alleles) with linear regression; and 3) the predictive value of tapping for group classification using machine learning. RESULTS AD subjects had slower reaction time and larger speed variability than controls during all tapping conditions, except for dual tapping. MCI subjects performed worse than controls on reaction time and speed variability for dual and non-dominant hand tapping. Tapping speed and variability were related to hippocampal volume, but not to amyloid-β deposition or APOEɛ4 alleles. Random forest classification (overall accuracy = 70%) discriminated control and AD subjects, but poorly discriminated MCI from controls or AD. CONCLUSIONS MCI and AD are linked to more variable finger tapping with slower reaction time. Associations between finger tapping and hippocampal volume, but not amyloidosis, suggest that tapping deficits are related to neuropathology that presents later during the disease. Considering that tapping performance is able to differentiate between control and AD subjects, it can offer a cost-efficient tool for augmenting existing AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koppelmans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marit F.L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sydney Y. Schaefer
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jace B. King
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M. Hoffman
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda F. Mejia
- Department of Statistics, University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tolga Tasdizen
- School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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10
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Ballard HK, Jackson TB, Hicks TH, Bernard JA. The association of reproductive stage with lobular cerebellar network connectivity across female adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 117:139-150. [PMID: 35738086 PMCID: PMC10149146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in the aging cerebellum may be related to hormone changes with menopause. We evaluated the association between reproductive stage and lobular cerebellar network connectivity using data from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience repository. We used raw structural and resting state neuroimaging data and information regarding age, sex, and menopause-related variables. Crus I and II and Lobules V and VI were our cerebellar seeds of interest. We characterized reproductive stage using the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop criteria. Results show that postmenopausal females have lower cerebello-striatal and cerebello-cortical connectivity, particularly in frontal regions, along with lower connectivity within the cerebellum, compared to reproductive females. Postmenopausal females also exhibit greater connectivity in some brain areas as well. Differences begin to emerge across transitional stages of menopause. Further, results reveal sex-specific differences in connectivity between female reproductive groups and age-matched male control groups. This suggests that menopause may be associated with cerebellar network connectivity in aging females, and sex differences in the aging brain may be related to this biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Ballard
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - T Bryan Jackson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tracey H Hicks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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11
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Koppelmans V, Silvester B, Duff K. Neural Mechanisms of Motor Dysfunction in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:307-344. [PMID: 35891638 PMCID: PMC9277676 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the prevalence of motor symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), their underlying neural mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. Objective: This review summarizes the neural underpinnings of motor deficits in MCI and AD. Methods: We searched PubMed up until August of 2021 and identified 37 articles on neuroimaging of motor function in MCI and AD. Study bias was evaluated based on sample size, availability of control samples, and definition of the study population in terms of diagnosis. Results: The majority of studies investigated gait, showing that slower gait was associated with smaller hippocampal volume and prefrontal deactivation. Less prefrontal activation was also observed during cognitive-motor dual tasking, while more activation in cerebellar, cingulate, cuneal, somatosensory, and fusiform brain regions was observed when performing a hand squeezing task. Excessive subcortical white matter lesions in AD were associated with more signs of parkinsonism, poorer performance during a cognitive and motor dual task, and poorer functional mobility. Gait and cognitive dual-tasking was furthermore associated with cortical thickness of temporal lobe regions. Most non-gait motor measures were only reported in one study in relation to neural measures. Conclusion: Cross-sectional designs, lack of control groups, mixing amnestic- and non-amnestic MCI, disregard of sex differences, and small sample sizes limited the interpretation of several studies, which needs to be addressed in future research to progress the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koppelmans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, SaltLake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin Silvester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, SaltLake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, SaltLake City, UT, USA
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12
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Yao Q, Tang F, Wang Y, Yan Y, Dong L, Wang T, Zhu D, Tian M, Lin X, Shi J. Effect of cerebellum stimulation on cognitive recovery in patients with Alzheimer disease: A randomized clinical trial. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:910-920. [PMID: 35700915 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence indicates that the cerebellum is involved in cognitive processing. However, the specific mechanisms through which the cerebellum repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) contributes to the cognitive state are unclear. METHODS In the current randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were randomly allotted to one of the two groups: rTMS-real or rTMS-sham. We investigated the efficacy of a four-week treatment of bilateral cerebellum rTMS to promote cognitive recovery and alter specific cerebello-cerebral functional connectivity. RESULTS The cerebellum rTMS significantly improves multi-domain cognitive functions, directly associated with the observed intrinsic functional connectivity between the cerebellum nodes and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), medial frontal cortex, and the cingulate cortex in the real rTMS group. In contrast, the sham stimulation showed no significant impact on the clinical improvements and the cerebello-cerebral connectivity. CONCLUSION Our results depict that 5 Hz rTMS of the bilateral cerebellum is a promising, non-invasive treatment of cognitive dysfunction in AD patients. This cognitive improvement is accompanied by brain connectivity modulation and is consistent with the pathophysiological brain disconnection model in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fanyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yixin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Minjie Tian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xingjian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Horn MJ, Gokcal E, Becker AJ, Das AS, Warren AD, Schwab K, Goldstein JN, Biffi A, Rosand J, Polimeni JR, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM, Gurol ME. Cerebellar atrophy and its implications on gait in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:jnnp-2021-328553. [PMID: 35534189 PMCID: PMC10936558 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data suggest that cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) causes haemorrhagic lesions in cerebellar cortex as well as subcortical cerebral atrophy. However, the potential effect of CAA on cerebellar tissue loss and its clinical implications have not been investigated. METHODS Our study included 70 non-demented patients with probable CAA, 70 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) and 70 age-matched patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cerebellum was segmented into percent of cerebellar subcortical volume (pCbll-ScV) and percent of cerebellar cortical volume (pCbll-CV) represented as percent (p) of estimated total intracranial volume. We compared pCbll-ScV and pCbll-CV between patients with CAA, HCs and those with AD. Gait velocity (metres/second) was used to investigate gait function in patients with CAA. RESULTS Patients with CAA had significantly lower pCbll-ScV compared with both HC (1.49±0.1 vs 1.73±0.2, p<0.001) and AD (1.49±0.1 vs 1.66±0.24, p<0.001) and lower pCbll-CV compared with HCs (6.03±0.5 vs 6.23±0.6, p=0.028). Diagnosis of CAA was independently associated with lower pCbll-ScV compared with HCs (p<0.001) and patients with AD (p<0.001) in separate linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and presence of hypertension. Lower pCbll-ScV was independently associated with worse gait velocity (β=0.736, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.19, p=0.002) in a stepwise linear regression analysis including pCbll-CV along with other relevant variables. INTERPRETATION Patients with CAA show more subcortical cerebellar atrophy than HC or patients with AD and more cortical cerebellar atrophy than HCs. Reduced pCbll-ScV correlated with lower gait velocity in regression models including other relevant variables. Overall, this study suggests that CAA causes cerebellar injury, which might contribute to gait disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Horn
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elif Gokcal
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex J Becker
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvin S Das
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Warren
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Schwab
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandro Biffi
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Polimeni
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- J Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Droby A, El Mendili MM, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM, Maidan I, Mirelman A. Gait and cognitive abnormalities are associated with regional cerebellar atrophy in elderly fallers - A pilot study. Gait Posture 2021; 90:99-105. [PMID: 34428633 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate cerebellar lobule atrophy patterns in elderly fallers (EFs) and their association with gait and cognitive performance. BACKGROUND Cognitive impairments, gait, and balance deficits are major risk factors for falls in older adults, however, their neural fingerprints remain poorly understood. Recent evidence from neuroimaging studies highlight the role of the cerebellum in both sensorimotor and cognitive networks, suggesting that it may contribute to fall risk. METHODS Fourteen EFs (mean age ± SD = 78 ± 1.5 yrs.) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) (mean age ± SD = 69.6 ± 1.3 yrs.) underwent a 3 T MRI scan obtaining 3D T1-weighted images, cognitive, and gait assessments. Cerebellar lobule segmentation was performed, and the obtained cerebellar lobules volumes were adjusted for intracranial volume (ICV). The relationship between lobules volumes, gait, and cognitive performance scores was assessed using hierarchical multiple linear regression adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS EFs exhibited lower cerebellar volumes in the posterior cerebellum, lobules V, VI, VIIB, VIIIA, VIIIB, and Crus II, and significantly higher volumes in the anterior cerebellum and lobule IV (p = 0.018 and p = 0.046) compared to HCs. In EFs, lobule V, VI, VIIB, VIIIA, VIIIB, and anterior cerebellum volumes were found to be independent predictors of usual walking (UW) gait speed, dual-task (DT) gait speed, mini Best, MOCA, CTTa, and CTTb (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The observed patterns of cerebellar lobule atrophy and their associations with motor and cognitive performance scores suggest that cerebellar atrophy contributes to the pathophysiology of fall risk in EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad Droby
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Mohamed Mounir El Mendili
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Nir Giladi
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Jeffery M Hausdorff
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, lL, USA
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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15
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Bernard JA, Ballard HK, Jackson TB. Cerebellar Dentate Connectivity across Adulthood: A Large-Scale Resting State Functional Connectivity Investigation. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab050. [PMID: 34527949 PMCID: PMC8436571 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar contributions to behavior in advanced age are of interest and importance, given its role in motor and cognitive performance. There are differences and declines in cerebellar structure in advanced age and cerebellar resting state connectivity is lower. However, the work on this area to date has focused on the cerebellar cortex. The deep cerebellar nuclei provide the primary cerebellar inputs and outputs to the cortex, as well as the spinal and vestibular systems. Dentate networks can be dissociated such that the dorsal region is associated with the motor cortex, whereas the ventral aspect is associated with the prefrontal cortex. However, whether dentato-thalamo-cortical networks differ across adulthood remains unknown. Here, using a large adult sample (n = 590) from the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, we investigated dentate connectivity across adulthood. We replicated past work showing dissociable resting state networks in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the dentate. In both seeds, we demonstrated that connectivity is lower with advanced age, indicating that connectivity differences extend beyond the cerebellar cortex. Finally, we demonstrated sex differences in dentate connectivity. This expands our understanding of cerebellar circuitry in advanced age and underscores the potential importance of this structure in age-related performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hannah K Ballard
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Trevor Bryan Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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16
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Provost K, La Joie R, Strom A, Iaccarino L, Edwards L, Mellinger TJ, Pham J, Baker SL, Miller BL, Jagust WJ, Rabinovici GD. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis on 18F-FDG PET: Frequency across neurodegenerative syndromes and association with 11C-PIB and 18F-Flortaucipir. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2329-2343. [PMID: 33691512 PMCID: PMC8393295 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used 18F-FDG-PET to investigate the frequency of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) in 197 patients with various syndromes associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In a subset of 117 patients, we studied relationships between CCD and cortical asymmetry of Alzheimer's pathology (β-amyloid (11C-PIB) and tau (18F-Flortaucipir)). PET images were processed using MRIs to derive parametric SUVR images and define regions of interest. Indices of asymmetry were calculated in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellar cortex. Across all patients, cerebellar 18F-FDG asymmetry was associated with reverse asymmetry of 18F-FDG in the cerebral cortex (especially frontal and parietal areas) and basal ganglia. Based on our operational definition (cerebellar asymmetry >3% with contralateral supratentorial hypometabolism), significant CCD was present in 47/197 (24%) patients and was most frequent in corticobasal syndrome and semantic and logopenic variants of primary progressive aphasia. In β-amyloid-positive patients, mediation analyses showed that 18F-Flortaucipir cortical asymmetry was associated with cerebellar 18F-FDG asymmetry, but that cortical 18F-FDG asymmetry mediated this relationship. Analysis of 18F-FDG-SUVR values suggested that CCD might also occur in the absence of frank cerebellar 18F-FDG asymmetry due to symmetrical supratentorial degeneration resulting in a bilateral diaschisis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Provost
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taylor J Mellinger
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Pham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Devita M, Alberti F, Fagnani M, Masina F, Ara E, Sergi G, Mapelli D, Coin A. Novel insights into the relationship between cerebellum and dementia: A narrative review as a toolkit for clinicians. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101389. [PMID: 34111569 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in neurodegenerative disorders that target cognitive functions has been a subject of increasing interest over the past years. However, a review focused on making clinicians more aware of the role of the cerebellum in dementia is still missing. This narrative review explores the possible factors explaining the involvement of the cerebellum in different kinds of dementia by providing more insights on how this structure can be relevant in clinical practice. It emerged that, despite overlapping in specific areas, structural cerebellar alterations in dementia show a certain degree of disease-specificity. Furthermore, the relevance of cerebellar changes in dementia is corroborated by correlations observed between their topography and cognitive symptomatology, as well as by its previously ignored involvement of the cerebellum in early stages of dementia. Despite needing further investigations, these findings could become a useful diagnostic aid for clinicians that should not be overlooked, in particular for those individuals who do not show distinct and manifest brain or neuropsychological alterations, but that still make clinicians suspect the presence of a neurocognitive disease.
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18
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is exacerbated following traumatic brain injury. Neuroprotection by co-administration of nanowired mesenchymal stem cells and cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:1-97. [PMID: 34560919 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is one of the risk factors in developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a later stage. TBI induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to serum proteins into the brain and leads to extravasation of plasma amyloid beta peptide (ΑβP) into the brain fluid compartments causing AD brain pathology. Thus, there is a need to expand our knowledge on the role of TBI in AD. In addition, exploration of the novel roles of nanomedicine in AD and TBI for neuroprotection is the need of the hour. Since stem cells and neurotrophic factors play important roles in TBI and in AD, it is likely that nanodelivery of these agents exert superior neuroprotection in TBI induced exacerbation of AD brain pathology. In this review, these aspects are examined in details based on our own investigations in the light of current scientific literature in the field. Our observations show that TBI exacerbates AD brain pathology and TiO2 nanowired delivery of mesenchymal stem cells together with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments, and monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta protein thwarted the development of neuropathology following TBI in AD, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Tang F, Zhu D, Ma W, Yao Q, Li Q, Shi J. Differences Changes in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity Between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Seed-Based Approach. Front Neurol 2021; 12:645171. [PMID: 34220669 PMCID: PMC8248670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.645171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have discovered that functional connections are impaired among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), even at the preclinical stage. The cerebellum has been implicated as playing a role in cognitive processes. However, functional connectivity (FC) among cognitive sub-regions of the cerebellum in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains to be further elucidated. Objective: Our study aims to investigate the FC changes of the cerebellum among patients with AD and MCI, compared to healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we explored the role of cerebellum FC changes in the cognitive performance of all subjects. Materials: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from three different groups (28 AD patients, 26 MCI patients, and 30 HC) was collected. We defined cerebellar crus II and lobule IX as seed regions to assess the intragroup differences of cortico-cerebellar connectivity. Bias correlational analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between changes in FC and neuropsychological performance. Results: Compared to HC, AD patients had decreased FC within the caudate, limbic lobe, medial frontal gyrus (MFG), middle temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe/precuneus, inferior temporal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Interestingly, MCI patients demonstrated increased FC within inferior parietal lobe, and MFG, while they had decreased FC in the thalamus, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus. Further analysis indicated that FC changes between the left crus II and the right thalamus, as well as between left lobule IX and the right parietal lobe, were both associated with cognitive decline in AD. Disrupted FC between left crus II and right thalamus, as well as between left lobule IX and right parietal lobe, was associated with attention deficit among subjects with MCI. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cortico-cerebellar FC in MCI and AD patients was significantly disrupted with different distributions, particularly in the default mode networks (DMN) and fronto-parietal networks (FPN) region. Increased activity within the fronto-parietal areas of MCI patients indicated a possible compensatory role for the cerebellum in cognitive impairment. Therefore, alterations in the cortico-cerebellar FC represent a novel approach for early diagnosis and a potential therapeutic target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenying Ma
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Pagen LHG, van de Ven VG, Gronenschild EHBM, Priovoulos N, Verhey FRJ, Jacobs HIL. Contributions of Cerebro-Cerebellar Default Mode Connectivity Patterns to Memory Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:633-647. [PMID: 32310164 PMCID: PMC7458511 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebral default mode network (DMN) can be mapped onto specific regions in the cerebellum, which are specifically vulnerable to atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. OBJECTIVE We set out to determine whether there are specific differences in the interaction between the cerebral and cerebellar DMN in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients compared to healthy controls using resting-state functional MRI and whether these differences are relevant for memory performance. METHODS Eighteen patients with aMCI were age and education-matched to eighteen older adults and underwent 3T MR-imaging. We performed seed-based functional connectivity analysis between the cerebellar DMN seeds and the cerebral DMN. RESULTS Our results showed that compared to healthy older adults, aMCI patients showed lower anti-correlation between the cerebellar DMN and several cerebral DMN regions. Additionally, we showed that degradation of the anti-correlation between the cerebellar DMN and the medial frontal cortex is correlated with worse memory performance in aMCI patients. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that the cerebellar DMN and cerebral DMN are negatively correlated during rest in older individuals, and suggest that the reduced anti-correlated impacts the modulatory role of the cerebellum on cognitive functioning, in particular on the executive component of memory functions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H G Pagen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent G van de Ven
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ed H B M Gronenschild
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Shaughnessy KA, Hackney KJ, Clark BC, Kraemer WJ, Terbizan DJ, Bailey RR, McGrath R. A Narrative Review of Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Functioning: Bringing a New Characteristic to Muscle Memory. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1265-1278. [PMID: 31929158 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of handgrip strength have not only emerged as a clinically viable screening tool for determining risk for morbidity, functional disability, and early mortality, but also for helping to identify cognitive deficits. However, the phenomena that links low handgrip strength with cognitive decline remains unclear. The role of the muscular and neural systems, and their adaptations to muscle strengthening activities over the life course, may provide important information for how age-related changes to muscle mass, strength, and neural capacity influence cognition. Moreover, disentangling how handgrip strength and cognitive function are associated may help to inform healthcare providers working with aging adults and guide targeted interventions aiming to preserve muscle and cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE To 1) highlight and summarize evidence examining the associations of handgrip strength and cognitive functioning, and 2) provide directions for future research in this area. METHODS Articles from the PubMed database were searched from November 2018-May 2019. The search term algorithm, inclusion and exclusion criteria were pre-specified by investigators. RESULTS Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have revealed that measures of handgrip strength were associated with cognitive declines regardless of age demographics and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION Handgrip strength can be used in clinical and epidemiological settings for helping to determine the onset and progression of cognitive impairment. Future research should continue to examine how handgrip strength and cognitive function are linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Shaughnessy
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kyle J Hackney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Donna J Terbizan
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ryan R Bailey
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan McGrath
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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22
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Kocinaj A, Chaudhury T, Uddin MS, Junaid RR, Ramsden DB, Hondhamuni G, Klamt F, Parsons L, Parsons RB. High Expression of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase in Patients with Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1769-1781. [PMID: 33387303 PMCID: PMC7932959 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is significantly increased in the brains of patients who have died of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we have compared the expression of NNMT in post-mortem medial temporal lobe, hippocampus and cerebellum of 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 9 non-disease control subjects using a combination of quantitative Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and dual-label confocal microscopy coupled with quantitative analysis of colocalisation. NNMT was detected as a single protein of 29 kDa in both AD and non-disease control brains, which was significantly increased in AD medial temporal lobe compared to non-disease controls (7.5-fold, P < 0.026). There was no significant difference in expression in the cerebellum (P = 0.91). NNMT expression in AD medial temporal lobe and hippocampus was present in cholinergic neurones with no glial localisation. Cell-type expression was identical in both non-disease control and AD tissues. These results are the first to show, in a proof-of-concept study using a small patient cohort, that NNMT protein expression is increased in the AD brain and is present in neurones which degenerate in AD. These results suggest that the elevation of NNMT may be a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Confirmation of this overexpression using a larger AD patient cohort will drive the future development of NNMT-targetting therapeutics which may slow or stop the disease pathogenesis, in contrast to current therapies which solely address AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altin Kocinaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Tabassum Chaudhury
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Mohammed S. Uddin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Rashad R. Junaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - David B. Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Geshanthi Hondhamuni
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos St., Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Linda Parsons
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Richard B. Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
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23
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Miguel JC, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Mufson EJ. Cerebellar Calcium-Binding Protein and Neurotrophin Receptor Defects in Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:645334. [PMID: 33776745 PMCID: PMC7994928 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.645334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a major characteristic of the Down syndrome (DS) brain. However, the consequences of trisomy upon cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) and interneurons in DS are unclear. The present study performed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of cerebellar neurons immunostained with antibodies against calbindin D-28k (Calb), parvalbumin (Parv), and calretinin (Calr), phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated intermediate neurofilaments (SMI-34 and SMI-32), and high (TrkA) and low (p75NTR) affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors as well as tau and amyloid in DS (n = 12), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 10), and healthy non-dementia control (HC) (n = 8) cases. Our findings revealed higher Aβ42 plaque load in DS compared to AD and HC but no differences in APP/Aβ plaque load between HC, AD, and DS. The cerebellar cortex neither displayed Aβ40 containing plaques nor pathologic phosphorylated tau in any of the cases examined. The number and optical density (OD) measurements of Calb immunoreactive (-ir) PC soma and dendrites were similar between groups, while the number of PCs positive for Parv and SMI-32 were significantly reduced in AD and DS compared to HC. By contrast, the number of SMI-34-ir PC dystrophic axonal swellings, termed torpedoes, was significantly greater in AD compared to DS. No differences in SMI-32- and Parv-ir PC OD measurements were observed between groups. Conversely, total number of Parv- (stellate/basket) and Calr (Lugaro, brush, and Golgi)-positive interneurons were significantly reduced in DS compared to AD and HC. A strong negative correlation was found between counts for Parv-ir interneurons, Calr-ir Golgi and brush cells, and Aβ42 plaque load. Number of TrkA and p75NTR positive PCs were reduced in AD compared to HC. These findings suggest that disturbances in calcium binding proteins play a critical role in cerebellar neuronal dysfunction in adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Miguel
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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24
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Chaudhari K, Wang L, Kruse J, Winters A, Sumien N, Shetty R, Prah J, Liu R, Shi J, Forster M, Yang SH. Early loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in human and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2021; 43:570-581. [PMID: 33688799 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1893566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum's involvement in AD has been under-appreciated by historically labeling as a normal control in AD research. METHODS We determined the involvement of the cerebellum in AD progression. Postmortem human and APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice cerebellums were used to assess the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) by immunohistochemistry. The locomotor and spatial cognitive functions were assessed in 4- to 5-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. Aβ plaque and APP processing were determined in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice at different age groups by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS We observed loss of cerebellar PC in mild cognitive impairment and AD patients compared with cognitively normal controls. A strong trend towards PC loss was found in AD mice as early as 5 months. Impairment of balance beam and rotorod performance, but no spatial learning and memory dysfunction was observed in AD mice at 4-5 months. Aβ plaque in the cerebral cortex was evidenced in AD mice at 2 months and dramatically increased at 6 months. Less and smaller Aβ plaques were observed in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum of AD mice. Similar intracellular APP staining was observed in the cerebellum and cerebrum of AD mice at 2 to 10 months. Similar expression of full-length APP and C-terminal fragments were indicated in the cerebrum and cerebellum of AD mice during aging. DISCUSSION Our study in post-mortem human brains and transgenic AD mice provided neuropathological and functional evidence that cerebellar dysfunction may occur at the early stage of AD and likely independent of Aβ plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Linshu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Jonas Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Ali Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Ritu Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Jude Prah
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Jiong Shi
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Nevada, 888 W Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
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25
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Gellersen HM, Guell X, Sami S. Differential vulnerability of the cerebellum in healthy ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102605. [PMID: 33735787 PMCID: PMC7974323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings challenge the prior notion that the cerebellum remains unaffected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, it is unclear whether AD exacerbates age-related cerebellar grey matter decline or engages distinct structural and functional territories. We performed a meta-analysis of cerebellar grey matter loss in normal ageing and AD. We mapped voxels with structural decline onto established brain networks, functional parcellations, and along gradients that govern the functional organisation of the cerebellum. Importantly, these gradients track continuous changes in cerebellar specialisation providing a more nuanced measure of the functional profile of regions vulnerable to ageing and AD. Gradient 1 progresses from motor to cognitive territories; Gradient 2 isolates attentional processing; Gradient 3 captures lateralisation differences in cognitive functions. We identified bilateral and right-lateralised posterior cerebellar atrophy in ageing and AD, respectively. Age- and AD-related structural decline only showed partial spatial overlap in right lobule VI/Crus I. Despite the seemingly distinct patterns of AD- and age-related atrophy, the functional profiles of these regions were similar. Both participate in the same macroscale networks (default mode, frontoparietal, attention), support executive functions and language processing, and did not exhibit a difference in relative positions along Gradients 1 or 2. However, Gradient 3 values were significantly different in ageing vs. AD, suggesting that the roles of left and right atrophied cerebellar regions exhibit subtle functional differences despite their membership in similar macroscale networks. These findings provide an unprecedented characterisation of structural and functional differences and similarities in cerebellar grey matter loss between normal ageing and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gellersen
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xavier Guell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - Saber Sami
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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26
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Abnormal cortical regions and subsystems in whole brain functional connectivity of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:367-381. [PMID: 32277436 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disease roots of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are unknown. Functional connection (FC) methodology based on functional MRI data is an effective lever to investigate macroscopic neural activity patterns. However, regional properties of brain architecture have been less investigated by special markers of graph indexes in general mental disorders. In terms of the set of the abnormal edges in the FCs matrix, this paper introduces the strength index (S-scores) of region centrality on the principle of holism. Then, the important process is to investigate the S-scores of regions and subsystems in 36 healthy controls, 38 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 34 AD patients. At the edge level, abnormal FCs is numerically increasing progressively from MCI to AD brains. At the region level, the CUN.L, PAL.R, THA.L, and TPOsup.R regions are highlighted with abnormal S-scores in MCI patients. By comparison, more regions are abnormal in AD patients, which are PreCG.L, INS.R, DCG.L, AMYG.R, IOG.R, FFG.L, PoCG.L, PCUN.R, TPOsup.L, MTG.L, and TPOmid.L. Importantly, the regions in DMN have abnormal S-scores in AD groups. At the module level, the S-scores of frontal, parietal, occipital lobe, and cerebellum are found in MCI and AD patients. Meanwhile, the abnormal lateralization is inferred because of the S-scores of left and top hemisphere in the AD group. Though this is strictly a contrastive study, the S-score may be a meaningful imaging marker for excavating AD psychopathology.
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27
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Cerebellar Volume Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results from ADNI. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:217-225. [PMID: 31900856 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease with dysfunctional brain network. Previous studies found the cerebellar volume changes over the course of AD disease progression; however, whether cerebellar volume change contributes to the cognitive decline in AD, or its earlier disease stage (i.e., mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) remains unclear. In ADNI, cognitive function was assessed using Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Behavior section (ADAS-Cog). We used linear regression and linear mixed effects models to examine whether cerebellar volume is associated with either baseline cognition or with cognitive changes over time in MCI or in AD. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between cerebellar volume and disease progression to MCI and AD. We found that cerebellar volume is associated with cognition in patients with MCI, after adjusting for age, gender, education, hippocampal volume, and APOE4 status. Consistently, cerebellar volume is associated with increased odds of the disease stages of MCI and AD when compared to controls. However, cerebellar volume is not associated with cognitive changes over time in either MCI or AD. In summary, cerebellar volume may contribute to cognition level in MCI, but not in AD, indicating that the cerebellar network might modulate the cognitive function in the early stage of the disease. The cerebellum may be a potential target for neuromodulation in treating MCI.
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28
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Kärkkäinen M, Prakash M, Zare M, Tohka J, for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Structural Brain Imaging Phenotypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Found by Hierarchical Clustering. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 2020:2142854. [PMID: 33299603 PMCID: PMC7708019 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2142854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied to magnetic resonance images (MRI) of a cohort of 751 subjects having a mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 282 subjects having received Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis, and 428 normal controls (NC). MRIs were preprocessed to gray matter density maps and registered to a stereotactic space. By first rendering the gray matter density maps comparable by regressing out age, gender, and years of education, and then performing the hierarchical clustering, we found clusters displaying structural features of typical AD, cortically-driven atypical AD, limbic-predominant AD, and early-onset AD (EOAD). Among these clusters, EOAD subjects displayed marked cortical gray matter atrophy and atrophy of the precuneus. Furthermore, EOAD subjects had the highest progression rates as measured with ADAS slopes during the longitudinal follow-up of 36 months. Striking heterogeneities in brain atrophy patterns were observed with MCI subjects. We found clusters of stable MCI, clusters of diffuse brain atrophy with fast progression, and MCI subjects displaying similar atrophy patterns as the typical or atypical AD subjects. Bidirectional differences in structural phenotypes were found with MCI subjects involving the anterior cerebellum and the frontal cortex. The diversity of the MCI subjects suggests that the structural phenotypes of MCI subjects would deserve a more detailed investigation with a significantly larger cohort. Our results demonstrate that the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method is an efficient tool in dividing a cohort of subjects with gray matter atrophy into coherent clusters manifesting different structural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Kärkkäinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mithilesh Prakash
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marzieh Zare
- Signal Processing, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Zhang L, Ni H, Yu Z, Wang J, Qin J, Hou F, Yang A. Investigation on the Alteration of Brain Functional Network and Its Role in the Identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:558434. [PMID: 33100958 PMCID: PMC7556272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.558434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is generally regarded as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In coping with the challenges caused by AD, we analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 82 MCI subjects and 93 normal controls (NCs). The alteration of brain functional network in MCI was investigated on three scales, including global metrics, nodal characteristics, and modular properties. The results supported the existence of small worldness, hubs, and community structure in the brain functional networks of both groups. Compared with NCs, the network altered in MCI over all the three scales. In scale I, we found significantly decreased characteristic path length and increased global efficiency in MCI. Moreover, altered global network metrics were associated with cognitive level evaluated by neuropsychological assessments. In scale II, the nodal betweenness centrality of some global hubs, such as the right Crus II of cerebellar hemisphere (CERCRU2.R) and fusiform gyrus (FFG.R), changed significantly and associated with the severity and cognitive impairment in MCI. In scale III, although anatomically adjacent regions tended to be clustered into the same module regardless of group, discrepancies existed in the composition of modules in both groups, with a prominent separation of the cerebellum and a less localized organization of community structure in MCI compared with NC. Taking advantages of random forest approach, we achieved an accuracy of 91.4% to discriminate MCI patients from NCs by integrating cognitive assessments and network analysis. The importance of the used features fed into the classifier further validated the nodal characteristics of CERCRU2.R and FFG.R could be potential biomarkers in the identification of MCI. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the brain functional connectome data altered at the stage of MCI and could assist the automatic diagnosis of MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangjing Ni
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhinan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaolong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Albert Yang
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Di Lorenzo F, Bonnì S, Picazio S, Motta C, Caltagirone C, Martorana A, Koch G. Effects of Cerebellar Theta Burst Stimulation on Contralateral Motor Cortex Excitability in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:613-617. [PMID: 32564167 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the cerebellum is not among the most renowned brain structures affected in Alzheimer`s disease (AD), recent evidence suggest that it undergoes degenerative changes during the course of the disease. A main neurophysiological feature of AD patients is the remarkable impairment of long term potentiation (LTP)-like cortical plasticity assessed in the primary motor cortex (M1) using theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols. In healthy conditions, continuous (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS) of the cerebellum induce respectively long term depression (LTD)-like and LTP-like after effects in the contralateral M1. Here we aimed at examining the effects of cerebellar TBS on contralateral M1 excitability in a sample of 15 AD patients and 12 healthy age matched controls (HS). Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained in the contralateral M1 before and after cerebellar cTBS and iTBS protocols. As compared to HS, AD patients showed an impairment of LTP-like cortical plasticity mechanisms following cerebellar iTBS. No difference was observed for the cTBS protocol, in which both populations exhibited the expected LTD-like after effect. This study shows that mechanisms of cerebellar-cortical plasticity are impaired in AD. Given its role in high order cognitive functions, new potential therapeutic strategies could be built up in the future to modulate neural activity in the cerebellum in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Picazio
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martorana
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Section of Human Physiology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy.
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31
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Disrupted functional connectivity of the locus coeruleus in healthy adults with parental history of Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 123:81-88. [PMID: 32044590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and early treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are hampered by the lack of research biomarkers. Neuropathological changes in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) are detected early in AD, and noradrenaline plays a neuroprotective role in LC projecting areas. We assessed functional connectivity (FC) of the brainstem in asymptomatic individuals at familial risk for AD hypothesizing that FC of the LC will be decreased in relation to not-at-risk individuals. Thirty-one offspring of patients with late-onset AD (O-LOAD) (22 females; mean age ± SD = 50.36 ± 8.32) and 28 healthy controls (HC) (20 females; mean age ± SD = 53.90 ± 8.44) underwent a neurocognitive evaluation and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition. In FC analyses we evaluated whole-brain global connectivity of the brainstem area, and subsequently assessed seed-to-voxel FC patterns from regions showing between-group differences. O-LOAD individuals scored worse in neurocognitive measures of memory and overall functioning (pFDR<0.05). In imaging analyses, we observed that O-LOAD individuals showed decreased global connectivity in a cluster encompassing the left LC (peak = -4, -34, -32, pTFCE<0.05). Seed-to-voxel analyses revealed that this finding was largely explained by decreased connectivity between the LC and the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, FC between the LC and the left cerebellum correlated positively with delayed recall scores. FC between the LC and the cerebellar cortex is decreased in the healthy offspring of patients with LOAD, such connectivity measurements being associated with delayed memory scores. The assessment of FC between the LC and the cerebellum may serve as a biomarker of AD vulnerability.
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32
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Faria TC, Maldonado HL, Santos LC, DeLabio R, Payao SLM, Turecki G, Mechawar N, Santana DA, Gigek CO, Lemos B, Smith MAC, Chen ES. Characterization of Cerebellum-Specific Ribosomal DNA Epigenetic Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease: Should the Cerebellum Serve as a Control Tissue After All? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2563-2571. [PMID: 32232768 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, known as the most common form of dementia. In AD onset, abnormal rRNA expression has been reported to be linked in pathogenesis. Although region-specific expression patterns have previously been reported in AD, it is not until recently that the cerebellum has come under the spotlight. Specifically, it is unclear whether DNA methylation is the mechanism involved in rRNA expression regulation in AD. Hence, we sought to explore the rDNA methylation pattern of two different brain regions - auditory cortex and cerebellum - from AD and age-/sex-matched controls. Our results showed differential hypermethylation at an upstream CpG region to the rDNA promoter when comparing cerebellum controls to auditory cortex controls. This suggests a possible regulatory region from rDNA expression regulation. Moreover, when comparing between AD and control cerebellum samples, we observed hypermethylation of the rDNA promoter region as well as an increase in rDNA content. In addition, we also observed increased rRNA levels in AD compared to control cerebellum. Although still considered a pathology-free brain region, there are growing findings that continue to suggest otherwise. Indeed, cerebellum from AD has been recently described as affected by the disease, presenting a unique pattern of molecular alterations. Given that we observed that increased rDNA promoter methylation did not silence rDNA gene expression, we suggest that rDNA promoter hypermethylation is playing a protective role in rDNA genomic stability and, therefore, increasing rRNA levels in AD cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathyane C Faria
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Héctor L Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo C Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger DeLabio
- Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dalileia A Santana
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina O Gigek
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marilia A C Smith
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S Chen
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional da UNIFESP/EPM, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Xu Z, Wang J, Lyu H, Wang R, Hu Y, Guo Z, Xu J, Hu Q. Alterations of White Matter Microstructure in Subcortical Vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Depressive Symptoms. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:1565-1573. [PMID: 31958086 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital / the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital / the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Runshi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanming Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital / the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Zhouke Guo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital / the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Mendoza-Léon R, Puentes J, Uriza LF, Hernández Hoyos M. Single-slice Alzheimer's disease classification and disease regional analysis with Supervised Switching Autoencoders. Comput Biol Med 2019; 116:103527. [PMID: 31765915 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a difficult to diagnose pathology of the brain that progressively impairs cognitive functions. Computer-assisted diagnosis of AD based on image analysis is an emerging tool to support AD diagnosis. In this article, we explore the application of Supervised Switching Autoencoders (SSAs) to perform AD classification using only one structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) slice. SSAs are revised supervised autoencoder architectures, combining unsupervised representation and supervised classification as one unified model. In this work, we study the capabilities of SSAs to capture complex visual neurodegeneration patterns, and fuse disease semantics simultaneously. We also examine how regions associated to disease state can be discovered by SSAs following a local patch-based approach. METHODS Patch-based SSAs models are trained on individual patches extracted from a single 2D slice, independently for Axial, Coronal, and Sagittal anatomical planes of the brain at selected informative locations, exploring different patch sizes and network parameterizations. Then, models perform binary class prediction - healthy (CDR = 0) or AD-demented (CDR > 0) - on test data at patch level. The final subject classification is performed employing a majority rule from the ensemble of patch predictions. In addition, relevant regions are identified, by computing accuracy densities from patch-level predictions, and analyzed, supported by Atlas-based regional definitions. RESULTS Our experiments employing a single 2D T1-w sMRI slice per subject show that SSAs perform similarly to previous proposals that rely on full volumetric information and feature-engineered representations. SSAs classification accuracy on slices extracted along the Axial, Coronal, and Sagittal anatomical planes from a balanced cohort of 40 independent test subjects was 87.5%, 90.0%, and 90.0%, respectively. A top sensitivity of 95.0% on both Coronal and Sagittal planes was also obtained. CONCLUSIONS SSAs provided well-ranked accuracy performance among previous classification proposals, including feature-engineered and feature learning based methods, using only one scan slice per subject, instead of the whole 3D volume, as it is conventionally done. In addition, regions identified as relevant by SSAs' were, in most part, coherent or partially coherent in regard to relevant regions reported on previous works. These regions were also associated with findings from medical knowledge, which gives value to our methodology as a potential analytical aid for disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mendoza-Léon
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, UMR CNRS 6285, F-29238, Brest, France.
| | - John Puentes
- IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, UMR CNRS 6285, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Luis Felipe Uriza
- Departamento de Radiología e Imágenes Diagnósticas, Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela Hernández Hoyos
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Gender- and region-specific changes in estrogen signaling in aging rat brain mitochondria. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:2148-2169. [PMID: 30169330 PMCID: PMC6128413 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently epidemiological studies suggest females lose neuroprotection from neurodegenerative diseases as they go through menopause. It has been hypothesized that this neuroprotection is hormone-dependent. The current study characterized cell signaling molecules downstream of estrogen receptor beta that are known to play a role in memory, PKC, ERK, and connexin-43, in regions of the brain associated with memory decline in an attempt to elucidate significant changes that occur post-estrus. Total whole cell lysates were compared to isolated mitochondrial protein because mitochondrial function is known to be altered during aging. As hypothesized, protein concentrations differed depending on age, gender, and brain region. Additionally, many of these changes occurred within mitochondria but not within whole cell lysates indicating that these are epigenetic alterations. These findings accentuate the complexity of aging and provide insight into the gender-specific cellular processes that occur throughout this process.
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36
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Sex difference in CHI3L1 expression levels in human brain aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cherbuin N, Walsh E, Baune BT, Anstey KJ. Oxidative stress, inflammation and risk of neurodegeneration in a population sample. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26:1347-1354. [PMID: 31081571 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) have been clearly linked to neurodegeneration. However, studies investigating the associations between peripheral markers of inflammation and cognitive decline have produced mixed results. This is possibly due to the fact that markers are typically tested individually despite the fact that biologically they function interactively. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between a combination of OS/inflammation markers and outcomes including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis, cognitive decline and hippocampal atrophy. METHODS Oxidative stress/inflammation status was assessed in 380 older community-living individuals. Thirteen blood markers were assayed. Principal component analysis (PCA) of all markers was conducted to identify the more salient inflammatory components. Associations between significant principal components, MCI diagnosis, previous change in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and hippocampal atrophy were investigated through logistic and linear multiple regression. RESULTS Two factors (PC1 and PC2) reflecting predominantly broad pro-inflammatory activity and two factors (PC3 and PC4) reflecting predominantly OS activity were identified by PCA analysis. PC3 and PC4 were predictive of MCI. PC3 was also predictive of prior MMSE change. PC1, PC2 and PC3 were significantly associated with hippocampal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Combined analysis of complex and interacting biomarkers revealed a protective association between antioxidant activity and MCI that is consistent with lifestyle factors shown to reduce risk of cognitive decline. OS and broad systemic inflammation were also found to be associated with hippocampal atrophy further highlighting the benefits of the PCA methodology applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry/Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - K J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,School of Psychology/NeuRA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Liang KJ, Carlson ES. Resistance, vulnerability and resilience: A review of the cognitive cerebellum in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:106981. [PMID: 30630042 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the context of neurodegeneration and aging, the cerebellum is an enigma. Genetic markers of cellular aging in cerebellum accumulate more slowly than in the rest of the brain, and it generates unknown factors that may slow or even reverse neurodegenerative pathology in animal models of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Cerebellum shows increased activity in early AD and Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting a compensatory function that may mitigate early symptoms of neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Perhaps most notably, different parts of the brain accumulate neuropathological markers of AD in a recognized progression and generally, cerebellum is the last brain region to do so. Taken together, these data suggest that cerebellum may be resistant to certain neurodegenerative mechanisms. On the other hand, in some contexts of accelerated neurodegeneration, such as that seen in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) following repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI), the cerebellum appears to be one of the most susceptible brain regions to injury and one of the first to exhibit signs of pathology. Cerebellar pathology in neurodegenerative disorders is strongly associated with cognitive dysfunction. In neurodegenerative or neurological disorders associated with cerebellar pathology, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, cerebellar cortical atrophy, and essential tremor, rates of cognitive dysfunction, dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms increase. When the cerebellum shows AD pathology, such as in familial AD, it is associated with earlier onset and greater severity of disease. These data suggest that when neurodegenerative processes are active in the cerebellum, it may contribute to pathological behavioral outcomes. The cerebellum is well known for comparing internal representations of information with observed outcomes and providing real-time feedback to cortical regions, a critical function that is disturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders such as intellectual disability, schizophrenia, dementia, and autism, and required for cognitive domains such as working memory. While cerebellum has reciprocal connections with non-motor brain regions and likely plays a role in complex, goal-directed behaviors, it has proven difficult to establish what it does mechanistically to modulate these behaviors. Due to this lack of understanding, it's not surprising to see the cerebellum reflexively dismissed or even ignored in basic and translational neuropsychiatric literature. The overarching goals of this review are to answer the following questions from primary literature: When the cerebellum is affected by pathology, is it associated with decreased cognitive function? When it is intact, does it play a compensatory or protective role in maintaining cognitive function? Are there theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of cerebellum in cognition, and perhaps, illnesses characterized by cognitive dysfunction? Understanding the role of the cognitive cerebellum in neurodegenerative diseases has the potential to offer insight into origins of cognitive deficits in other neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often underappreciated, poorly understood, and not often treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Liang
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik S Carlson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Neurol 2018; 266:1293-1302. [PMID: 30120563 PMCID: PMC6517561 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been crucial to the understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms behind and clinical identification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MRI modalities show patterns of brain damage that discriminate AD from other brain illnesses and brain abnormalities that are associated with risk of conversion to AD from MCI and other behavioural outcomes. This review discusses the application of various MRI techniques to and their clinical usefulness in AD and MCI. MRI modalities covered include structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labelling (ASL), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and functional MRI (fMRI). There is much evidence supporting the validity of MRI as a biomarker for these disorders; however, only traditional structural imaging is currently recommended for routine use in clinical settings. Future research is needed to warrant the inclusion for more advanced MRI methodology in forthcoming revisions to diagnostic criteria for AD and MCI.
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Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Walsh E, Shaw ME, Cherbuin N. A simple and clinically relevant combination of neuroimaging and functional indexes for the identification of those at highest risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:102-110. [PMID: 29864716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current challenge in clinical practice is to identify those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who are at greater risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) conversion in the near future. The aim of this study was to assess a clinically practical new hippocampal index-hippocampal volume normalized by cerebellar volume (hippocampus to cerebellum volume ratio) used alone or in combination with scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination, as a predictor of conversion from MCI to AD. The predictive value of the HCCR was also contrasted to that of the hippocampal volume to intracranial volume ratio. The findings revealed that the performance of the combination of measures was significantly better than that of each measure used individually. The combination of Mini-Mental State Examination and hippocampal volume, normalized by the cerebellum or by intracranial volume, accurately discriminated individuals with MCI who progress to AD within 5 years from other MCI types (stable, reverters) and those with intact cognition (area under receiver operating curve of 0.88 and 0.89, respectively). Normalization by cerebellar volume was as accurate as normalization by intracranial volume with the advantage of being more practical, particularly for serial assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tabatabaei-Jafari
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Erin Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marnie E Shaw
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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41
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Datta S, Chakrabarti N. Age related rise in lactate and its correlation with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) status in post-mitochondrial fractions isolated from different regions of brain in mice. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:23-33. [PMID: 29678731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rise in brain lactate is the hallmark of ageing. Separate studies report that ageing is associated with elevation of lactate level and alterations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-A/B mRNA-expression-ratio in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. However, age related lactate rise in brain and its association with LDH status and their brain regional variations are still elusive. In the present study, level of lactate, LDH (A and B) activity and LDH-A expression were evaluated in post-mitochondrial fraction of tissues isolated from four different brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum) of young and aged mice. Lactate levels elevated in four brain regions with maximum rise in substantia nigra of aged mice. LDH-A protein expression and its activity decreased in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and substantia nigra without any changes of these parameters in cerebellum of aged mice. LDH-B activity decreased in hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum whereas its activity remains unaltered in cerebral cortex of aged mice. Accordingly, the ratio of LDH-A/LDH-B-activity remains unaltered in hippocampus and substantia nigra, decreased in cerebral cortex and increased in cerebellum. Therefore, rise of lactate in three brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra) appeared to be not correlated with the alterations of its regulatory enzymes activities in these three brain regions, rather it supports the fact of involvement of other mechanisms, like lactate transport and/or aerobic/anaerobic metabolism as the possible cause(s) of lactate rise in these three brain regions. The increase in LDH-A/LDH-B-activity-ratio appeared to be positively correlated with elevated lactate level in cerebellum of aged mice. Overall, the present study indicates that the mechanism of rise in lactate in brain varies with brain regions where LDH status plays an important role during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Datta
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; UGC-CPEPA Centre for "Electro-physiological and Neuro-imaging Studies Including Mathematical Modelling", University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Nilkanta Chakrabarti
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; UGC-CPEPA Centre for "Electro-physiological and Neuro-imaging Studies Including Mathematical Modelling", University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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