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Alkhalaf M, Mohamed NA, El-Toukhy SE. Prophylactic consequences of sodium salicylate nanoparticles in cisplatin-mediated hepatotoxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10045. [PMID: 37344526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Unintended side effects linked to the antineoplastic drug cisplatin are a major drawback in its clinical application. The underlying source of these side effects include the generation of reactive oxygen species which are toxic and damaging to tissues and organs. In the present study the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of sodium salicylate was assessed against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Sodium salicylate was used as a model drug and loading into hollow structured porous silica using ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method to produce a nanoemulsion. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Dynamic Light scattering analysis were employed to assess the structural properties and stability of this model. Liver function was assessed by measuring biomarkers including ALT, AST & GGT and oxidant/antioxidant markers including MDA, NO, PON, GSH, MCP1 & AVP in serum or liver tissue. Additionally, blood leukocyte DNA damage was evaluated. Cisplatin significantly altered the normal levels of all biomarkers confirming its hepatotoxic effects. In contrast, treatment with sodium salicylate-loaded silica nanoemulsion significantly restored the levels of these markers. The finding suggests the protective effects of this model drug in preventing cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, and therefore may have implications in attenuating cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alkhalaf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nadia A Mohamed
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Du K, Maeso-Díaz R, Oh SH, Wang E, Chen T, Pan C, Xiang K, Dutta RK, Wang XF, Chi JT, Diehl AM. Targeting YAP-mediated HSC death susceptibility and senescence for treatment of liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2023; 77:1998-2015. [PMID: 36815382 PMCID: PMC10416614 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis results from the accumulation of myofibroblasts (MFs) derived from quiescent HSCs, and yes-associated protein (YAP) controls this state transition. Although fibrosis is also influenced by HSC death and senescence, whether YAP regulates these processes and whether this could be leveraged to treat liver fibrosis are unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS YAP activity was manipulated in MF-HSCs to determine how YAP impacts susceptibility to pro-apoptotic senolytic agents or ferroptosis. Effects of senescence on YAP activity and susceptibility to apoptosis versus ferroptosis were also examined. CCl 4 -treated mice were treated with a ferroptosis inducer or pro-apoptotic senolytic to determine the effects on liver fibrosis. YAP was conditionally disrupted in MFs to determine how YAP activity in MF-HSC affects liver fibrosis in mouse models. Silencing YAP in cultured MF-HSCs induced HSC senescence and vulnerability to senolytics, and promoted ferroptosis resistance. Conversely, inducing HSC senescence suppressed YAP activity, increased sensitivity to senolytics, and decreased sensitivity to ferroptosis. Single-cell analysis of HSCs from fibrotic livers revealed heterogeneous sensitivity to ferroptosis, apoptosis, and senescence. In mice with chronic liver injury, neither the ferroptosis inducer nor senolytic improved fibrosis. However, selectively depleting YAP in MF-HSCs induced senescence and decreased liver injury and fibrosis. CONCLUSION YAP determines whether MF-HSCs remain activated or become senescent. By regulating this state transition, Yap controls both HSC fibrogenic activity and susceptibility to distinct mechanisms for cell death. MF-HSC-specific YAP depletion induces senescence and protects injured livers from fibrosis. Clarifying determinants of HSC YAP activity may facilitate the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raquel Maeso-Díaz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seh Hoon Oh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Ebrahimi N, Far NP, Fakhr SS, Faghihkhorasani F, Miraghel SA, Chaleshtori SR, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Beiranvand S, Baziyar P, Manavi MS, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Ren J, Aref AR. The endocannabinoid system, a new gatekeeper in the pharmacology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115914. [PMID: 37062475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous prevention methodologies and treatment options, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains as the third leading life-threatening cancer. It is thus pertinent to develop new treatment modality to fight this devastating carcinoma. Ample recent studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and antitumor roles of the endocannabinoid system in various forms of cancers. Preclinical studies have also confirmed that cannabinoid therapy can be an optimal regimen for cancer treatments. The endocannabinoid system is involved in many cancer-related processes, including induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent apoptosis, autophagy, PITRK and ERK signaling pathways, cell invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes. Moreover, changes in signaling transduction of the endocannabinoid system can be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. Due to its pivotal role in lipid metabolism, the endocannabinoid system affects metabolic reprogramming as well as lipid content of exosomes. In addition, due to the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), several studies have examined the relationship between microRNAs and the endocannabinoid system in HCC. However, HCC is a pathological condition with high heterogeneity, and therefore using the endocannabinoid system for treatment has faced many controversies. While some studies favored a role of the endocannabinoid system in carcinogenesis and tumor induction, others exhibited the anticancer potential of endocannabinoids in HCC. In this review, specific studies delineating the relationship between endocannabinoids and HCC are examined. Based on collected findings, detailed studies of the molecular mechanism of endocannabinoids as well as preclinical studies for investigating therapeutic or carcinogenic impacts in HCC cancer are strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Pazhouhesh Far
- Department of Microbiology,Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Seifollahy Fakhr
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus, Hamar, Norway
| | | | - Seyed Ali Miraghel
- Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Uinversity of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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4
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Li B, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Chen R, Xing J, He L, Salinas JM, Koyama S, Meng F, Wan Y. Current Perspectives of Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233783. [PMID: 36497043 PMCID: PMC9736734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis. This review summarizes neuroendocrine regulation in liver fibrosis from three aspects. The first part describes the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The second part presents the neuroendocrine sources and neuroendocrine compartments in the liver. The third section discusses the effects of various neuroendocrine factors, such as substance P (SP), melatonin, as well as α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP), on liver fibrosis and the potential therapeutic interventions for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bingru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Juan Xing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Longfei He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jennifer Mata Salinas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Interactions between the Nicotinic and Endocannabinoid Receptors at the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:812. [PMID: 36005727 PMCID: PMC9414690 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization, together with transbilayer and lateral asymmetries, provide the structural foundation for functional specializations at the cell surface, including the active role of the lipid microenvironment in the modulation of membrane-bound proteins. The chemical synapse, the site where neurotransmitter-coded signals are decoded by neurotransmitter receptors, adds another layer of complexity to the plasma membrane architectural intricacy, mainly due to the need to accommodate a sizeable number of molecules in a minute subcellular compartment with dimensions barely reaching the micrometer. In this review, we discuss how nature has developed suitable adjustments to accommodate different types of membrane-bound receptors and scaffolding proteins via membrane microdomains, and how this "effort-sharing" mechanism has evolved to optimize crosstalk, separation, or coupling, where/when appropriate. We focus on a fast ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptor, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and a second-messenger G-protein coupled receptor, the cannabinoid receptor, as a paradigmatic example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
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Bockmann EC, Brito R, Madeira LF, da Silva Sampaio L, de Melo Reis RA, França GR, Calaza KDC. The Role of Cannabinoids in CNS Development: Focus on Proliferation and Cell Death. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1469-1485. [PMID: 35925507 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active principles of Cannabis sativa are potential treatments for several diseases, such as pain, seizures and anorexia. With the increase in the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, a more careful assessment of the possible impacts on embryonic development becomes necessary. Surveys indicate that approximately 3.9% of pregnant women use cannabis in a recreational and/or medicinal manner. However, although the literature has already described the presence of endocannabinoid system components since the early stages of CNS development, many of their physiological effects during this stage have not yet been established. Moreover, it is still uncertain how the endocannabinoid system can be altered in terms of cell proliferation and cell fate, neural migration, neural differentiation, synaptogenesis and particularly cell death. In relation to cell death in the CNS, knowledge about the effects of cannabinoids is scarce. Thus, the present work aims to review the role of the endocannabinoid system in different aspects of CNS development and discuss possible side effects or even opportunities for treating some conditions in the development of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cosendey Bockmann
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Fragel Madeira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia da Silva Sampaio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rapozeiro França
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lv XT, Wang RH, Liu XT, Ye YJ, Liu XY, Qiao JD, Wang GE. Theacrine ameliorates experimental liver fibrosis in rats by lowering cholesterol storage via activation of the Sirtuin 3-farnesoid X receptor signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110051. [PMID: 35872049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Formulations against liver fibrosis (LF) mitigate the progression of hepatitis to cirrhosis. However, notable toxicity of the currently available anti-LF drugs limits their long-term use. In the study, we aimed to investigate the anti-LF effects of theacrine, a purine alkaloid without obvious toxicity, on high-fat diet-, alcohol-, and carbon tetrachloride-induced LF in rats. The results indicated that 10 and 20 mg/kg of theacrine ameliorated hepatic fibrosis, steatosis, and inflammation in LF rats. Mechanistically, theacrine reduced hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-related α-smooth muscle actin expression, and decreased cholesterol accumulation, followed by decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, theacrine upregulated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, accompanied by decreased expression of β-catenin and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and increased the expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Further investigation revealed that the theacrine-mediated decrease in cholesterol was independent of cholesterol synthesis or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in hyperlipidemia mice. However, theacrine activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a β-catenin conjugated protein, accompanied with decreased expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase. In conclusion, theacrine alleviated experimental LF in rats by lowering cholesterol storage and decreasing cholesterol-related HSC activation. A plausible mechanism of theacrine on cholesterol metabolism may involve activation of SIRT3-FXR signaling pathway followed by decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ting Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruo-Hong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Jing Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing-Da Qiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Gish A, Wiart JF, Turpin E, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. État de l’art et intérêt des dosages plasmatiques des substances endocannabinoïdes et endocannabinoïdes-like. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Accialini P, Abán C, Etcheverry T, Negri Malbrán M, Leguizamón G, Herlax V, Maté S, Farina M. Anandamide Exerts a Differential Effect on Human Placenta Before and After the Onset of Labor. Front Physiol 2021; 12:667367. [PMID: 34093231 PMCID: PMC8176211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.667367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of labor involves the action of multiple factors and recent reports have postulated the endocannabinoid system as a new regulator of this process. Our objective was to study the role of anandamide, one of the main endocannabinoids, on the regulation of placental molecules that contribute to the onset of labor at term. Placental samples were obtained from patients with laboring vaginal deliveries and from non-laboring elective cesarean sections. Vaginal delivery placentas produced higher prostaglandins levels than cesarean section samples. Besides, no differences were observed in NOS basal activity between groups. Incubation of vaginal delivery placentas with anandamide increased prostaglandins concentration and decreased NOS activity. Antagonism of type-1cannabinoid receptor (CB1) did not alter the effect observed on NOS activity. Conversely, incubation of cesarean section placentas with anandamide reduced prostaglandins levels and enhanced NOS activity, the latter involving the participation of CB1. Furthermore, we observed a differential expression of the main components of the endocannabinoid system between placental samples, being the change in CB1 localization the most relevant finding. Our results suggest that anandamide acts as a modulator of the signals that regulate labor, exerting differential actions depending on CB1 localization in laboring or non-laboring term placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Accialini
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO - CONICET - UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cyntia Abán
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO - CONICET - UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Etcheverry
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO - CONICET - UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Negri Malbrán
- Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Leguizamón
- Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Herlax
- Laboratorio de Estudios de la Interacción Toxinas Proteicas - Membranas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sabina Maté
- Laboratorio de Estudios de la Interacción Toxinas Proteicas - Membranas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Farina
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Placentaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO - CONICET - UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Exacerbated LPS/GalN-Induced Liver Injury in the Stress-Sensitive Wistar Kyoto Rat Is Associated with Changes in the Endocannabinoid System. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173834. [PMID: 32842550 PMCID: PMC7504576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) is a highly destructive and potentially life-threatening condition, exacerbated by physical and psychological stress. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in modulating stress and hepatic function. The aim of this study was to examine the development of acute liver injury in the genetically susceptible stress-sensitive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat compared with normo-stress-sensitive Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and associated changes in the endocannabinoid system. Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity. Furthermore, compared to SD controls, WKY rats display increased anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol levels concurrent with decreased expression of their metabolic enzymes and a decrease in cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor expression following LPS/GalN. CB1 antagonism with AM6545 or CB2 agonism with JWH133 did not alter LPS/GalN-induced liver injury in SD or WKY rats. These findings demonstrate exacerbation of acute liver injury induced by LPS/GalN in a stress-sensitive rat strain, with effects associated with alterations in the hepatic endocannabinoid system. Further studies are required to determine if the endocannabinoid system mediates or modulates the exacerbation of liver injury in this stress-sensitive rat strain.
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The Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptor in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:646-659. [PMID: 33077399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence from epidemiological, preclinical, and experimental studies indicate that the endocannabinoid system may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor may be a potential therapeutic target. In view of this, we first provide an overview of the endocannabinoid system and systematically review the evidence for CB1 receptor alterations in animal models of schizophrenia and clinical studies in schizophrenia. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycArticles, and PsycINFO were systematically searched from inception until January 7, 2020. Of 1187 articles, 24 were included in the systematic review, including 8 preclinical studies measuring the CB1 receptor in the context of an established animal model of schizophrenia and 16 clinical studies investigating the CB1 receptor in schizophrenia. The majority of preclinical studies (6 of 8) have shown that the CB1 receptor is reduced in the context of animal models of schizophrenia. Moreover, the majority of in vivo clinical imaging studies that used arterial blood sampling to quantify the radiotracer kinetics (3 of 4) have shown reduced CB1 receptor availability in schizophrenia. However, mixed findings have been reported in ex vivo literature, including reports of no change in receptor levels (5 of 11), increased receptor levels (4 of 11), and decreased receptor levels (2 of 11). We review methodological reasons for these discrepancies and review how CB1 receptor dysfunction may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, drawing on the role of the receptor in regulating synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. We also discuss how the CB1 receptor may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Roles of the Hepatic Endocannabinoid and Apelin Systems in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111311. [PMID: 31653030 PMCID: PMC6912778 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the consequence of an unresolved wound healing process in response to chronic liver injury and involves multiple cell types and molecular mechanisms. The hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two signalling pathways with a substantial role in the liver fibrosis pathophysiology-both are upregulated in patients with advanced liver disease. Endogenous cannabinoids are lipid-signalling molecules derived from arachidonic acid involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction, portal hypertension, liver fibrosis, and other processes associated with hepatic disease through their interactions with the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Apelin is a peptide that participates in cardiovascular and renal functions, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hepatic fibrosis through its interaction with the APJ receptor. The endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two of the multiple cell-signalling pathways involved in the transformation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast like cells, the main matrix-producing cells in liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying the control of hepatic stellate cell activity are coincident despite the marked dissimilarities between the endocannabinoid and apelin signalling pathways. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems play a significant role in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Endocannabinoid System in Hepatic Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Liver Disease, and Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102516. [PMID: 31121839 PMCID: PMC6566399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that glucose metabolism in the liver is in part under the control of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) which is also supported by its presence in this organ. The ECS consists of its cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and enzymes that are responsible for endocannabinoid production and metabolism. ECS is known to be differentially influenced by the hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, e.g., cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1) antagonist can improve the glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Interestingly, our own study shows that expression patterns of CBRs are influenced by the light/dark cycle, which is of significant physiological and clinical interest. The ECS system is highly upregulated during chronic liver disease and a growing number of studies suggest a mechanistic and therapeutic impact of ECS on the development of liver fibrosis, especially putting its receptors into focus. An opposing effect of the CBRs was exerted via the CB1 or CB2 receptor stimulation. An activation of CB1 promoted fibrogenesis, while CB2 activation improved antifibrogenic responses. However, underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. In the context of liver diseases, the ECS is considered as a possible mediator, which seems to be involved in the synthesis of fibrotic tissue, increase of intrahepatic vascular resistance and subsequently development of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is the main event that leads to complications of the disease. The main complication is the development of variceal bleeding and ascites, which have prognostic relevance for the patients. The present review summarizes the current understanding and impact of the ECS on glucose metabolism in the liver, in association with the development of liver cirrhosis and hemodynamics in cirrhosis and its complication, to give perspectives for development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Biernacki M, Ambrożewicz E, Gęgotek A, Toczek M, Skrzydlewska E. Long-term administration of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (URB597) to rats with spontaneous hypertension disturbs liver redox balance and phospholipid metabolism. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:15-23. [PMID: 30243113 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of chronic administration of [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597), inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that hydrolyzes anandamide, on cross-talk between endocannabinoid system, oxidative status and pro-inflammatory factors in the liver of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS Experiments were conducted using SHRs and normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto rats treated by intraperitoneal injection with URB597 for 14 days. The biochemical parameters were assayed in the rat's livers. RESULTS In the liver of SHRs an increase in endocannabinoids level, the activity of enzymes degrading them and expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) receptor as well as a decrease in the expression of the CB1 and vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) were shown. These changes were related to inflammatory conditions as well as oxidative stress resulting from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to enhanced activity of enzymes generating ROS accompanied by decrease in the effectiveness of transcription activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as level of glutathione and vitamins. Chronic administration of URB597 to SHRs caused a decrease in FAAH activity and an increase in anandamide and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine level as well as a decrease in CB2 and an increase in TRPV1 receptor expression. The levels/activities of pro- and antioxidant and inflammatory factors tended to normalize, but phospholipid peroxidation and DNA modifications were increased. CONCLUSION In conclusion, long-term chronic administration of URB597 to SHRs by altering interactions between endocannabinoid and redox systems enhances some liver metabolic disturbances observed in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Ambrożewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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Shmarakov IO, Jiang H, Liu J, Fernandez EJ, Blaner WS. Hepatic stellate cell activation: A source for bioactive lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:629-642. [PMID: 30735856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are non-parenchymal liver cells that characteristically contain multiple retinoid (vitamin A)-containing lipid droplets. In this study, we addressed the metabolic fate of non-retinoid lipids originating from lipid droplet loss during HSCs activation. UPLC/MS/MS and qRT-PCR were used to monitor the lipid composition and mRNA expression of selected genes regulating lipid metabolism in freshly isolated, overnight-, 3- and 7-day cultures or primary mouse HSCs. A preferential accumulation of specific C20-C24 fatty acid species, especially arachidonic (C20:4) and docosahexaenoic acids (C22:6), was revealed in culture-activated HSCs along with an upregulation of transcription of fatty acid desaturases (Scd1, Scd2) and elongases (Elovl5, Elovl6). This was accompanied with an enrichment of activated HSCs with 36:4 and 38:4 phosphatidylcholine species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and associated accumulation of selective lipid mediators, including endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamides, as well as ceramides. An increase in 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachydonoylethanolamide concentrations was observed along with an upregulation of Daglα mRNA expression in HSCs during culture activation. N-palmitoylethanolamide was identified as the most abundant endocannabinoid-like species in activated HSCs. An increase in total ceramide levels and enrichment with N-palmitoyl (C16:0), N-tetracosenoyl (C24:1), N-tetracosanoyl (C24:0) and N-docosanoyl (C22:0) ceramides was detected in activated HSC cultures and was preceded by increased mRNA expression of ceramide synthesizing enzymes (CerS2, CerS5 and Smpd1). Our data suggest an active redistribution of non-retinoid lipids in HSCs underlying the formation of low abundance, highly bioactive lipid species that may affect signaling during HSC activation, as well as extracellularly within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elias J Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Antifibrotics in liver disease: are we getting closer to clinical use? Hepatol Int 2018; 13:25-39. [PMID: 30302735 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of wound healing in response to chronic liver injury leads to the development of liver fibrosis. Regardless of etiology, the profound impact of the degree of liver fibrosis on the prognosis of chronic liver diseases has been well demonstrated. While disease-specific therapy, such as treatments for viral hepatitis, has been shown to reverse liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in both clinical trials and real-life practice, subsets of patients do not demonstrate fibrosis regression. Moreover, where disease-specific therapies are not available, the need for antifibrotics exists. Increased understanding into the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis sets the stage to focus on antifibrotic therapies attempting to: (1) Minimize liver injury and inflammation; (2) Inhibit liver fibrogenesis by enhancing or inhibiting target receptor-ligand interactions or intracellular signaling pathways; and (3) Promote fibrosis resolution. While no antifibrotic therapies are currently available, a number are now being evaluated in clinical trials, and their use is becoming closer to reality for select subsets of patients.
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The endocannabinoid system of the skin. A potential approach for the treatment of skin disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:122-133. [PMID: 30138623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has a complex and very active structure that contributes to homeostasis and provides the first line defense against injury and infection. In the past few years it has become evident that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a relevant role in healthy and diseased skin. Specifically, we review how the dysregulation of ECS has been associated to dermatological disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, scleroderma and skin cancer. Therefore, the druggability of the ECS could open new research avenues for the treatment of the pathologies mentioned. Numerous studies have reported that phytocannabinoids and their biological analogues modulate a complex network pharmacology involved in the modulation of ECS, focusing on classical cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential channels (TRPs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The combined targeting of several end-points seems critical to provide better chances of therapeutically success, in sharp contrast to the one-disease-one-target dogma that permeates current drug discovery campaigns.
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Garcia-Arencibia M, Molina-Holgado E, Molina-Holgado F. Effect of endocannabinoid signalling on cell fate: life, death, differentiation and proliferation of brain cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1361-1369. [PMID: 29797438 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate events are regulated by different endogenous developmental factors such as the cell micro-environment, external or remote signals and epigenetic factors. Among the many regulatory factors, endocannabinoid-associated signalling pathways are known to conduct several of these events in the developing nervous system and in the adult brain. Interestingly, endocannabinoids exert modulatory actions in both physiological and pathological conditions. Endocannabinoid signalling can promote cell survival by acting on non-transformed brain cells (neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes) and can have either a protumoural or antitumoural effect on transformed cells. Moreover, endocannabinoids are able to attenuate the detrimental effects on neurogenesis and neuroinflammation associated with ageing. Thus, the endocannabinoid system emerges as an important regulator of cell fate, controlling cell survival/cell death decisions depending on the cell type and its environment. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Garcia-Arencibia
- Departamento Sanitario IES Teror, Consejería de Educación y Universidades del Gobierno de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroinflamación, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, 45071, Spain
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Daytime-Dependent Changes of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 and Type 2 Expression in Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091844. [PMID: 28837063 PMCID: PMC5618493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the diurnal expression pattern of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) in liver tissue of 12- and 51-week-old normoglycemic Wistar rats. By using real-time RT-PCR, daytime dependent changes in both age groups and, for both, hepatic Cnr1 and Cnr2 receptor mRNA levels were measured. Highest amount of mRNA was detected in the light period (ZT3, ZT6, and ZT9) while the lowest amount was measured in the dark period (ZT18 and ZT21). Diurnal transcript expression pattern was accompanied by comparable changes of protein level for CB1, as shown by Western blotting. The current results support the conclusion that expression pattern of cannabinoid receptors are influenced by light/dark cycle and therefore seems to be under the control of a diurnal rhythm. These findings might explain the differences in the efficacy of cannabinoid receptor agonists or antagonists. In addition, investigation of liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated 12- and 51-week-old rats show alterations in the diurnal profile of both receptors Cnr1 and Cnr2 compared to that of normoglycemic Wistar rats. This suggests an influence of diabetic state on diurnal expression levels of cannabinoid receptors.
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Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental progress that regulates cell number, tissue homeostasis and organ size in development. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been evolutionarily conserved from fly to human, and plays essential roles in regulating cell death. To characterize additional genes that regulate JNK signaling, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila and identified dGLYAT, a novel gene whose function was previously unknown, as a modulator of JNK-mediated cell death. We found that loss of dGLYAT suppressed JNK activation and cell death triggered by over-expression of Egr or Hep, or depletion of puc or lgl in development, suggesting dGLYAT regulates both ectopic and physiological functions of JNK pathway. Furthermore, we showed that loss of dGLYAT inhibits JNK-mediated ROS production, suggesting dGLYAT regulates multiple functions of JNK signaling in vivo.
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Yang CY, Chau YP, Chen A, Lee OKS, Tarng DC, Yang AH. Targeting cannabinoid signaling for peritoneal dialysis-induced oxidative stress and fibrosis. World J Nephrol 2017; 6:111-118. [PMID: 28540200 PMCID: PMC5424432 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v6.i3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions frequently results in peritoneal fibrosis and ultrafiltration failure, which limits the life-long use of and leads to the cessation of PD therapy. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis in order to design therapeutic strategies to prevent its occurrence. Peritoneal fibrosis is associated with a chronic inflammatory status as well as an elevated oxidative stress (OS) status. Beyond uremia per se, OS also results from chronic exposure to high glucose load, glucose degradation products, advanced glycation end products, and hypertonic stress. Therapy targeting the cannabinoid (CB) signaling pathway has been reported in several chronic inflammatory diseases with elevated OS. We recently reported that the intra-peritoneal administration of CB receptor ligands, including CB1 receptor antagonists and CB2 receptor agonists, ameliorated dialysis-related peritoneal fibrosis. As targeting the CB signaling pathway has been reported to be beneficial in attenuating the processes of several chronic inflammatory diseases, we reviewed the interaction among the cannabinoid system, inflammation, and OS, through which clinicians ultimately aim to prolong the peritoneal survival of PD patients.
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Schlosser M, Löser H, Siegmund SV, Montesinos-Rongen M, Bindila L, Lutz B, Barrett DA, Sarmad S, Ortori CA, Grau V, von Brandenstein M, Fries JW. The Endocannabinoid, Anandamide, Induces Cannabinoid Receptor-Independent Cell Death in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells. Cell 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2017.64004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grünwald B, Harant V, Schaten S, Frühschütz M, Spallek R, Höchst B, Stutzer K, Berchtold S, Erkan M, Prokopchuk O, Martignoni M, Esposito I, Heikenwalder M, Gupta A, Siveke J, Saftig P, Knolle P, Wohlleber D, Krüger A. Pancreatic Premalignant Lesions Secrete Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1, Which Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells Via CD63 Signaling to Create a Premetastatic Niche in the Liver. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:1011-1024.e7. [PMID: 27506299 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) metastasizes to liver at early stages, making this disease highly lethal. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) creates a metastasis-susceptible environment in the liver. We investigated the role of TIMP1 and its receptor CD63 in metastasis of early-stage pancreatic tumors using mice and human cell lines and tissue samples. METHODS We obtained liver and plasma samples from patients in Germany with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, or PDAC, as well as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We performed studies with Ptf1a+/Cre;Kras+/LSL-G12D;Trp53loxP/loxP (CPK) mice, Pdx-1+/Cre;Kras+/LSL-G12D;Trp53+/LSL-R172H (KPC) mice, and their respective healthy littermates as control, and Cd63-/- mice with their wild-type littermates. KPC mice were bred with Timp1-/- mice to produce KPCxTimp1-/- mice. TIMP1 was overexpressed and CD63 was knocked down in mice using adenoviral vectors AdTIMP1 or AdshCD63, respectively. Hepatic susceptibility to metastases was determined after intravenous inoculation of syngeneic 9801L pancreas carcinoma cells. Pancreata and liver tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemical, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. We analyzed the effects of TIMP1 overexpression or knockdown and CD63 knockdown in transduced human primary HSCs and HSC cell lines. RESULTS Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, and PDAC tissues from patients expressed higher levels of TIMP1 protein than normal pancreas. The premalignant pancreatic lesions that developed in KPC and CPK mice expressed TIMP1 and secreted it into the circulation. In vitro and in vivo, TIMP1 activated human or mouse HSCs, which required interaction between TIMP1 and CD63 and signaling via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not TIMP1 protease inhibitor activity. This signaling pathway induced expression of endogenous TIMP1. TIMP1 knockdown in HSCs reduced their activation. Cultured TIMP1-activated human and mouse HSCs began to express stromal-derived factor-1, which induced neutrophil migration, a marker of the premetastatic niche. Mice with pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia-derived systemic increases in TIMP1 developed more liver metastases after injections of pancreatic cancer cells than mice without increased levels of TIMP1. This increase in formation of liver metastases from injected pancreatic cancer cells was not observed in TIMP1 or CD63 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TIMP1 is increased in chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, and PDAC tissues from patients. TIMP1 signaling via CD63 leads to activation of HSCs, which create an environment in the liver that increases its susceptibility to pancreatic tumor cells. Strategies to block TIMP1 signaling via CD63 might be developed to prevent PDAC metastasis to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Grünwald
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Veronika Harant
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Susanne Schaten
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Monika Frühschütz
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ria Spallek
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Katharina Stutzer
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Sonja Berchtold
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Chirurgische Klinik Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Chirurgische Klinik Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Marc Martignoni
- Chirurgische Klinik Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Aayush Gupta
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jens Siveke
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
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Suk KT, Mederacke I, Gwak GY, Cho SW, Adeyemi A, Friedman R, Schwabe RF. Opposite roles of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Gut 2016; 65:1721-32. [PMID: 27196571 PMCID: PMC6594387 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endocannabinoid system (ECS) exerts key roles in the development of liver fibrosis and fatty liver, two diseases that promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although cannabinoids exert potent antitumour effects in vitro, the contribution of the ECS to carcinogenesis in vivo remains elusive. DESIGN Expression of key components of the ECS, including endocannanabinoids, endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes and endocannabinoid receptors, was determined in healthy liver and tumours. Diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was determined in mice deficient in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main anandamide (AEA)-degrading enzyme, in cannabinoid receptor (CB)1, CB2, or transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)-deficient mice. RESULTS Murine and human HCCs displayed activation of the ECS with strongly elevated expression of CB1 and CB2 but only moderately altered endocannabinoid levels. Contrary to the antitumour effects of cannabinoids in vitro, we observed increased hepatocarcinogenesis in FAAH-deficient mice, a mouse model with increased AEA levels. Accordingly, inactivation of CB1, the main receptor for AEA, in wild-type or FAAH-deficient mice suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis. In contrast, inactivation of CB2 increased hepatocarcinogenesis. CB1 was strongly expressed within HCC lesions and its inactivation suppressed proliferation and liver fibrosis. CB2 was predominantly expressed in macrophages. CB2 inactivation decreased the expression of T-cell-recruiting chemokines and inhibited hepatic T-cell recruitment including particular CD4+ T cells, a population with known antitumour effects in HCC. TRPV1 deletion did not alter HCC development. CONCLUSIONS Similar to their role in fibrogenesis, CB1 and CB2 exert opposite effects on hepatocarcinogenesis and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Suk
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200704, South Korea
| | - Ingmar Mederacke
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Geum-Youn Gwak
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135710, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443380, South Korea
| | - Adebowale Adeyemi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard Friedman
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Licata A, Novo G, Colomba D, Tuttolomondo A, Galia M, Camma' C. Cardiac involvement in patients with cirrhosis: a focus on clinical features and diagnosis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2016; 17:26-36. [PMID: 26065511 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhotic heart has been traditionally considered protected from cardiovascular disease, even if a large amount of literature has recently shown that patients affected by chronic liver disease are exposed to cardiovascular events, as well. Since the first recognition of cardiac involvement in cirrhosis, all published studies explain that decompensated cirrhotic patients suffer from haemodynamic changes, currently known as hyperdynamic syndrome, which finally lead to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. This is defined by the presence of a subclinical systolic dysfunction unmasked under stress conditions, impaired diastolic function and electrophysiological abnormalities, in the absence of any known cardiac disease. In this review, we will discuss the clinical and diagnostic features of this condition, the prevalence of associated comorbidities, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance hallmarks and the possible diagnostic role of serum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Licata
- aSezione di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia bSezione di Medicina Clinico-Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, DIBIMIS, Università di Palermo, Italy cDivisione di Cardiologia dSezione di Radiologia, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, DiBiMEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Serum Amyloid A Induces Inflammation, Proliferation and Cell Death in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150893. [PMID: 26937641 PMCID: PMC4777566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an evolutionary highly conserved acute phase protein that is predominantly secreted by hepatocytes. However, its role in liver injury and fibrogenesis has not been elucidated so far. In this study, we determined the effects of SAA on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main fibrogenic cell type of the liver. Serum amyloid A potently activated IκB kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Erk and Akt and enhanced NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity in primary human and rat HSCs. Serum amyloid A induced the transcription of MCP-1, RANTES and MMP9 in an NF-κB- and JNK-dependent manner. Blockade of NF-κB revealed cytotoxic effects of SAA in primary HSCs with signs of apoptosis such as caspase 3 and PARP cleavage and Annexin V staining. Serum amyloid A induced HSC proliferation, which depended on JNK, Erk and Akt activity. In primary hepatocytes, SAA also activated MAP kinases, but did not induce relevant cell death after NF-κB inhibition. In two models of hepatic fibrogenesis, CCl4 treatment and bile duct ligation, hepatic mRNA levels of SAA1 and SAA3 were strongly increased. In conclusion, SAA may modulate fibrogenic responses in the liver in a positive and negative fashion by inducing inflammation, proliferation and cell death in HSCs.
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Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to the selective induction of cell death by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:678-684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Soliman E, Van Dross R. Anandamide-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis are mediated by oxidative stress in non-melanoma skin cancer: Receptor-independent endocannabinoid signaling. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1807-1821. [PMID: 26513129 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are neuromodulatory lipids that regulate central and peripheral physiological functions. Endocannabinoids have emerged as effective antitumor drugs due to their ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer studies. The G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and the TRPV1 ion channel were reported to mediate the antiproliferative activity of endocannabinoids. However, receptor-independent effects also account for their activity. Our previous studies showed that the antiproliferative activity of anandamide (AEA) was regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also determined that AEA induced oxidative stress. However, the role of oxidative stress, the cannabinoid receptors, and TRPV1 in AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis was unclear. Therefore, the current study examines the role of oxidative stress in ER stress-apoptosis and investigates whether this effect is modulated by CB1, CB2, or TRPV1. In non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells, AEA reduced the total intracellular level of glutathione and induced oxidative stress. To evaluate the importance of oxidative stress in AEA-induced cell death, the antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Trolox, were utilized. Each antioxidant ameliorated the antiproliferative effect of AEA. Furthermore, Trolox inhibited AEA-induced CHOP10 expression and caspase 3 activity, indicating that oxidative stress was required for AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis. On the other hand, selective blockade of CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 did not inhibit AEA-induced oxidative stress or ER stress-apoptosis. These findings suggest that AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis in NMSC cells is mediated by oxidative stress through a receptor-independent mechanism. Hence, receptor-independent AEA signaling pathways may be targeted to eliminate NMSC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
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Lee PJ, Woo SJ, Jee JG, Sung SH, Kim HP. Bisdemethoxycurcumin Induces apoptosis in activated hepatic stellate cells via cannabinoid receptor 2. Molecules 2015; 20:1277-92. [PMID: 25594342 PMCID: PMC6272607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSCs), major fibrogenic cells in the liver, undergo apoptosis when liver injuries cease, which may contribute to the resolution of fibrosis. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is a natural derivative of curcumin with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. The therapeutic potential of BDMC in hepatic fibrosis has not been studied thus far in the context of the apoptosis in activated HSCs. In the current study, we compared the activities of BDMC and curcumin in the HSC-T6 cell line and demonstrated that BDMC relatively induced a potent apoptosis. BDMC-induced apoptosis was mediated by a combinatory inhibition of cytoprotective proteins, such as Bcl2 and heme oxygenase-1 and increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Intriguingly, BDMC-induced apoptosis was reversed with co-treatment of sr144528, a cannabinoid receptor (CBR) 2 antagonist, which was confirmed with genetic downregulation of the receptor using siCBR2. Additionally, incubation with BDMC increased the formation of death-induced signaling complex in HSC-T6 cells. Treatment with BDMC significantly diminished total intracellular ATP levels and upregulated ATP inhibitory factor-1. Collectively, the results demonstrate that BDMC induces apoptosis in activated HSCs, but not in hepatocytes, by impairing cellular energetics and causing a downregulation of cytoprotective proteins, likely through a mechanism that involves CBR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Jun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
| | - Seung Je Woo
- School of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
| | - Jun-Goo Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungbuk National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
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Amer J, Grifat R, Doron S, Abu-Tair L, Mruwat R, El-Khatib A, Safadi R. The pro-fibrotic effects of pregnancy in a carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mouse model. Liver Int 2014; 34:1232-40. [PMID: 24325428 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune cells interact with hepatic-stellate-cells (HSCs) in the development of liver fibrosis. Little is known about the influence of pregnancy on the development and progression of hepatic-fibrosis. In this study, we explored the influence of pregnancy on progression of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Female mice (C57Blc) were induced by 4 injections of peritoneal carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) within 10 days, starting at day 10 of documented pregnancy. At end of experiment, serum samples were obtained for ALT and estradiol determination. Harvested livers were histological evaluated for liver injury and for protein αSMA expressions. Isolated intra-hepatic lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry. Isolated lymphocytes and serum samples were in- vitro co-cultured for 48 h with primary isolated naïve HSCs. Washed cells were analyzed for adherence (anti-αSMA+/anti-CD45 + ) and proliferations (CSFE). RESULTS CCl4-model for liver injury was well tolerated when induced in pregnancy similar to non-pregnant state. Hepatic-fibrosis (Masson Trichrome Stain, Sirius red stain and αSMA expressions) and necro-inflammation (H&E stain and serum ALT levels) significantly increased in pregnancy. Increased liver injury was accompanied with pro-fibrotic lymphocyte profile; CD8 subsets increased and NK cells decreased. HSCs activation significantly increased when in-vitro cultured with lymphocytes from pregnant as compared to non-pregnant fibrotic ones. Pro-fibrotic profile was also explained by decreased NK activity (CD107a marker) and of their phagocytosis. Serum estradiol levels although elevated in fibrosis conditions of pregnancy was not associated with the pHSCs activations. CONCLUSION Liver fibrosis in our murine model was severe in pregnant model; via pro-fibrotic lymphocyte and serum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Amer
- The Liver and Gastroenterology Units, Division of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Gómez R, Conde J, Scotece M, López V, Lago F, Gómez Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Endogenous cannabinoid anandamide impairs cell growth and induces apoptosis in chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1137-46. [PMID: 24902823 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids has been described to be involved in articular degenerative disease by modulating nociception and immune system. However, the role of the endocannabinoid anandamide on chondrocyte cell viability is still unclear. Therefore, we decided to study anandamide's effects on chondrocytes viability and to evaluate its interactions with the catabolic factor TNF (tumor necrosis factor). Chondrocyte vitality was evaluated by MTT assay. We investigated LDH release, chromatin condensation, cleavage of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and caspases-3, 8, and 9 activation. c-MYC mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. We studied by Western blot the activation patterns of AKT, AMPK, ERK, p38, and JNK kinases. Finally, we evaluate the effect of anandamide in TNF-induced caspase-3 cleavage. Anandamide decreased chondrocyte vitality independently of its receptors. It induced AMPK activation without LDH release. Anandamide induced chromatin condensation, activation of caspase-3, 8, and 9, and FAK cleavage. Surprisingly, despite anandamide inhibited cell proliferation, it increased c-MYC expression. Moreover anandamide inhibited AKT activation, whilst it induced a sustained activation of ERK, JNK, and p38. Finally, anandamide synergized with TNF-α in the cleavage of caspase-3. In conclusion, our findings suggest that anandamide, alone or in combination with TNF-α, may be a potential destructive agent in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS-IDIS, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, The NEIRID (NeuroEndocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases) Laboratory, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Research Laboratory 9, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Transfer of MHC-class-I molecules among liver sinusoidal cells facilitates hepatic immune surveillance. J Hepatol 2014; 61:600-8. [PMID: 24798625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the liver, antigen-presenting cell populations such as Kupffer cells, liver dendritic cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) participate through cross-presentation to CD8 T cells (CTLs) in hepatic immune-regulation and immune-surveillance. The participation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in immune regulation is controversial. Here we studied HSC's contribution to antiviral CTL immunity. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of MHC-I molecules at the cell surface of liver cells from mice with cell-type restricted MHC-I expression. Mice with HSC-restricted MHC-I expression were infected with a hepatotropic virus and analyzed for development of viral hepatitis after CTL transfer. RESULTS HSCs transferred MHC-I molecules to LSECs and these molecules were employed for LSEC cross-presentation to CTLs. Such transfer of MHC-I molecules was sufficient to support in vivo LSEC cross-presentation of soluble antigens to CTLs. Importantly, this transfer of MHC-I molecules contributed to anti-viral CTL immunity leading to development of immune-mediated hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate transfer of MHC-I molecules among sinusoidal liver cell populations as a potent mechanism to increase anti-viral CTL effector function. The transfer of MHC-I molecules from HSCs supplies LSECs with additional MHC-I molecules for their own cell-intrinsic cross-presentation. Such cross-allocation of MHC-I molecules in liver cell populations is distinct from cross-dressing that occurs among immune cell populations in lymphoid tissues where peptide-loaded MHC-I molecules are transferred. Our findings thus reveal a novel mechanism that increases local cross-presentation and CTL effector function in the liver, which may be instrumental for immune-surveillance during viral infection of antigen-presenting liver cells.
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Li H, Wood JT, Whitten KM, Vadivel SK, Seng S, Makriyannis A, Avraham HK. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase activates Nrf2 signalling and induces heme oxygenase 1 transcription in breast cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:489-505. [PMID: 23347118 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endocannabinoids such as anandamide (AEA) are important lipid ligands regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Their levels are regulated by hydrolase enzymes, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). Here, we investigated whether FAAH or AEA are involved in NF (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of AEA or FAAH inhibition by the URB597 inhibitor or FAAH/siRNA on the activation of Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction and transcription. KEY RESULTS Endogenous AEA was detected in the immortalized human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells (0.034 ng per 10(6) cells) but not in MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Because breast tumour cells express FAAH abundantly, we examined the effects of FAAH on Nrf2/antioxidant pathway. We found that inhibition of FAAH by the URB597 inhibitor induced antioxidant HO-1 in breast cancer cells and MCF-10A cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of FAAH or treatment with AEA-activated ARE-containing reporter induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression, independent of the cannabinoid receptors, CB1, CB2 or TRPV1. Furthermore, URB597, AEA and siRNA-FAAH treatments induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, while siRNA-Nrf2 treatment and Keap1 expression blocked AEA, URB597 and si-FAAH from activation of ARE reporter and HO-1 induction. siRNA-HO-1 treatment decreased the viability of breast cancer cells and MCF-10A cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data uncovered a novel mechanism by which inhibition of FAAH or exposure to AEA induced HO-1 transcripts and implicating AEA and FAAH as direct modifiers in signalling mediated activation of Nrf2-HO-1 pathway, independent of cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Saito S, Hata K, Iwaisako K, Yanagida A, Takeiri M, Tanaka H, Kageyama S, Hirao H, Ikeda K, Asagiri M, Uemoto S. Cilostazol attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and protects mice against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:460-73. [PMID: 23607402 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver fibrosis is a common pathway leading to cirrhosis. Cilostazol, a clinically available oral phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, has been shown to have antifibrotic potential in experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the detailed mechanisms of the antifibrotic effect and its efficacy in a different experimental model remain elusive. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to five groups: mice fed a normal diet (groups 1 and 2); 0.1% or 0.3% cilostazol-containing diet (groups 3 and 4, respectively); and 0.125% clopidogrel-containing diet (group 5). Two weeks after feeding, groups 2-5 were intraperitoneally administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) twice a week for 6 weeks, while group 1 was treated with the vehicle alone. To investigate the effects of cilostazol on hepatic cells, in vitro studies were conducted using primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC), Kupffer cells and hepatocytes with cilostazol supplementation. RESULTS Sirius red staining revealed that groups 3 and 4 exhibited a lesser fibrotic area (2.49 ± 0.43% and 2.31 ± 0.30%, respectively) than group 2 (3.17 ± 0.67%, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In vitro studies showed cilostazol dose-dependently suppressed HSC activation (assessed by morphological change, cell proliferation, and the expression of HSC activation markers), suggesting the therapeutic effect of cilostazol is mediated by its direct action on HSC. CONCLUSION Cilostazol could alleviate CCl4 -induced hepatic fibrogenesis in vivo, presumably due, at least partly, to its direct effect to suppress HSC activation. Given its clinical availability and safety, it may be a novel therapeutic intervention for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Saito
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hata
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yanagida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeiri
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kageyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirao
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ikeda
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masataka Asagiri
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Basu PP, Aloysius MM, Shah NJ, Brown RS. Review article: the endocannabinoid system in liver disease, a potential therapeutic target. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:790-801. [PMID: 24612021 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids are a family of potent lipid-soluble molecules, acting on the cannabinoid (CB) receptors that mediate the effects of marijuana. The CB receptors, endocannabinoids and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation are located in the brain and peripheral tissues, including the liver. AIMS To review the current understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system in liver disease-associated pathophysiological conditions, and drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system as therapy for liver disease. METHODS Original articles and reviews were used to summarise the relevant pre-clinical and clinical research findings relating to this topic. RESULTS The endocannabinoid system as a whole plays an important role in liver diseases (i.e. non-alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy and autoimmune hepatitis) and related pathophysiological conditions (i.e. altered hepatic haemodynamics, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, metabolic syndrome and ischaemia/reperfusion disease). Pharmacological targeting of the endocannabinoid system has had success as treatment for patients with liver disease, but adverse events led to withdrawal of marketing approval. However, there is optimism over novel therapeutics targeting the endocannabinoid system currently in the pre-clinical stage of development. CONCLUSIONS The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of liver disease and its associated conditions. While some drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system have deleterious neurological adverse events, there is promise for a newer generation of therapies that do not cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Basu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA; King's County Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Hsieh SC, Wu CH, Wu CC, Yen JH, Liu MC, Hsueh CM, Hsu SL. Gallic acid selectively induces the necrosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via a calcium-dependent calpain I activation pathway. Life Sci 2014; 102:55-64. [PMID: 24631138 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in response to liver injury is critical to the development of liver fibrosis, thus, the blockage of the activation of HSCs is considered as a rational approach for anti-fibrotic treatment. In this report, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of gallic acid (GA) in interfering with the activation of HSCs. MAIN METHODS The primary cultured rat HSCs were treated with various doses of GA for different time intervals. The morphology, viability, caspase activity, calcium ion flux, calpain I activity, reactive oxygen species generation and lysosomal functions were then investigated. KEY FINDINGS GA selectively killed HSCs in both dose- and time-dependent manners, while remained no harm to hepatocytes. Besides, caspases were not involved in GA-induced cell death of HSCs. Further results showed that GA toxicity was associated with a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a subsequent increase of intracellular Ca(2+) and calpain activity. Addition of calpain I but not calpain II inhibitor rescued HSCs from GA-induced death. In parallel, pretreatment with antioxidants or an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator eradicated GA responses, implying that GA-mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on its pro-oxidative properties and its effect on Ca(2+) flux. Furthermore, application of ROS scavengers also reversed Ca(2+) release and the disruption of lysosomal membranes in GA-treated HSCs. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide evidence for the first time that GA causes selective HSC death through a Ca(2+)/calpain I-mediated necrosis cascade, suggesting that GA may represent a potential therapeutic agent to combat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chung Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsing Yen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Liu
- Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Mei Hsueh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Education & Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Coppola N, Zampino R, Bellini G, Macera M, Marrone A, Pisaturo M, Boemio A, Nobili B, Pasquale G, Maione S, Adinolfi LE, Perrone L, Sagnelli E, Miraglia Del Giudice E, Rossi F. Association between a polymorphism in cannabinoid receptor 2 and severe necroinflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:334-40. [PMID: 23707465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has been implicated in liver disease. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs35761398 in cannabinoid receptor 2 gene (CNR2), which encodes the CB2, substitutes glutamine (Q) 63 with arginine (R), and reduces the function of the gene product. We investigated the effects of CNR2 rs35761398 in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS We studied 169 consecutive patients with asymptomatic chronic hepatitis (tested positive for anti-HCV and HCV RNA) at 2 liver units in southern Italy. First, liver biopsy samples were collected from July 2009 through December 2011. All patients were naive to antiviral therapy; CNR2 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Patients with the CB2-63 QQ variant had higher serum levels of aminotransferase than those with the CB2-63 QR or RR variants; they also had higher histologic activity index (HAI) scores (8.6 ± 3.8) than patients without the CB2-63 RR variant (5.3 ± 3.6; P < .005) or those with the CB2-63 QR variant (5.8 ± 3.3; P < .001). Patients with the different variants of CNR2 did not differ in fibrosis stage or steatosis score. Moderate or severe chronic hepatitis (HAI score, >8) was identified more frequently (55.5%) in patients with the CB2-63 QQ variant than in those with the 63 QR (20%; P < .005) or RR variants (17.4%; P < .005). In logistic regression analysis, the CB2-63 QQ variant and fibrosis score were independent predictors of moderate or severe chronic hepatitis (HAI score, >8; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The CB2-63 QQ variant of CNR2 is associated with more severe inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis in patients with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Zampino
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Macera
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Boemio
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Nobili
- Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Perrone
- Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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38
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Sanyal AJ. An integrated view of liver injury and disease progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2013. [PMID: 26202294 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-013-9479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD represents a host of pathophysiologic mechanisms that culminate in the accumulation of fat, in a predominantly macrovesicular pattern, in the liver along with varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocellular injury, apoptosis and fibrosis. The most common mechanism for the development of NAFLD is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is commonly associated with obesity, although it can develop in individuals who do not have obesity. A consequence of insulin resistance is increased peripheral lipolysis and increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver. The concept of lipotoxicity emerged as the mechanisms by which fatty acids produce cell injury, promote apoptosis and activate inflammatory pathways were elucidated. While much work has been done mainly in cell culture models, the free fatty acid concentration in the liver is not significantly changed in NAFLD. Recently, the focus has shifted to alterations in other lipid metabolic pathways that appear to play an important role in the genesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the aggressive form of NAFLD. The innate immune system and the intestinal microbiota have been implicated in the development of NAFLD. These mechanisms are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, MCV Box 980342, Richmond, VA, 23298-0342, USA.
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39
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Endocannabinoid anandamide mediates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18710-5. [PMID: 24167249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important regulators of organ homeostasis. Although their role in systemic vasculature has been extensively studied, their impact on pulmonary vessels remains less clear. Herein, we show that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is a key mediator of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-dependent metabolites. This is underscored by the prominent vasoconstrictive effect of AEA on pulmonary arteries and strongly reduced HPV in FAAH(-/-) mice and wild-type mice upon pharmacological treatment with FAAH inhibitor URB597. In addition, mass spectrometry measurements revealed a clear increase of AEA and the FAAH-dependent metabolite arachidonic acid in hypoxic lungs of wild-type mice. We have identified pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells as the source responsible for hypoxia-induced AEA generation. Moreover, either FAAH(-/-) mice or wild-type mice treated with FAAH inhibitor URB597 are protected against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and the concomitant vascular remodeling in the lung. Thus, the AEA/FAAH pathway is an important mediator of HPV and is involved in the generation of pulmonary hypertension.
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40
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Leptin modulates lymphocytes' adherence to hepatic stellate cells is associated with oxidative status alterations. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Siegmund SV, Wojtalla A, Schlosser M, Zimmer A, Singer MV. Fatty acid amide hydrolase but not monoacyl glycerol lipase controls cell death induced by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in hepatic cell populations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:48-54. [PMID: 23806692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are upregulated during liver fibrogenesis and selectively induce cell death in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major fibrogenic cells in the liver, but not in hepatocytes. In contrast to HSCs, hepatocytes highly express the AEA-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that protects them from AEA-induced injury. However, the role of the major 2-AG-degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) in 2-AG-induced hepatic cell death has not been investigated. In contrast to FAAH, MGL protein expression did not significantly differ in primary mouse hepatocytes and HSCs. Hepatocytes pretreated with selective MGL inhibitors were not sensitized towards 2-AG-mediated death, indicating a minor role for MGL in the cellular resistance against 2-AG. Moreover, while adenoviral MGL overexpression failed to render HSCs resistant towards 2-AG, FAAH overexpression prevented 2-AG-induced death in HSCs. Accordingly, 2-AG caused cell death in hepatocytes pretreated with the FAAH inhibitor URB597, FAAH(-/-) hepatocytes, or hepatocytes depleted of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Moreover, 2-AG increased reactive oxygen species production in hepatocytes after FAAH inhibition, indicating that hepatocytes are more resistant to 2-AG treatment due to high GSH levels and FAAH expression. However, 2-AG was not significantly elevated in FAAH(-/-) mouse livers in contrast to AEA. Thus, FAAH exerts important protective actions against 2-AG-induced cellular damage, even though it is not the major 2-AG degradation enzyme in vivo. In conclusion, FAAH-mediated resistance of hepatocytes against endocannabinoid-induced cell death may provide a new physiological concept allowing the specific targeting of HSCs in liver fibrosis.
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42
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Wang CY, Liu Q, Huang QX, Liu JT, He YH, Lu JJ, Bai XY. Activation of PPARγ is required for hydroxysafflor yellow A of Carthamus tinctorius to attenuate hepatic fibrosis induced by oxidative stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:592-599. [PMID: 23523101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused hepatic fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which were implemented by depressing PPARγ activation. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) as a nature active ingredient with antioxidant capacity was able to effectively attenuate oxidative stress mediated injury. So it will be very interesting to study effect of HSYA on HSCs activation and liver fibrosis, and reveal the role of PPARγ·CCl4 and H2O2 were used to mimic oxidative stress mediated hepatic injury in vitro and in vivo respectively. The anti-fibrosis effects of HSYA were evaluated and its mechanisms were disclosed by applying western blot, histopathological analysis, flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results showed that HSCs activation and proliferation could be induced by oxidative stress, and the expressive levels of TGF-β1 and TIMP-1, the serum levels of ALT, AST, HA, LN, III-C and IV-C were also enhanced by oxidative stress, which is correlated with liver fibrosis (p<0.05 or p<0.01). HSYA was able to effectively inhibit oxidative stress mediated hepatic injury by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, up regulating the expression of PPARγ and MMP-2, and down regulating the expression of TGF-β1 and TIMP-1, and reducing α-SMA level. The protective effect of HSYA can be significantly attenuated by GW9662 via blocking PPARγ (p<0.05 or p<0.01). Taken together, these results demonstrate that HSYA is able to significantly protect the liver from oxidative stress, which requires for HSYA to stimulate PPARγ activity, reduce cell proliferation and suppress ECM synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
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43
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Endogenous cannabinoids revisited: A biochemistry perspective. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 102-103:13-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Cong M, Liu T, Wang P, Fan X, Yang A, Bai Y, Peng Z, Wu P, Tong X, Chen J, Li H, Cong R, Tang S, Wang B, Jia J, You H. Antifibrotic effects of a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying small interfering RNA targeting TIMP-1 in rat liver fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1607-16. [PMID: 23474083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) expression contributes to excess production of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. Herein, we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) carrying siRNA of the TIMP-1 gene (rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1) and investigated its effects on liver fibrosis in rats. Two models of rat liver fibrosis, the carbon tetrachloride and bile duct ligation models, were treated with rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1. In the carbon tetrachloride model, rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1 administration attenuated fibrosis severity, as determined by histologic analysis of hepatic collagen accumulation, hydroxyproline content, and concentrations of types I and III collagen in livers and sera. Levels of mRNA and active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 were elevated, whereas levels of mRNA and active MMP-2 were decreased. Moreover, a marked decrease was noted in the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a biomarker of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and transforming growth factor-β1, critical for the development of liver fibrosis. Similarly, rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1 treatment significantly alleviated bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, this treatment dramatically suppressed TIMP-1 expression in HSCs from both model rats. These data indicate that the administration of rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1 attenuated liver fibrosis by directly elevating the function of MMP-13 and diminishing activated HSCs. It also resulted in indirect decreased expression of type I collagen, MMP-2, and transforming growth factor-β1. In conclusion, rAAV/siRNA-TIMP-1 may be an effective antifibrotic gene therapy agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cong
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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45
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Xiao L, Cheng J, Zhuang Y, Qu W, Muir J, Liang H, Zhang D. Botulinum Toxin Type A Reduces Hyperalgesia and TRPV1 Expression in Rats with Neuropathic Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2013; 14:276-86. [DOI: 10.1111/pme.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Fonseca BM, Correia-da-Silva G, Almada M, Costa MA, Teixeira NA. The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:510540. [PMID: 24228028 PMCID: PMC3818851 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the detrimental effects of cannabis consumption during gestation are known for years, the vast majority of studies established a link between cannabis consumption and foetal development. The complex maternal-foetal interrelationships within the placental bed are essential for normal pregnancy, and decidua definitively contributes to the success of this process. Nevertheless, the molecular signalling network that coordinates strategies for successful decidualization and placentation are not well understood. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system highlighted new signalling mediators in various physiological processes, including reproduction. It is known that endocannabinoids present regulatory functions during blastocyst development, oviductal transport, and implantation. In addition, all the endocannabinoid machinery was found to be expressed in decidual and placental tissues. Additionally, endocannabinoid's plasmatic levels were found to fluctuate during normal gestation and to induce decidual cell death and disturb normal placental development. Moreover, aberrant endocannabinoid signalling during the period of placental development has been associated with pregnancy disorders. It indicates the existence of a possible regulatory role for these molecules during decidualization and placentation processes, which are known to be particularly vulnerable. In this review, the influence of the endocannabinoid system in these critical processes is explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Fonseca
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - G. Correia-da-Silva
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Almada
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. A. Costa
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - N. A. Teixeira
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- *N. A. Teixeira:
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47
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Nunn A, Guy G, Bell JD. Endocannabinoids in neuroendopsychology: multiphasic control of mitochondrial function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3342-52. [PMID: 23108551 PMCID: PMC3481535 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a construct based on the discovery of receptors that are modulated by the plant compound tetrahydrocannabinol and the subsequent identification of a family of nascent ligands, the 'endocannabinoids'. The function of the ECS is thus defined by modulation of these receptors-in particular, by two of the best-described ligands (2-arachidonyl glycerol and anandamide), and by their metabolic pathways. Endocannabinoids are released by cell stress, and promote both cell survival and death according to concentration. The ECS appears to shift the immune system towards a type 2 response, while maintaining a positive energy balance and reducing anxiety. It may therefore be important in resolution of injury and inflammation. Data suggest that the ECS could potentially modulate mitochondrial function by several different pathways; this may help explain its actions in the central nervous system. Dose-related control of mitochondrial function could therefore provide an insight into its role in health and disease, and why it might have its own pathology, and possibly, new therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Nunn
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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48
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Avraham Y, Amer J, Doron S, Abu-Tair L, Mahamid M, Khatib A, Berry EM, Safadi R. The direct profibrotic and indirect immune antifibrotic balance of blocking the cannabinoid 2 receptor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1364-72. [PMID: 22517772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00191.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptors expressed on immune cells are considered to be antifibrogenic. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) directly interact with phagocytosis lymphocytes, but the nature of this interaction is obscure. We aimed to study the effects of CB2 receptors on hepatic fibrosis via their role in mediating immunity. Hepatic fibrosis was induced by carbon-tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CB2 knockout (CB2(-/-)) mice. Irradiated animals were reconstituted with WT or CB2(-/-) lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from naïve/fibrotic WT animals and healthy/cirrhotic hepatitis C virus were preincubated in vitro with or without CB2 antagonist, evaluated for proliferation and apoptosis, and then cocultured with primary mouse HSCs or a human HSC line (LX2), respectively. Lymphocyte phagocytosis was then evaluated. Following CCl(4)-administration, CB2(-/-) mice developed significant hepatic fibrosis but less necroinflammation. WT mice harbored decreased liver CD4(+) and NK(+) cells but increased CD8(+) subsets. Naïve CB2(-/-) mice had significantly decreased T cell subsets. Adoptive transfer of CB2(-/-) lymphocytes led to decreased fibrosis in the irradiated WT recipient compared with animals receiving WT lymphocytes. Moreover, necroinflammation also tended to decrease. In vitro, a CB2-antagonist directly increased human HSC activation and increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of mice/human T cells (healthy/fibrotic) and their phagocytosis. We concluded that CB2(-/-) lymphocytes exert an antifibrotic activity, whereas lack of CB2 receptor in HSCs promotes fibrosis. These findings broaden our understanding of cannabinoid signaling in hepatic fibrosis beyond their activity solely in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosefa Avraham
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Zhang J, Dai EH, Jiang HQ. Role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i13.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is made up of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). Many studies have found that hepatic myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells express more CB1 and CB2 in the development of chronic liver disease. There is a close relationship between the endocannabinoid system and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This paper aims to review recent advances in understanding the role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis complications.
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50
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Wojtalla A, Herweck F, Granzow M, Klein S, Trebicka J, Huss S, Lerner R, Lutz B, Schildberg FA, Knolle PA, Sauerbruch T, Singer MV, Zimmer A, Siegmund SV. The endocannabinoid N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) selectively induces oxidative stress-mediated cell death in hepatic stellate cells but not in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G873-87. [PMID: 22301114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00241.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is a crucial regulator of hepatic fibrogenesis. We have previously shown that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is a lipid mediator that blocks proliferation and induces death in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver, but not in hepatocytes. However, the effects of other endocannabinoids such as N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) have not yet been investigated. The NADA-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase was mainly expressed in sympathetic neurons in portal tracts. Its expression pattern stayed unchanged in normal or fibrotic liver. NADA dose dependently induced cell death in culture-activated primary murine or human HSCs after 2-4 h, starting from 5 μM. Despite caspase 3 cleavage, NADA-mediated cell death showed typical features of necrosis, including ATP depletion. Although the cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, or transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 1 were expressed in HSCs, their pharmacological or genetic blockade failed to inhibit NADA-mediated death, indicating a cannabinoid-receptor-independent mechanism. Interestingly, membrane cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibited AEA- but not NADA-induced death. NADA significantly induced reactive oxygen species formation in HSCs. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) significantly decreased NADA-induced cell death. Similar to AEA, primary hepatocytes were highly resistant against NADA-induced death. Resistance to NADA in hepatocytes was due to high levels of GSH, since GSH depletion significantly increased NADA-induced death. Moreover, high expression of the AEA-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in hepatocytes also conferred resistance towards NADA-induced death, since pharmacological or genetic FAAH inhibition significantly augmented hepatocyte death. Thus the selective induction of cell death in HSCs proposes NADA as a novel antifibrogenic mediator.
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