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Long C, Ma Q, Huang L, Lin W. A near-infrared fluorescent probe for differentiating cancer cells from normal cells and early diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342802. [PMID: 38969400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis represents the terminal stage of liver disease progression and timely intervention in a diseased liver can enhance the likelihood of recovery. Viscosity, a crucial parameter of the cellular microenvironment, is intricately linked to the advancement of cirrhosis. However, viscosity monitoring still faces significant challenges in achieving non-invasive and rapid early diagnosis of cirrhosis. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has the advantages of high sensitivity, non-destructive detection, and ignoring background fluorescence interference, plays an important role in diagnosing and treating various biological diseases. Hence, monitoring cellular viscosity changes with NIR fluorescence probe holds great significance in the early diagnosis of cirrhosis. RESULTS In this study, the NIR fluorescence probe based on the intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism was developed for imaging applications in mouse model of liver cirrhosis. A molecular rotor-type viscosity-responsive probe was synthesized by linking dioxanthracene groups via carbon-carbon double bonds. The probe demonstrated remarkable sensitivity, high selectivity and photostability, with its responsiveness to viscosity largely unaffected by factors such as polarity, pH, and interfering ions. The probe could effectively detect various drug-induced changes in cellular viscosity, enabling the differentiation between normal cells and cancerous cells. Furthermore, the enhanced tissue penetration capabilities of probe facilitated its successful application in mouse model of liver cirrhosis, allowing for the assessment of liver disease severity based on fluorescence intensity and providing a powerful tool for early diagnosis of cirrhosis. SIGNIFICANCE A NIR viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probe was specifically designed to effectively monitor alterations in cellular and organ viscosity, which could advance the understanding of the biological characteristics of cancer and provide theoretical support for the early diagnosis of cirrhosis. Overall, this probe held immense potential in monitoring viscosity-related conditions, expanding the range of biomedical tools available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Long
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China.
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Ma Q, Huang L, Long C, Lin W. 3D Imaging of Lipid Droplet-Nuclear Membrane Contact Sites and Cirrhotic Lipid Droplet Overexpression. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12908-12915. [PMID: 39066699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
To coordinate cellular physiology, cells rely on the rapid exchange of molecules at specialized organelle-organelle contact sites. Lipid droplets (LDs) and nuclear membrane (NM) contact sites are particularly vital communication hubs, playing key roles in the exchange of signaling molecules, lipids, and metabolites. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the specific morphology of the contact sites. Here, we combine advanced three-dimensional (3D) imaging with a high-brightness fluorescent probe specifically targeting LDs to map the structural landscape of LD-NM contact sites. The probe exhibits exceptional photophysical properties, making it highly suitable for visualizing the changes occurring in LDs during the apoptosis process. In addition, we utilize the advantages of the probe to accurately monitor the overexpression of abnormal LDs in cirrhosis by 3D imaging for the first time. The outcomes of this investigation highlight that the probe has potential as a robust imaging tool to investigate intricate biological functions of LDs and their implications in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ma
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Long
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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3
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He S, Luo Y, Ma W, Wang X, Yan C, Hao W, Fang Y, Su H, Lai B, Liu J, Xiong Y, Bai T, Ren X, Liu E, Han H, Wu Y, Yuan Z, Wang Y. Endothelial POFUT1 controls injury-induced liver fibrosis by repressing fibrinogen synthesis. J Hepatol 2024; 81:135-148. [PMID: 38460791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS NOTCH signaling in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) regulates liver fibrosis, a pathological feature of chronic liver diseases. POFUT1 is an essential regulator of NOTCH signaling. Here, we investigated the role of LSEC-expressed POFUT1 in liver fibrosis. METHODS Endothelial-specific Pofut1 knockout mice were generated and experimental liver fibrosis was induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride exposure or common bile duct ligation. Liver samples were assessed by ELISA, histology, electron microscopy, immunostaining and RNA in situ hybridization. LSECs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated for gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing, qPCR, and western blotting. Signaling crosstalk between LSECs and HSCs was investigated by treating HSCs with supernatant from LSEC cultures. Liver single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from patients with cirrhosis and healthy individuals were analyzed to evaluate the clinical relevance of gene expression changes observed in mouse studies. RESULTS POFUT1 loss promoted injury-induced LSEC capillarization and HSC activation, leading to aggravated liver fibrosis. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that POFUT1 deficiency upregulated fibrinogen expression in LSECs. Consistently, fibrinogen was elevated in LSECs of patients with cirrhosis. HSCs treated with supernatant from LSECs of Pofut1 null mice showed exacerbated activation compared to those treated with supernatant from control LSECs, and this effect was attenuated by knockdown of fibrinogen or by pharmacological inhibition of fibrinogen receptor signaling, altogether suggesting that LSEC-derived fibrinogen induced the activation of HSCs. Mechanistically, POFUT1 loss augmented fibrinogen expression by enhancing NOTCH/HES1/STAT3 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial POFUT1 prevents injury-induced liver fibrosis by repressing the expression of fibrinogen, which functions as a profibrotic paracrine signal to activate HSCs. Therapies targeting the POFUT1/fibrinogen axis offer a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of fibrotic liver diseases. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Paracrine signals produced by liver vasculature play a major role in the development of liver fibrosis, which is a pathological hallmark of most liver diseases. Identifying those paracrine signals is clinically relevant in that they may serve as therapeutic targets. In this study, we discovered that genetic deletion of Pofut1 aggravated experimental liver fibrosis in mouse models. Moreover, fibrinogen was identified as a downstream target repressed by Pofut1 in liver endothelial cells and functioned as a novel paracrine signal that drove liver fibrosis. In addition, fibrinogen was found to be relevant to cirrhosis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for this devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuru Luo
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wangge Ma
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengrong Yan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyang Hao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongyu Su
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baochang Lai
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yidong Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Cardiology, Wenling First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China.
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Leaker BD, Sojoodi M, Tanabe KK, Popov YV, Tam J, Anderson RR. Increased susceptibility to ischemia causes exacerbated response to microinjuries in the cirrhotic liver. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23585. [PMID: 38661043 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301438rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fractional laser ablation is a technique developed in dermatology to induce remodeling of skin scars by creating a dense pattern of microinjuries. Despite remarkable clinical results, this technique has yet to be tested for scars in other tissues. As a first step toward determining the suitability of this technique, we aimed to (1) characterize the response to microinjuries in the healthy and cirrhotic liver, and (2) determine the underlying cause for any differences in response. Healthy and cirrhotic rats were treated with a fractional laser then euthanized from 0 h up to 14 days after treatment. Differential expression was assessed using RNAseq with a difference-in-differences model. Spatial maps of tissue oxygenation were acquired with hyperspectral imaging and disruptions in blood supply were assessed with tomato lectin perfusion. Healthy rats showed little damage beyond the initial microinjury and healed completely by 7 days without scarring. In cirrhotic rats, hepatocytes surrounding microinjury sites died 4-6 h after ablation, resulting in enlarged and heterogeneous zones of cell death. Hepatocytes near blood vessels were spared, particularly near the highly vascularized septa. Gene sets related to ischemia and angiogenesis were enriched at 4 h. Laser-treated regions had reduced oxygen saturation and broadly disrupted perfusion of nodule microvasculature, which matched the zones of cell death. Our results demonstrate that the cirrhotic liver has an exacerbated response to microinjuries and increased susceptibility to ischemia from microvascular damage, likely related to the vascular derangements that occur during cirrhosis development. Modifications to the fractional laser tool, such as using a femtosecond laser or reducing the spot size, may be able to prevent large disruptions of perfusion and enable further development of a laser-induced microinjury treatment for cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Leaker
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yury V Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Lee MJ. A review of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis regression. J Pathol Transl Med 2023; 57:189-195. [PMID: 37461143 PMCID: PMC10369136 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis has traditionally been considered an irreversible process of end-stage liver disease. With new treatments for chronic liver disease, there is regression of fibrosis and cirrhosis, improvement in clinical parameters (i.e. liver function and hemodynamic markers, hepatic venous pressure gradient), and survival rates, demonstrating that fibrosis and fibrolysis are a dynamic process moving in two directions. Microscopically, hepatocytes push into thinning fibrous septa with eventual perforation leaving behind delicate periportal spikes in the portal tracts and loss of portal veins. Obliterated portal veins during progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis due to parenchymal extinction, vascular remodeling and thrombosis often leave behind a bile duct and hepatic artery within the portal tract. Traditional staging classification systems focused on a linear, progressive process; however, the Beijing classification system incorporates both the bidirectional nature for the progression and regression of fibrosis. However, even with regression, vascular lesions/remodeling, parenchymal extinction and a cumulative mutational burden place patients at an increased risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma and should continue to undergo active clinical surveillance. It is more appropriate to consider cirrhosis as another stage in the evolution of chronic liver disease as a bidirectional process rather than an end-stage, irreversible state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Balan V, Raz A. Chimeric galectin-3 and collagens: Biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in fibroproliferative diseases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102622. [PMID: 36272642 PMCID: PMC9706532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, stiffening and scarring of an organ/tissue due to genetic abnormalities, environmental factors, infection, and/or injury, is responsible for > 40% of all deaths in the industrialized world, and to date, there is no cure for it despite extensive research and numerous clinical trials. Several biomarkers have been identified, but no effective therapeutic targets are available. Human galectin-3 is a chimeric gene product formed by the fusion of the internal domain of the collagen alpha gene [N-terminal domain (ND)] at the 5'-end of galectin-1 [C-terminal domain (CRD)] that appeared during evolution together with vertebrates. Due to the overlapping structural similarities between collagen and galectin-3 and their shared susceptibility to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases to generate circulating collagen-like peptides, this review will discuss present knowledge on the role of collagen and galectin-3 as biomarkers of fibrosis. We will also highlight the need for transformative approaches targeting both the ND and CRD domains of galectin-3, since glycoconjugate binding by the CRD is triggered by ND-mediated oligomerization and the therapies targeted only at the CRD have so far achieved limited success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA,For correspondence: Pratima Nangia-Makker; Avraham Raz
| | - Victor Hogan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Vitaly Balan
- Guardant Health, Bioinformatics, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA,For correspondence: Pratima Nangia-Makker; Avraham Raz
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7
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Maretti-Mira AC, Salomon MP, Hsu AM, Kanel GC, Golden-Mason L. Hepatic damage caused by long-term high cholesterol intake induces a dysfunctional restorative macrophage population in experimental NASH. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968366. [PMID: 36159810 PMCID: PMC9495937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary cholesterol is preferentially stored in the liver, favoring the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by progressive hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Emerging evidence indicates a critical contribution of hepatic macrophages to NASH severity. However, the impact of cholesterol on these cells in the setting of NASH remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the dietary cholesterol content directly affects hepatic macrophage global gene expression. Our findings suggest that the modifications triggered by prolonged high cholesterol intake induce long-lasting hepatic damage and support the expansion of a dysfunctional pro-fibrotic restorative macrophage population even after cholesterol reduction. The present work expands the understanding of the modulatory effects of cholesterol on innate immune cell transcriptome and may help identify novel therapeutic targets for NASH intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Maretti-Mira
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ana C. Maretti-Mira,
| | - Matthew P. Salomon
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angela M. Hsu
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gary C. Kanel
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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8
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Faccioli LA, Dias ML, Paranhos BA, dos Santos Goldenberg RC. Liver cirrhosis: An overview of experimental models in rodents. Life Sci 2022; 301:120615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Schenke-Layland K. Organ-specific endothelial cell heterogenicity and its impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114323. [PMID: 35568103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are a key cellular component of the vascular system as they form the inner lining of the blood vessels. Recent findings highlight that ECs express extensive phenotypic heterogenicity when following the vascular tree from the major vasculature down to the organ capillaries. However, in vitro models, used for drug development and testing, or to study the role of ECs in health and disease, rarely acknowledge this EC heterogenicity. In this review, we highlight the main differences between different EC types, briefly summarize their different characteristics and focus on the use of ECs in in vitro models. We introduce different approaches on how ECs can be utilized in co-culture test systems in the field of brain, pancreas, and liver research to study the role of the endothelium in health and disease. Finally, we discuss potential improvements to current state-of-the-art in vitro models and future directions.
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10
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Mak KM, Kee D, Cheng CP. A review of hepatic fibrosis-associated histopathology in aged cadavers. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1031-1053. [PMID: 35446463 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews hepatic fibrosis-associated histopathology of aged cadavers (mean age 82 years). A study of 68 livers identified steatosis in 35.5%, central vein fibrosis in 49.2%, perisinusoidal fibrosis in 63.2%, portal tract fibrosis in 47.7%, septa formation in 44.1%, bridging fibrosis in 30.8%, and cirrhosis in 4.4% of the samples as well as one hepatocellular carcinoma and six metastatic tumors. Other studies have revealed that collagens I, III, IV, V, and VI and fibronectin constitute the matrices of fibrous central veins, perisinusoidal space, portal tracts, and septa. Elastin is rich in portal tracts and fibrous septa but absent from the perisinusoidal space. Hepatic stellate cells are ubiquitous in the liver parenchyma while myofibroblasts localize in fibrotic foci. Factor VIII-related antigen expression signals sinusoidal to systemic vascular endothelium transformation while collagen IV and laminin codistribution indicates formation of perisinusoidal membranes. Their coincidence reflects focalized capillarization of sinusoids in the aged liver. In response to fibrogenesis, hepatic progenitor cells residing in the canal of Hering in the periportal parenchyma undergo expansion and migration deep into the lobule. Concomitantly, intermediate hepatocyte-like cells increase in advanced fibrosis stages, which is possibly related to hepatic regeneration. Metabolic zonation of glutamine synthetase expands from the perivenous to non-perivenous parenchyma in fibrosis progression but its expression is lost in cirrhosis, while cytochrome P-4502E1 expression is maintained in centrilobular and midlobular zones in fibrosis progression and expressed in cirrhosis. Hence, cadaveric livers provide a platform for further investigation of hepatic histopathologies associated with the aging liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dustin Kee
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher P Cheng
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Park SH, Cho A, Ryu HJ, Kim H. Profile of vascular markers and CT enhancement of hyaline vascular type Castleman's disease. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Wilson SE. Fibrosis Is a Basement Membrane-Related Disease in the Cornea: Injury and Defective Regeneration of Basement Membranes May Underlie Fibrosis in Other Organs. Cells 2022; 11:309. [PMID: 35053425 PMCID: PMC8774201 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every organ develops fibrosis that compromises functions in response to infections, injuries, or diseases. The cornea is a relatively simple, avascular organ that offers an exceptional model to better understand the pathophysiology of the fibrosis response. Injury and defective regeneration of the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) or the endothelial Descemet's basement membrane (DBM) triggers the development of myofibroblasts from resident corneal fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived blood borne fibrocytes due to the increased entry of TGF beta-1/-2 into the stroma from the epithelium and tears or residual corneal endothelium and aqueous humor. The myofibroblasts, and disordered extracellular matrix these cells produce, persist until the source of injury is removed, the EBM and/or DBM are regenerated, or replaced surgically, resulting in decreased stromal TGF beta requisite for myofibroblast survival. A similar BM injury-related pathophysiology can underly the development of fibrosis in other organs such as skin and lung. The normal liver does not contain traditional BMs but develops sinusoidal endothelial BMs in many fibrotic diseases and models. However, normal hepatic stellate cells produce collagen type IV and perlecan that can modulate TGF beta localization and cognate receptor binding in the space of Dissé. BM-related fibrosis is deserving of more investigation in all organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, I-32, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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13
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Mak KM, Kee D, Shin DW. Alcohol-associated capillarization of sinusoids: A critique since the discovery by Schaffner and Popper in 1963. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1592-1610. [PMID: 34766732 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on capillarization of hepatic sinusoids since its discovery in 1963. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are uniquely fenestrated and lack an underlying basement membrane. In chronic liver disease, the sinusoids capillarize and transform into systemic capillaries, a process termed capillarization of sinusoids. The histopathology is marked by defenestration, basement membrane formation, and space of Disse fibrogenesis. Capillarized sinusoids compromise the bidirectional exchange of materials between sinusoids and hepatocytes, leading to hepatocellular dysfunction. Sinusoidal capillarization was first described in active cirrhosis of alcoholics in 1963. Since then, it has been found in early and progressive stages of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis before the onset of cirrhosis. The sinusoidal structure is not altered in alcoholic steatosis without fibrosis. Defenestration impairs the ability of the endothelium to filter chylomicron remnants from sinusoids into the Disse's space, contributing to alcohol-induced postprandial hyperlipidemia and possibly atherosclerosis. Ethanol also modulates the fenestration dynamics in animals. In baboons, chronic alcohol consumption diminishes endothelial porosity in concomitance with hepatic fibrogenesis and in rats defenestrates the endothelium in the absence of fibrosis, and sometimes capillarizes the sinusoids. Acute ethanol ingestion enlarges fenestrations in rats and contracts fenestrations in rabbits. In sinusoidal endothelial cell culture, ethanol elicits fenestration dilation, which is likely related to its interaction with fenestration-associated cytoskeleton. Ethanol potentiates sinusoidal injury caused by cocaine, acetaminophen or lipopolysaccharide in mice and rats. Understanding ethanol's mechanisms on pathogenesis of sinusoidal capillarization and fenestration dynamics will lead to development of methods to prevent risks for atherosclerosis in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dustin Kee
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Da Wi Shin
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Petrillo S, Manco M, Altruda F, Fagoonee S, Tolosano E. Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells at the Crossroad of Iron Overload and Liver Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:474-486. [PMID: 32689808 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Liver fibrosis results from different etiologies and represents one of the most serious health issues worldwide. Fibrosis is the outcome of chronic insults on the liver and is associated with several factors, including abnormal iron metabolism. Recent Advances: Multiple mechanisms underlying the profibrogenic role of iron have been proposed. The pivotal role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in iron-level regulation, as well as their morphological and molecular dedifferentiation occurring in liver fibrosis, has encouraged research on LSECs as prime regulators of very early fibrotic events. Importantly, normal differentiated LSECs may act as gatekeepers of fibrogenesis by maintaining the quiescence of hepatic stellate cells, while LSECs capillarization precedes the onset of liver fibrosis. Critical Issues: In the present review, the morphological and molecular alterations occurring in LSECs after liver injury are addressed in an attempt to highlight how vascular dysfunction promotes fibrogenesis. In particular, we discuss in depth how a vicious loop can be established in which iron dysregulation and LSEC dedifferentiation synergize to exacerbate and promote the progression of liver fibrosis. Future Directions: LSECs, due to their pivotal role in early liver fibrosis and iron homeostasis, show great promises as a therapeutic target. In particular, new strategies can be devised for restoring LSECs differentiation and thus their role as regulators of iron homeostasis, hence preventing the progression of liver fibrosis or, even better, promoting its regression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 474-486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Manco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Inactivation in NASH-Fibrosis-Roles as Putative Treatment Targets? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040365. [PMID: 33807461 PMCID: PMC8066583 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the primary predictor of mortality in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this process, the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitute the principal cells responsible for the deposition of a fibrous extracellular matrix, thereby driving the hepatic scarring. HSC activation, migration, and proliferation are controlled by a complex signaling network involving growth factors, lipotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular stress. Conversely, the clearance of activated HSCs is a prerequisite for the resolution of the extracellular fibrosis. Hence, pathways regulating the fate of the HSCs may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. However, the development of anti-fibrotic drugs for NASH patients has not yet resulted in clinically approved therapeutics, underscoring the complex biology and challenges involved when targeting the intricate cellular signaling mechanisms. This narrative review investigated the mechanisms of activation and inactivation of HSCs with a focus on NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. Presenting an updated overview, this review highlights key cellular pathways with potential value for the development of future treatment modalities.
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Mak KM, Shin DW. Hepatic sinusoids versus central veins: Structures, markers, angiocrines, and roles in liver regeneration and homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1661-1691. [PMID: 33135318 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blood circulates through the hepatic sinusoids delivering nutrients and oxygen to the liver parenchyma and drains into the hepatic central vein, yet the structures and phenotypes of these vessels are distinctively different. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are uniquely fenestrated, lack basal lamina and possess organelles involved in endocytosis, pinocytosis, degradation, synthesis and secretion. Hepatic central veins are nonfenestrated but are also active in synthesis and secretion. Endothelial cells of sinusoids and central veins secrete angiocrines that play respective roles in hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis. The list of markers for identifying sinusoidal endothelial cells is long and their terminologies are complex. Further, their uses vary in different investigations and, in some instances, could be confusing. Central vein markers are fewer but more distinctive. Here we analyze and categorize the molecular pathways/modules associated with the sinusoid-mediated liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy and chemical-induced acute or chronic injury. Similarly, we highlight the findings that central vein-derived angiocrines interact with Wnt/β-catenin in perivenous hepatocytes to direct gene expression and maintain pericentral metabolic zonation. The proposal that perivenous hepatocytes behave as stem/progenitor cells to provoke hepatic homeostatic cell renewal is reevaluated and newer concepts of broad zonal distribution of hepatocyte proliferation in liver homeostasis and regeneration are updated. Thus, this review integrates the structures, biology and physiology of liver sinusoids and central veins in mediating hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Da Wi Shin
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Bravo M, Raurell I, Hide D, Fernández-Iglesias A, Gil M, Barberá A, Salcedo MT, Augustin S, Genescà J, Martell M. Restoration of liver sinusoidal cell phenotypes by statins improves portal hypertension and histology in rats with NASH. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20183. [PMID: 31882668 PMCID: PMC6934751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common chronic liver disorder in developed countries, with the associated clinical complications driven by portal hypertension (PH). PH may precede fibrosis development, probably due to endothelial dysfunction at early stages of the disease. Our aim was to characterize liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) dedifferentiation/capillarization and its contribution to PH in NASH, together with assessing statins capability to revert endothelial function improving early NASH stages. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high fat glucose-fructose diet (HFGFD), or control diet (CD) for 8 weeks and then treated with simvastatin (sim) (10 mg·kg−1·day−1), atorvastatin (ato) (10 mg·kg−1·day−1) or vehicle during 2 weeks. Biochemical, histological and hemodynamic determinations were carried out. Sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction was assessed in individualized sorted LSEC and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) from animal groups and in whole liver samples. HFGFD rats showed full NASH features without fibrosis but with significantly increased portal pressure compared with CD rats (10.47 ± 0.37 mmHg vs 8.30 ± 0.22 mmHg; p < 0.001). Moreover, HFGFD rats showed a higher percentage of capillarized (CD32b−/CD11b−) LSEC (8% vs 1%, p = 0.005) showing a contractile phenotype associated to HSC activation. Statin treatments caused a significant portal pressure reduction (sim: 9.29 ± 0.25 mmHg, p < 0.01; ato: 8.85 ± 0.30 mmHg, p < 0.001), NASH histology reversion, along with significant recovery of LSEC differentiation and a regression of HSC activation to a more quiescent phenotype. In an early NASH model without fibrosis with PH, LSEC transition to capillarization and HSC activation are reverted by statin treatment inducing portal pressure decrease and NASH features improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Bravo
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imma Raurell
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Hide
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab. IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Gil
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Barberá
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Augustin
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan Genescà
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Martell
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Kondo R, Akiba J, Ogasawara S, Nakashima O, Naito Y, Kusano H, Mihara Y, Tanigawa M, Yano H. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma after archiving sustained virologic response for hepatitis C virus infection. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1458-1466. [PMID: 31423211 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the pathological prognostic factor of initial hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after archiving sustained virologic response (SVR) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A single-center retrospective analysis was performed for patients who underwent hepatectomy between 2003 and 2017. We studied clinico-pathological findings of resected liver tissues in 35 patients with HCC after SVR treated by interferon (IFN group) and 13 patients with HCC after SVR treated by direct acting antivirals (DAA group). We also performed immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytokeratin 19, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5). PD-L1 positive HCC was observed in 6 cases of the IFN group and 4 cases of the DAA group. In the IFN group, in univariate analysis of recurrence free survival after surgery (RFS), the PD-L1 expression had a statistically significant impact (HR=6.01; P=0.02). In the multivariate analysis of RFS, PD-L1 expression significantly remained (HR=5.01; P=0.03). For both RFS and overall survival, Kaplan-Meier curves confirmed that patients with PD-L1 expression showed significantly worse prognosis (log-rank test P<0.01). Nuclear grade, RGS5 expression, and EpCAM expression were significantly higher in the PD-L1-positive HCC group compared with the PD-L1-negative HCC group (P<0.05). Therefore, PD-L1 expression may be an independent prognostic factor of surgically resected HCC after achieving SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiichiro Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Naito
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hironori Kusano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mihara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanigawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Joo MS, Koo JH, Kim TH, Kim YS, Kim SG. LRH1-driven transcription factor circuitry for hepatocyte identity: Super-enhancer cistromic analysis. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:488-503. [PMID: 30638865 PMCID: PMC6413675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The injured liver loses normal function, with concomitant decrease of key identity genes. Super-enhancers contribute to mammalian cell identity. Here, we identified core transcription factors (TFs) that are active in hepatocytes, using genome-wide analysis and hierarchical ordering of super-enhancer distribution. METHODS Expression of core TFs was assessed in a cohort of patients with hepatitis or cirrhosis and animal models. Quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and hydrodynamic gene delivery methods were used to assess gene regulation and hepatocyte viability. RNA-sequencing data were generated to investigate the role of LRH1 in hepatocyte protection from injury. RESULTS Network analysis of super-enhancer-associated gene interactions and expression arrays for cohorts of patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis enabled us to identify a super-enhancer-associated network, and LRH1, HNF4α, PPARα, and RXRα as core TFs. In mouse models, expression of core TFs was robustly inhibited by single and multiple challenge(s) with liver toxicant. RNA-seq analysis revealed changes in expression in the super-enhancer-associated genes sensitively biased toward repression by intoxication. LRH1 gene delivery prevented the loss of hepatic super-enhancer-associated signaling circuitry in toxicant-challenged mice, and protected the liver from injury, indicating the role of LRH1 in hepatocyte identity and viability. In hepatocytes, overexpression of each core TF promoted induction of other TFs. CONCLUSION Overall, this study identified LRH1-driven pathway as a circuitry responsible for hepatocyte identity by using cistromic analysis, improving our understanding of liver pathophysiology and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Joo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lord MS, Tang F, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Smith JGW, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. The multifaceted roles of perlecan in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:150-166. [PMID: 29475023 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan, or heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), is a ubiquitous heparan sulfate proteoglycan that has major roles in tissue and organ development and wound healing by orchestrating the binding and signaling of mitogens and morphogens to cells in a temporal and dynamic fashion. In this review, its roles in fibrosis are reviewed by drawing upon evidence from tissue and organ systems that undergo fibrosis as a result of an uncontrolled response to either inflammation or traumatic cellular injury leading to an over production of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This review focuses on examples of fibrosis that occurs in lung, liver, kidney, skin, kidney, neural tissues and blood vessels and its link to the expression of perlecan in that particular organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - James G W Smith
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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21
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Plumbagin Alleviates Capillarization of Hepatic Sinusoids In Vitro by Downregulating ET-1, VEGF, LN, and Type IV Collagen. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5603216. [PMID: 28770223 PMCID: PMC5523349 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5603216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Critical roles for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in liver fibrosis have been demonstrated, while little is known regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms of drugs delivered to the LSECs. Our previous study revealed that plumbagin plays an antifibrotic role in liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated whether plumbagin alleviates capillarization of hepatic sinusoids by downregulating endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), laminin (LN), and type IV collagen on leptin-stimulated LSECs. We found that normal LSECs had mostly open fenestrae and no organized basement membrane. Leptin-stimulated LSECs showed the formation of a continuous basement membrane with few open fenestrae, which were the features of capillarization. Expression of ET-1, VEGF, LN, and type IV collagen was enhanced in leptin-stimulated LSECs. Plumbagin was used to treat leptin-stimulated LSECs. The sizes and numbers of open fenestrae were markedly decreased, and no basement membrane production was found after plumbagin administration. Plumbagin decreased the levels of ET-1, VEGF, LN, and type IV collagen in leptin-stimulated LSECs. Plumbagin promoted downregulation of ET-1, VEGF, LN, and type IV collagen mRNA. Altogether, our data reveal that plumbagin reverses capillarization of hepatic sinusoids by downregulation of ET-1, VEGF, LN, and type IV collagen.
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22
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Mak KM, Mei R. Basement Membrane Type IV Collagen and Laminin: An Overview of Their Biology and Value as Fibrosis Biomarkers of Liver Disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1371-1390. [PMID: 28187500 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes provide structural support to epithelium, endothelium, muscles, fat cells, Schwann cells, and axons. Basement membranes are multifunctional: they modulate cellular behavior, regulate organogenesis, promote tissue repair, form a barrier to filtration and tumor metastasis, bind growth factors, and mediate angiogenesis. All basement membranes contain type IV collagen (Col IV), laminin, nidogen, and perlecan. Col IV and laminin self-assemble into two independent supramolecular networks that are linked to nidogen and perlecan to form a morphological discernable basement membrane/basal lamina. The triple helical region, 7S domain and NCI domain of Col IV, laminin and laminin fragment P1 have been evaluated as noninvasive fibrosis biomarkers of alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Elevated serum Col IV and laminin are related to degrees of fibrosis and severity of hepatitis, and may reflect hepatic basement membrane metabolism. But the serum assays have not been linked to disclosing the anatomical sites and lobular distribution of perisinusoidal basement membrane formation in the liver. Hepatic sinusoids normally lack a basement membrane, although Col IV is a normal matrix component of the space of Disse. In liver disease, laminin deposits in the space of Disse and codistributes with Col IV, forming a perisinusoidal basement membrane. Concomitantly, the sinusoidal endothelium loses its fenestrae and is transformed into vascular type endothelium. These changes lead to capillarization of hepatic sinusoids, a significant pathology that impairs hepatic function. Accordingly, codistribution of Col IV and laminin serves as histochemical marker of perisinusoidal basement membrane formation in liver disease. Anat Rec, 300:1371-1390, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rena Mei
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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23
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Poisson J, Lemoinne S, Boulanger C, Durand F, Moreau R, Valla D, Rautou PE. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: Physiology and role in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2017; 66:212-227. [PMID: 27423426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells representing the interface between blood cells on the one side and hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells on the other side. LSECs represent a permeable barrier. Indeed, the association of 'fenestrae', absence of diaphragm and lack of basement membrane make them the most permeable endothelial cells of the mammalian body. They also have the highest endocytosis capacity of human cells. In physiological conditions, LSECs regulate hepatic vascular tone contributing to the maintenance of a low portal pressure despite the major changes in hepatic blood flow occurring during digestion. LSECs maintain hepatic stellate cell quiescence, thus inhibiting intrahepatic vasoconstriction and fibrosis development. In pathological conditions, LSECs play a key role in the initiation and progression of chronic liver diseases. Indeed, they become capillarized and lose their protective properties, and they promote angiogenesis and vasoconstriction. LSECs are implicated in liver regeneration following acute liver injury or partial hepatectomy since they renew from LSECs and/or LSEC progenitors, they sense changes in shear stress resulting from surgery, and they interact with platelets and inflammatory cells. LSECs also play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, in ageing, and in liver lesions related to inflammation and infection. This review also presents a detailed analysis of the technical aspects relevant for LSEC analysis including the markers these cells express, the available cell lines and the transgenic mouse models. Finally, this review provides an overview of the strategies available for a specific targeting of LSECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poisson
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sara Lemoinne
- INSERM, UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France; Service d'hépatologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Boulanger
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Durand
- Service d'hépatologie, DHU Unity Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR-1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris-Clichy, France; Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Richard Moreau
- Service d'hépatologie, DHU Unity Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR-1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris-Clichy, France; Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Valla
- Service d'hépatologie, DHU Unity Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR-1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris-Clichy, France; Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service d'hépatologie, DHU Unity Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR-1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris-Clichy, France; Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.
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Liver X receptor α is essential for the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21309. [PMID: 26887957 PMCID: PMC4758044 DOI: 10.1038/srep21309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) play essential roles in lipogenesis, anti-inflammatory action and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation in the liver. However, the effects of LXRs on the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in liver fibrosis remain undetermined. Here, we demonstrated that LXRα plays an important role in LSECs capillarization in a manner that involved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. We found that LXRα expression in LSECs was increased in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis model. LXRα deletion markedly exacerbated CCl4-induced lesions assessed by histopathology, as well as inflammation and collagen deposition. Furthermore, capillarization of the sinusoids was aggravated in CCl4 -treated LXRα-deficient mice, as evidenced by increased CD34 expression, the formation of continuous basement membranes and aggravation of the loss of fenestrae. In vitro, LXR agonist could maintain freshly isolated LSECs differentiation on day 3. Furthermore, LXRα deletion led to increased expression of Hedgehog (Hh)-regulated gene in LSECs in the injured liver. Conversely, the LXR agonist could inhibit the Hh pathway in cultured LSECs. These responses indicated that LXRα suppressed the process of LSECs capillarization by repressing Hh signaling. Overall, our findings suggest that LXRα, by restoring the differentiation of LSECs, may be critical for the regression of liver fibrosis.
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Nishikawa T, Bell A, Brooks JM, Setoyama K, Melis M, Han B, Fukumitsu K, Handa K, Tian J, Kaestner KH, Vodovotz Y, Locker J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Fox IJ. Resetting the transcription factor network reverses terminal chronic hepatic failure. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1533-44. [PMID: 25774505 DOI: 10.1172/jci73137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of organ failure is enigmatic for many degenerative diseases, including end-stage liver disease. Here, using a CCl4-induced rat model of irreversible and fatal hepatic failure, which also exhibits terminal changes in the extracellular matrix, we demonstrated that chronic injury stably reprograms the critical balance of transcription factors and that diseased and dedifferentiated cells can be returned to normal function by re-expression of critical transcription factors, a process similar to the type of reprogramming that induces somatic cells to become pluripotent or to change their cell lineage. Forced re-expression of the transcription factor HNF4α induced expression of the other hepatocyte-expressed transcription factors; restored functionality in terminally diseased hepatocytes isolated from CCl4-treated rats; and rapidly reversed fatal liver failure in CCl4-treated animals by restoring diseased hepatocytes rather than replacing them with new hepatocytes or stem cells. Together, the results of our study indicate that disruption of the transcription factor network and cellular dedifferentiation likely mediate terminal liver failure and suggest reinstatement of this network has therapeutic potential for correcting organ failure without cell replacement.
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Factor VIII-Related Antigen Detects Phenotypic Change of Sinusoidal to Vascular Endothelium in Hepatic Fibrosis of Elderly Cadavers. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:839560. [PMID: 27437476 PMCID: PMC4897224 DOI: 10.1155/2014/839560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In advanced stages of hepatic fibrosis, the liver sinusoidal endothelium transforms to vascular endothelium with accompanying expression of factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg), a phenotypic marker of vascular endothelial cells. Liver fibrosis has been shown to be associated with aging and was found to be prevalent in elderly cadavers. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied FVIIIRAg expression in the livers of elderly cadavers with progressive stages of fibrosis. The vascular endothelium of portal tracts and central veins was stained for FVIIIRAg, providing an internal positive control. The incidence of FVIIIRAg expression was low in the sinusoids of livers that showed minimal fibrosis or perisinusoidal fibrosis but was increased in livers with advanced fibrosis (i.e., septa formation, bridging fibrosis, and cirrhosis). FVIIIRAg positive sinusoidal endothelial cells were distributed in loose aggregates in the periportal, periseptal, and midlobular parenchyma and were found less frequently in the centrilobular area. FVIIIRAg immune deposits appeared patchy and discontinuous along the sinusoidal lining, likely representing focalized transformation of sinusoidal to vascular endothelium. There was a discrete localization of FVIIIRAg immunoreactivity in the foci of severe parenchymal fibrosis. Conclusion. FVIIIRAg is a reliable marker for detecting the transformation of sinusoidal to vascular endothelium in advanced liver fibrosis in elderly cadavers.
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Narmada BC, Kang Y, Venkatraman L, Peng Q, Sakban RB, Nugraha B, Jiang X, Bunte RM, So PTC, Tucker-Kellogg L, Mao HQ, Yu H. Hepatic stellate cell-targeted delivery of hepatocyte growth factor transgene via bile duct infusion enhances its expression at fibrotic foci to regress dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:508-19. [PMID: 23527815 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis generates fibrotic foci with abundant activated hepatic stellate cells and excessive collagen deposition juxtaposed with healthy regions. Targeted delivery of antifibrotic therapeutics to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) might improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse effects on healthy tissue. We delivered the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene specifically to activated hepatic stellate cells in fibrotic liver using vitamin A-coupled liposomes by retrograde intrabiliary infusion to bypass capillarized hepatic sinusoids. The antifibrotic effects of DsRed2-HGF vector encapsulated within vitamin A-coupled liposomes were validated by decreases in fibrotic markers in vitro. Fibrotic cultures transfected with the targeted transgene showed a significant decrease in fibrotic markers such as transforming growth factor-β1. In rats, dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis is manifested by an increase in collagen deposition and severe defenestration of sinusoidal endothelial cells. The HSC-targeted transgene, administered via retrograde intrabiliary infusion in fibrotic rats, successfully reduced liver fibrosis markers alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen, accompanied by an increase in the expression of DsRed2-HGF near the fibrotic foci. Thus, targeted delivery of HGF gene to hepatic stellate cells increased the transgene expression at the fibrotic foci and strongly enhanced its antifibrotic effects.
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28
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Mak KM, Chen LL, Lee TF. Codistribution of collagen type IV and laminin in liver fibrosis of elderly cadavers: immunohistochemical marker of perisinusoidal basement membrane formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:953-64. [PMID: 23596149 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoids are lined by a fenestrated endothelium that lacks a basement membrane. Formation of perisinusoidal basement membranes beneath the endothelium is an integral feature of capillarization of sinusoids that is a significant pathology found in advanced fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is prevalent in elderly cadavers; however, basement membrane formation in these liver samples has yet to be studied. Collagen type IV and laminin are major basement membrane proteins and their codistribution around sinusoids provides an immunohistochemical marker of basement membrane formation. Here, we examined the intralobular sites of perisinusoidal basement membrane formation in elderly cadaveric livers having various stages of fibrosis. Collagen IV and laminin codistributed in basement membranes of portal and septal ductular and vascular structures, providing a positive control. In the parenchyma, collagen IV immunostaining of sinusoids was panlobular in all stages of fibrosis, and the stain was continuous along the sinusoids. In contrast, laminin was not detected in livers, showing minimal fibrotic change. It was rarely seen in perisinusoidal/pericellular fibrosis, but frequently in septa formation, bridging fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The laminin stain was patchy, occurring principally in sinusoids of periportal and periseptal areas, less commonly in mid-lobular and rarely in centrilobular areas. Consecutive sections revealed that laminin codistributed with collagen IV in these sinusoidal locations, thus marking the sites of perisinusoidal basement membrane formation in aged fibrotic livers. This development is presumably related to aging of the liver and exacerbated by liver injury caused by advanced liver fibrosis, possibly resulting in sinusoidal capillarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The necessity of the liver being the organ responsible for metabolism of alcohol exposes it to many untoward toxic side effects. In the first instance of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis may occur indolently over years, slowly converting a greasy, steatotic liver into a cirrhotic liver. In the case of alcoholic hepatitis, brisk sinusoidal fibrosis may lead to more rapid development of cirrhosis, with the liver extensively subdivided by sublobular fibrous septa developing in the midst of extensive ongoing inflammation and hepatocellular destruction. Continued destruction of the parenchyma after cirrhosis has developed may produce a densely fibrotic organ with little remaining parenchyma.
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30
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Liu L, Yannam GR, Nishikawa T, Yamamoto T, Basma H, Ito R, Nagaya M, Dutta-Moscato J, Stolz DB, Duan F, Kaestner KH, Vodovotz Y, Soto-Gutierrez A, Fox IJ. The microenvironment in hepatocyte regeneration and function in rats with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012; 55:1529-39. [PMID: 22109844 PMCID: PMC3700584 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In advanced cirrhosis, impaired function is caused by intrinsic damage to the native liver cells and from the abnormal microenvironment in which the cells reside. The extent to which each plays a role in liver failure and regeneration is unknown. To examine this issue, hepatocytes from cirrhotic and age-matched control rats were isolated, characterized, and transplanted into the livers of noncirrhotic hosts whose livers permit extensive repopulation with donor cells. Primary hepatocytes derived from livers with advanced cirrhosis and compensated function maintained metabolic activity and the ability to secrete liver-specific proteins, whereas hepatocytes derived from cirrhotic livers with decompensated function failed to maintain metabolic or secretory activity. Telomere studies and transcriptomic analysis of hepatocytes recovered from progressively worsening cirrhotic livers suggest that hepatocytes from irreversibly failing livers show signs of replicative senescence and express genes that simultaneously drive both proliferation and apoptosis, with a later effect on metabolism, all under the control of a central cluster of regulatory genes, including nuclear factor κB and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α. Cells from cirrhotic and control livers engrafted equally well, but those from animals with cirrhosis and failing livers showed little initial evidence of proliferative capacity or function. Both, however, recovered more than 2 months after transplantation, indicating that either mature hepatocytes or a subpopulation of adult stem cells are capable of full recovery in severe cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Transplantation studies indicate that the state of the host microenvironment is critical to the regenerative potential of hepatocytes, and that a change in the extracellular matrix can lead to regeneration and restoration of function by cells derived from livers with end-stage organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Taichiro Nishikawa
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Hesham Basma
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ryotaro Ito
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Masaki Nagaya
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joyeeta Dutta-Moscato
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Fenghai Duan
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ira J. Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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31
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Xie G, Wang X, Wang L, Wang L, Atkinson RD, Kanel GC, Gaarde WA, DeLeve LD. Role of differentiation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in progression and regression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:918-927.e6. [PMID: 22178212 PMCID: PMC3618963 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Capillarization, characterized by loss of differentiation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), precedes the onset of hepatic fibrosis. We investigated whether restoration of LSEC differentiation would normalize crosstalk with activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and thereby promote quiescence of HSC and regression of fibrosis. METHODS Rat LSECs were cultured with inhibitors and/or agonists and examined by scanning electron microscopy for fenestrae in sieve plates. Cirrhosis was induced in rats using thioacetamide, followed by administration of BAY 60-2770, an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Fibrosis was assessed by Sirius red staining; expression of α-smooth muscle actin was measured by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Maintenance of LSEC differentiation requires vascular endothelial growth factor-A stimulation of nitric oxide-dependent signaling (via sGC and cyclic guanosine monophosphate) and nitric oxide-independent signaling. In rats with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis, BAY 60-2770 accelerated the complete reversal of capillarization (restored differentiation of LSECs) without directly affecting activation of HSCs or fibrosis. Restoration of differentiation to LSECs led to quiescence of HSCs and regression of fibrosis in the absence of further exposure to BAY 60-2770. Activation of sGC with BAY 60-2770 prevented progression of cirrhosis, despite continued administration of thioacetamide. CONCLUSIONS The state of LSEC differentiation plays a pivotal role in HSC activation and the fibrotic process.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Blotting, Western
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Capillaries/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Activators/pharmacology
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/drug effects
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology
- Liver/blood supply
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Nitric Oxide
- Paracrine Communication/drug effects
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
- Thioacetamide
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xie
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and the USC Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and the USC Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and the USC Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lin Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and the USC Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roscoe D. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gary C. Kanel
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Laurie D. DeLeve
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and the USC Research Center for Liver Disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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32
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Ren H, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Lu S, Chen Z, Meng L, Zhu X, Yang S, Xing W, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Chi Y, Gu D, Yang R, Han ZC. No contribution of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells to capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids accompanied by hepatic differentiation in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver fibrosis. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:371-83. [PMID: 20184502 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003596661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The acceleration of capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids after cell therapy would not be beneficial to restoration after liver disease. The goal was to observe the effects of umbilical cord (UC)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on liver microcirculation and their therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis. METHODS Human UC MSC labeled with or without CM-DIL were transplanted into NOD/SCID mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver fibrosis models. Because of the high autofluorescence on the injured liver sections, we used immunohistochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but not immunofluorescence, in order to avoid false images under a confocal fluorescence microscope. RESULTS Human-specific alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNA and proteins were detected in CCl4-treated mouse livers receiving human UC MSC transplants. We only observed the gene expression of human-specific endothelial-like cells markers CD31 and KDR by RT-PCR, but not protein expression by immunohistochemistry, in UC MSC-transplanted mouse livers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in injured livers 4 weeks after UC MSC transplantation was higher than in normal livers. However, UC MSC injection did not increase significantly the vascular density labeled by CD31 and (vWF) in the injured livers of UC MSC-transplanted mice compared with non-transplanted mice after CCl4 treatment. In addition, liver function was partly improved after UC MSC transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Human UC MSC can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells but do not accelerate the capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids, finally leading to the partial improvement of liver function in mice with CCl4-mediated chronic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union of Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Reyes MR, Lazalde B, Posadas del Rio FA, Escalante B. Identification of leptin gene expression in sinusoidal endothelial rat liver cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:121-5. [PMID: 18568952 DOI: 10.1080/10623320802125185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sinusoidal endothelial liver cells (SECs) have a key role in the pathophysiology of chronic liver disease. Leptin is an important profibrogenic and proinflammatory cytokine whose expression in sinusoidal endothelial liver has not been documented. The authors studied the potential of rat SECs to express the leptin and leptin receptor genes. Two cell lines of rat SECs were generated from a male rat liver by pronase-collagenase perfusion and dilution cloning. They were characterized according to morphology, ploidy, von Willebrand antigen immunoreactivity, CD31 transcription, matrix metalloproteinase secretion, and pseudocapillary formation. Expression of the leptin and leptin receptor genes was studied using qualitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Both cell lines fulfilled the accepted criteria for consideration as being derived from the liver sinusoidal endothelium. Confluent monolayers of both cell lines transcribed leptin and leptin receptor genes. This work demonstrated that SECs can transcribe the leptin gene in vitro, cotranscribing with the leptin receptor gene. Leptin production and signaling at this level could be of paramount importance in liver physiopathology; further studies of this issue are warranted because it represents a potential intervention point during chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
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34
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Stewart EE, Chen X, Hadway J, Lee TY. Hepatic perfusion in a tumor model using DCE-CT: an accuracy and precision study. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:4249-67. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/16/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Zhao YQ, Wang BY. Successive observation of laminin and hyaluronic acid on the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis in rabbits. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:823-828. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i8.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the changes of laminin (LN) and hyaluronic acid (HA) on the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis in rabbits.
METHODS: Firstly, the rabbit models of fatty liver and liver fibrosis were set up by hypercholesteremia. Liver tissues were collected and the histopathological changes were observed using transmission endoscopy and staining methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect LN expression and radioimmunoassy was used the measure serum HA concentration. Successive observation was used to outline the dynamic changes of basement membrane of hepatic sinusoid during the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis in rabbits.
RESULTS: Sinusoidal capillarization was characterized by defenestration of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and formation of basement membrane. Along with the formation of liver fibrosis, the positive expression (area percentage) of LN on sinusoidal wall and the concentration (mg/L) of serum HA increased gradually, and both of them reached the peak at 8 wk; there were significant differences in contrast with those in the normal group (LN: 25.2 ± 1.0 vs 5.1 ± 0.7, P < 0.01; serum HA: 1422.18 ± 20.9 vs 1189.3 ± 13.1, P < 0.01). After stopping high-sterone feeding, the positive expression of LN and concentration of HA decreased gradually.
CONCLUSION: The changes of serum HA concentration are in accordance with the defenestration of hepatic sinusoid and LN changes. LN and HA may be used as cardinal markers for hepatic sinusoidal capillarization and liver fibrosis.
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36
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an early key event in multiple diseases. The assessment of vascular nitric oxide (NO) level is an indicative of endothelial dysfunction. In liver cirrhosis, on one hand, endothelial dysfunction is known as impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the liver microcirculation and contributes to increased intra-hepatic vascular resistance, leading to portal hypertension. On the other, increased production of vasodilator molecules mainly NO contributes to increased endothelium-dependent relaxation in the arteries of the systemic and splanchnic circulation. The aims of this review are to summarize and discuss: (1) unique characteristics of sinusoidal endothelial cell (SECs) and SEC dysfunctions in cirrhosis, and (2) endothelial dysfunctions in the arterial splanchnic and systemic circulation in cirrhosis with portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Iwakiri
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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37
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Sarem M, Znaidak R, Macías M, Rey R. [Hepatic stellate cells: it's role in normal and pathological conditions]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2006; 29:93-101. [PMID: 16448612 DOI: 10.1157/13083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic and sophisticatedly regulated wound healing response to chronic hepatocellular injury. This fibrotic process results from the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagen, proteoglycan, and adhesive glycoproteins which are principally produced by hepatic stellate cells (HSC), a mesenchymal cell type located between parenchymal cell plates and sinusoidal endothelial cells in the space of Disse. In physiological conditions, quiescent HSCs play important roles in the regulation of retinoid homeostasis and ECM remodeling by producing ECM components as well as metalloproteases and its inhibitor. However during hepatic fibrogenesis, HSCs are known to be activated or "transdifferentiated" to myofibroblast-like cells which play a pivotal role in ECM remodeling and hepatic blood flow regulation. Activation of HSC is now well established as the key process involved in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Both basic morphology and functions of HSCs in normal conditions and its role in pathological fibrosis will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarem
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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38
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Gaudio E, Chaberek S, Montella A, Pannarale L, Morini S, Novelli G, Borghese F, Conte D, Ostrowski K. Fractal and Fourier analysis of the hepatic sinusoidal network in normal and cirrhotic rat liver. J Anat 2005; 207:107-15. [PMID: 16050897 PMCID: PMC1571516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of the hepatic microvascular network has been widely studied in recent years, especially with regard to cirrhosis. This research has enabled us to recognize the distinctive vascular patterns in the cirrhotic liver, compared with the normal liver, which may explain the cause of liver dysfunction and failure. The aim of this study was to compare normal and cirrhotic rat livers by means of a quantitative mathematical approach based on fractal and Fourier analyses performed on photomicrographs and therefore on discriminant analysis. Vascular corrosion casts of livers belonging to the following three experimental groups were studied by scanning electron microscopy: normal rats, CCl(4)-induced cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic rats after ligation of the bile duct. Photomicrographs were taken at a standard magnification; these images were used for the mathematical analysis. Our experimental design found that use of these different analyses reaches an efficiency of over 94%. Our analyses demonstrated a higher complexity of the normal hepatic sinusoidal network in comparison with the cirrhotic network. In particular, the morphological changes were more marked in the animals with bile duct-ligation cirrhosis compared with animals with CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis. The present findings based on fractal and Fourier analysis could increase our understanding of the pathophysiological alterations of the liver, and may have a diagnostic value in future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
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39
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Tugues S, Morales-Ruiz M, Fernandez-Varo G, Ros J, Arteta D, Muñoz-Luque J, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Jiménez W. Microarray analysis of endothelial differentially expressed genes in liver of cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1686-95. [PMID: 16285966 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a long-standing interest in the identification of endothelial-specific pathways for therapeutic targeting in cirrhosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in gene expression patterns between liver endothelial cells (LECs) from control and cirrhotic rats by using microarrays. METHODS LECs were obtained by isopycnic centrifugation. LECs gene expression was then analyzed on high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. RESULTS Analysis of gene expression revealed that most of the differentially expressed mRNA in cirrhosis are associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, antioxidant/stress response, and cell signaling. CONCLUSIONS The collective expression changes observed within some functional groups of genes indicate that LECs in cirrhotic livers may contribute to lymphangiogenesis, enhancement of fibrogenesis and inflammatory processes, changes in cell-cell interaction with up-regulation of adherens junction proteins, and alterations in the intrahepatic vascular tone because of the down-regulation of genes involved in vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Tugues
- Hormonal Laboratory, Hospital Clínic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
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DeLeve LD, Wang X, Hu L, McCuskey MK, McCuskey RS. Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cell phenotype is maintained by paracrine and autocrine regulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G757-63. [PMID: 15191879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic features of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), open fenestrae in sieve plates and lack of a basement membrane, are lost with capillarization. The current study examines localization of CD31 as a marker for the dedifferentiated, nonfenestrated SEC and examines regulation of SEC phenotype in vitro. CD31 localization in SEC was examined by confocal microscopy and immunogold-scanning electron microscopy. SEC cultured for 1 day express CD31 in the cytoplasm, whereas after 3 days, CD31 is also expressed on cell-cell junctions. Immunogold-scanning electron microscopy confirmed the absence of CD31 surface expression on fenestrated SEC 1 day after isolation and demonstrated the appearance of CD31 surface expression on SEC that had lost fenestration after 3 days in culture. SEC isolated from fibrotic liver do show increased expression of CD31 on the cell surface. Coculture with either hepatocytes or stellate cells prevents CD31 surface expression, and this effect does not require heterotypic contact. The paracrine effect of hepatocytes or stellate cells on SEC phenotype is abolished with anti-VEGF antibody and is reproduced by addition of VEGF to SEC cultured alone. VEGF stimulates SEC production of nitric oxide. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester blocked the paracrine effect of hepatocytes or stellate cells on SEC phenotype and blocked the ability of VEGF to preserve the phenotype of SEC cultured alone. In conclusion, surface expression of CD31 is a marker of a dedifferentiated, nonfenestrated SEC. The VEGF-mediated paracrine effect of hepatocytes or stellate cells on maintenance of SEC phenotype requires autocrine production of nitric oxide by SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D DeLeve
- Research Center for Liver Diseases and the Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases,USC Keck School of Medicine, Div. of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2011 Zonal Ave.-HMR 603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Vogten JM, Drixler TA, te Velde EA, Schipper ME, van Vroonhoven TJMV, Voest EE, Borel Rinkes IHM. Angiostatin inhibits experimental liver fibrosis in mice. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004; 19:387-94. [PMID: 14716496 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-003-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis is a response to chronic hepatic damage, which ultimately leads to liver failure and necessitates liver transplantation. A characteristic of fibrosis is pathological vessel growth. This type of angiogenesis may contribute to the disturbance of hepatocyte perfusion dynamics and lead to aggravation of disease. We hypothesized that angiostatin can inhibit pathological vessel growth and, consequently, the development of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride for 5 weeks. Angiostatin mice received carbon tetrachloride for 5 weeks and angiostatin during weeks 4 and 5. After 5 weeks, immunohistochemistry for endothelial cell marker von Willebrand factor and for cell proliferation was performed. Angiogenesis was quantified by counting the number of immunopositive microvessels. Also, the relative fibrotic surface was determined using Sirius Red histostaining and computer image analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression for von Willebrand factor in fibrotic livers. Immunopositive microvessels were localized in fibrotic areas surrounding larger vessels and in emerging fibrotic septa. Angiostatin reduced the number of immunopositive microvessels by 69% (p<0.001). In addition, angiostatin reduced the relative fibrotic area in the liver by 63+/-0.1% (p<0.001). Finally, angiostatin treatment was not associated with differences in cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Angiostatin inhibits the development of pathological angiogenesis and liver fibrosis in mice. These results warrant further evaluation of angiostatin as an antifibrotic agent, potentially contributing to the deferment of liver transplantation and reduced recurrence of fibrotic disease in the transplanted liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mathys Vogten
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Neves LB, Catarino RM, Silva MRR, Parise ER. [Increased serum levels of laminin in the experimental cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride]. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2004; 40:173-6. [PMID: 15029393 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032003000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum laminin has been correlated with portal hypertension and sinusoid capillarization in chronic liver diseases. Little is known about its dynamics in liver diseases. AIM To investigate the levels of serum laminin in experimental cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride, as well as to correlate its level with the degree of hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-nine albino Wistar rats were studied. Twenty-three were treated with carbon tetrachloride solution at 8% and 16 were kept as controls. Between the 6th and 16th weeks, all animals were sacrificed, submitted to measurement of portal pressure and blood sampling of the femoral veins. Liver fragments were fixed for light microscopic studies. Hepatic fibrosis was classified as perivenular fibrosis, complete and incomplete septal fibrosis and cirrhosis. Determination of laminin concentration was performed by ELISA with an antibody against laminin isolated from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor. RESULTS The portal pressure was correlated with the degree of hepatic fibrosis (rs = 0.82; n = 45). Its levels in septal fibrosis (10.8 +/- 1.2 cm H(2)0) and cirrhosis (13.6 +/- 3.1 cm H(2)0) were statistically higher when compared to control (7.9 +/- 1.5 cm H20) and perivenular fibrosis (9.1 +/- 0.8 cm H(2)0) groups. Peripheral blood laminin concentration in cirrhosis (40.0 +/- 18.7 mg/dL) was significantly higher when compared to control (13.8 +/- 12.1 mg/dL), perivenular fibrosis (19.1 +/- 15.5 mg/dL) and septal fibrosis (22.2 +/- 27.0 mg/dL) groups. The circulating laminin was correlated to the degree of hepatic fibrosis (rs = 0.59; n = 49) and to portal pressure (r = 0.29; n = 45). CONCLUSIONS In the chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication, laminin levels are better correlated with the development of hepatic fibrosis than with portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindalva Batista Neves
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dahab GM, Kheriza MM, El-Beltagi HM, Fouda AMM, El-Din OAS. Digital quantification of fibrosis in liver biopsy sections: description of a new method by Photoshop software. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:78-85. [PMID: 14675247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise quantification of fibrous tissue in liver biopsy sections is extremely important in the classification, diagnosis and grading of chronic liver disease, as well as in evaluating the response to antifibrotic therapy. Because the recently described methods of digital image analysis of fibrosis in liver biopsy sections have major flaws, including the use of out-dated techniques in image processing, inadequate precision and inability to detect and quantify perisinusoidal fibrosis, we developed a new technique in computerized image analysis of liver biopsy sections based on Adobe Photoshop software. METHODS We prepared an experimental model of liver fibrosis involving treatment of rats with oral CCl4 for 6 weeks. After staining liver sections with Masson's trichrome, a series of computer operations were performed including (i) reconstitution of seamless widefield images from a number of acquired fields of liver sections; (ii) image size and solution adjustment; (iii) color correction; (iv) digital selection of a specified color range representing all fibrous tissue in the image and; (v) extraction and calculation. RESULTS This technique is fully computerized with no manual interference at any step, and thus could be very reliable for objectively quantifying any pattern of fibrosis in liver biopsy sections and in assessing the response to antifibrotic therapy. It could also be a valuable tool in the precise assessment of antifibrotic therapy to other tissue regardless of the pattern of tissue or fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M Dahab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Braet F, Wisse E. Structural and functional aspects of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrae: a review. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2002; 1:1. [PMID: 12437787 PMCID: PMC131011 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2002] [Accepted: 08/23/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a detailed overview of the current state of knowledge about the ultrastructure and dynamics of liver sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae. Various aspects of liver sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae regarding their structure, origin, species specificity, dynamics and formation will be explored. In addition, the role of liver sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae in relation to lipoprotein metabolism, fibrosis and cancer will be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Braet
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels-Jette, Belgium
| | - Eddie Wisse
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels-Jette, Belgium
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Quondamatteo F. Assembly, stability and integrity of basement membranes in vivo. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:369-81. [PMID: 12814184 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023675619251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes are layered structures of the extracellular matrix which separate cells of various kinds from the surrounding stroma. One of the frequently recurring questions about basement membranes is how these structures are formed in vivo. Up to a few years ago, it was thought that basement membranes were formed spontaneously by a process of self-assembly of their components. However, it has now become clear that cell membrane receptors for basement membrane components are essential factors for the formation and stability of basement membranes in vivo. The present review highlights the modern concepts of basement membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quondamatteo
- Department of Histology, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Baba Y, Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Dot K. Kinetics of macrophages, myofibroblasts and mast cells in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver cirrhosis. Anticancer Res 2002; 55:325-30. [PMID: 15088634 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, activation of macrophages, myofibroblasts and mast cells have been thought to be associated with liver fibrosis. The present study investigated the kinetics of these cells and the numeric relationship in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat liver cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Macrophages and myofibroblasts were observed with immunohistochemistry and mast cells were detected by toluidine blue. RESULTS Mast cells increased in proportion to the development of fibrosis with a maximum number on week 14. The numbers of macrophages and myofibroblasts increased during weeks 0 to 10 but decreased from weeks 12 to 14. CONCLUSION The numbers of macrophages and myofibroblasts increased in the development of fibrosis but decreased when cirrhosis was induced. However, mast cells increased in both. Therefore, there was a numerical relationship among the numbers of macrophages, myofibroblasts and mast cells in liver fibrosis but none between the former two cells and the mast cells in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Baba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate school of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Yokomori H, Oda M, Ogi M, Sakai K, Ishii H. Enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 in human cirrhosis. LIVER 2002; 22:150-8. [PMID: 12028410 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nitric oxide is synthesized in diverse mammalian tissues by a family of calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Caveolin, the principal structural protein in caveolae, interacts with endothelial NOS (eNOS) leading to enzyme inhibition by a reversible process modulated by Ca++ -calmodulin. The aim of the present study was to examine the localizations of eNOS and caveolin-1 at protein level in normal human liver tissue, and how the expressions are altered in cirrhotic liver. METHODS Fresh liver specimens were obtained from hepatic surgeries. Normal portions resected from cases of carcinoma metastasized to the liver were used as control specimens, and cirrhotic portions resected from cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis were used as cirrhotic specimens. Anti-eNOS and anticaveolin-1 antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Immunoelectron microscopy was conducted on ultra thin sections using immunoglobulin-gold combined with silver staining. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed that both eNOS and caveolin-1 were sparsely expressed on hepatic sinusoidal lining in normal liver specimens, and these findings were confirmed by Western blot. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated over-expression of eNOS and caveolin-1 in cirrhotic liver specimens. Morphometric analysis of immunogold particle labeling for eNOS and caveolin-1 was performed on immunoelectron micrographs. In normal liver tissue, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) expressed low levels of caveolin-1, and SEC expressed a very low level of eNOS. In cirrhotic liver, both caveolin-1 and eNOS expressions were significantly increased by approximately four-fold on SEC compared to normal liver. CONCLUSION In cirrhotic human liver, marked increase of caveolin-1 in perisinusoidal cells may promote caveolin-eNOS binding and reduce the activity of eNOS despite an increased eNOS expression, leading to impaired NO production and increased hepatic microvascular tone.
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Buniatian GH, Hartmann HJ, Traub P, Weser U, Wiesinger H, Gebhardt R. Acquisition of blood--tissue barrier--supporting features by hepatic stellate cells and astrocytes of myofibroblastic phenotype. Inverse dynamics of metallothionein and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. Neurochem Int 2001; 38:373-83. [PMID: 11222917 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of similarities between astrocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) rose the question whether or not the protective barrier features of blood-tissue interface may be provided by HSC as well. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the presence of metallothionein (MT), a functional marker of blood--brain barrier, in HSC in situ and in cell culture and compared the results with those obtained with astrocytes. The dynamics of MT expression in cultured astrocytes and HSC was investigated by simultaneous labelling of the cells with a monoclonal antibody (MAb MT) against a lysine-containing epitope of the cadmium-induced monomer of MT-I from rat liver and antiserum against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Cell activation was estimated by the presence of smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMAA). In immunoblotting, MAb MT recognized monomeric MT protein and proteins in the 30-kDa range; both bands were pronounced in brain and barely visible in liver homogenates. In situ, MAb MT reacted with very few perivascular cells situated in the parenchyma of the liver. Double immunolabelling of brain slices with MAb MT and antiserum against GFAP showed large areas of brain containing cells expressing both MT and GFAP. However, there were also regions in the brain where the cells produced solely GFAP or MT. In liver cell culture, MT was absent from HSC and hepatocytes in early periods of cultivation, during which the cells maintained their original features; however, MT was expressed strongly in HSC during their activation under prolonged culture conditions. Inversely, in astrocytes MT was expressed during early culturing and disappeared from the cells together with SMAA in late culture when GFAP was upregulated. These results suggest that the acquisition of myofibroblastic features by perivascular cells empowers them to establish a protective blood-tissue permeability barrier. In addition, this study shows that, at least in cell culture, an enrichment of perivascular cells in GFAP results in the disappearance of protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Buniatian
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Facultät, Liebig Str. 16, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
The importance of angiogenesis for the progressive growth and viability of solid tumors is well established. In contrast, only few data are available for hematologic neoplasms. To investigate the role of angiogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), bone marrow biopsies from 62 adults with newly diagnosed, untreated AML (day 0) were evaluated. Further studies were done after the completion of remission induction chemotherapy (day 16 of induction chemotherapy, n = 21; complete remission, n = 20). Microvessels were scored in at least 3 areas (×500 field, 0.126 mm2) of the highest microvessel density in representative sections of each bone marrow specimen using immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin. Microvessel counts were significantly higher in patients with AML (n = 62) compared with control patients (n = 22): median (interquartile range) 24.0 (21.0-27.8)/×500 field vs 11.2 (10.0-12.0)/×500 field, respectively (P < .001). On day 16 of induction chemotherapy, microvessel density was reduced by 60% (44-66) (P < .001) in hypoplastic marrows without residual blasts, in contrast to only 17% (0-37) reduction in hypoplastic marrows with ≥ 5% residual blasts (P < .001 for the difference between both groups). Bone marrow biopsies taken at the time of complete remission displayed a microvessel density in the same range as the controls. In conclusion, there is evidence of increased microvessel density in the bone marrow of patients with AML, which supports the hypothesis of an important role of angiogenesis in AML. Furthermore, these findings suggest that antiangiogenic therapy might constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of AML.
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Abstract
AbstractThe importance of angiogenesis for the progressive growth and viability of solid tumors is well established. In contrast, only few data are available for hematologic neoplasms. To investigate the role of angiogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), bone marrow biopsies from 62 adults with newly diagnosed, untreated AML (day 0) were evaluated. Further studies were done after the completion of remission induction chemotherapy (day 16 of induction chemotherapy, n = 21; complete remission, n = 20). Microvessels were scored in at least 3 areas (×500 field, 0.126 mm2) of the highest microvessel density in representative sections of each bone marrow specimen using immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin. Microvessel counts were significantly higher in patients with AML (n = 62) compared with control patients (n = 22): median (interquartile range) 24.0 (21.0-27.8)/×500 field vs 11.2 (10.0-12.0)/×500 field, respectively (P < .001). On day 16 of induction chemotherapy, microvessel density was reduced by 60% (44-66) (P < .001) in hypoplastic marrows without residual blasts, in contrast to only 17% (0-37) reduction in hypoplastic marrows with ≥ 5% residual blasts (P < .001 for the difference between both groups). Bone marrow biopsies taken at the time of complete remission displayed a microvessel density in the same range as the controls. In conclusion, there is evidence of increased microvessel density in the bone marrow of patients with AML, which supports the hypothesis of an important role of angiogenesis in AML. Furthermore, these findings suggest that antiangiogenic therapy might constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of AML.
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