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Bendixen SM, Jakobsgaard PR, Hansen D, Hejn KH, Terkelsen MK, Bjerre FA, Thulesen AP, Eriksen NG, Hallenborg P, Geng Y, Dam TV, Larsen FT, Wernberg CW, Vijayathurai J, Scott EAH, Marcher AB, Detlefsen S, Grøntved L, Dimke H, Berdeaux R, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Olinga P, Lauridsen MM, Krag A, Blagoev B, Ravnskjaer K. Single cell-resolved study of advanced murine MASH reveals a homeostatic pericyte signaling module. J Hepatol 2024; 80:467-481. [PMID: 37972658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and marked by hepatic inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and fibrosis, impairing liver function and aggravating metabolic derangements. The liver homeostatic interactions disrupted in MASH are still poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the plasticity and changing interactions of non-parenchymal cells associated with advanced MASH. METHODS We characterized a diet-induced mouse model of advanced MASH at single-cell resolution and validated findings by assaying chromatin accessibility, bioimaging murine and human livers, and via functional experiments in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) led to deterioration of a signaling module consisting of the bile acid receptor NR1H4/FXR and HSC-specific GS-protein-coupled receptors (GSPCRs) capable of preserving stellate cell quiescence. Accompanying HSC activation, we further observed the attenuation of HSC Gdf2 expression, and a MASH-associated expansion of a CD207-positive macrophage population likely derived from both incoming monocytes and Kupffer cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that HSC-expressed NR1H4 and GSPCRs of the healthy liver integrate postprandial cues, which sustain HSC quiescence and, through paracrine signals, overall sinusoidal health. Hence HSC activation in MASH not only drives fibrogenesis but may desensitize the hepatic sinusoid to liver homeostatic signals. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Homeostatic interactions between hepatic cell types and their deterioration in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis are poorly characterized. In our current single cell-resolved study of advanced murine metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, we identified a quiescence-associated hepatic stellate cell-signaling module with potential to preserve normal sinusoid function. As expression levels of its constituents are conserved in the human liver, stimulation of the identified signaling module is a promising therapeutic strategy to restore sinusoid function in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M Bendixen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Peter R Jakobsgaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kamilla H Hejn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mike K Terkelsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Frederik A Bjerre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Annemette P Thulesen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Niels G Eriksen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Philip Hallenborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Yana Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Trine V Dam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Frederik T Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Charlotte W Wernberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark Esbjerg, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Janusa Vijayathurai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Emma A H Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lars Grøntved
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, USA
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mette M Lauridsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark Esbjerg, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kim Ravnskjaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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2
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Ceci L, Han Y, Krutsinger K, Baiocchi L, Wu N, Kundu D, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Kennedy L. Gallstone and Gallbladder Disease: Biliary Tract and Cholangiopathies. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4909-4943. [PMID: 37358507 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are named primarily due to the blockage of bile flow and buildup of bile acids in the liver. Cholestasis can occur in cholangiopathies, fatty liver diseases, and during COVID-19 infection. Most literature evaluates damage occurring to the intrahepatic biliary tree during cholestasis; however, there may be associations between liver damage and gallbladder damage. Gallbladder damage can manifest as acute or chronic inflammation, perforation, polyps, cancer, and most commonly gallstones. Considering the gallbladder is an extension of the intrahepatic biliary network, and both tissues are lined by biliary epithelial cells that share common mechanisms and properties, it is worth further evaluation to understand the association between bile duct and gallbladder damage. In this comprehensive article, we discuss background information of the biliary tree and gallbladder, from function, damage, and therapeutic approaches. We then discuss published findings that identify gallbladder disorders in various liver diseases. Lastly, we provide the clinical aspect of gallbladder disorders in liver diseases and ways to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for congruent diagnosis. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4909-4943, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuyan Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelsey Krutsinger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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3
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Abstract
Bile acids wear many hats, including those of an emulsifier to facilitate nutrient absorption, a cholesterol metabolite, and a signaling molecule in various tissues modulating itching to metabolism and cellular functions. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver but exhibit wide-ranging effects indicating their ability to mediate organ-organ crosstalk. So, how does a steroid metabolite orchestrate such diverse functions? Despite the inherent chemical similarity, the side chain decorations alter the chemistry and biology of the different bile acid species and their preferences to bind downstream receptors distinctly. Identification of new modifications in bile acids is burgeoning, and some of it is associated with the microbiota within the intestine. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history and the various receptors that mediate bile acid signaling in addition to its crosstalk with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S Mathews Ave, 453 Medical Sciences Bldg, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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4
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Fu Y, Liu S, Rodrigues RM, Han Y, Guo C, Zhu Z, He Y, Mackowiak B, Feng D, Gao B, Zeng S, Shen H. Activation of VIPR1 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating arginine and pyrimidine metabolism. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4341-4356. [PMID: 35864952 PMCID: PMC9295067 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.71134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide type-I receptor (VIPR1) overexpression has been reported in numerous types of malignancies and utilized to develop novel target therapeutics and radiolabeled VIP analogue-based tumor imaging technology, but its role in liver carcinogenesis has not been explored. In the current study, we investigated the role of the VIP/VIPR1 signaling in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Approach and results: By analyzing clinical samples, we found the expression level of VIPR1 was downregulated in human HCC tissues, which was correlated with advanced clinical stages, tumor growth, recurrence, and poor outcomes of HCC clinically. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that activation of VIPR1 by VIP markedly inhibited HCC growth and metastasis. Intriguingly, transcriptome sequencing analyses revealed that activation of VIPR1 by VIP regulated arginine biosynthesis. Mechanistical studies in cultured HCC cells demonstrated that VIP treatment partially restored the expression of arginine anabolic key enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), and to some extent, inhibited de novo pyrimidine synthetic pathway by downregulating the activation of CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase). VIP treatment upregulated ASS1 and subsequently suppressed CAD phosphorylation in an mTOR/p70S6K signaling dependent manner. Clinically, we found human HCC samples were associated with downregulation of ASS1 but upregulation of CAD phosphorylation, and that VIPR1 levels positively correlated with ASS1 levels and serum levels of urea, the end product of the urea cycle and arginine metabolism in HCC. Conclusions: Loss of VIPR1 expression in HCC facilitates CAD phosphorylation and tumor progression, and restoration of VIPR1 and treatment with the VIPR1 agonist may be a promising approach for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Cao Guo
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhanwei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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5
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Feedback Signaling between Cholangiopathies, Ductular Reaction, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082072. [PMID: 34440841 PMCID: PMC8391272 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are global health disparities, particularly in the United States, as a result of cultural eating habits and lifestyle. Pathological studies on NAFLD have been mostly focused on hepatocytes and other inflammatory cell types; however, the impact of other biliary epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) in the promotion of NAFLD is growing. This review article will discuss how cholestatic injury and cholangiocyte activity/ductular reaction influence NAFLD progression. Furthermore, this review will provide informative details regarding the fundamental properties of cholangiocytes and bile acid signaling that can influence NAFLD. Lastly, studies relating to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, cholangiopathies, and ductular reaction will be analyzed to help gain insight for potential therapies.
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6
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Barloese M, Chitgar M, Hannibal J, Møller S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide: Potential roles in the pathophysiology and complications of cirrhosis. Liver Int 2020; 40:2578-2589. [PMID: 32654367 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide with diverse functions throughout the organism. Most abundantly investigated for its role in several neurological disorders as well as in circadian rhythms, other fields of medicine, including cardiology, have recently shown interest in the role of PACAP and its potential as a biomarker. Timely diagnosis and treatment of cirrhosis and its complications is a considerable challenge for health services world-wide and development of new areas of research is warranted. Direct and indirect evidence exists of PACAP involvement in the cascade of pathological events and processes ultimately leading to cirrhosis and its complications, but its exact role remains to be determined. Studies have documented PACAP involvement in immune function, metabolism, local vasoconstriction and dilatation and systemic vascular decompensation and there is ongoing research of a possible role in liver reperfusion injury. Considering these reports, PACAP could theoretically exude influence on the disease course of cirrhosis through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic inflammation, fibrogenesis, vasodilation and reduced vascular resistance. The paucity of literature on the specific topic of PACAP and cirrhosis reflects complex mechanisms and difficulty in accurate measurements and sample taking. This does not detract from the need to further characterize and elucidate the role PACAP plays in the underdiagnosed and undertreated condition of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Barloese
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mohammadnavid Chitgar
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
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7
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Cheung AC, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, LaRusso NF. Pathobiology of biliary epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1220-1231. [PMID: 28716705 PMCID: PMC5777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which is controlled via numerous signaling pathways influenced by endogenous (e.g., bile acids, nucleotides, hormones, neurotransmitters) and exogenous (e.g., microbes/microbial products, drugs etc.) molecules. When injured, cholangiocytes undergo apoptosis/lysis, repair and proliferation. They also become senescent, a form of cell cycle arrest, which may prevent propagation of injury and/or malignant transformation. Senescent cholangiocytes can undergo further transformation to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), where they begin secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals that may contribute to disease initiation and progression. These and other concepts related to cholangiocyte pathobiology will be reviewed herein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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8
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Bertolini M, Pretzlaff M, Sulk M, Bähr M, Gherardini J, Uchida Y, Reibelt M, Kinori M, Rossi A, Bíró T, Paus R. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, whose receptor-mediated signalling may be defective in alopecia areata, provides protection from hair follicle immune privilege collapse. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:531-41. [PMID: 27059672 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis involves the collapse of the relative immune privilege (IP) of the hair follicle (HF). Given that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an immunoinhibitory neuropeptide released by perifollicular sensory nerve fibres, which play a role in IP maintenance, it may modulate human HF-IP and thus be therapeutically relevant for AA. OBJECTIVES To answer the following questions: Do human HFs express VIP receptors, and does their stimulation protect from or restore experimentally induced HF-IP collapse? Is VIP signalling defective in AA HFs? METHODS Firstly, VIP and VIP receptor (VPAC1, VPAC2) expression in human scalp HFs and AA skin was assessed. In HF organ culture, we then explored whether VIP treatment can restore and/or protect from interferon-γ-induced HF-IP collapse, assessing the expression of the key IP markers by quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometry. RESULTS Here we provide the first evidence that VIP receptors are expressed in the epithelium of healthy human HFs at the gene and protein level. Furthermore, VIP receptor protein expression, but not VIP(+) nerve fibres, is significantly downregulated in lesional hair bulbs of patients with AA, suggesting defects in VIP receptor-mediated signalling. Moreover, we show that VIP protects the HF from experimentally induced IP collapse in vitro, but does not fully restore it once collapsed. CONCLUSIONS These pilot data suggest that insufficient VIP receptor-mediated signalling may contribute to impairing HF-IP in patients with AA, and that VIP is a promising candidate 'HF-IP guardian' that may be therapeutically exploited to inhibit the progression of AA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - M Pretzlaff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Sulk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M Bähr
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Gherardini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Y Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Reibelt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Kinori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - T Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Departments of Immunology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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9
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Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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10
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Xu G, Li Y, Jiang X, Chen H. CAV1 Prevents Gallbladder Cholesterol Crystallization by Regulating Biosynthesis and Transport of Bile Salts. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2118-27. [PMID: 26875794 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; The First Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Department of Nephrology; Zhejiang Province People's Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Hongtan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; The First Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 China
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Gadaleta RM, Cariello M, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Tissue-specific actions of FXR in metabolism and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:30-9. [PMID: 25139561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a transcription factor critically involved in metabolic homeostasis in the gut-liver axis. FXR activity is mediated by hormonal and dietary signals and driven by bile acids (BAs), which are the natural FXR ligands. Given the great physiological importance in BA homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, FXR plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of disease of the liver, biliary tract and intestine, including hepatic and colorectal cancer. In the last years several studies have shown the relative FXR tissue-specific importance, highlighting synergism and additive effects in the liver and intestine. Gain- and loss-of-FXR-function mouse models have been generated in order to identify the biological processes and the molecular FXR targets. Taking advantage of the knowledge on the structure-activity relationship of BAs for FXR, semi-synthetic and synthetic molecules have been generated to obtain more selective and powerful FXR activators than BAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marica Cariello
- National Cancer Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica Frugoni, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- National Cancer Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy; Clinica Medica Frugoni, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy.
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Anaya-Hernández A, Méndez-Tepepa M, Laura G. HA, Pacheco P, Martínez-Gómez M, Castelán F, Cuevas E. Farnesoid X receptor immunolocalization in reproductive tissues of adult female rabbits. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1068-74. [PMID: 24975630 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been involved in lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aromatase expression, as well as in the steroid synthesis and signaling. Considering that these events occur in reproductive tissues in females, the aim of the present study was to determine the immunolocalization of FXR in the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina of rabbits. Rabbits were sacrificed and their reproductive tissues were excised and histologically processed. Immunohistochemistry for FXR was done and reproductive tissues were photographed. FXR immunoreactivity was found in all types of ovarian follicles, ovarian stroma, and corpus luteum of virgin and pregnant rabbits. Also, oviductal and vaginal epithelium of virgins, as well as the oviductal smooth muscle, showed anti-FXR immunoreactivity. The uterine epithelium and musculature of virgins had scarce anti-FXR immunoreactivity. Although the role of FXR in female reproductive tissues is still not known, it is possible to consider various functions related to the reproductive tissue.
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Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Tabibian JH, Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. Physiology of cholangiocytes. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:541-65. [PMID: 23720296 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic ducts of the biliary tree. The main physiologic function of cholangiocytes is modification of hepatocyte-derived bile, an intricate process regulated by hormones, peptides, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and other molecules through intracellular signaling pathways and cascades. The mechanisms and regulation of bile modification are reviewed herein.
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Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of disorders with different causes, resulting in impaired bile flow and accumulation of bile acids and other potentially hepatotoxic cholephils. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bile formation and cholestasis has recently improved significantly through new insights into nuclear receptor (patho)biology. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which act as central players in the regulation of genes responsible for elimination and detoxification of biliary constituents accumulating in cholestasis. They also control other pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression of cholestasis liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Baghdasaryan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Poupon R. Ursodeoxycholic acid and bile-acid mimetics as therapeutic agents for cholestatic liver diseases: an overview of their mechanisms of action. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36 Suppl 1:S3-12. [PMID: 23141891 DOI: 10.1016/s2210-7401(12)70015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cholestasis and liver inflammation are the two main pathophysiological components of the two major classes of disease - primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - leading to bile duct destruction and ultimately to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), initially introduced as a therapeutic approach to counteract the cholestatic components to PBC and PSC, was subsequently shown to exhibit unexpected anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatoty properties. The use of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 agonists in various animal models have confirmed early observations indicating that bile acids are not only toxicants and inflammagens, but also repressors of innate and adaptive immunity. Obeticholic acid is a bile-acid mimetic, with no toxic or inflammagen behavior, that strongly activates FXR to combat the toxic effects of high concentrations of bile acid. Because UDCA is not an FXR agonist, its combination with obeticholic acid could be a promising tool for the treatment of PBC and PSC. In this overview, the biological properties of UDCA, NorUDCA and FXR agonists are highlighted, as well as their overlapping mechanisms of action in inflammatory biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Poupon
- Service d'Hépatologie et Centre de Référence des maladies inflammatoires des voies biliaires, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France.
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Debray D, Rainteau D, Barbu V, Rouahi M, Mourabit HE, Lerondel S, Rey C, Humbert L, Wendum D, Cottart CH, Dawson P, Chignard N, Housset C. Defects in gallbladder emptying and bile Acid homeostasis in mice with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator deficiencies. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1581-91.e6. [PMID: 22370478 PMCID: PMC3579557 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have poorly defined defects in biliary function. We evaluated the effects of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) deficiency on the enterohepatic disposition of bile acids (BAs). METHODS Bile secretion and BA homeostasis were investigated in Cftr(tm1Unc) (Cftr-/-) and CftrΔF508 (ΔF508) mice. RESULTS Cftr-/- and ΔF508 mice did not grow to normal size, but did not have liver abnormalities. The gallbladders of Cftr-/- mice were enlarged and had defects in emptying, based on (99m)technetium-mebrofenin scintigraphy or post-prandial variations in gallbladder volume; gallbladder contraction in response to cholecystokinin-8 was normal. Cftr-/- mice had abnormal gallbladder bile and duodenal acidity, and overexpressed the vasoactive intestinal peptide-a myorelaxant factor for the gallbladder. The BA pool was larger in Cftr-/- than wild-type mice, although there were no differences in fecal loss of BAs. Amounts of secondary BAs in portal blood, liver, and bile of Cftr-/- mice were much lower than normal. Expression of genes that are induced by BAs, including fibroblast growth factor-15 and BA transporters, was lower in the ileum but higher in the gallbladders of Cftr-/- mice, compared with wild-type mice, whereas enzymes that synthesize BA were down-regulated in livers of Cftr-/- mice. This indicates that BAs underwent a cholecystohepatic shunt, which was confirmed using cholyl-(Ne-NBD)-lysine as a tracer. In Cftr-/- mice, cholecystectomy reversed most changes in gene expression and partially restored circulating levels of secondary BAs. The ΔF508 mice overexpressed vasoactive intestinal peptide and had defects in gallbladder emptying and in levels of secondary BAs, but these features were less severe than in Cftr-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Cftr-/- and CftrΔF508 mice have defects in gallbladder emptying that disrupt enterohepatic circulation of BAs. These defects create a shunt pathway that restricts the amount of toxic secondary BAs that enter the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Debray
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Hépato-Gastroentérologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Biochimie, Hépato-Gastroentérologie & Anatomo-Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Barbu
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Biochimie, Hépato-Gastroentérologie & Anatomo-Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Rouahi
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Colette Rey
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Biochimie, Hépato-Gastroentérologie & Anatomo-Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Cottart
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, EA 4466, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Paul Dawson
- Section on Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 and INSERM, UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Biochimie, Hépato-Gastroentérologie & Anatomo-Pathologie, Paris, France
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Baghdasaryan A, Claudel T, Gumhold J, Silbert D, Adorini L, Roda A, Vecchiotti S, Gonzalez FJ, Schoonjans K, Strazzabosco M, Fickert P, Trauner M. Dual farnesoid X receptor/TGR5 agonist INT-767 reduces liver injury in the Mdr2-/- (Abcb4-/-) mouse cholangiopathy model by promoting biliary HCO⁻₃ output. Hepatology 2011; 54:1303-12. [PMID: 22006858 PMCID: PMC3744065 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic cholangiopathies have limited therapeutic options and represent an important indication for liver transplantation. The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane G protein-coupled receptor, TGR5, regulate bile acid (BA) homeostasis and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of FXR and/or TGR5 could ameliorate liver injury in Mdr2(-/-) (Abcb4(-/-)) mice, a model of chronic cholangiopathy. Hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, as well as bile secretion and key genes of BA homeostasis were addressed in Mdr2(-/-) mice fed either a chow diet or a diet supplemented with the FXR agonist, INT-747, the TGR5 agonist, INT-777, or the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767 (0.03% w/w). Only the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767, significantly improved serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammation, and biliary fibrosis in Mdr2(-/-) mice, whereas INT-747 and INT-777 had no hepatoprotective effects. In line with this, INT-767 significantly induced bile flow and biliary HCO 3- output, as well as gene expression of carbonic anhydrase 14, an important enzyme able to enhance HCO 3- transport, in an Fxr-dependent manner. In addition, INT-767 dramatically reduced bile acid synthesis via the induction of ileal Fgf15 and hepatic Shp gene expression, thus resulting in significantly reduced biliary bile acid output in Mdr2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION This study shows that FXR activation improves liver injury in a mouse model of chronic cholangiopathy by reduction of biliary BA output and promotion of HCO 3--rich bile secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Gumhold
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Silbert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Aldo Roda
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Vecchiotti
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fausther M, Dranoff JA. New insights on the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis provided by studies in FXR knockout mice. J Hepatol 2011; 55:939-40. [PMID: 21672564 PMCID: PMC3756144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), may play a pivotal role in liver fibrosis. We tested the impact of genetic FXR ablation in four different mouse models. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in wild-type and FXR knock-out mice (FXR((-/-))) by CCl(4) intoxication, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine feeding, common bile duct ligation, or Schistosoma mansoni (S.m.)-infection. In addition, we determined nuclear receptor expression levels (FXR, pregnane X receptor (PXR), vitamin D receptor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), small heterodimer partner (SHP)) in mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal myofibroblasts (MFBs), and human HSCs. Cell type-specific FXR protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in five mouse models and prototypic human fibrotic liver diseases. Expression of nuclear receptors was much lower in mouse and human HSCs/MFBs compared with total liver expression with the exception of vitamin D receptor. FXR protein was undetectable in mouse and human HSCs and MFBs. FXR loss had no effect in CCl(4)-intoxicated and S.m.-infected mice, but significantly decreased liver fibrosis of the biliary type (common bile duct ligation, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine). These data suggest that FXR loss significantly reduces fibrosis of the biliary type, but has no impact on non-cholestatic liver fibrosis. Since there is no FXR expression in HSCs and MFBs in liver fibrosis, our data indicate that these cells may not represent direct therapeutic targets for FXR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Corresponding author. Address: Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. #567, Shorey S8/68, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. (J.A. Dranoff)
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Role of nuclear receptors for bile acid metabolism, bile secretion, cholestasis, and gallstone disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:867-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Horvath G, Brubel R, Kovacs K, Reglodi D, Opper B, Ferencz A, Szakaly P, Laszlo E, Hau L, Kiss P, Tamas A, Racz B. Effects of PACAP on oxidative stress-induced cell death in rat kidney and human hepatocyte cells. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:67-75. [PMID: 20676802 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in various renal and hepatic pathologies, and reduction of oxidative stress-induced processes is an important protective strategy in tissues of diverse origins against harmful stimuli. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-known cytotrophic and cytoprotective peptide. PACAP promotes cell survival in numerous cells and tissues exposed to various stimuli. Protective effects of PACAP have been shown in the kidney, but it is not known whether PACAP is protective against oxidative stress in renal cells. Little is known about the effects of PACAP in the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PACAP is protective against oxidative stress in primary rat kidney cell culture and whether PACAP has any effect on cell survival in human WRL-68 hepatocytes and HEP-G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells subjected to oxidative stress. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of H(2)O(2) with or without PACAP co-treatment and cell viability was evaluated with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test (MTT). We found that oxidative stress induced a significant decrease in cell viability in both cell lines. PACAP could dose-dependently increase the percentage of living cells in kidney cells, but it failed to do so in hepatocytes. Given the survival-promoting effects of PACAP against oxidative stress in rat kidney, we conducted a further experiment to determine whether PACAP influences the markers of oxidative stress in vivo. We have proven earlier that PACAP was effective in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. In the present study, we determined the levels of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde and the activity of the scavenger molecules glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) following kidney ischemia/reperfusion in rats. We found that PACAP significantly increased the level of GSH and counteracted the marked reduction of SOD activity after ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. In summary, the present study showed that while PACAP was able to significantly increase the cell survival in primary kidney cell cultures exposed to oxidative stress, possibly involving interaction with the endogenous scavenger system, it failed to influence the viability of normal or cancerous hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Gadaleta RM, van Mil SWC, Oldenburg B, Siersema PD, Klomp LWJ, van Erpecum KJ. Bile acids and their nuclear receptor FXR: Relevance for hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:683-92. [PMID: 20399894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) critically regulates nascent bile formation and bile acid enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids and FXR play a pivotal role in regulating hepatic inflammation and regeneration as well as in regulating extent of inflammatory responses, barrier function and prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. Recent evidence suggests, that the bile acid-FXR interaction is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases of the liver, biliary and gastrointestinal tract, such as cholestatic and inflammatory liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated cancer of the colon and esophagus. In this review we discuss current knowledge of the role the bile acid-FXR interaction has in (patho)physiology of the liver, biliary and gastrointestinal tract, and proposed underlying mechanisms, based on in vitro data and experimental animal models. Given the availability of highly potent synthetic FXR agonists, we focus particularly on potential relevance for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella M Gadaleta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Baron A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Fartoux L, Venot C, Bladt F, Housset C, Rosmorduc O. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibition induces a resistance mechanism via the epidermal growth factor receptor/HER3/AKT signaling pathway: rational basis for cotargeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5445-56. [PMID: 19706799 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling axis is frequently dysregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we investigated whether the specific targeting of the IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) might represent a new therapeutic approach for this tumor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Total and phosphorylated levels of IGF-1R were measured in 21 paired samples of human HCCs and adjacent nontumoral livers using ELISA. The antineoplastic potency of a novel anti-IGF-1R antibody, AVE1642, was examined in five human hepatoma cell lines. RESULTS Overexpression of IGF-1R was detected in 33% of HCCs and increased activation of IGF-1R was observed in 52% of tumors. AVE1642 alone had moderate inhibitory effects on cell viability. However, its combination with gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, induced supra-additive effects in all cell lines that were associated with cell cycle blockage and inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The combination of AVE1642 with rapamycin also induced a synergistic reduction of viability and of AKT phosphorylation. Of marked interest, AVE1642 alone up-regulated the phosphorylated and total levels of HER3, the main partner of EGFR, and AVE1642-induced phosphorylation of HER3 was prevented by gefitinib. Moreover, the down-regulation of HER3 expression with siRNA reduced AKT phosphorylation and increased cell sensitivity to AVE1642. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that hepatoma cells overcome IGF-1R inhibition through HER3 activation in an EGFR-dependent mechanism, and that HER3 represents a critical mediator in acquired resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapy. These results provide a strong rational for targeting simultaneously EGFR and IGF-1R in clinical trials for HCC].
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D'Aldebert E, Biyeyeme Bi Mve MJ, Mergey M, Wendum D, Firrincieli D, Coilly A, Fouassier L, Corpechot C, Poupon R, Housset C, Chignard N. Bile salts control the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin through nuclear receptors in the human biliary epithelium. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1435-43. [PMID: 19245866 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Under normal conditions, the biliary tract is a microbial-free environment. The absence of microorganisms has been attributed to various defense mechanisms that include the physicochemical and signaling actions of bile salts. Here, we hypothesized that bile salts may stimulate the expression of a major antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, through nuclear receptors in the biliary epithelium. METHODS The expression of cathelicidin was analyzed in human liver samples by immunostaining and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The regulation of cathelicidin expression by the endogenous bile salt, chenodeoxycholic acid, and by the therapeutic bile salt, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), was assessed in human biliary epithelial cells in which endogenous nuclear receptor expression was blunted by siRNA or dominant-negative strategies. RESULTS In the human liver, biliary epithelial cells show intense immunoreactivity for cathelicidin and for the vitamin D receptor. In cultured biliary epithelial cells, chenodeoxycholic acid and UDCA induce cathelicidin expression through 2 different nuclear receptors: the farnesoid X receptor and the vitamin D receptor, respectively. Importantly, vitamin D further increases the induction of cathelicidin expression by both bile salts. In a prototypical inflammatory biliary disease (ie, primary biliary cirrhosis), we document that hepatic expressions of the vitamin D receptor and of cathelicidin significantly increased with UDCA therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that bile salts may contribute to biliary tract sterility by controlling epithelial cell innate immunity. They further suggest that in inflammatory biliary diseases, which involve bacterial factors, a strategy systematically combining UDCA with vitamin D would increase therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie D'Aldebert
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMR_S 893, CdR Saint Antoine, Paris, France
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Fouassier L, Rosenberg P, Mergey M, Saubaméa B, Clapéron A, Kinnman N, Chignard N, Jacobsson-Ekman G, Strandvik B, Rey C, Barbu V, Hultcrantz R, Housset C. Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein (EBP50), an estrogen-inducible scaffold protein, contributes to biliary epithelial cell proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:869-80. [PMID: 19234136 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) anchors and regulates apical membrane proteins in epithelia. EBP50 is inducible by estrogen and may affect cell proliferation, although this latter function remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether EBP50 was implicated in the ductular reaction that occurs in liver disease. EBP50 expression was examined in normal human liver, in human cholangiopathies (ie, cystic fibrosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis), and in rats subjected to bile-duct ligation. The regulation of EBP50 by estrogens and its impact on proliferation were assessed in both bile duct-ligated rats and Mz-Cha-1 human biliary epithelial cells. Analyses of cell isolates and immunohistochemical studies showed that in normal human liver, EBP50 is expressed in the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes and, together with ezrin and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, in the apical domains of cholangiocytes. In both human cholangiopathies and bile duct-ligated rats, EBP50 was redistributed to the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. EBP50 underwent a transient increase in rat cholangiocytes after bile-duct ligation, whereas such expression was down-regulated in ovariectomized rats. In addition, in Mz-Cha-1 cells, EBP50 underwent up-regulation and intracellular redistribution in response to 17beta-estradiol, whereas its proliferation was inhibited by siRNA-mediated EBP50 knockdown. These results indicate that both the expression and distribution of EBP50 are regulated by estrogens and contribute to the proliferative response in biliary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fouassier
- INSERM, UMR_S 893, CdR Saint-Antoine, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, site Saint-Antoine, 27, rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France.
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Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F, Staels B. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:147-91. [PMID: 19126757 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1137] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome has taken epidemic proportions in the past decades, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome can be defined as a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure, and hypercoagulability. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptor transcription factors. FXR is activated by bile acids, and FXR-deficient (FXR(-/-)) mice display elevated serum levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, demonstrating a critical role of FXR in lipid metabolism. In an opposite manner, activation of FXR by bile acids (BAs) or nonsteroidal synthetic FXR agonists lowers plasma triglycerides by a mechanism that may involve the repression of hepatic SREBP-1c expression and/or the modulation of glucose-induced lipogenic genes. A cross-talk between BA and glucose metabolism was recently identified, implicating both FXR-dependent and FXR-independent pathways. The first indication for a potential role of FXR in diabetes came from the observation that hepatic FXR expression is reduced in animal models of diabetes. While FXR(-/-) mice display both impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity, activation of FXR improves hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in vivo in diabetic mice. Finally, a recent report also indicates that BA may regulate energy expenditure in a FXR-independent manner in mice, via activation of the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of FXR activity and BA metabolism may open new attractive pharmacological approaches for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Lille, France
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Kovacs P, Kress R, Rocha J, Kurtz U, Miquel JF, Nervi F, Méndez-Sánchez N, Uribe M, Bock HH, Schirin-Sokhan R, Stumvoll M, Mössner J, Lammert F, Wittenburg H. Variation of the gene encoding the nuclear bile salt receptor FXR and gallstone susceptibility in mice and humans. J Hepatol 2008; 48:116-24. [PMID: 17931734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS From quantitative trait locus mapping in inbred mice, we identified the Nr1h4 gene encoding the nuclear bile salt receptor FXR as a candidate gene for the cholesterol gallstone susceptibility locus Lith7. Here, we investigated further an association of the gene encoding FXR and gallstone susceptibility in mice and humans. METHODS The Nr1h4 gene was sequenced in inbred mouse strains with susceptible and resistant Lith7 alleles. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to determine mRNA expression levels. Gallstone carriers and control subjects of three different populations comprising 1004 individuals were genotyped for polymorphisms of the orthologous human gene detected by sequencing. RESULTS Expression and sequence analyses in inbred mice were consistent with Nr1h4 underlying Lith7. In the human populations, we identified three frequent haplotypes that accounted for > 95% of all haplotypes observed. In a Mexican population, the most common haplotype NR1H4_1 was associated with gallstone prevalence. In contrast, NR1H4_1 displayed no association with gallstone prevalence in a German population, whereas in a Chilean population we observed a trend towards a protective effect of NR1H4_1. CONCLUSIONS Our study in an inbred mouse model and in three ethnically distinct populations indicates complex interactions of NR1H4 alleles and other risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine III, Leipzig, Germany
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Moore DD, Kato S, Xie W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Schmidt DR, Xiao R, Kliewer SA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:742-59. [PMID: 17132852 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors of the NR1H and NR1I subgroups include the constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and vitamin D receptor. The newly emerging functions of these related receptors are under the control of metabolic pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics, bile acids, cholesterol, and calcium. This review summarizes results of structural, pharmacologic, and genetic studies of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Demeilliers C, Jacquemin E, Barbu V, Mergey M, Paye F, Fouassier L, Chignard N, Housset C, Lomri NE. Altered hepatobiliary gene expressions in PFIC1: ATP8B1 gene defect is associated with CFTR downregulation. Hepatology 2006; 43:1125-34. [PMID: 16628629 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports in patients with PFIC1 have indicated that a gene defect in ATP8B1 could cause deregulations in bile salt transporters through decreased expression and/or activity of FXR. This study aimed to: (1) define ATP8B1 expression in human hepatobiliary cell types, and (2) determine whether ATP8B1 defect affects gene expressions related to bile secretion in these cells. ATP8B1 expression was detected by RT-PCR in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes isolated from normal human liver and gallbladder. ATP8B1 mRNA levels were 20- and 200-fold higher in bile duct and gallbladder epithelial cells, respectively, than in hepatocytes. RT-PCR analyses of the liver from two patients with PFIC1, one with PFIC2, one with biliary atresia, showed that, compared to normal liver, hepatic expressions of FXR, SHP, CYP7A1, ASBT were decreased at least by 90% in all cholestatic disorders. In contrast, NTCP transcripts were less decreased (by < or = 30% vs. 97%) in PFIC1 as compared with other cholestatic disorders, while BSEP transcripts, in agreement with BSEP immunohistochemical signals, were normal or less decreased (by 50% vs. 97%). CFTR hepatic expression was decreased (by 80%), exclusively in PFIC1, while bile duct mass was not reduced, as ascertained by cytokeratin-19 immunolabeling. In Mz-ChA-2 human biliary epithelial cells, a significant decrease in CFTR expression was associated with ATP8B1 invalidation by siRNA. In conclusion, cholangiocytes are a major site ofATP8B1 hepatobiliary expression. A defect of ATP8B1 along with CFTR downregulation can impair the contribution of these cells to bile secretion, and potentially explain the extrahepatic cystic fibrosis-like manifestations that occur in PFIC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Demeilliers
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, GRP2H, Département de Biologie, Errmece, Cergy-Pontoise, France
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Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. LXRs also permit the efficient storage of carbohydrate- and fat-derived energy, whereas FXR activation results in an overall decrease in triglyceride levels and modulation of glucose metabolism. The elegant, dual interplay between these two receptor systems suggests that they coevolved to constitute a highly sensitive and efficient system for the maintenance of total body fat and cholesterol homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that the tissue-specific action of these receptors is also crucial for the proper function of the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, endocrine pancreas, renal, and central nervous systems. Together, LXRs and FXR represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of numerous metabolic and lipid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Y Kalaany
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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