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Sohal A, Kowdley KV. Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Promising Emerging Innovative Therapies and Their Impact on GLOBE Scores. Hepat Med 2023; 15:63-77. [PMID: 37312929 PMCID: PMC10259525 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s361077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously referred to as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of intra-hepatic bile ducts. If untreated, progressive bile duct damage and cholestasis can lead to ductopenia and result in cirrhosis. Ursodiol, the first drug approved for PBC, has changed the natural history of this disease and improved patient outcomes. Subsequently, several new prediction models incorporating a response to ursodiol were developed. These include the GLOBE score, which was shown to predict long-term outcomes in patients with PBC. In 2016, obeticholic acid (OCA) became the second drug to be approved by the FDA, predominantly based on improvement in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. This trial has subsequently influenced the design of clinical trials. Several drugs are currently being evaluated as therapeutic options for PBC, with improvement in ALP being a main endpoint. In this review, we will discuss the impact of new therapies on GLOBE scores in patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalam Sohal
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elson Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA
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2
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Zhou Z, Qian J, Kini A, Riederer B, Römermann D, Gros G, Seidler U. Loss of luminal carbonic anhydrase XIV results in decreased biliary bicarbonate output, liver fibrosis, and cholangiocyte proliferation in mice. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:529-539. [PMID: 35119514 PMCID: PMC8993780 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase XIV (Car14) is highly expressed in the hepatocyte, with predominance in the canalicular membrane and its active site in the extracellular milieu. The aim of this study is to determine the physiological relevance of Car14 for biliary fluid and acid/base output, as well as its role in the maintenance of hepatocellular and cholangiocyte integrity. The common bile duct of anesthetized car14-/- and car14+/+ mice was cannulated and hepatic HCO3- output was measured by microtitration and bile flow gravimetrically before and during stimulation with intravenously applied tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Morphological alterations and hepatic damage were assessed histologically and immunohistochemically in liver tissue from 3- to 52-week-old car14-/- and car14+/+ mice, and gene and/or protein expression was measured for pro-inflammatory cytokines, fibrosis, and cholangiocyte markers. Biliary basal and more so TUDCA-stimulated HCO3- output were significantly reduced in car14-/- mice of all age groups, whereas bile flow and hepatic and ductular morphology were normal at young age. Car14-/- mice developed fibrotic and proliferative changes in the small bile ducts at advanced age, which was accompanied by a reduction in bile flow, and an upregulation of hepatic cytokeratin 19 mRNA and protein expression. Membrane-bound Car14 is essential for biliary HCO3- output, and its loss results in gradual development of small bile duct disease and hepatic fibrosis. Bile flow is not compromised in young adulthood, suggesting that Car14-deficient mice may be a model to study the protective role of biliary canalicular HCO3- against luminal noxi to the cholangiocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajie Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Archana Kini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Römermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerolf Gros
- Department of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Cell-Based Regeneration and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910276. [PMID: 34638617 PMCID: PMC8508969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, in combination with a functional biliary system, is responsible for maintaining a great number of vital body functions. However, acute and chronic liver diseases may lead to irreversible liver damage and, ultimately, liver failure. At the moment, the best curative option for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation. However, the number of donor livers required by far surpasses the supply, leading to a significant organ shortage. Cellular therapies play an increasing role in the restoration of organ function and can be integrated into organ transplantation protocols. Different types and sources of stem cells are considered for this purpose, but highly specific immune cells are also the focus of attention when developing individualized therapies. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms governing cell differentiation and engraftment is crucial for clinical implementation. Additionally, novel technologies such as ex vivo machine perfusion and recent developments in tissue engineering may hold promising potential for the implementation of cell-based therapies to restore proper organ function.
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The bile acid-sensitive ion channel (BASIC) mediates bile acid-dependent currents in bile duct epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1841-1850. [PMID: 34549327 PMCID: PMC8599227 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid-sensitive ion channel (BASIC) is a member of the Deg/ENaC family of ion channels that is activated by bile acids. Despite the identification of cholangiocytes in the liver and unipolar brush cells in the cerebellum as sites of expression, the physiological function of BASIC in these cell types is not yet understood. Here we used a cholangiocyte cell line, normal rat cholangiocytes (NRCs), which expresses BASIC to study the role of the channel in epithelial transport using Ussing chamber experiments. Apical application of bile acids induced robust and transient increases in transepithelial currents that were carried by Na+ and partly blocked by the BASIC inhibitor diminazene. Genetic ablation of the BASIC gene in NRC using a CRISPR-cas9 approach resulted in a decrease of the bile acid-mediated response that matched the diminazene-sensitive current in NRC WT cells, suggesting that cholangiocytes respond to bile acids with a BASIC-mediated Na+ influx. Taken together, we have identified BASIC as a component of the cholangiocyte transport machinery, which might mediate a bile acid-dependent modification of the bile and thus control bile flux and composition.
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5
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Yamashita S, Morine Y, Imura S, Ikemoto T, Saito Y, Takasu C, Yamada S, Tokuda K, Okikawa S, Miyazaki K, Oya T, Tsuneyama K, Shimada M. A new pathological classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to protein expression of SSTR2 and Bcl2. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:142. [PMID: 33962620 PMCID: PMC8106133 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No universal classification method for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) has been reported based on the embryological origin of biliary epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to classify IHCC according to protein expression levels of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) and b-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and to elucidate the clinicopathological features of each group. Methods Fifty-two IHCC patients who underwent hepatic resection were enrolled in this study. Protein expression levels of SSTR2 and Bcl2 were examined using immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological factors were compared between the three groups and prognostic factors were investigated. Results The patients were divided into three groups: SSTR2 positive and Bcl2 negative (p-Group H, n = 21), SSTR2 negative and Bcl2 positive (p-Group P, n = 14), and the indeterminate group (p-Group U, n = 17) for cases where SSTR2 and Bcl2 were both positive or both negative. All p-Group P cases displayed curability A or B. The 5-year survival rates of p-Group H and U patients were worse than those in p-Group P. p-Group H had higher T-factor, clinical stage, and incidence of periductal infiltration than p-Group P. Conclusions This method could be used to classify IHCC into peripheral and perihilar type by embryological expression patterns of SSTR2 and Bcl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is characterized by autoimmune damage of intrahepatic bile ducts associated with a loss of tolerance to mitochondrial antigens. PBC etiopathogenesis is intriguing because of different perplexing features, namely: a) although mitochondria are present in all cell types and tissues, the damage is mainly restricted to biliary epithelial cells (BECs); b) despite being an autoimmune disorder, it does not respond to immunosuppressive drugs but rather to ursodeoxycholic acid, a bile salt that induces HCO3- rich choleresis; c) the overwhelming female preponderance of the disease remains unexplained. Here we present an etiopathogenic view of PBC which sheds light on these puzzling facts of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS PBC develops in patients with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity in whom epigenetic mechanisms silence the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger AE2 in both cholangiocytes and lymphoid cells. Defective AE2 function can produce BECs damage as a result of decreased biliary HCO3- secretion with disruption of the protective alkaline umbrella that normally prevents the penetration of toxic apolar bile salts into cholangiocytes. AE2 dysfunction also causes increased intracellular pH (pHi) in cholangiocytes, leading to the activation of soluble adenylyl cyclase, which sensitizes BECs to bile salt-induced apoptosis. Recently, mitophagy was found to be inhibited by cytosolic alkalization and stimulated by acidification. Accordingly, we propose that AE2 deficiency may disturb mitophagy in BECs, thus, promoting the accumulation of defective mitochondria, oxidative stress and presentation of mitochondrial antigens to the immune cells. As women possess a more acidic endolysosomal milieu than men, mitophagy might be more affected in women in an AE2-defective background. Apart from affecting BECs function, AE2 downregulation in lymphocytes may also contribute to alter immunoregulation facilitating autoreactive T-cell responses. SUMMARY PBC can be considered as a disorder of Cl-/HCO3- exchange in individuals with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Prieto
- Center for Applied Medical Research (Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital – University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Unit of Medical Training, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Trampert DC, van de Graaf SFJ, Jongejan A, Oude Elferink RPJ, Beuers U. Hepatobiliary acid-base homeostasis: Insights from analogous secretory epithelia. J Hepatol 2021; 74:428-441. [PMID: 33342564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many epithelia secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid to generate flow, alter viscosity, control pH and potentially protect luminal and intracellular structures from chemical stress. Bicarbonate is a key component of human bile and impaired biliary bicarbonate secretion is associated with liver damage. Major efforts have been undertaken to gain insight into acid-base homeostasis in cholangiocytes and more can be learned from analogous secretory epithelia. Extrahepatic examples include salivary and pancreatic duct cells, duodenocytes, airway and renal epithelial cells. The cellular machinery involved in acid-base homeostasis includes carbonic anhydrase enzymes, transporters of the solute carrier family, and intra- and extracellular pH sensors. This pH-regulatory system is orchestrated by protein-protein interactions, the establishment of an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane and bicarbonate sensing of the intra- and extracellular compartment. In this review, we discuss conserved principles identified in analogous secretory epithelia in the light of current knowledge on cholangiocyte physiology. We present a framework for cholangiocellular acid-base homeostasis supported by expression analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from human cholangiocytes, which provide insights into the molecular basis of pH homeostasis and dysregulation in the biliary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Trampert
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Gaurav R, Atulugama N, Swift L, Butler AJ, Upponi S, Brais R, Allison M, Watson CJE. Bile Biochemistry Following Liver Reperfusion in the Recipient and Its Association With Cholangiopathy. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:1000-1009. [PMID: 32108995 PMCID: PMC7497270 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes secrete bicarbonate and absorb glucose, producing bile with alkaline pH and low glucose content. These functions of cholangiocytes have been suggested as a marker of bile duct viability during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion, and they are now monitored routinely after reperfusion in our center. In this study, we reviewed the composition of bile immediately after reperfusion in liver transplant recipients to determine normal posttransplant parameters and the predictive value of bile biochemistry for the later development of cholangiopathy. After reperfusion of the liver graft, a cannula was placed in the bile duct to collect bile over a median 44-minute time period. The bile produced was analyzed using a point-of-care blood gas analyzer (Cobas b221, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). A total of 100 liver transplants (35 from donation after circulatory death and 65 from donation after brain death) were studied. Median bile pH was 7.82 (interquartile range [IQR], 7.67-7.98); median bile glucose was 2.1 (1.4-3.7) mmol/L; median blood-bile-blood pH difference was 0.50 (0.37-0.62); and median blood-bile glucose difference was 7.1 (5.6-9.1) mmol/L. There were 12 recipients who developed cholangiopathy over a median follow-up of 15 months (IQR, 11-20 months). Bile sodium (142 versus 147 mmol/L; P = 0.02) and blood-bile glucose concentration differences (5.2 versus 7.6 mmol/L; P = 0.001) were significantly lower and were associated with ischemic cholangiopathy. In conclusion, bile biochemistry may provide useful insights into cholangiocyte function and, hence, bile duct viability. Our results suggest bile glucose is the most sensitive predictor of cholangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gaurav
- Cambridge Transplant UnitAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Niroshan Atulugama
- Cambridge Transplant UnitAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lisa Swift
- Cambridge Transplant UnitAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Butler
- Cambridge Transplant UnitAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of RadiologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PathologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Upponi
- Department of PathologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of MedicineAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Brais
- Department of PathologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Allison
- Department of PathologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and the National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research in Organ Donation and TransplantationNational Health Service Blood and Transplant at University of Cambridge and Newcastle UniversityCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. E. Watson
- Cambridge Transplant UnitAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of RadiologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PathologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals National Health Service TrustCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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9
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Biliary Bicarbonate, pH, and Glucose Are Suitable Biomarkers of Biliary Viability During Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Human Donor Livers. Transplantation 2020; 103:1405-1413. [PMID: 30395120 PMCID: PMC6613725 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) can be used to assess viability of suboptimal donor livers before implantation. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of bile biochemistry for the assessment of bile duct injury (BDI). METHODS In a preclinical study, 23 human donor livers underwent 6 hours of end-ischemic NMP to determine biomarkers of BDI. Livers were divided into groups with low or high BDI, based on a clinically relevant histological grading system. During NMP, bile was analyzed biochemically and potential biomarkers were correlated with the degree of BDI. Receiver operating characteristics curves were generated to determine optimal cutoff values. For clinical validation, identified biomarkers were subsequently included as viability criteria in a clinical trial (n = 6) to identify transplantable liver grafts with low BDI. RESULTS Biliary bicarbonate and pH were significantly higher and biliary glucose was significantly lower in livers with low BDI, compared with high BDI. The following cutoff values were associated with low BDI: biliary bicarbonate greater than 18 mmol/L (P = 0.002), biliary pH greater than 7.48 (P = 0.019), biliary glucose less than 16 mmol/L (P = 0.013), and bile/perfusate glucose ratio less than 0.67 (P = 0.013). In the clinical trial, 4 of 6 livers met these criteria and were transplanted, and none developed clinical evidence of posttransplant cholangiopathy. CONCLUSIONS Biliary bicarbonate, pH, and glucose during ex situ NMP of liver grafts are accurate biomarkers of BDI and can be easily determined point of care, making them suitable for the pretransplant assessment of bile duct viability. This may improve graft selection and decrease the risk of posttransplant cholangiopathy.
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Epigenetic Modifications in Generalized Autoimmune Epithelitis: Sjögren's Syndrome and Primary Biliary Cholangitis. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3030015. [PMID: 34968227 PMCID: PMC8594719 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) can be classified as a model of generalized autoimmune epithelitis based on their frequent coexistence in clinical practice and the highly specific immune mediated injury of target epithelial cells. Both of these autoimmune diseases are characterized by female predominance, highly specific circulating autoantibodies, and immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lachrymal glands and the biliary epithelial cells, respectively. Although the genetic predisposition has been well described for both diseases, genetic studies have failed to completely elucidate their pathogenesis. The recent integration of epigenetic data, analyzing the different cellular partners, opens new perspectives and allows for better understanding of these complex and still incurable diseases. Epigenetic studies on SjS have elucidated the role of DNA methylation alterations in disease pathogenesis, while epigenetic changes that influence expression of genes on the X chromosome have been implicated in the geo-variability and occurrence of PBC. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in epigenetics in the field of autoimmune epithelitis as well as to highlight how epigenetic changes could contribute to better understanding of disease pathogenesis and progression. These advances could yield insights on novel therapeutic interventions.
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11
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Kennedy L, Francis H, Invernizzi P, Venter J, Wu N, Carbone M, Gershwin ME, Bernuzzi F, Franchitto A, Alvaro D, Marzioni M, Onori P, Gaudio E, Sybenga A, Fabris L, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Secretin/secretin receptor signaling mediates biliary damage and liver fibrosis in early-stage primary biliary cholangitis. FASEB J 2019; 33:10269-10279. [PMID: 31251081 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802606r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) primarily targets cholangiocytes and is characterized by liver fibrosis and biliary proliferation. Activation of the secretin (Sct)/secretin receptor (SR) axis, expressed only by cholangiocytes, increases biliary proliferation, liver fibrosis, and bicarbonate secretion. We evaluated the effectiveness of SR antagonist treatment for early-stage PBC. Male and female dominant-negative TGF-β receptor II (dnTGF-βRII) (model of PBC) and wild-type mice at 12 wk of age were treated with saline or the SR antagonist, Sec 5-27, for 1 wk. dnTGF-βRII mice expressed features of early-stage PBC along with enhanced Sct/SR axis activation and Sct secretion. dnTGF-βRII mice had increased biliary proliferation or senescence, inflammation, and liver fibrosis. In dnTGF-βRII mice, there was increased microRNA-125b/TGF-β1/TGF-β receptor 1/VEGF-A signaling. Human early-stage PBC patients had an increase in hepatobiliary Sct and SR expression and serum Sct levels. Increased biliary Sct/SR signaling promotes biliary and hepatic damage during early-stage PBC.-Kennedy, L., Francis, H., Invernizzi, P., Venter, J., Wu, N., Carbone, M., Gershwin, M. E., Bernuzzi, F., Franchitto, A., Alvaro, D., Marzioni, M., Onori, P., Gaudio, E., Sybenga, A., Fabris, L., Meng, F., Glaser, S., Alpini, G. Secretin/secretin receptor signaling mediates biliary damage and liver fibrosis in early-stage primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | | | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Marco Carbone
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Sybenga
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Digestive Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
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Roma MG, Barosso IR, Miszczuk GS, Crocenzi FA, Pozzi EJS. Dynamic Localization of Hepatocellular Transporters: Role in Biliary Excretion and Impairment in Cholestasis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1113-1154. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171205153204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bile flow generation is driven by the vectorial transfer of osmotically active compounds from sinusoidal blood into a confined space, the bile canaliculus. Hence, localization of hepatocellular transporters relevant to bile formation is crucial for bile secretion. Hepatocellular transporters are localized either in the plasma membrane or in recycling endosomes, from where they can be relocated to the plasma membrane on demand, or endocytosed when the demand decreases. The balance between endocytic internalization/ exocytic targeting to/from this recycling compartment is therefore the main determinant of the hepatic capability to generate bile, and to dispose endo- and xenobiotics. Furthermore, the exacerbated endocytic internalization is a common pathomechanisms in both experimental and human cholestasis; this results in bile secretory failure and, eventually, posttranslational transporter downregulation by increased degradation. This review summarizes the proposed structural mechanisms accounting for this pathological condition (e.g., alteration of function, localization or expression of F-actin or F-actin/transporter cross-linking proteins, and switch to membrane microdomains where they can be readily endocytosed), and the mediators implicated (e.g., triggering of “cholestatic” signaling transduction pathways). Lastly, we discussed the efficacy to counteract the cholestatic failure induced by transporter internalization of a number of therapeutic experimental approaches based upon the use of compounds that trigger exocytic targetting of canalicular transporters (e.g., cAMP, tauroursodeoxycholate). This therapeutics may complement treatments aimed to transcriptionally improve transporter expression, by affording proper localization and membrane stability to the de novo synthesized transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G. Roma
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ismael R. Barosso
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gisel S. Miszczuk
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando A. Crocenzi
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Enrique J. Sánchez Pozzi
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
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13
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Rodrigues PM, Perugorria MJ, Santos-Laso A, Bujanda L, Beuers U, Banales JM. Primary biliary cholangitis: A tale of epigenetically-induced secretory failure? J Hepatol 2018; 69:1371-1383. [PMID: 30193962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease associated with autoimmune-related destruction of small to medium size intrahepatic bile ducts. The aetiology of PBC is unknown and its pathogenesis remains obscure. Both genetic variants and environmental factors have been linked to increased PBC susceptibility, with other alterations known to cooperate in disease pathobiology. Increasing evidence indicates the presence of epigenetic abnormalities in PBC, particularly alterations of cholangiocellular microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). This review highlights and discusses the most relevant epigenetic alterations found in patients with PBC, focusing on the role of miR-506 in the promotion of cholestasis and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodrigues
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Wu N, Meng F, Zhou T, Venter J, Giang TK, Kyritsi K, Wu C, Alvaro D, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Glaser S, Franchitto A. The Secretin/Secretin Receptor Axis Modulates Ductular Reaction and Liver Fibrosis through Changes in Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Mediated Biliary Senescence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2264-2280. [PMID: 30036520 PMCID: PMC6168967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the secretin (Sct)/secretin receptor (SR) axis stimulates ductular reaction and liver fibrosis, which are hallmarks of cholangiopathies. Our aim was to define the role of Sct-regulated cellular senescence, and we demonstrated that both ductular reaction and liver fibrosis are significantly reduced in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- bile duct ligated (BDL) mice compared with BDL wild-type mice. The reduction in hepatic fibrosis in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- BDL mice was accompanied by reduced transforming growth factor-β1 levels in serum and cholangiocyte supernatant, as well as decreased expression of markers of cellular senescence in cholangiocytes in contrast to enhanced cellular senescence in hepatic stellate cells compared with BDL wild-type mice. Secretin directly stimulated the senescence of cholangiocytes and regulated, by a paracrine mechanism, the senescence of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis via modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 biliary secretion. Targeting senescent cholangiocytes may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ameliorating hepatic fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao K Giang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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15
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van Niekerk J, Kersten R, Beuers U. Role of Bile Acids and the Biliary HCO 3- Umbrella in the Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis 2018; 22:457-479. [PMID: 30259847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biliary HCO3- umbrella hypothesis states that human cholangiocytes and hepatocytes create a protective apical alkaline barrier against millimolar concentrations of potentially toxic glycine-conjugated bile salts in bile by secreting HCO3- into the bile duct lumen. This alkaline barrier may retain biliary bile salts in their polar, deprotonated, and membrane-impermeant state to avoid uncontrolled invasion of apolar toxic bile acids, which initiate apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. In primary biliary cholangitis, defects of the biliary HCO3- umbrella, leading to impaired biliary HCO3- secretion have been identified. Current medical therapies stabilize the putatively defective biliary HCO3- umbrella and improve long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit van Niekerk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Kersten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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16
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Cheung AC, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, LaRusso NF. Pathobiology of biliary epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1220-1231. [PMID: 28716705 PMCID: PMC5777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which is controlled via numerous signaling pathways influenced by endogenous (e.g., bile acids, nucleotides, hormones, neurotransmitters) and exogenous (e.g., microbes/microbial products, drugs etc.) molecules. When injured, cholangiocytes undergo apoptosis/lysis, repair and proliferation. They also become senescent, a form of cell cycle arrest, which may prevent propagation of injury and/or malignant transformation. Senescent cholangiocytes can undergo further transformation to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), where they begin secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals that may contribute to disease initiation and progression. These and other concepts related to cholangiocyte pathobiology will be reviewed herein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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17
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Erice O, Munoz-Garrido P, Vaquero J, Perugorria MJ, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Saez E, Santos-Laso A, Arbelaiz A, Jimenez-Agüero R, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Santamaria E, Torrano V, Carracedo A, Ananthanarayanan M, Marzioni M, Prieto J, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP, LaRusso NF, Bujanda L, Marin JJG, Banales JM. MicroRNA-506 promotes primary biliary cholangitis-like features in cholangiocytes and immune activation. Hepatology 2018; 67:1420-1440. [PMID: 28922472 PMCID: PMC5857422 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease associated with autoimmune phenomena targeting intrahepatic bile duct cells (cholangiocytes). Although its etiopathogenesis remains obscure, development of antimitochondrial autoantibodies against pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 is a common feature. MicroRNA (miR) dysregulation occurs in liver and immune cells of PBC patients, but its functional relevance is largely unknown. We previously reported that miR-506 is overexpressed in PBC cholangiocytes and directly targets both Cl- / HCO3- anion exchanger 2 and type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, leading to cholestasis. Here, the regulation of miR-506 gene expression and its role in cholangiocyte pathophysiology and immune activation was studied. Several proinflammatory cytokines overexpressed in PBC livers (such as interleukin-8 [IL8], IL12, IL17, IL18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) stimulated miR-506 promoter activity in human cholangiocytes, as revealed by luciferase reporter assays. Experimental overexpression of miR-506 in cholangiocytes dysregulated the cell proteomic profile (by mass spectrometry), affecting proteins involved in different biological processes including mitochondrial metabolism. In cholangiocytes, miR-506 (1) induced dedifferentiation with down-regulation of biliary and epithelial markers together with up-regulation of mesenchymal, proinflammatory, and profibrotic markers; (2) impaired cell proliferation and adhesion; (3) increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress; (4) caused DNA damage; and (5) sensitized to caspase-3-dependent apoptosis induced by cytotoxic bile acids. These events were also associated with impaired energy metabolism in mitochondria (proton leak and less adenosine triphosphate production) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 overexpression. Coculture of miR-506 overexpressing cholangiocytes with PBC immunocytes induced activation and proliferation of PBC immunocytes. CONCLUSION Different proinflammatory cytokines enhance the expression of miR-506 in biliary epithelial cells; miR-506 induces PBC-like features in cholangiocytes and promotes immune activation, representing a potential therapeutic target for PBC patients. (Hepatology 2018;67:1420-1440).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Patricia Munoz-Garrido
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, and Fondation ARC, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Saez
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Joaquin Fernandez-Irigoyen
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Navarra Health Department, Public University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Navarra Health Department, Public University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Verónica Torrano
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERONC
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERONC
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesus Prieto
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Parker MD. Mouse models of SLC4-linked disorders of HCO 3--transporter dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C569-C588. [PMID: 29384695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00301.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC4 family Cl-/[Formula: see text] cotransporters (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, and NBCn2) contribute to a variety of vital physiological processes including pH regulation and epithelial fluid secretion. Accordingly, their dysfunction can have devastating effects. Disorders such as epilepsy, hemolytic anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, osteopetrosis, and renal tubular acidosis are all genetically linked to SLC4-family gene loci. This review summarizes how studies of Slc4-modified mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology of SLC4-linked pathologies and the interpretation of genetic linkage studies. The review also surveys the novel disease signs exhibited by Slc4-modified mice which could either be considered to presage their description in humans, or to highlight interspecific differences. Finally, novel Slc4-modified mouse models are proposed, the study of which may further our understanding of the basis and treatment of SLC4-linked disorders of [Formula: see text]-transporter dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York: The University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York.,State University of New York Eye Institutes, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York
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19
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Hall C, Sato K, Wu N, Zhou T, Kyritsi K, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Regulators of Cholangiocyte Proliferation. Gene Expr 2017; 17:155-171. [PMID: 27412505 PMCID: PMC5494439 DOI: 10.3727/105221616x692568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, a small population of cells within the normal liver, have been the focus of a significant amount of research over the past two decades because of their involvement in cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. This article summarizes landmark studies in the field of cholangiocyte physiology and aims to provide an updated review of biliary pathogenesis. The historical approach of rodent extrahepatic bile duct ligation and the relatively recent utilization of transgenic mice have led to significant discoveries in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Cholangiocyte physiology is a complex system based on heterogeneity within the biliary tree and a number of signaling pathways that serve to regulate bile composition. Studies have expanded the list of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones that have been shown to be key regulators of proliferation and biliary damage. The peptide histamine and hormones, such as melatonin and angiotensin, angiotensin, as well as numerous sex hormones, have been implicated in cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestasis. Numerous pathways promote cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestasis, and there is growing evidence to suggest that cholangiocyte proliferation may promote hepatic fibrosis. These pathways may represent significant therapeutic potential for a subset of cholestatic liver diseases that currently lack effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- †Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
- ‡Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Keisaku Sato
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Fanyin Meng
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- ‡Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
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20
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Wu N, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Venter J, Standeford H, Onori P, Marzioni M, Alvaro D, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Glaser S, Alpini G. The secretin/secretin receptor axis modulates liver fibrosis through changes in transforming growth factor-β1 biliary secretion in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:865-79. [PMID: 27115285 PMCID: PMC4992423 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The secretin/secretin receptor (SR) axis is up-regulated by proliferating cholangiocytes during cholestasis. Secretin stimulates biliary proliferation by down-regulation of let-7a and subsequent up-regulation of the growth-promoting factor, nerve growth factor (NGF). It is not known whether the secretin/SR axis plays a role in subepithelial fibrosis observed during cholestasis. Our aim was to determine the role of the secretin/SR axis in activation of biliary fibrosis in animal models and human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Studies were performed in wild-type (WT) mice with bile duct ligation (BDL), BDL SR(-/-) mice, or Mdr2(-/-) mouse models of cholestatic liver injury. In selected studies, the SR antagonist (Sec 5-27) was used to block the secretin/SR axis. Biliary proliferation and fibrosis were evaluated as well as secretion of secretin (by cholangiocytes and S cells), expression of markers of fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), transforming growth factor-β1 receptor (TGF-β1R), let-7a, and downstream expression of NGF. Correlative studies were performed in human control and PSC liver tissue biopsies, serum, and bile. SR antagonist reduced biliary proliferation and hepatic fibrosis in BDL WT and Mdr2(-/-) mice. There was decreased expression of let-7a in BDL and Mdr2(-/-) cholangiocytes that was associated with increased NGF expression. Inhibition of let-7a accelerated liver fibrosis was attributed to cholestasis. There was increased expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β1R. Significantly higher expression of secretin, SR, and TGF-β1 was observed in PSC patient liver samples compared to healthy controls. In addition, there was higher expression of fibrosis genes and remarkably decreased expression of let-7a and increased expression of NGF compared to the control. CONCLUSION The secretin/SR axis plays a key role in regulating the biliary contribution to cholestasis-induced hepatic fibrosis. (Hepatology 2016;64:865-879).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Universita’ Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
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21
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Hisamoto S, Shimoda S, Harada K, Iwasaka S, Onohara S, Chong Y, Nakamura M, Bekki Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Maehara Y, He XS, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. Hydrophobic bile acids suppress expression of AE2 in biliary epithelial cells and induce bile duct inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:150-160. [PMID: 27592379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chronic inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is essential for successful treatment. Earlier work has demonstrated that patients with PBC have reduced expression of the anion exchanger 2 (AE2) on biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and deletion of AE2 gene has led to a PBC-like disorder in mice. To directly address the role of AE2 in preventing PBC pathogenesis, we took advantage of our ability to isolate human BEC and autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC). We studied the influence of hydrophobic bile acids, in particular, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), on AE2 expression in BEC and the subsequent impact on the phenotypes of BEC and local inflammatory responses. We demonstrate herein that GCDC reduces AE2 expression in BEC through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enhances senescence of BEC. In addition, a reduction of AE2 levels by either GCDC or another AE2 inhibitor upregulates expression of CD40 and HLA-DR as well as production of IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10 from BEC in response to toll like receptor ligands, an effect suppressed by inhibition of ROS. Importantly, reduced AE2 expression enhances the migration of autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) towards BEC. In conclusion, our data highlight a key functional role of AE2 in the maintenance of the normal physiology of BEC and the pathogenic consequences of reduced AE2 expression, including abnormal intrinsic characteristics of BEC and their production of signal molecules that lead to the chronic inflammatory responses in small bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hisamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Iwasaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Onohara
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yong Chong
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center in National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan.
| | - Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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22
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Wang W, Ren X, Cai Y, Chen L, Zhang W, Xu J. Rifampicin Induces Bicarbonate-Rich Choleresis in Rats: Involvement of Anion Exchanger 2. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:126-36. [PMID: 26319954 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Previous studies have shown that rifampicin induced choleresis, the mechanisms of which have not been described. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying in vivo rifampicin-induced choleresis. METHODS In one experimental set, rats were treated chronically with rifampicin on days 1, 3 and 7. Serum and biliary parameters were assayed, and mRNA and protein levels, as well as the locations of the hepatic export transporters were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. Ductular mass was evaluated immunohistochemically. In another experimental set, rats received an acute infusion of rifampicin. The amount of rifampicin in bile was detected using HPLC. Biliary parameters were monitored following intrabiliary retrograde fluxes of the Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) in the infused rats. RESULTS Biliary bicarbonate output increased in parallel to the augmented bile flow in response to rifampicin, and this effect was abolished with intrabiliary administration of DIDS, but not NPPB. The biliary secretion of rifampicin with increases in bile flow and biliary rifampicin in response to different infused doses of the antibiotic show no significant correlations. After rifampicin treatment, the expression level of anion exchanger 2 (AE2) increased, while the location of hepatic transporters did not change. However, RIF treatment did not increase ductular mass significantly. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the increase in bile flow induced by rifampicin is mainly due to increased HCO3 (-) excretion mediated by increased AE2 protein expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xiaofei Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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23
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Mancinelli R, Glaser S, Francis H, Carpino G, Franchitto A, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Pannarale L, Venter J, Meng F, Alpini G, Onori P, Gaudio E. Ischemia reperfusion of the hepatic artery induces the functional damage of large bile ducts by changes in the expression of angiogenic factors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G865-73. [PMID: 26451003 PMCID: PMC4669349 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00015.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation and cholangiocarcinoma induce biliary dysfunction following ischemia reperfusion (IR). The function of the intrahepatic biliary tree is regulated by both autocrine and paracrine factors. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that IR-induced damage of cholangiocytes is associated with altered expression of biliary angiogenic factors. Normal and bile duct ligation rats underwent 24-h sham or hepatic reperfusion after 30 min of transient occlusion of the hepatic artery (HAIR) or portal vein (PVIR) before collecting liver blocks and cholangiocyte RNA or protein. We evaluated liver histology, biliary apoptosis, proliferation and expression of VEGF-A/C, VEGFR-2/3, Ang-1/2, and Tie-1/2 in liver sections and isolated small and large cholangiocytes. Normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte cultures (NRICC) were maintained under standard conditions in normoxic or under a hypoxic atmosphere for 4 h and then transferred to normal conditions for selected times. Subsequently, we measured changes in biliary proliferation and apoptosis and the expression of VEGF-A/C and VEGFR-2/3. In vivo, HAIR (but not PVIR) induced damage of large bile ducts and decreased proliferation and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels. HAIR-induced damage of large bile ducts was associated with increased expression of VEGF-A/C, VEGFR-2/3, Ang-1/2, and Tie-1/2. In vitro, under hypoxic conditions, there was increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of NRICC concomitant with enhanced expression of VEGF-A/C and VEGFR-2/3. The functional damage of large bile ducts by HAIR and hypoxia is associated with increased expression of angiogenic factors in small cholangiocytes, presumably due to a compensatory mechanism in response to biliary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 2Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,3Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Heather Francis
- 2Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,3Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; ,6Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- 5Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L′Aquila, L′Aquila, Italy;
| | - Roberta Sferra
- 5Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L′Aquila, L′Aquila, Italy;
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
| | - Julie Venter
- 4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 2Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,3Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 2Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,3Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
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24
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Guerra MT, Nathanson MH. Calcium signaling and secretion in cholangiocytes. Pancreatology 2015; 15:S44-8. [PMID: 26100660 PMCID: PMC4603373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.05.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis affects up to one-third of individuals who abuse alcohol and can be associated with high mortality. Although this disorder is characterized by hepatocellular damage, steatosis and neutrophil infiltration, recent evidence suggests that cholestasis or impaired bile secretion may be a frequent occurrence as well. Bile secretion results from the concerted activity of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts. Hepatocytes secrete bile acids and conjugated products into the bile canaliculi, which then are modified by cholangiocytes through secretion of bicarbonate and water to give rise to the final secreted bile. Here the molecular mechanisms regulating bile secretion in cholangiocytes are reviewed. Moreover, we discuss how the expression of intracellular Ca(2+) channels might be regulated in cholangiocytes, plus evidence that components of the Ca(2+) signaling machinery are altered in a range of cholestatic diseases of the bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus T. Guerra
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine,Correspondence to: Michael H. Nathanson, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S241D, New Haven, CT. USA. 06520-8019, Phone: +1 203 785 7312, Fax: +1 203 785 7273,
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25
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Martínez AK, Maroni L, Marzioni M, Ahmed ST, Milad M, Ray D, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Mouse models of liver fibrosis mimic human liver fibrosis of different etiologies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:143-153. [PMID: 25396098 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The liver has the amazing capacity to repair itself after injury; however, the same processes that are involved in liver regeneration after acute injury can cause serious consequences during chronic liver injury. In an effort to repair damage, activated hepatic stellate cells trigger a cascade of events that lead to deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix components causing the progressive replacement of the liver parenchyma by scar tissue, thus resulting in fibrosis. Although fibrosis occurs as a result of many chronic liver diseases, the molecular mechanisms involved depend on the underlying etiology. Since studying liver fibrosis in human subjects is complicated by many factors, mouse models of liver fibrosis that mimic the human conditions fill this void. This review summarizes the general mouse models of liver fibrosis and mouse models that mimic specific human disease conditions that result in liver fibrosis. Additionally, recent progress that has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the fibrogenic processes of each of the human disease conditions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Syed T Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Baylor Scott & White, Texas A&M Internal Medicine Residency Program, Temple, TX
| | - Mena Milad
- Baylor Scott & White, Texas A&M Internal Medicine Residency Program, Temple, TX
| | - Debolina Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas ; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas ; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas ; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
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26
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Innate functions of immunoglobulin M lessen liver gene transfer with helper-dependent adenovirus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85432. [PMID: 24465560 PMCID: PMC3897443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system poses obstacles to viral vectors, even in the first administration to preimmunized hosts. We have observed that the livers of B cell-deficient mice were more effectively transduced by a helper-dependent adenovirus serotype-5 (HDA) vector than those of WT mice. This effect was T-cell independent as shown in athymic mice. Passive transfer of the serum from adenovirus-naïve WT to Rag1KO mice resulted in a reduction in gene transfer that was traced to IgM purified from serum of adenovirus-naïve mice. To ascribe the gene transfer inhibition activity to either adenoviral antigen-specific or antigen-unspecific functions of IgM, we used a monoclonal IgM antibody of unrelated specificity. Both the polyclonal and the irrelevant monoclonal IgM inhibited gene transfer by the HDA vector to either cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells or to the liver of mice in vivo. Adsorption of polyclonal or monoclonal IgMs to viral capsids was revealed by ELISAs on adenovirus-coated plates. These observations indicate the existence of an inborn IgM mechanism deployed against a prevalent virus to reduce early post-infection viremia. In conclusion, innate IgM binding to adenovirus serotype-5 capsids restrains gene-transfer and offers a mechanism to be targeted for optimization of vector dosage in gene therapy with HDA vectors.
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27
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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28
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Tabibian JH, Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. Physiology of cholangiocytes. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:541-65. [PMID: 23720296 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic ducts of the biliary tree. The main physiologic function of cholangiocytes is modification of hepatocyte-derived bile, an intricate process regulated by hormones, peptides, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and other molecules through intracellular signaling pathways and cascades. The mechanisms and regulation of bile modification are reviewed herein.
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29
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Han Y, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Marzioni M, McDaniel K, Alvaro D, Venter J, Carpino G, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Franchitto A. Recent advances in the morphological and functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:549-65. [PMID: 23856906 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances related to the heterogeneity of different-sized bile ducts with regard to the morphological and phenotypical characteristics, and the differential secretory, apoptotic and proliferative responses of small and large cholangiocytes to gastrointestinal hormones/peptides, neuropeptides and toxins. We describe several in vivo and in vitro models used for evaluating biliary heterogeneity. Subsequently, we discuss the heterogeneous proliferative and apoptotic responses of small and large cholangiocytes to liver injury and the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of small into large (more differentiated) cholangiocytes. Following a discussion on the heterogeneity of stem/progenitor cells in the biliary epithelium, we outline the heterogeneity of bile ducts in human cholangiopathies. After a summary section, we discuss the future perspectives that will further advance the field of the functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, TX, USA
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30
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Strazzabosco M. EASL recognition awardee 2013: Professor Jesus Prieto. J Hepatol 2013; 59:408-10. [PMID: 23764136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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31
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A novel hypothesis for an alkaline phosphatase 'rescue' mechanism in the hepatic acute phase immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2044-56. [PMID: 23899605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The liver isoform of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been used classically as a serum biomarker for hepatic disease states such as hepatitis, steatosis, cirrhosis, drug-induced liver injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have demonstrated a more general anti-inflammatory role for AP, as it is capable of dephosphorylating potentially deleterious molecules such as nucleotide phosphates, the pathogenic endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the contact clotting pathway activator polyphosphate (polyP), thereby reducing inflammation and coagulopathy systemically. Yet the mechanism underlying the observed increase in liver AP levels in circulation during inflammatory insults is largely unknown. This paper hypothesizes an immunological role for AP in the liver and the potential of this system for damping generalized inflammation along with a wide range of ancillary pathologies. Based on the provided framework, a mechanism is proposed in which AP undergoes transcytosis in hepatocytes from the canalicular membrane to the sinusoidal membrane during inflammation and the enzyme's expression is upregulated as a result. Through a tightly controlled, nucleotide-stimulated negative feedback process, AP is transported in this model as an immune complex with immunoglobulin G by the asialoglycoprotein receptor through the cell and secreted into the serum, likely using the receptor's State 1 pathway. The subsequent dephosphorylation of inflammatory stimuli by AP and uptake of the circulating immune complex by endothelial cells and macrophages may lead to decreased inflammation and coagulopathy while providing an early upstream signal for the induction of a number of anti-inflammatory gene products, including AP itself.
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32
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Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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33
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Futagawa Y, Wakiyama S, Matsumoto M, Shiba H, Gocho T, Ishida Y, Yanaga K. Living-related liver transplantation in Diego blood group disparity: a case report. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:814-6. [PMID: 23498825 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To date, only limited cases of Diego blood group disparity in liver transplantation have been reported, and no cases with a long-term clinical course have been documented. Herein, we report a case of Diego blood group disparity in liver transplantation with details of long-term follow-up. The recipient was a 47-year-old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis; her 18-year-old daughter was the donor. Both recipient and donor were of blood type O according to the ABO blood group system. Preoperative serological tests showed the presence of antibodies against the Di(a) antigen only in the recipient, and not in the donor. Thus, the Diego phenotype was Di(a+) in the donor and Di(a-) in the recipient. Living-related liver transplantation was performed in July 2009. Immediate graft function was obtained, and no signs of humoral or cellular rejection were observed during the postoperative period. Further, anti-Di(a) antibodies were not detected throughout the postoperative course. The patient is alive and shows no signs of humoral rejection 34 months after liver transplantation. Liver transplantation has been performed successfully in cases of Diego blood group disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Futagawa
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreas Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Banales JM, Sáez E, Úriz M, Sarvide S, Urribarri AD, Splinter P, Tietz Bogert PS, Bujanda L, Prieto J, Medina JF, LaRusso NF. Up-regulation of microRNA 506 leads to decreased Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger 2 expression in biliary epithelium of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012; 56:687-97. [PMID: 22383162 PMCID: PMC3406248 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cl(-) /HCO3- anion exchanger 2 (AE2) participates in intracellular pH homeostasis and secretin-stimulated biliary bicarbonate secretion. AE2/SLC4A2 gene expression is reduced in liver and blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Our previous findings of hepatic and immunological features mimicking PBC in Ae2-deficient mice strongly suggest that decreased AE2 expression might be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC. Here, we tested the potential role of microRNA 506 (miR-506) - predicted as candidate to target AE2 mRNA - for the decreased expression of AE2 in PBC. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that miR-506 expression is increased in PBC livers versus normal liver specimens. In situ hybridization in liver sections confirmed that miR-506 is up-regulated in the intrahepatic bile ducts of PBC livers, compared with normal and primary sclerosing cholangitis livers. Precursor-mediated overexpression of miR-506 in SV40-immortalized normal human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) led to decreased AE2 protein expression and activity, as indicated by immunoblotting and microfluorimetry, respectively. Moreover, miR-506 overexpression in three-dimensional (3D)-cultured H69 cholangiocytes blocked the secretin-stimulated expansion of cystic structures developed under the 3D conditions. Luciferase assays and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that miR-506 specifically may bind the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of AE2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and prevent protein translation. Finally, cultured PBC cholangiocytes showed decreased AE2 activity, together with miR-506 overexpression, compared to normal human cholangiocytes, and transfection of PBC cholangiocytes with anti-miR-506 was able to improve their AE2 activity. CONCLUSION miR-506 is up-regulated in cholangiocytes from PBC patients, binds the 3'UTR region of AE2 mRNA, and prevents protein translation, leading to diminished AE2 activity and impaired biliary secretory functions. In view of the putative pathogenic role of decreased AE2 in PBC, miR-506 may constitute a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M. Banales
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain,Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Donostia Hospital. Biodonostia Institute, CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elena Sáez
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Úriz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sarai Sarvide
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aura D. Urribarri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patrick Splinter
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pamela S. Tietz Bogert
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Donostia Hospital. Biodonostia Institute, CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and CIMA of the University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Huang J, Shan J, Kim D, Liao J, Evagelidis A, Alper SL, Hanrahan JW. Basolateral chloride loading by the anion exchanger type 2: role in fluid secretion by the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3. J Physiol 2012; 590:5299-316. [PMID: 22802585 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.236919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion exchanger type 2 (AE2 or SLC4A2) is an electroneutral Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger expressed at the basolateral membrane of many epithelia. It is thought to participate in fluid secretion by airway epithelia. However, the role of AE2 in fluid secretion remains uncertain, due to the lack of specific pharmacological inhibitors, and because it is electrically silent and therefore does not contribute directly to short-circuit current (I(sc)). We have studied the role of AE2 in Cl(-) and fluid secretion by the airway epithelial cell line Calu-3. After confirming expression of its mRNA and protein, a knock-down cell line called AE2-KD was generated by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference in which AE2 mRNA and protein levels were reduced 90%. Suppressing AE2 increased the expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by ∼70% without affecting the levels of NKCC1 (Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter) or NBCe1 (Na(+)-nHCO(3)(-) cotransporter). cAMP agonists stimulated fluid secretion by parental Calu-3 and scrambled shRNA cells >6.5-fold. In AE2-KD cells this response was reduced by ∼70%, and the secreted fluid exhibited elevated pH and [HCO(3)(-)] as compared with the control lines. Unstimulated equivalent short-circuit current (I(eq)) was elevated in AE2-KD cells, but the incremental response to forskolin was unaffected. The modest bumetanide-induced reductions in both I(eq) and fluid secretion were more pronounced in AE2-KD cells. Basolateral Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange measured by basolateral pH-stat in cells with permeabilized apical membranes was abolished in AE2-KD monolayers, and the intracellular alkalinization resulting from basolateral Cl(-) removal was reduced by ∼80% in AE2-KD cells. These results identify AE2 as a major pathway for basolateral Cl(-) loading during cAMP-stimulated secretion of Cl(-) and fluid by Calu-3 cells, and help explain the large bumetanide-insensitive component of fluid secretion reported previously in airway submucosal glands and some other epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Huang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montr´eal, QC, Canada
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36
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Concepcion AR, Medina JF. Approaches to the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis through animal models. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36:21-8. [PMID: 21862437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiopathogenesis that mainly affects middle-aged women. Patients show non-suppurative cholangitis with damage and destruction of the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. Characteristically, the disease is strongly associated with autoimmune phenomena such as the appearance of serum antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) and portal infiltrating T cells against the inner lipoyl domain in the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). Here we review the major characteristics of a series of inducible and genetically modified animal models of PBC and analyze the similarities and differences to PBC features in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Concepcion
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, Clinic and School of Medicine University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
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Baghdasaryan A, Claudel T, Gumhold J, Silbert D, Adorini L, Roda A, Vecchiotti S, Gonzalez FJ, Schoonjans K, Strazzabosco M, Fickert P, Trauner M. Dual farnesoid X receptor/TGR5 agonist INT-767 reduces liver injury in the Mdr2-/- (Abcb4-/-) mouse cholangiopathy model by promoting biliary HCO⁻₃ output. Hepatology 2011; 54:1303-12. [PMID: 22006858 PMCID: PMC3744065 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic cholangiopathies have limited therapeutic options and represent an important indication for liver transplantation. The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane G protein-coupled receptor, TGR5, regulate bile acid (BA) homeostasis and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of FXR and/or TGR5 could ameliorate liver injury in Mdr2(-/-) (Abcb4(-/-)) mice, a model of chronic cholangiopathy. Hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, as well as bile secretion and key genes of BA homeostasis were addressed in Mdr2(-/-) mice fed either a chow diet or a diet supplemented with the FXR agonist, INT-747, the TGR5 agonist, INT-777, or the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767 (0.03% w/w). Only the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767, significantly improved serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammation, and biliary fibrosis in Mdr2(-/-) mice, whereas INT-747 and INT-777 had no hepatoprotective effects. In line with this, INT-767 significantly induced bile flow and biliary HCO 3- output, as well as gene expression of carbonic anhydrase 14, an important enzyme able to enhance HCO 3- transport, in an Fxr-dependent manner. In addition, INT-767 dramatically reduced bile acid synthesis via the induction of ileal Fgf15 and hepatic Shp gene expression, thus resulting in significantly reduced biliary bile acid output in Mdr2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION This study shows that FXR activation improves liver injury in a mouse model of chronic cholangiopathy by reduction of biliary BA output and promotion of HCO 3--rich bile secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Gumhold
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Silbert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Aldo Roda
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Vecchiotti
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Munshi MK, Priester S, Gaudio E, Yang F, Alpini G, Mancinelli R, Wise C, Meng F, Franchitto A, Onori P, Glaser SS. Regulation of biliary proliferation by neuroendocrine factors: implications for the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:472-84. [PMID: 21281779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of cholangiocytes occurs during the progression of cholestatic liver diseases and is critical for the maintenance and/or restoration of biliary mass during bile duct damage. The ability of cholangiocytes to proliferate is important in many different human pathologic conditions. Recent studies have brought to light the concept that proliferating cholangiocytes serve as a unique neuroendocrine compartment in the liver. During extrahepatic cholestasis and other pathologic conditions that trigger ductular reaction, proliferating cholangiocytes acquire a neuroendocrine phenotype. Cholangiocytes have the capacity to secrete and respond to a variety of hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, regulating their surrounding cell functions and proliferative activity. In this review, we discuss the regulation of cholangiocyte growth by neuroendocrine factors in animal models of cholestasis and liver injury, which includes a discussion of the acquisition of neuroendocrine phenotypes by proliferating cholangiocytes and how this relates to cholangiopathies. We also review what is currently known about the neuroendocrine phenotypes of cholangiocytes in human cholestatic liver diseases (ie, cholangiopathies) that are characterized by ductular reaction.
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Erlinger S. Chronic fibrosing cholangiopathies: a consequence of a defective HCO₃⁻ "umbrella"? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:85-8. [PMID: 21809484 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic cholangiopathies, in particular primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, is still obscure. A stimulating hypothesis is proposed by Beuers et al. They reason that, since cholangiocytes are exposed to high concentrations of hydrophobic bile salts that are toxic at μM concentrations, these cells had to develop protective mechanisms. Apart from micelle formation, the authors argue that biliary HCO₃⁻ secretion serves to maintain an alkaline pH near the apical surface of cholangiocytes by forming a HCO₃⁻ "umbrella". In this alkaline environment, glycine conjugated bile salts (which are predominant in man), with a pKa of ~4, remain deprotonated and are unable to permeate the apical membrane and cause cell damage. Functional impairment of biliary HCO₃⁻ secretion leads to enhanced vulnerability of cholangiocytes toward the attack of hydrophobic bile salts, causing cell damage and cholangitis. Such an impairment could be due to genetic factors, like mutations of the anion exchanger 2 (a variant of the Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchanger) in primary biliary cirrhosis or of TGR5 (a bile salt receptor implicated in the regulation of HCO₃⁻ secretion) in primary sclerosing cholangitis. This stimulating hypothesis is amenable to experimental testing and has potential pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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40
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Woo K, Sathe M, Kresge C, Esser V, Ueno Y, Venter J, Glaser SS, Alpini G, Feranchak AP. Adenosine triphosphate release and purinergic (P2) receptor-mediated secretion in small and large mouse cholangiocytes. Hepatology 2010; 52:1819-28. [PMID: 20827720 PMCID: PMC2967625 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from cholangiocytes into bile and is a potent secretogogue by increasing intracellular Ca²(+) and stimulating fluid and electrolyte secretion via binding purinergic (P2) receptors on the apical membrane. Although morphological differences exist between small and large cholangiocytes (lining small and large bile ducts, respectively), the role of P2 signaling has not been previously evaluated along the intrahepatic biliary epithelium. The aim of these studies therefore was to characterize ATP release and P2-signaling pathways in small (MSC) and large (MLC) mouse cholangiocytes. The findings reveal that both MSCs and MLCs express P2 receptors, including P2X4 and P2Y2. Exposure to extracellular nucleotides (ATP, uridine triphosphate, or 2',3'-O-[4-benzoyl-benzoyl]-ATP) caused a rapid increase in intracellular Ca²(+) concentration and in transepithelial secretion (I(sc)) in both cell types, which was inhibited by the Cl(-) channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(-3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) or niflumic acid. In response to mechanical stimulation (flow/shear or cell swelling secondary to hypotonic exposure), both MSCs and MLCs exhibited a significant increase in the rate of exocytosis, which was paralleled by an increase in ATP release. Mechanosensitive ATP release was two-fold greater in MSCs compared to MLCs. ATP release was significantly inhibited by disruption of vesicular trafficking by monensin in both cell types. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the existence of a P2 signaling axis along intrahepatic biliary ducts with the "upstream" MSCs releasing ATP, which can serve as a paracrine signaling molecule to "downstream" MLCs stimulating Ca²(+)-dependent secretion. Additionally, in MSCs, which do not express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Ca²(+)-activated Cl(-) efflux in response to extracellular nucleotides represents the first secretory pathway clearly identified in these cholangiocytes derived from the small intrahepatic ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmee Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063
| | - Meghana Sathe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063
| | - Charles Kresge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063
| | - Victoria Esser
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063
| | | | - Julie Venter
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Andrew P. Feranchak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063
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Beuers U, Hohenester S, de Buy Wenniger LJM, Kremer AE, Jansen PLM, Elferink RPJO. The biliary HCO(3)(-) umbrella: a unifying hypothesis on pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of fibrosing cholangiopathies. Hepatology 2010; 52:1489-96. [PMID: 20721884 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the hypothesis that biliary HCO(3)(-) secretion in humans serves to maintain an alkaline pH near the apical surface of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to prevent the uncontrolled membrane permeation of protonated glycine-conjugated bile acids. Functional impairment of this biliary HCO(3)(-) umbrella or its regulation may lead to enhanced vulnerability of cholangiocytes and periportal hepatocytes toward the attack of apolar hydrophobic bile acids. An intact interplay of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion, ATP/P2Y- and bile salt/TGR5-mediated Cl(-)/ HCO(3)(-) exchange and HCO(3)(-) secretion, and alkaline phosphatase-mediated ATP breakdown may guarantee a stable biliary HCO(3)(-) umbrella under physiological conditions. Genetic and acquired functional defects leading to destabilization of the biliary HCO(3)(-) umbrella may contribute to development and progression of various forms of fibrosing/sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Onori P, Wise C, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Francis H, Carpino G, Lee V, Lam I, Miller T, Dostal DE, Glaser SS. Secretin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth via dysregulation of the cAMP-dependent signaling mechanisms of secretin receptor. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:43-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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43
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Glaser S, Lam IP, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Onori P, Chow BK, Wise C, Kopriva S, Venter J, White M, Ueno Y, Dostal D, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, Chiasson V, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Alpini G, Alpini G. Knockout of secretin receptor reduces large cholangiocyte hyperplasia in mice with extrahepatic cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation. Hepatology 2010; 52:204-14. [PMID: 20578263 PMCID: PMC3049759 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During bile duct ligation (BDL), the growth of large cholangiocytes is regulated by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and is closely associated with increased secretin receptor (SR) expression. Although it has been suggested that SR modulates cholangiocyte growth, direct evidence for secretin-dependent proliferation is lacking. SR wild-type (WT) (SR(+/+)) or SR knockout (SR(-/-)) mice underwent sham surgery or BDL for 3 or 7 days. We evaluated SR expression, cholangiocyte proliferation, and apoptosis in liver sections and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in purified large cholangiocytes from WT and SR(-/-) BDL mice. Normal WT mice were treated with secretin (2.5 nmoles/kg/day by way of osmotic minipumps for 1 week), and biliary mass was evaluated. Small and large cholangiocytes were used to evaluate the in vitro effect of secretin (100 nM) on proliferation, protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. SR expression was also stably knocked down by short hairpin RNA, and basal and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels (a functional index of biliary growth) and proliferation were determined. SR was expressed by large cholangiocytes. Knockout of SR significantly decreased large cholangiocyte growth induced by BDL, which was associated with enhanced apoptosis. PCNA expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were decreased in large cholangiocytes from SR(-/-) BDL compared with WT BDL mice. In vivo administration of secretin to normal WT mice increased ductal mass. In vitro, secretin increased proliferation, PKA activity, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation of large cholangiocytes that was blocked by PKA and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors. Stable knockdown of SR expression reduced basal cholangiocyte proliferation. SR is an important trophic regulator sustaining biliary growth. CONCLUSION The current study provides strong support for the potential use of secretin as a therapy for ductopenic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.
| | - Ian P Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Dept. Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Billy K Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Candace Wise
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Shelley Kopriva
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Julie Venter
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Mellanie White
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Div. Gastroenterol, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - David Dostal
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Guido Carpino
- Dept Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Dept. Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Valorie Chiasson
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
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Abstract
Bile duct damage is present in virtually all cholangiopathies, which share the biliary epithelial cells (i.e. cholangiocytes) as a common pathogenic target. Cholangiocyte cell death largely occurs through the process of apoptosis. In this review, we will summarize the mechanisms through which biliary damage occurs in a variety of animal and in vitro models, such as extrahepatic cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL), cytotoxin- and hepatotoxin-induced liver injury, and biliary atresia. Although we have increased our knowledge of the factors that regulate cholangiocyte cell death mechanisms during cholangiopathies, especially in experimental models, there is still a lack of effective treatment modalities for these biliary disorders. However, future studies will hopefully provide for new therapeutic modalities for the prevention or restoration of biliary mass and function lost during the progression of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Yang
- Department of Medicine, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
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Mancinelli R, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Onori P, Glaser S, Francis H, Venter J, Demorrow S, Carpino G, Kopriva S, White M, Fava G, Alvaro D, Alpini G. After damage of large bile ducts by gamma-aminobutyric acid, small ducts replenish the biliary tree by amplification of calcium-dependent signaling and de novo acquisition of large cholangiocyte phenotypes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1790-800. [PMID: 20185575 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Large cholangiocytes secrete bicarbonate in response to secretin and proliferate after bile duct ligation by activation of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate signaling. The Ca(2+)-dependent adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8, expressed by large cholangiocytes) regulates secretin-induced choleresis. Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) regulates small cholangiocyte function. Because gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) affects cell functions by activation of both Ca(2+) signaling and inhibition of AC, we sought to develop an in vivo model characterized by large cholangiocyte damage and proliferation of small ducts. Bile duct ligation rats were treated with GABA for one week, and we evaluated: GABA(A), GABA(B), and GABA(C) receptor expression; intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and the percentage of apoptotic cholangiocytes; secretin-stimulated choleresis; and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and activation of Ca(2+-)dependent PKC isoforms and AC8 expression. We found that both small and large cholangiocytes expressed GABA receptors. GABA: (i) induced apoptosis of large cholangiocytes and reduced large IBDM; (ii) decreased secretin-stimulated choleresis; and (iii) reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and AC8 expression in large cholangiocytes. Small cholangiocytes: (i) proliferated leading to increased IBDM; (ii) displayed activation of PKCbetaII; and (iii) de novo expressed secretin receptor, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) anion exchanger 2 and AC8, and responded to secretin. Therefore, in pathologies of large ducts, small ducts replenish the biliary epithelium by amplification of Ca(2+)-dependent signaling and acquisition of large cholangiocyte phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Texas A & M Health Science Center, Medical Research Building, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Berraondo P, Crettaz J, Ochoa L, Vales A, Ruiz J, Prieto J, Martinez-Ansó E, González-Aseguinolaza G. Production of recombinant woodchuck IFNalpha and development of monoclonal antibodies. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:75-82. [PMID: 19014334 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) is the first line treatment for chronic hepatitis B and C. In order to test new IFNalpha delivery systems and investigate the function of this cytokine in the woodchuck model, the best animal model of chronic hepatitis B, we produced and purified recombinant woodchuck IFNalpha and used it to produce monoclonal antibodies. wIFNalpha5 was cloned in a prokaryotic expression system, expressed as His-tagged protein and then purified. The rwIFNalpha5 protein was found to induce STAT-3 phosphorylation, to enhance 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA levels and to possess a potent antiviral activity. Two monoclonal antibodies were obtained through immunization of rats with rwIFNalpha5. Both recognized rwIFNalpha5 in western blot analysis and one was able to neutralize the antiviral activity of the rwIFNalpha5 and lymphoblastoid IFNalpha preparations. Finally, a capture rwIFNalpha5 ELISA was developed using both antibodies. In summary, the tools generated in this study will allow different forms of IFNalpha delivery as well as different combination therapies in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection to be tested, thus providing useful information for the design of new strategies to treat chronic hepatitis B in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy of Viral Hepatitis, Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Clínica Universitaria/School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Kido O, Fukushima K, Ueno Y, Inoue J, Jefferson DM, Shimosegawa T. Compensatory role of inducible annexin A2 for impaired biliary epithelial anion-exchange activity of inflammatory cholangiopathy. J Transl Med 2009; 89:1374-86. [PMID: 19823170 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The peribiliary inflammation of cholangiopathy affects the physiological properties of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocyte), including bicarbonate-rich ductular secretion. We revealed the upregulation of annexin A2 (ANXA2) in cholangiocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by a proteomics approach and evaluated its physiological significance. Global protein expression profiles of a normal human cholangiocyte line (H69) in response to interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) were obtained by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Histological expression patterns of the identified molecules in PBC liver were confirmed by immunostaining. H69 cells stably transfected with doxycyclin-inducible ANXA2 were subjected to physiological evaluation. Recovery of the intracellular pH after acute alkalinization was measured consecutively by a pH indicator with a specific inhibitor of anion exchanger (AE), 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). Protein kinase-C (PKC) activation was measured by PepTag Assay and immunoblotting. Twenty spots that included ANXA2 were identified as IFNgamma-responsive molecules. Cholangiocytes of PBC liver were decorated by the unique membranous overexpression of ANXA2. Apical ANXA2 of small ducts of PBC was directly correlated with the clinical cholestatic markers and transaminases. Controlled induction of ANXA2 resulted in significant increase of the DIDS-inhibitory fraction of AE activity of H69, which was accompanied by modulation of PKC activity. We, therefore, identified ANXA2 as an IFNgamma-inducible gene in cholangiocytes that could serve as a potential histological marker of inflammatory cholangiopathy, including PBC. We conclude that inducible ANXA2 expression in cholangiocytes may play a compensatory role for the impaired AE activity of cholangiocytes in PBC in terms of bicarbonate-rich ductular secretion and bile formation through modulation of the PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kido
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Alper SL. Molecular physiology and genetics of Na+-independent SLC4 anion exchangers. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:1672-83. [PMID: 19448077 PMCID: PMC2683012 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.029454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalemmal Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchangers are encoded by the SLC4 and SLC26 gene superfamilies, and function to regulate intracellular pH, [Cl(-)] and cell volume. The Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchangers of polarized epithelial cells also contribute to transepithelial secretion and reabsorption of acid-base equivalents and Cl(-). This review focuses on Na(+)-independent electroneutral Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchangers of the SLC4 family. Human SLC4A1/AE1 mutations cause the familial erythroid disorders of spherocytic anemia, stomatocytic anemia and ovalocytosis. A largely discrete set of AE1 mutations causes familial distal renal tubular acidosis. The Slc4a2/Ae2(-/-) mouse dies before weaning with achlorhydria and osteopetrosis. A hypomorphic Ae2(-/-) mouse survives to exhibit male infertility with defective spermatogenesis and a syndrome resembling primary biliary cirrhosis. A human SLC4A3/AE3 polymorphism is associated with seizure disorder, and the Ae3(-/-) mouse has increased seizure susceptibility. The transport mechanism of mammalian SLC4/AE polypeptides is that of electroneutral Cl(-)/anion exchange, but trout erythroid Ae1 also mediates Cl(-) conductance. Erythroid Ae1 may mediate the DIDS-sensitive Cl(-) conductance of mammalian erythrocytes, and, with a single missense mutation, can mediate electrogenic SO(4)(2-)/Cl(-) exchange. AE1 trafficking in polarized cells is regulated by phosphorylation and by interaction with other proteins. AE2 exhibits isoform-specific patterns of acute inhibition by acidic intracellular pH and independently by acidic extracellular pH. In contrast, AE2 is activated by hypertonicity and, in a pH-independent manner, by ammonium and by hypertonicity. A growing body of structure-function and interaction data, together with emerging information about physiological function and structure, is advancing our understanding of SLC4 anion exchangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Alper
- Renal Division and Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Oude Elferink
- Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Cholangiocyte proliferation is triggered during extrahepatic bile duct obstruction induced by bile duct ligation, which is a common in vivo model used for the study of cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis. The proliferative response of cholangiocytes during cholestasis is regulated by the complex interaction of several factors, including gastrointestinal hormones, neuroendocrine hormones and autocrine or paracrine signalling mechanisms. Activation of biliary proliferation (ductular reaction) is thought to have a key role in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. The first part of this review provides an overview of the primary functions of cholangiocytes in terms of secretin-stimulated bicarbonate secretion--a functional index of cholangiocyte growth. In the second section, we explore the important regulators, both inhibitory and stimulatory, that regulate the cholangiocyte proliferative response during cholestasis. We discuss the role of proliferating cholangiocytes in the induction of fibrosis either directly via epithelial mesenchymal transition or indirectly via the activation of other liver cell types. The possibility of targeting cholangiocyte proliferation as potential therapy for reducing and/or preventing liver fibrosis, and future avenues for research into how cholangiocytes participate in the process of liver fibrogenesis are described.
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