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Mastronikolis NS, Kyrodimos E, Piperigkou Z, Spyropoulou D, Delides A, Giotakis E, Alexopoulou M, Bakalis NA, Karamanos NK. Matrix-based molecular mechanisms, targeting and diagnostics in oral squamous cell carcinoma. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:368-382. [PMID: 38168122 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a head and neck cancer (HNC) with a high mortality rate. OSCC is developed in the oral cavity and it is triggered by many etiologic factors and can metastasize both regionally and distantly. Recent research advances in OSCC improved our understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved in and the initiation of OSCC metastasis. The key roles of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in OSCC are an emerging area of intensive research as the ECM macromolecular network is actively involved in events that regulate cellular morphological and functional properties, transcription and cell signaling mechanisms in invasion and metastasis. The provisional matrix that is formed by cancer cells is profoundly different in composition and functions as compared with the matrix of normal tissue. Fibroblasts are mainly responsible for matrix production and remodeling, but in cancer, the tumor matrix in the tumor microenvironment (TME) also originates from cancer cells. Even though extensive research has been conducted on the role of ECM in regulating cancer pathogenesis, its role in modulating OSCC is less elucidated since there are several issues yet to be fully understood. This critical review is focused on recent research as to present and discuss on the involvement of ECM macromolecular effectors (i.e., proteoglycans, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases) in OSCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Mastronikolis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios Kyrodimos
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Ippokrateion' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Despoina Spyropoulou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexander Delides
- 2nd Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Giotakis
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Ippokrateion' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- 2nd Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Miranda Alexopoulou
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nick A Bakalis
- Department of Nursing, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
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Berndt A, Gaßler N, Franz M. Invasion-Associated Reorganization of Laminin 332 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: The Role of the Laminin γ2 Chain in Tumor Biology, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194903. [PMID: 36230826 PMCID: PMC9564360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The destructive growth of carcinomas is associated with crossing the border between the epithelial and the connective tissue parts of an organ. One component of this borderline, the basement membrane, is the heterotrimeric laminin 332, which mediates the adhesion of basal epithelial cells. This protein, in particular its gamma 2 chain, is fundamentally reorganized during tumor cell invasion. Specific deposition patterns of laminin 332 are also present in oral squamous cell carcinomas and have been shown to be of high diagnostic and predictive value. Furthermore, laminin 332 restructuring is associated with important tumor biological processes, e.g., stromal activation, the development of a motile phenotype, and tumor spreading. In this review, current knowledge in the field is summarized and the recommendation to consider laminin 332 as a promising grading and monitoring parameter and as a potential therapeutic target is discussed. Abstract Invasion of the connective tissue by carcinoma cells is accompanied by disintegration and reorganization of the hemidesmosomes, which connect the basement membrane to the basal epithelial cells. In terms of mediating the basement membrane, i.e., basal cell interactions, the heterotrimeric laminin 332 is the most important bridging molecule. Due to this distinct function, laminin 332, especially its gamma 2 chain, came into the focus of cancer research. Specific de novo synthesis and deposition patterns of laminin 332 are evident upon development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Loss from the basement membrane, cytoplasmic accumulation, and extracellular deposition are associated with crucial processes such as stromal activation and immune response, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tumor cell budding. In networks with components of the tumor microenvironment, altered expression of laminin 332 chains, proteolytic processing, and interaction with integrin receptors seem to promote cancer cell migration. Indeed, reorganization patterns are shown to have a high diagnostic and prognostic value. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on laminin 332 reorganization in OSCCs with special focus on its gamma 2 chain and provide, based on the current literature, evidence on its promising role as a grading and monitoring parameter and as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berndt
- Section Pathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-939-70-61
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Section Pathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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3
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Hadjigol S, Shah BA, O’Brien-Simpson NM. The 'Danse Macabre'-Neutrophils the Interactive Partner Affecting Oral Cancer Outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894021. [PMID: 35784290 PMCID: PMC9243430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, tremendous advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer have taken place. However for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, the overall survival rate is below 50% and they remain the seventh most common malignancy worldwide. These cancers are, commonly, aggressive, genetically complex, and difficult to treat and the delay, which often occurs between early recognition of symptoms and diagnosis, and the start of treatment of these cancers, is associated with poor prognosis. Cancer development and progression occurs in concert with alterations in the surrounding stroma, with the immune system being an essential element in this process. Despite neutrophils having major roles in the pathology of many diseases, they were thought to have little impact on cancer development and progression. Recent studies are now challenging this notion and placing neutrophils as central interactive players with other immune and tumor cells in affecting cancer pathology. This review focuses on how neutrophils and their sub-phenotypes, N1, N2, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, both directly and indirectly affect the anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune responses. Emphasis is placed on what is currently known about the interaction of neutrophils with myeloid innate immune cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages), innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, and fibroblasts to affect the tumor microenvironment and progression of oral cancer. A better understanding of this dialog will allow for improved therapeutics that concurrently target several components of the tumor microenvironment, increasing the possibility of constructive and positive outcomes for oral cancer patients. For this review, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for manuscripts using keywords and combinations thereof of "oral cancer, OSCC, neutrophils, TANs, MDSC, immune cells, head and neck cancer, and tumor microenvironment" with a focus on publications from 2018 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hadjigol
- ACTV Research Group, Division of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Royal Dental Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- ACTV Research Group, Division of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Royal Dental Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Fromme JE, Zigrino P. The Role of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Skin Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864302. [PMID: 35558554 PMCID: PMC9086898 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix remodeling in the skin results from a delicate balance of synthesis and degradation of matrix components, ensuring tissue homeostasis. These processes are altered during tumor invasion and growth, generating a microenvironment that supports growth, invasion, and metastasis. Apart from the cellular component, the tumor microenvironment is rich in extracellular matrix components and bound factors that provide structure and signals to the tumor and stromal cells. The continuous remodeling in the tissue compartment sustains the developing tumor during the various phases providing matrices and proteolytic enzymes. These are produced by cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. In addition to fostering tumor growth, the expression of specific extracellular matrix proteins and proteinases supports tumor invasion after the initial therapeutic response. Lately, the expression and structural modification of matrices were also associated with therapeutic resistance. This review will focus on the significant alterations in the extracellular matrix components and the function of metalloproteinases that influence skin cancer progression and support the acquisition of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Fromme
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paola Zigrino,
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Shetty SS, Padam KSR, Hunter KD, Kudva A, Radhakrishnan R. Biological implications of the immune factors in the tumour microenvironment of oral cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105294. [PMID: 34735925 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to decipher the biological implications of the immune factors in the tumour microenvironment in oral cancer. The restoration of balance between tumour tolerance and tumour eradication by the host immune cells is critical to provide effective therapeutic strategies. DESIGN The specific role of the stromal and the immune components in oral cancer was reviewed with a tailored search strategy using relevant keywords. The articles were retrieved from bibliometric databases indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. An in silico analysis was performed to identify potential drug candidates for immunotherapy, by accessing the Drug-Gene Interactions Database (DGIdb) using the rDGIdb package. RESULTS There is compelling evidence for the role of the cellular and extracellular components of the tumour microenvironment in inducing immunosuppression and progression of oral cancer. The druggable candidates specifically targeting the immune system are a viable option in the treatment of oral cancer as they can regulate the tumour microenvironment. CONCLUSION A complex interaction between the tumour and the immunological microenvironment influences the disease outcome in oral cancer. Targeting specific components of the immune system might be relevant, as immunotherapy may become the new standard of care for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Sammith Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Kanaka Sai Ram Padam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keith D Hunter
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adarsh Kudva
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Kumar V, Panda A, Dash KC, Bhuyan L, Mahapatra N, Mishra P. Immunohistochemical Expression of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Proteins E-cadherin and ß-catenin in Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S555-S560. [PMID: 34447152 PMCID: PMC8375807 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_562_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background E-Cadherin/β-Catenin protein complexes play a major role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and vice versa. Such types of EMT are implicated physiologically during embryonic development and pathologically in tissue fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Aims The aim was the evaluation of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin immunoreactivity in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate their pattern of expression. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemical expression of E-Cadherin/β-Catenin was evaluated in a total n = 30 tissue samples comprising of n = 10 well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), n = 10 moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and n = 10 poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). Based on the intensity of staining, an immunoreactivity scoring was calculated. Statistical Analysis The scorings obtained were subjected to independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square test, and ANOVA test using SPSS version 20.0 statistical analysis software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A significant difference was observed in the expression of β-Catenin between normal mucosa and WDSCC; normal mucosa and MDSCC. A gradual decrease in the immunoreactivity score of E-Cadherin is seen in WDSCC, MDSCC, and PDSCC. Conclusion Therefore, dysregulation of these proteins can lead to tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Further studies are warranted to specify the role of these EMT proteins as prognostic/therapeutic markers in patients suffering from OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abikshyeet Panda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kailash Chandra Dash
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Lipsa Bhuyan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Niva Mahapatra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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ECM Remodeling in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Aerodigestive Tract: Pathways for Cancer Dissemination and Emerging Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112759
expr 955442319 + 839973387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) include a number of different types of tumors developing in the skin, in hollow organs, as well as the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) including the head and neck region and the esophagus which will be dealt with in this review. These tumors are often refractory to current therapeutic approaches with poor patient outcome. The most important prognostic determinant of SCC tumors is the presence of distant metastasis, significantly correlating with low patient survival rates. Rapidly emerging evidence indicate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and remodeling profoundly affect SSC metastatic dissemination. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of ECM and its remodeling enzymes in affecting the growth and dissemination of UADT SCC. Taken together, these published evidence suggest that a thorough analysis of the ECM composition in the UADT SCC microenvironment may help disclosing the mechanism of resistance to the treatments and help defining possible targets for clinical intervention.
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ECM Remodeling in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Aerodigestive Tract: Pathways for Cancer Dissemination and Emerging Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112759. [PMID: 34199373 PMCID: PMC8199582 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local and distant metastasis of patients affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract predicts poor prognosis. In the latest years, the introduction of new therapeutic approaches, including targeted and immune therapies, has improved the overall survival. However, a large number of these patients do not benefit from these treatments. Thus, the identification of suitable prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as the discovery of new therapeutic targets have emerged as a crucial clinical need. In this context, the extracellular matrix represents a suitable target for the development of such therapeutic tools. In fact, the extracellular matrix is composed by complex molecules able to interact with a plethora of receptors and growth factors, thus modulating the dynamic crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of the extracellular matrix in affecting squamous cell carcinoma growth and dissemination. Despite extracellular matrix is known to affect the development of many cancer types, only a restricted number of these molecules have been recognized to impact on squamous cell carcinoma progression. Thus, we consider that a thorough analysis of these molecules may be key to develop new potential therapeutic targets/biomarkers. Abstract Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) include a number of different types of tumors developing in the skin, in hollow organs, as well as the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) including the head and neck region and the esophagus which will be dealt with in this review. These tumors are often refractory to current therapeutic approaches with poor patient outcome. The most important prognostic determinant of SCC tumors is the presence of distant metastasis, significantly correlating with low patient survival rates. Rapidly emerging evidence indicate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and remodeling profoundly affect SSC metastatic dissemination. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of ECM and its remodeling enzymes in affecting the growth and dissemination of UADT SCC. Taken together, these published evidence suggest that a thorough analysis of the ECM composition in the UADT SCC microenvironment may help disclosing the mechanism of resistance to the treatments and help defining possible targets for clinical intervention.
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Nisar S, Yousuf P, Masoodi T, Wani NA, Hashem S, Singh M, Sageena G, Mishra D, Kumar R, Haris M, Bhat AA, Macha MA. Chemokine-Cytokine Networks in the Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094584. [PMID: 33925575 PMCID: PMC8123862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive diseases with a dismal patient prognosis. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities, the five-year survival rate in patients with HNSCC has improved marginally and therefore warrants a comprehensive understanding of the HNSCC biology. Alterations in the cellular and non-cellular components of the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) play a critical role in regulating many hallmarks of cancer development including evasion of apoptosis, activation of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, response to therapy, immune escape mechanisms, deregulation of energetics, and therefore the development of an overall aggressive HNSCC phenotype. Cytokines and chemokines are small secretory proteins produced by neoplastic or stromal cells, controlling complex and dynamic cell-cell interactions in the TME to regulate many cancer hallmarks. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex cytokine/chemokine networks in the HNSCC TME, their role in activating diverse signaling pathways and promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Parvaiz Yousuf
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India;
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Genetikode 400102, India;
| | - Nissar A. Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India;
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Mayank Singh
- Departmental of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | | | - Deepika Mishra
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Advanced Research, School of Biotechnology and Indian Council of Medical Research, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, India;
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A. Bhat
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); or (M.A.M.); Tel.: +974-40037703 (A.A.B.); +91-8082326900 (M.A.M.)
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora 192122, India
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); or (M.A.M.); Tel.: +974-40037703 (A.A.B.); +91-8082326900 (M.A.M.)
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Yin J, Zeng X, Ai Z, Yu M, Wu Y, Li S. Construction and analysis of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network based on competitive endogenous RNA reveal functional lncRNAs in oral cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:84. [PMID: 32571304 PMCID: PMC7310129 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge in various diseases including oral cancer. However, the pathophysiological function of lncRNAs remains unclear. Methods Based on the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory, we constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in oral cancer with the human expression profiles GSE74530 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We used topological analysis to determine the hub lncRNAs in the regulatory ceRNA network. Then, function enrichment analysis was performed using the clusterProfiler R package. Clinical information was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 238 potential co-dysregulated competing triples were obtained in the lncRNA-associated ceRNA network in oral cancer, which consisted of 10 lncRNA nodes, 41 miRNA nodes and 122 mRNA nodes. Additionally, we found lncRNA HCG22 exhibiting superior potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of oral cancer. Conclusions Our findings provide novel insights to understand the ceRNA regulation in oral cancer and identify a novel lncRNA as a potential molecular biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zexin Ai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yang'ou Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shengjiao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Rousselle P, Scoazec JY. Laminin 332 in cancer: When the extracellular matrix turns signals from cell anchorage to cell movement. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:149-165. [PMID: 31639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin 332 is crucial in the biology of epithelia. This large extracellular matrix protein consists of the heterotrimeric assembly of three subunits - α3, β3, and γ2 - and its multifunctionality relies on a number of extracellular proteolytic processing events. Laminin 332 is central to normal epithelium homeostasis by sustaining cell adhesion, polarity, proliferation, and differentiation. It also supports a major function in epithelial tissue formation, repair, and regeneration by buttressing cell migration and survival and basement membrane assembly. Interest in this protein increased after the discovery that its expression is perturbed in tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the established involvement of the laminin 332 γ2 chain in tumor invasiveness and discusses the role of its α3 and β3 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France.
| | - Jean Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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12
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Ohnishi Y, Sakamoto T, Zhengguang L, Yasui H, Hamada H, Kubo H, Nakajima M. Curcumin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral cancer cells via c-Met blockade. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:4177-4182. [PMID: 32391111 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. OSCC cells are highly invasive, a characteristic that involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); the conversion of immotile epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells. EMT is involved in the progression of various types of cancer by promoting tumour cell scattering and conferring to these cells cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics, such as self-renewal. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signalling plays an important role in EMT induction and, therefore, contributes to cell invasion and metastasis in cancer. Due to its potential chemopreventative and anti-tumour activities, curcumin has attracted much interest and has been shown to act as a potent EMT inhibitor in various types of cancer. However, at present, the potential effects of curcumin on HGF-induced EMT in OSCC have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that HGF signalling could induce EMT in the HSC4 and Ca9-22 OSCC cell lines via the HGF receptor c-Met and downstream activation of the pro-survival ERK pathway. Notably, curcumin inhibited HGF-induced EMT and cell motility in HSC-4 and Ca9-22 cells via c-Met blockade. Therefore, these findings establish curcumin as a candidate drug for OSCC treatment. Furthermore, curcumin was able to effectively inhibit the HGF-induced increase in the levels of vimentin by downregulating the expression of phosphorylated c-Met, an ERK. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that curcumin was able to reverse HGF-induced EMT, possibly by inhibiting c-Met expression in oral cancer cells, providing a strong basis for the development of novel approaches for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohnishi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakamoto
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Li Zhengguang
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hamada
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kubo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
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13
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Georgescu SR, Tampa M, Mitran CI, Mitran MI, Caruntu C, Caruntu A, Lupu M, Matei C, Constantin C, Neagu M. Tumour Microenvironment in Skin Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:123-142. [PMID: 32030681 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumour microenvironment is a complex system comprising cells and molecules that will provide the necessary conditions for tumour development and progression. Cells residing in the tumour microenvironment gain specific phenotypes and specific functions that are pro-tumorigenic. Tumour progression is in fact a combination between tumour cell characteristics and its interplay with tumour microenvironment. This dynamic network will allow tumour cells to grow, migrate and invade tissues. In the present chapter, we are highlighting some traits that characterise tumour microenvironment in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma. In skin cancers, there are some common tumour microenvironment characteristics such as the presence of tumour-associated macrophages and regulatory T lymphocytes that are non-tumour cells promoting tumorigenesis. There are also skin cancer type differences in terms of tumour microenvironment characteristics. Thus, markers such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor in melanoma or the extraordinary diverse genetic make-up in the cancer-associated fibroblasts associated to squamous cell carcinoma are just a few of specific traits in skin cancer types. New technological advances for evaluation of tumour environment are presented. Thus, non-invasive skin imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy can evaluate skin tumour inflammatory infiltrates for density and cellular populations. Analysing tumour micromedium in depth may offer new insights into cancer therapy and identify new therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Roxana Georgescu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Victor Babes" Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Tampa
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. .,"Victor Babes" Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Iulia Mitran
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Cantacuzino" National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Irina Mitran
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Cantacuzino" National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. .,Department of Dermatology, "Prof. N. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Department of Dermatology, MEDAS Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Clara Matei
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania. .,Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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A 4-gene signature from histologically normal surgical margins predicts local recurrence in patients with oral carcinoma: clinical validation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1713. [PMID: 32015424 PMCID: PMC6997450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic biomarkers for recurrence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) are urgently needed. We aimed to independently validate a 4-gene expression signature (MMP1, COL4A1, P4HA2, THBS2) predictive of OSCC recurrence risk. Gene expression was measured using Nanostring nCounter® in 245 histologically normal surgical resection margins from 62 patients. Association between risk scores for individual patients and recurrence was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Signature performance was quantified by concordance index (CI), hazard ratio (HR) and the area under receiver operating characteristics (AUC). Risk scores for recurrence were significantly higher than recurrence-free patients (p = 9.58e-7, Welch’s t-test). A solid performance of the 4-gene signature was determined: CI = 0.64, HR = 3.38 (p = 1.4E-4; log-rank test), AUC = 0.71. We showed that three margins per patient are sufficient to preserve predictive performance (CI = 0.65; HR = 2.92; p = 2.94e-3; AUC = 0.71). Association between the predicted risk scores and recurrence was assessed and showed HR = 2.44 (p = 9.6E-3; log-rank test, N = 62). Signature performance analysis was repeated using an optimized threshold (70th percentile of risks), resulting in HR = 3.38 (p = 1.4E-4; log-rank test, N = 62). The 4-gene signature was validated as predictive of recurrence risk in an independent cohort of patients with resected OSCC and histologically negative margins, and is potentially applicable for clinical decision making on adjuvant treatment and disease monitoring.
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15
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Recent Advances in Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment-Based Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1296:11-31. [PMID: 34185284 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a group of heterogeneous aggressive tumors affecting more than half a million patients worldwide annually. While the tobacco- and alcohol-associated HNSCC tumors are declining, human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced tumors are on rise. Despite recent advances in multimodality therapeutic interventions including surgery in combination with chemoradiation therapy (CRT), the overall 5-year survival has not improved more than 50%. The underlying reasons for this dismal prognosis is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to CRT. While previous studies were focused to target tumor cells, recent findings have implicated the involvement of tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression and response to therapy. HNSCC TME includes cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells, immune cells, endocrine cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including collagen and fibronectin. Understanding the crosstalk between TME and cancer cells is important to formulate more effective novel therapies and to overcome resistance mechanisms. Here, we summarized the current literature on recent advances on HNSCC TME with special emphasis on novel cell-cell interactions and therapies currently under development.
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16
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Kumar KV, Hema KN. Extracellular matrix in invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:10-16. [PMID: 31110410 PMCID: PMC6503796 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_97_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common cancer in developing countries with highly invasive and metastasis credentials. The Lymphnode metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma is regarded as the factor that decides on disease survival of patients. Steps have been made towards research in the field of Oral squamous cell carcinoma for better understanding of the molecular events involved in invasion and metastasis. Recently, the role of Extracellular matrix (ECM) of oral squamous cell carcinoma in invasion and metastasis has gained interest, as ECM is known to actively contribute in events that regulate transcriptional controls and cell signalling mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis. Understanding such contributing role of ECM may pave way for newer methodologies in early detection, prevention and therapeutic strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K N Hema
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VS Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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17
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Pilborough AE, Lambert DW, Khurram SA. Extranodal extension in oral cancer: A role for the nodal microenvironment? J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:863-870. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Pilborough
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Daniel W. Lambert
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Syed A. Khurram
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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18
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Ricci S, Pinto F, Auletta A, Giordano A, Giovane A, Settembre G, Boccellino M, Boffo S, Di Carlo A, Di Domenico M. The enigmatic role of matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Implications and nutraceutical aspects. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:6813-6819. [PMID: 30714188 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent malignancy in the oral cavity is represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma, an aggressive disease mostly detected in low-income communities. This neoplasia is mostly diffused in older men particularly exposed to risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and a diet rich in fatty foods and poor in vegetables. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, a wide range of matrix-cleaving proteinases are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling of cancer microenvironment. In particular, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent the major and most investigated protagonists. Owing to their strong involvement in malignant pathologies, MMPs are considered the most promising new biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The interest in studying MMPs in oral cancer biology is also owing to their prominent role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an intricate process involving different complex pathways. EMT-related proteins are attractive diagnostic biomarkers that characterize the activation of biological events that promote cancer's aggressive expansion. Different antioncogenic natural compounds have been investigated to counteract oral carcinogenesis, with the scope of obtaining better clinical results and lower morbidity. In particular, we describe the role of different nutraceuticals used for the regulation of MMP-related invasion and proliferation of oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ricci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Pinto
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Auletta
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Italy.,Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alfonso Giovane
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Settembre
- Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Boffo
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angelina Di Carlo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Peltanova B, Raudenska M, Masarik M. Effect of tumor microenvironment on pathogenesis of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:63. [PMID: 30927923 PMCID: PMC6441173 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of many different cell populations, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and various infiltrating immune cells, and non-cell components of extracellular matrix. These crucial parts of the surrounding stroma can function as both positive and negative regulators of all hallmarks of cancer development, including evasion of apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis, deregulation of the energy metabolism, resistance to the immune detection and destruction, and activation of invasion and metastasis. This review represents a summary of recent studies focusing on describing these effects of microenvironment on initiation and progression of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on oral squamous cell carcinoma, since it is becoming clear that an investigation of differences in stromal composition of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment and their impact on cancer development and progression may help better understand the mechanisms behind different responses to therapy and help define possible targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Peltanova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595,, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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20
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Oral Cancer Stem Cells Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1041:207-233. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Rezaei M, Cao J, Friedrich K, Kemper B, Brendel O, Grosser M, Adrian M, Baretton G, Breier G, Schnittler HJ. The expression of VE-cadherin in breast cancer cells modulates cell dynamics as a function of tumor differentiation and promotes tumor-endothelial cell interactions. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 149:15-30. [PMID: 29143117 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cadherin switch has profound consequences on cancer invasion and metastasis. The endothelial-specific vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) has been demonstrated in diverse cancer types including breast cancer and is supposed to modulate tumor progression and metastasis, but underlying mechanisms need to be better understood. First, we evaluated VE-cadherin expression by tissue microarray in 392 cases of breast cancer tumors and found a diverse expression and distribution of VE-cadherin. Experimental expression of fluorescence-tagged VE-cadherin (VE-EGFP) in undifferentiated, fibroblastoid and E-cadherin-negative MDA-231 (MDA-VE-EGFP) as well as in differentiated E-cadherin-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-VE-EGFP), respectively, displayed differentiation-dependent functional differences. VE-EGFP expression reversed the fibroblastoid MDA-231 cells to an epithelial-like phenotype accompanied by increased β-catenin expression, actin and vimentin remodeling, increased cell spreading and barrier function and a reduced migration ability due to formation of VE-cadherin-mediated cell junctions. The effects were largely absent in both MDA-VE-EGFP and in control MCF-EGFP cell lines. However, MCF-7 cells displayed a VE-cadherin-independent planar cell polarity and directed cell migration that both developed in MDA-231 only after VE-EGFP expression. Furthermore, VE-cadherin expression had no effect on tumor cell proliferation in monocultures while co-culturing with endothelial cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation due to integration of the tumor cells into monolayer where they form VE-cadherin-mediated cell contacts with the endothelium. We propose an interactive VE-cadherin-based crosstalk that might activate proliferation-promoting signals. Together, our study shows a VE-cadherin-mediated cell dynamics and an endothelial-dependent proliferation in a differentiation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezaei
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Friedrich
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Brendel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marianne Grosser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Adrian
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Breier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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22
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Kumar A, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Majumdar B, Patil S, Sharma NK. Beyond gene dictation in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and its therapeutic implications. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x17701463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barnali Majumdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Yasui H, Ohnishi Y, Nakajima M, Nozaki M. Migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are induced by HGF/c-Met signalling via lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3674-3680. [PMID: 28440510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) results in cellular effects including cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion; RTKs also play an important role in tumourigenesis. It has been reported that EGFR signalling controls the migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) SAS and HSC3 cells but not of HSC4 cells, although the proliferation of HSC4 cells is regulated by EGF/EGFR. In the present study, we investigated the roles of EGFR and the c-Met signalling pathway in cell migration via filopodia and lamellipodia formation, which may be prerequisites for migration. To explore the role of c-Met in cell migration, we inhibited c-Met RTK activity using the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 and activated c-Met using hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in three OSCC cell lines HSC4, SAS and Ca9-22 and investigated migration potency using a wound healing assay. We showed that inhibition of c-Met significantly suppressed, and activation of c-Met significantly promoted, the migration of OSCC cells. Additionally, the migration of SAS and Ca9-22 cells was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and cetuximab and promoted by EGF treatment. Moreover, migration potency was correlated with lamellipodia formation. Furthermore, western blot analyses demonstrated that SU11274 decreased and HGF increased lamellipodin protein levels as well as phosphorylated c-Met levels. Collectively, we demonstrated that c-Met signalling induced lamellipodia formation by upregulating lamellipodin, thereby promoting the migration of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Guo JP, Li XG. Galectin-7 promotes the invasiveness of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via activation of ERK and JNK signaling. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1919-1924. [PMID: 28454344 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-7 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding protein family, and is highly expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of manipulating galectin-7 expression on the biological phenotype of human OSCC cells and the associated molecular mechanisms. Knockdown of endogenous galectin-7 via small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed and cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were subsequently assessed. The data indicated that galectin-7 silencing had no impact on the proliferation or apoptosis of OSCC cells. However, compared with non-transfected cells, percentage wound closure was significantly lower in galectin-7-silenced cells following 24 h incubation, indicating decreased cell migration. Furthermore, Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that galectin-7 knockdown significantly reduced the number of invaded cells, compared with the number in non-transfected cells. Western blot analysis indicated that galectin-7 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the proteins matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. The invasive abilities of cells overexpressing galectin-7 significantly decreased following co-transfection with MMP-2- or MMP-9-specific siRNA. Increasing galectin-7 expression significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK or JNK activity significantly suppressed the invasiveness of galectin-7-overexpressing cells and abrogated the upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, the results of the current study provide novel evidence for the pro-invasive activity of galectin-7 in OSCC cells, which is associated with activation of ERK and JNK signaling and the induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Department of Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
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25
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Ohnishi Y, Yasui H, Kakudo K, Nozaki M. Regulation of cell migration via the EGFR signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:930-936. [PMID: 28356980 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration potency is essential in cancer metastasis and is often regulated by extracellular stimuli. Oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines include those that are sensitive, as well as resistant, to the effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor cetuximab on cell migration. In the present study, the molecular differences in the EGFR response to cell migration between the SAS cetuximab-sensitive and HSC4 cetuximab-resistant cell lines was examined. Treatment with the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and cetuximab reduced the migration potency of SAS cells, but not HSC4 cells. The migration of the two cell lines was inhibited under serum-free culture conditions, and the addition of EGF to the serum-free medium promoted the migration of SAS cells, but not HSC4 cells. In addition, SAS cell migration was reduced by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitors PD98059 and MK2206, whereas HSC4 cell migration was only inhibited by MK2206. EGF induced an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation levels in HSC4 cells, and stimulated Akt phosphorylation levels in SAS cells. Furthermore, the staining of actin filaments with phalloidin was significantly increased by the inhibition of EGFR in SAS cells, but was not observed as altered in HSC4 cells. Conversely, the addition of EGF to the culture medium decreased the accumulation of actin filaments in SAS cells. The results suggest that the EGF-EGFR signaling pathway has an important role in SAS cell migration via the modulation of actin dynamics, and that HSC4 cell migration is regulated by a serum component other than EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Kenji Kakudo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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WATANABE YUSAKU, YOSHIMURA KIYOSHI, YOSHIKAWA KOICHI, TSUNEDOMI RYOICHI, SHINDO YOSHITARO, MATSUKUMA SOU, MAEDA NORIKO, KANEKIYO SHINSUKE, SUZUKI NOBUAKI, KURAMASU ATSUO, SONODA KOUHEI, TAMADA KOJI, KOBAYASHI SEI, SAYA HIDEYUKI, HAZAMA SHOICHI, OKA MASAAKI. A stem cell medium containing neural stimulating factor induces a pancreatic cancer stem-like cell-enriched population. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1857-66. [PMID: 25118635 PMCID: PMC4203336 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been studied for their self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, as well as their resistance to anticancer therapy and their ability to metastasize to distant organs. CSCs are difficult to study because their population is quite low in tumor specimens. To overcome this problem, we established a culture method to induce a pancreatic cancer stem-like cell (P-CSLC)-enriched population from human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines established at our department were cultured in CSC-inducing media containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), neural cell survivor factor-1 (NSF-1), and N-acetylcysteine. Sphere cells were obtained and then transferred to a laminin-coated dish and cultured for approximately two months. The surface markers, gene expression, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, cell cycle, and tumorigenicity of these induced cells were examined for their stem cell-like characteristics. The population of these induced cells expanded within a few months. The ratio of CD24high, CD44high, epithelial specific antigen (ESA) high, and CD44variant (CD44v) high cells in the induced cells was greatly enriched. The induced cells stayed in the G0/G1 phase and demonstrated mesenchymal and stemness properties. The induced cells had high tumorigenic potential. Thus, we established a culture method to induce a P-CSLC-enriched population from human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The CSLC population was enriched approximately 100-fold with this method. Our culture method may contribute to the precise analysis of CSCs and thus support the establishment of CSC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- YUSAKU WATANABE
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - KIYOSHI YOSHIMURA
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - KOICHI YOSHIKAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - RYOICHI TSUNEDOMI
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - YOSHITARO SHINDO
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - SOU MATSUKUMA
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - NORIKO MAEDA
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - SHINSUKE KANEKIYO
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - NOBUAKI SUZUKI
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - ATSUO KURAMASU
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - KOUHEI SONODA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - KOJI TAMADA
- Department of Immunology and Cell Signaling Analysis, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - SEI KOBAYASHI
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - HIDEYUKI SAYA
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - SHOICHI HAZAMA
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - MASAAKI OKA
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Angadi PV, Patil PV, Kale AD, Hallikerimath S, Babji D. Myofibroblast presence in apparently normal mucosa adjacent to oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with chronic tobacco/areca nut use: evidence for field cancerization. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:502-8. [PMID: 24359586 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.871648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myofibroblasts are primary cellular components of activated tumor stroma, associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, their role in field cancerization has not been addressed. This study aims to evaluate the presence of myofibroblasts in patient-matched histologically normal mucosa adjacent to oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNMAOSCC) and OSCC tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty patient-matched tissues of OSCC and HNMAOSCC associated with chronic areca nut/tobacco use were subjected to immunohistochemistry using α-SMA for detection of myofibroblasts. Normal oral mucosa (n = 15) were stained as controls. RESULTS The number of α-SMA stained myofibroblasts in OSCC and HNMAOSCC were significantly increased as compared to that of the normal controls (p < 0.001). Further, a significant correlation was established for the presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of OSCC and HNMAOSCC. CONCLUSIONS Myofibroblasts are an early stromal change in the HNMAOSCC, highlighting the possible role of myofibroblasts as likely mediators for field cancerization and their potential use as a field effect marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnya V Angadi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences , Belgaum, Karnataka , India
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Brusevold IJ, Tveteraas IH, Aasrum M, Ødegård J, Sandnes DL, Christoffersen T. Role of LPAR3, PKC and EGFR in LPA-induced cell migration in oral squamous carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:432. [PMID: 24928086 PMCID: PMC4065589 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm with serious morbidity and mortality, which typically spreads through local invasive growth. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved in a number of biological processes, and may have a role in cancer cell migration and invasiveness. LPA is present in most tissues and can activate cells through six different LPA receptors (LPAR1-6). Although LPA is predominantly promigratory, some of the receptors may have antimigratory effects in certain cells. The signalling mechanisms of LPA are not fully understood, and in oral carcinoma cells the specific receptors and pathways involved in LPA-stimulated migration are unknown. Methods The oral carcinoma cell lines E10, SCC-9, and D2 were investigated. Cell migration was studied in a scratch wound assay, and invasion was demonstrated in organotypic three dimensional co-cultures. Protein and mRNA expression of LPA receptors was studied with Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Activation of signalling proteins was examined with Western blotting and isoelectric focusing, and signalling mechanisms were further explored using pharmacological agents and siRNA directed at specific receptors and pathways. Results LPA stimulated cell migration in the two oral carcinoma cell lines E10 and SCC-9, but was slightly inhibitory in D2. The receptor expression profile and the effects of specific pharmacological antagonist and agonists indicated that LPA-stimulated cell migration was mediated through LPAR3 in E10 and SCC-9. Furthermore, in both these cell lines, the stimulation by LPA was dependent on PKC activity. However, while LPA induced transactivation of EGFR and the stimulated migration was blocked by EGFR inhibitors in E10 cells, LPA did not induce EGFR transactivation in SCC-9 cells. In D2 cells, LPA induced EGFR transactivation, but this was associated with slowing of a very high inherent migration rate in these cells. Conclusion The results demonstrate LPA-stimulated migration in oral carcinoma cells through LPAR3, mediated further by PKC, which acts either in concert with or independently of EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild J Brusevold
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Blindern, P,O, Box 1057, Oslo N-0316, Norway.
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da Silva SD, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Soares FA, Carraro DM, Brentani HP, Hier M, Rogatto SR, Kowalski LP. TWIST1 is a molecular marker for a poor prognosis in oral cancer and represents a potential therapeutic target. Cancer 2013; 120:352-62. [PMID: 24150986 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locoregional recurrence and distant metastases are ominous events in patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The objective of this study was to identify functional biomarkers that are predictive of OSCC progression to metastasis. METHODS The expression profile of a network of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes was investigated in a large cohort of patients with progressive OSCC using a complimentary DNA microarray platform coupled to quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses. Therapeutic potential was investigated in vitro and in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model of metastatic OSCC growing in the tongue microenvironment. RESULTS Among deregulated EMT genes, the Twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) transcription factor and several of its regulated genes were significantly overexpressed across advanced stages of OSCC. This result was corroborated by the clinical observation that Twist1 up-regulation predicted the occurrence of lymph node and lung metastases as well as poor patient survival. In support of Twist1 as a driver of OSCC progression, the up-regulation of Twist1 was observed in cells isolated from patients with metastatic OSCC. The inhibition of Twist1 in these metastatic cells induced a potent inhibition of cell invasiveness in vitro as well as progression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The current results provide evidence for the prognostic value and therapeutic potential of a network of Twist genes in patients with advanced OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bulysheva AA, Bowlin GL, Petrova SP, Yeudall WA. Enhanced chemoresistance of squamous carcinoma cells grown in 3D cryogenic electrospun scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:055009. [PMID: 24057893 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/5/055009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is critically important to study head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenic mechanisms in order to gain a better understanding of tumor development, progression, and treatment. Unfortunately, a representative three-dimensional (3D) model for these evaluations has yet to be developed. The purpose of this study was to replicate tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) morphology utilizing electrospinning technology. First, the tumor ECM was evaluated by decellularizing tumor samples and analyzing the fibrous structure of the ECM by scanning electron microscopy. Cryogenic electrospun silk scaffolds were then fabricated to mimic the tumor ECM, and were found to be similar in fiber orientation and fiber dimensions to the native tumor ECM. Tumor cells were cultured on these ECM mimicking scaffolds and compared to an in vivo model of the same derivative human tumor in terms of proliferation and differentiation. The tumor cells in the 3D model show similar phenotypes to those found in vivo, contrasting to the same cells grown in two-dimensional (2D) culture. The sensitivity of the tumor cells to paclitaxel was compared between 2D culture and 3D culture. The results indicate that increased drug concentrations, orders of magnitude higher than the IC90 for 2D culture, had minimal effects on HN12 cell viability in the 3D model. In conclusion, an in vitro tumor model has been developed that will allow for a better understanding of tumor biology and aid chemotherapeutic drug development and accurate evaluation of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Bulysheva
- VCU Philips Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Abstract
Collagen XVI, by structural analogy a member of the FACIT- (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices) family of collagens, is described as a minor collagen component of connective tissues. Collagen XVI is expressed in various cells and tissues without known occurrence of splice variants or isoforms. For skin and cartilage tissues its suprastructure is known. Presumably, there it acts as an adaptor protein connecting and organizing large fibrillar networks and thus modulates integrity and stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen XVI is produced by myofibroblasts in the normal intestine and its synthesis is increased in the inflamed bowel wall where myofibroblasts develop increased numbers of focal adhesion contacts on collagen XVI. Consequently, recruitment of α1 integrin into the focal adhesions at the tip of the cells is induced followed by increased cell spreading on collagen XVI. This presumably adds to the maintenance of myofibroblasts in the inflamed intestinal regions and thus promotes fibrotic responses of the tissue. Notably, α1/α2 integrins interact with collagen XVI through an α1/α2β1 integrin binding site located in the COL 1-3 domains. Collagen XVI may act as a substrate for adhesion and invasion of connective tissue tumor cells. In glioblastoma it induces tumor invasiveness by modification of the β1-integrin activation pattern. Thus, altering the cell-matrix interaction through collagen XVI might be a molecular mechanism to further augment the invasive phenotype of glioma cells. In this line, in oral squamous cell carcinoma collagen XVI expression is induced which results in an upregulation of Kindlin-1 followed by an increased interaction with beta1-integrin. Consequently, collagen XVI induces a proliferative tumor phenotype by promoting an early S-phase entry. In summary, collagen XVI plays a decisive role in the interaction of connective tissue cells with their ECM, which is impaired in pathological situations. Alteration of tissue location and expression level of collagen XVI appears to promote tumorigenesis and to perpetuate inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grässel
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, BioPark 1, Regensburg, Germany.
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Lescaille G, Menashi S, Cavelier-Balloy B, Khayati F, Quemener C, Podgorniak MP, Naïmi B, Calvo F, Lebbe C, Mourah S. EMMPRIN/CD147 up-regulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator: implications in oral tumor progression. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:115. [PMID: 22443116 PMCID: PMC3342905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds An elevated level of EMMPRIN in cancer tissues have been correlated with tumor invasion in numerous cancers including oral cavity and larynx. Although EMMPRIN's effect has been generally attributed to its MMP inducing activity, we have previously demonstrated in breast cancer model that EMMPRIN can also enhance invasion by upregulating uPA. In this study, the role of EMMPRIN in regulating uPA and invasion was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression. Methods Precancerous and invasive oral tumoral tissues were used as well as the corresponding cell lines, DOK and SCC-9 respectively. The paracrine regulation of uPA by EMMPRIN was investigated by treating culture cells with EMMPRIN-enriched membrane vesicles. UPA expression was analyzed by qPCR and immunostaining and the consequence on the invasion capacity was studied using modified Boyden chamber assay, in the presence or absence of EMMPRIN blocking antibody, the uPA inhibitor amiloride or the MMP inhibitor marimastat. Results OSCC tumors were shown to express more EMMPRIN and uPA compared to dysplastic lesions. The corresponding cell models, SCC-9 and DOK cells, displayed similar expression pattern. In both cell types EMMPRIN upregulated the expression of uPA as well as that of MMP-2 and MMP-9. EMMPRIN treatment led to a significant increase in cell invasion both in the invasive SCC-9 and in the less invasive dysplastic DOK cells, in an MMP and uPA dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that the upregulation of uPA contributes to EMMPRIN's effect in promoting oral tumor invasion.
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Lim YC, Oh SY, Kim H. Cellular characteristics of head and neck cancer stem cells in type IV collagen-coated adherent cultures. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1104-11. [PMID: 22426199 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although head and neck squamous carcinoma cancer stem cells (HNSC-CSCs) can be enriched in serum-free suspension cultures, it is difficult to stably expand HNSC-CSC lines in suspension due to spontaneous apoptosis and differentiation. Here, we investigated whether HNSC-CSCs can be expanded without loss of stem cell properties by adherent culture methods. Cell culture plates were coated with type IV collagen, laminin, or fibronectin. We examined cancer stem cell traits of adherent HNSC-CSCs grown on these plates using immunocytochemistry for stem cell marker expression and analyses of chemo-resistance and xenograft tumorigenicity. We also assessed the growth rate, apoptosis rate, and gene transduction efficiency of adherent and suspended HNSC-CSCs. HNSC-CSCs grew much faster on type IV collagen-coated plates than in suspension. Adherent HNSC-CSCs expressed putative stem cell markers (OCT4 and CD44) and were chemo-resistant to various cytotoxic drugs (cisplatin, fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and docetaxel). Adherent HNSC-CSCs at the limiting dilution (1000 cells) produced tumors in nude mice. Adherent HNSC-CSCs also showed less spontaneous apoptotic cell death and were more competent to lentiviral transduction than suspended HNSC-CSCs. In conclusion, compared to suspension cultures, adherence on type IV collagen-coated culture plates provides better experimental conditions for HNSC-CSC expansion, which should facilitate various refined cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chang Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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DesRochers TM, Shamis Y, Alt-Holland A, Kudo Y, Takata T, Wang G, Jackson-Grusby L, Garlick JA. The 3D tissue microenvironment modulates DNA methylation and E-cadherin expression in squamous cell carcinoma. Epigenetics 2012; 7:34-46. [PMID: 22207358 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.1.18546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment plays a significant role in human cancer progression. However, the role of the tumor microenvironment in the epigenetic control of genes critical to cancer progression remains unclear. As transient E-cadherin expression is central to many stages of neoplasia and is sensitive to regulation by the microenvironment, we have studied if microenvironmental control of E-cadherin expression is linked to transient epigenetic regulation of its promoter, contributing to the unstable and reversible expression of E-cadherin seen during tumor progression. We used 3D, bioengineered human tissue constructs that mimic the complexity of their in vivo counterparts, to show that the tumor microenvironment can direct the re-expression of E-cadherin through the reversal of methylation-mediated silencing of its promoter. This loss of DNA methylation results from the induction of homotypic cell-cell interactions as cells undergo tissue organization. E-cadherin re-expression is associated with multiple epigenetic changes including altered methylation of a small number of CpGs, specific histone modifications, and control of miR-148a expression. These epigenetic changes may drive the plasticity of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in different tissue microenvironments during tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Thus, we suggest that epigenetic regulation is a mechanism through which tumor cell colonization of metastatic sites occurs as E-cadherin-expressing cells arise from E-cadherin-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M DesRochers
- Department of Anatomy, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Dendritic Cells (DC) Facilitate Detachment of Squamous Carcinoma Cells (SCC), While SCC Promote an Immature CD16(+) DC Phenotype and Control DC Migration. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 6:41-55. [PMID: 21809059 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the inflammatory mucosal microenvironment of head and neck SCC (HNSCC), DC express CD16 and are usually in direct contact with tumor cells. Mucosal and inflammation-associated DC develop from monocytes, and monocyte-derived DC are used in HNSCC immunotherapy. However, beyond apoptotic tumor cell uptake and presentation of tumor antigens by DC, HNSCC cell interactions with DC are poorly understood. Using co-cultures of monocyte-derived DC and two established HNSCC cell lines that represent well- and poorly-differentiated SCC, respectively, we found that carcinoma cells induced significant increases in CD16 expression on DC while promoting a CD1a(+)CD86(dim) immature phenotype, similar to that observed in HNSCC specimens. Moreover, HNSCC cells affected steady-state and CCL21-induced migration of DC, and these effects were donor-dependent. The CCL21-induced migration directly correlated with HNSCC-mediated effects on CCR7 and CD38 expression on DC-SIGN-high DC. The dominant pattern seen in six out of nine donors was the increase in steady-state and CCL21-induced DC migration in co-cultures with HNSCC, while the reverse pattern, i.e., decreased DC migration in co-cultures with SCC, was identified in two donors. A split in migratory DC behavior, i.e. increase with one HNSCC cell line and a decrease with the second cell line, was observed in one donor. Remarkably, the numbers of live detached HNSCC cells were orders of magnitude higher in DC-HNSCC co-cultures than in parallel HNSCC cell cultures without DC. This study provides novel insights into the effects of DC-HNSCC interactions relevant to the tumor microenvironment.
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Oliveira LR, Ribeiro-Silva A. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:298-307. [PMID: 21269808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of biomarkers that can be used to predict the behaviour of this disease. The authors conducted a literature review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome. Only articles published in PubMed-indexed journals over the past 5 years were considered. 22 molecular biomarkers were identified and classified into five groups based on their biological functions: cell cycle acceleration and proliferation; tumour suppression and apoptosis; hypoxia; angiogenesis; and cell adhesion and matrix degradation. The cell cycle acceleration and proliferation biomarkers showed the most divergent prognostic findings. Studies on tumour suppression and apoptosis biomarkers were the most prevalent. There were only a few studies examining molecular biomarkers of hypoxia and angiogenesis, and studies examining cell adhesion and matrix degradation biomarkers have shown that this group has the greatest potential for assessing prognostic parameters. Amongst the several proteins analysed, the immunohistochemical expression levels of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have demonstrated the greatest potential for survival prediction in OSCC, but this review demonstrates that their prognostic relevance is debatable and requires further standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Liu X, Kolokythas A, Wang J, Huang H, Zhou X. Gene Expression Signatures of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Cancer: Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Significances. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2010; 6:294-307. [PMID: 21709736 PMCID: PMC3122885 DOI: 10.2174/157339410793358066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though lymph node metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer death in patients with oral cancer (OC), the molecular mechanisms of lymph node metastasis remain elusive. Genome-wide microarray analyses and functional studies in vitro and in vivo, along with detailed clinical observations, have identified a number of molecules that may contribute to lymph node metastasis. These include lymphangionenic cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, basement membrane-interacting molecules, matrix enzymes and relevant downstream signaling pathways. However, defined gene signatures from different studies are highly variable, which hinders their translation to clinically relevant applications. To date, none of the identified signatures or molecular biomarkers has been successfully implemented as a diagnostic or prognostic tool applicable to routine clinical practice. In this review, we will first introduce the significance of lymph node metastasis in OC, and clinical/experimental evidences that support the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will then provide a comprehensive review and integrative analysis of the existing gene expression studies that aim to identify the metastasis-related signatures in OC. Finally, the remaining challenges will be discussed and our insights on future directions will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Liu
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhang Huang
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate College, and UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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A histopathologic comparison between synchronous and single primary oral squamous cell carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Franz M, Wolheim A, Richter P, Umbreit C, Dahse R, Driemel O, Hyckel P, Virtanen I, Kosmehl H, Berndt A. Stromal laminin chain distribution in normal, hyperplastic and malignant oral mucosa: relation to myofibroblast occurrence and vessel formation. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 39:290-8. [PMID: 19889153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of stromal laminin chain expression to malignant potential, tumour stroma reorganization and vessel formation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not fully understood. Therefore, the expression of the laminin chains alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5 and gamma2 in the stromal compartment/vascular structures in OSCC was analysed. METHODS Frozen tissue of OSCC (9x G1, 24x G2, 8x G3) and normal (2x)/hyperplastic (11x) oral mucosa was subjected to laminin chain and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated to tumour grade. The relation of laminin chain positive vessels to total vessel number was assessed by immunofluorescence double labelling with CD31. RESULTS Stromal laminin alpha2 chain significantly decreases and alpha3, alpha4, alpha5 and gamma2 chains and also ASMA significantly increase with rising grade. The amount of stromal alpha3, alpha4 and gamma2 chains significantly increased with rising ASMA positivity. There is a significant decrease in alpha3 chain positive vessels with neoplastic transformation. CONCLUSIONS Mediated by myofibroblasts, OSCC development is associated with a stromal up-regulation of laminin isoforms possibly contributing to a migration promoting microenvironment. A vascular basement membrane reorganization concerning alpha3 and gamma2 chain laminins during tumour angioneogenesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
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Collagen Type I may Influence the Expression of E-Cadherin and Beta-catenin in Carcinoma Ex-pleomorphic Adenoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009; 17:312-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181946ea6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guess CM, LaFleur BJ, Weidow BL, Quaranta V. A decreased ratio of laminin-332 beta3 to gamma2 subunit mRNA is associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1584-90. [PMID: 19383890 PMCID: PMC2869450 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-332 (Ln-332) is a heterotrimeric glycoprotein (alpha3beta3gamma2) unique to epithelial cells with crucial roles in signaling, adhesion, and migration. Altered localization or expression levels of Ln-332, particularly its gamma2 subunit, are of prognostic value in a variety of cancers. However, the lack of standardized methodology and the limited quantification of previous study results have left unanswered questions, including the role of gamma2 transcript variants and whether differential expression of this chain represents dysregulation of the whole heterotrimer. Herein, we test the hypothesis that mRNA changes in one or more Ln-332 encoding genes can be used to distinguish between early- and advanced-stage cancer specimens and shed light on mechanistic questions raised by previous studies. Statistical analyses of human microarray data from the publicly available expression project in Oncology (expO) dataset, including examination of the distributions of Ln-332 subunit mRNA levels, identified a significant decrease in the Ln-332 beta3:gamma2 mRNA ratio between normal (n = 10) and early-stage colon cancer (n = 29) specimens. The beta3:gamma2 ratio was further decreased in metastatic colon cancer (n = 41) compared with early-stage samples. Our findings raise the possibility that Ln-332 gamma2 may be a therapeutic target against metastatic colon cancer because a lowered beta3:gamma2 ratio would reduce expression of heterotrimeric Ln-332 and increase monomeric gamma2 secretion. Further, standardized, quantitative methods for patient prognosis and therapeutic choice could be developed based upon the Ln-332 mRNA changes we uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherise M. Guess
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical College, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bonnie J. LaFleur
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brandy L. Weidow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Integrative Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Integrative Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Choi P, Jordan CD, Mendez E, Houck J, Yueh B, Farwell DG, Futran N, Chen C. Examination of oral cancer biomarkers by tissue microarray analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 134:539-46. [PMID: 18490578 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.134.5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the DNA microarray results on a subset of genes that could potentially serve as biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by examining their expression with an alternate quantitative method and by assessing their protein levels. DESIGN Based on DNA microarray data from our laboratory and data reported in the literature, we identified 6 potential biomarkers of OSCC to investigate further. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to examine expression changes of CDH11, MMP3, SPARC, POSTN, TNC, and TGM3 in OSCC and histologically normal control tissues. We further examined validated markers at the protein level by immunohistochemical analysis of OSCC tissue microarray sections. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed upregulation of CDH11, SPARC, POSTN, and TNC gene expression and decreased TGM3 expression in OSCC tissue compared with control tissue; MMP3 was not found to be differentially expressed. In tissue microarray immunohistochemical analyses, SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine), periostin, and tenascin C exhibited increased protein expression in tumor tissue compared with control tissue, and their expression was primarily localized within tumor-associated stroma rather than tumor epithelium. Conversely, transglutaminase 3 protein expression was found only within keratinocytes in control tissue and was significantly downregulated in cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Of 6 potential gene markers of OSCC, initially identified by DNA microarray analyses, differential expression of CDH11, SPARC, POSTN, TNC, and TGM3 were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Differential expression and localization of proteins encoded by SPARC, POSTN, TNC, and TGM3 were clearly shown by tissue microarray immunohistochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University ofWashington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Takkunen M, Ainola M, Vainionpää N, Grenman R, Patarroyo M, García de Herreros A, Konttinen YT, Virtanen I. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition downregulates laminin alpha5 chain and upregulates laminin alpha4 chain in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:509-25. [PMID: 18496706 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes maintain the epithelial phenotype and prevent invasion and metastasis. We hypothesized that expression of basement membrane laminins might be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), hallmark of cancer progression. As EMT is mediated by transcription factor Snail, we used oral squamous carcinoma cells obtained from a primary tumor (43A), from its EMT-experienced recurrence (43B) and Snail-transfected 43A cells (43A-SNA) displaying full EMT, as a model to study laminins and their receptors. Northern blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation showed a gradual loss of laminin-511 and its receptor Lutheran from 43A to 43B and 43A-SNA cells. In contrast, neoexpression of laminin alpha4 mRNA was found congruent with synthesis of laminin-411. Chromatin immunoprecipitation disclosed direct binding of Snail to regions upstream of laminin alpha5 and alpha4 genes. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation showed a switch from hemidesmosomal integrin alpha(6)beta(4) to alpha(6)beta(1) and neoexpression of alpha(1)beta(1) in 43A-SNA cells, and upregulation of integrin-linked kinase in both 43B and 43A-SNA cells. The cells adhered potently to laminin-511 and fibronectin, whereas adhesion to laminin-411 was minimal. In contrast, laminin-411 inhibited cell adhesion to other extracellular matrix proteins. In conclusion, EMT induces a switch from laminin-511 to laminin-411 expression, which may be directly controlled by Snail. Concomitant changes take place in laminin- and collagen-binding receptors. Laminin-411 reduces adhesion to laminin-511 and fibronectin, suggesting that tumor cells could utilize laminin-411 in their invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Takkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Brennan PA, Dennis S, Poller D, Quintero M, Puxeddu R, Thomas GJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: correlation with extracapsular spread and enhancement of tumor cell invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2008; 30:208-14. [PMID: 17657783 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracapsular nodal spread is a major prognostic indicator in head and neck cancer. Nitric oxide (NO), primarily produced by the enzyme inducible NO synthase (iNOS), has a large number of actions in cancer biology, but no studies have investigated its possible role in extracapsular spread or tumor invasion. METHODS Immunochemistry was used to study iNOS expression in 48 patients with either extracapsular or encapsulated metastasis. In vitro invasion assays were performed using H357 (an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line) using the iNOS inhibitor drug, 1400 W. RESULTS iNOS expression was significantly associated with extracapsular spread, with 22/27 cases showing positive iNOS expression compared with 8/21 cases in the encapsulated group (p = .01). Invasion of H357 cells was inhibited by 1400 W at concentrations of 100 microM and 1 mM (p = .002, p = .003). CONCLUSION iNOS protein seems to be associated with extracapsular spread and invasion in head and neck cancer. Further studies are required to understand this role more fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Brennan
- Department of Maxillofacial Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom.
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Kellermann MG, Sobral LM, da Silva SD, Zecchin KG, Graner E, Lopes MA, Kowalski LP, Coletta RD. Mutual paracrine effects of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and normal oral fibroblasts: induction of fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation and modulation of tumor cell proliferation. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:509-17. [PMID: 17826300 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence demonstrated that the stroma surrounding the tumors plays an important role in the growth and progression of several neoplasms, including oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We evaluated the presence of myofibroblasts in OSCC and determined whether their presence is associated with clinicopathological features of the tumors. We also investigated the mutual paracrine effects of tumor cells and myofibroblasts on fibroblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and tumor cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the approximately 60% of the OSCCs contained myofibroblasts in the stroma of the tumor. Abundant presence of myofibroblasts significantly correlated with N stage, disease stage, regional recurrence, and proliferative potential of the tumor cells. Using OSCC cell lines and primary oral normal fibroblasts (ONF), we demonstrated that tumor cells induced transdifferentiation of ONFs to myofibroblasts via secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In turn, myofibroblasts secreted factors that stimulated OSCC cell proliferation, as revealed by measuring BrdU incorporation and Ki67 expression. The results of the study suggest that during tumor invasion OSCC-derived TGF-beta 1 promote fibroblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and that tumor cellular proliferation can be induced by factors released from myofibroblasts, which may favor tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele G Kellermann
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ziober AF, Patel KR, Alawi F, Gimotty P, Weber RS, Feldman MM, Chalian AA, Weinstein GS, Hunt J, Ziober BL. Identification of a gene signature for rapid screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5960-71. [PMID: 17062667 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral cancer is a major health problem worldwide and in the U.S. The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer has not improved significantly over the past 20 years and remains at approximately 50%. Patients diagnosed at an early stage of the disease typically have an 80% chance for cure and functional outcome, however, most patients are identified when the cancer is advanced. Thus, a convenient and an accurate way to detect oral cancer early will decrease patient morbidity and mortality. The ability to noninvasively monitor oral cancer onset, progression, and treatment outcomes requires two prerequisites: identification of specific biomarkers for oral cancers as well as noninvasive access to and monitoring of these biomarkers that could be conducted at the point of care (i.e., practitioner's or dentist's office) by minimally trained personnel. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we show that DNA microarray gene expression profiling of matched tumor and normal specimens can identify distinct anatomic site expression patterns and a highly significant gene signature distinguishing normal from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue. RESULTS Using a supervised learning algorithm, we generated a 25-gene signature for OSCC that can classify normal and OSCC specimens. This 25-gene molecular predictor was 96% accurate on cross-validation, averaging 87% accuracy using three independent validation test sets and failing to predict non-oral tumors. CONCLUSION Identification and validation of this tissue-specific 25-gene molecular predictor in this report is our first step towards developing a new, noninvasive, microfluidic-based diagnostic technology for mass screening, diagnosis, and treatment of pre-OSCC and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Ziober
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Takkunen M, Grenman R, Hukkanen M, Korhonen M, García de Herreros A, Virtanen I. Snail-dependent and -independent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1263-75. [PMID: 16899764 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6958.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disappearance of E-cadherin is a milestone for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), found both in carcinomas and in some fibrotic diseases. We have studied the mechanisms of EMT in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells isolated from primary tumor (43A) and its recurrent tumor (43B). Whereas the cells from primary carcinoma displayed a typical phenotype of squamous epithelial cells including E-cadherin and laminin-332 (laminin-5), cells from recurrent tumor expressed characteristics of dedifferentiated, EMT-experienced tumors. 43B cells expressed E-cadherin repressors ZEB-1/δEF1 and especially ZEB-2/SIP1, which therefore appear as candidates for endogenous EMT in these cells. Differences between endogenous and exogenous EMT were assessed by transfecting 43A cells with SNAIL cDNA. SNAIL-transfected cells showed complete EMT phenotype with fibroblastoid appearance, vimentin filaments, E-cadherin/N-cadherin switch, lack of hemidesmosomes and, as a new feature of EMT, lack of laminin-332 synthesis. Upregulation of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 was evident in these cells, suggesting that SNAIL can regulate these E-cadherin repressors. New monoclonal antibodies against SNAIL showed nuclear immunoreactivity not only in the SNAIL-transfected cells but also in carcinoma cells lacking production of Lm-332 and showing signs of EMT. These results suggest that changes in the epithelial cell differentiation program and EMT in SCC cells can result from the interplay among several E-cadherin repressors; however, SNAIL alone is able to accomplish a complete EMT. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:1263-1275, 2006)
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Takkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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