1
|
Meethalepurayil VKC, Velu K, Dhinakarasamy I, Shrestha LK, Ariga K, Rene ER, Vijayakumar GK, Mani R, Radhakrishnapillai A, Tharmathass SD, Prasad S. Insights into the molecular response of Dioithona rigida to selenium nanoparticles: de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2379758. [PMID: 39253596 PMCID: PMC11382696 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2379758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The impact of contaminants on Copepod sp. and its molecular response is least explored, despite their abundance and dominance among invertebrates in aquatic environments. In the present investigation, Dioithona rigida, a cyclopoid zooplankton, was treated with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to determine the associated biochemical changes, and the chronic exposure effects were recorded using transcriptomic analysis. It was found that, SeNPs were acutely toxic with a lethal dose 50% of 140.9 mg/L. The de novo assembled transcriptome of the copepod comprised 81,814 transcripts, which underwent subsequent annotations to biological processes (23,378), cellular components (21,414), and molecular functions (31,015). Comparison of the expressed transcripts against the treated sample showed that a total of 186 transcript genes were differentially expressed among the D. rigida treatments (control and SeNPs). The significant downregulated genes are coding for DNA repair, DNA-templated DNA replication, DNA integration, oxidoreductase activity and transmembrane transport. Similarly, significant upregulations were observed in protein phosphatase binding and regulation of membrane repolarization. Understanding the impact of SeNPs on copepods is crucial not only for aquatic ecosystem health but also for human health, as these organisms play a key role in marine food webs, ultimately affecting the fish consumed by humans. By elucidating the molecular responses and potential toxicological effects of SeNPs, this study provides key insights for risk assessments and regulatory policies, ensuring the safety of seafood and protecting human health from the unintended consequences of nanoparticle pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthick Velu
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inbakandan Dhinakarasamy
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Eldon Raj Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ganesh Kumar Vijayakumar
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Mani
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravind Radhakrishnapillai
- Crustacean Culture Division, ICAR-Central institute of Brackish water Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Stalin Dhas Tharmathass
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Prasad
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin D, Chen Y, Koksal AR, Dash S, Aydin Y. Targeting ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway as a potential novel strategy for hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 37158967 PMCID: PMC10165818 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCC risk, while decreased compared with active HCV infection, persists in HCV-cured patients by direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). We previously demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained activated after DAA-mediated HCV eradication. Developing therapeutic strategies to both eradicate HCV and reverse Wnt/β-catenin signaling is needed. METHODS Cell-based HCV long term infection was established. Chronically HCV infected cells were treated with DAA, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Western blotting analysis and fluorescence microscopy were performed to determine HCV levels and component levels involved in ER stress/PKA/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, the effects of H89 and TUDCA were determined on HCV infection. RESULTS Both chronic HCV infection and replicon-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained activated after HCV and replicon eradication by DAA. HCV infection activated PKA activity and PKA/GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of PKA with H89 both repressed HCV and replicon replication and reversed PKA/GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in both chronic HCV infection and replicon. Both chronic HCV infection and replicon induced ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress with TUDCA both repressed HCV and replicon replication and reversed ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of either PKA or ER stress both inhibited extracellular HCV infection. CONCLUSION Targeting ER stress/PKA/GSK-3β-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling with PKA inhibitor could be a novel therapeutic strategy for HCV-infected patients to overcomes the issue of remaining activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by DAA treatment. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Yijia Chen
- The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gong T, Liu Y, Tian Z, Zhang M, Gao H, Peng Z, Yin S, Cheung CW, Liu Y. Identification of immune-related endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in sepsis using bioinformatics and machine learning. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995974. [PMID: 36203606 PMCID: PMC9530749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced apoptosis of immune cells leads to widespread depletion of key immune effector cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the apoptotic pathway, although little is known regarding its role in sepsis-related immune cell apoptosis. The aim of this study was to develop an ER stress-related prognostic and diagnostic signature for sepsis through bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms on the basis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between healthy controls and sepsis patients. Methods The transcriptomic datasets that include gene expression profiles of sepsis patients and healthy controls were downloaded from the GEO database. The immune-related endoplasmic reticulum stress hub genes associated with sepsis patients were identified using the new comprehensive machine learning algorithm and bioinformatics analysis which includes functional enrichment analyses, consensus clustering, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Next, the diagnostic model was established by logistic regression and the molecular subtypes of sepsis were obtained based on the significant DEGs. Finally, the potential diagnostic markers of sepsis were screened among the significant DEGs, and validated in multiple datasets. Results Significant differences in the type and abundance of infiltrating immune cell populations were observed between the healthy control and sepsis patients. The immune-related ER stress genes achieved strong stability and high accuracy in predicting sepsis patients. 10 genes were screened as potential diagnostic markers for sepsis among the significant DEGs, and were further validated in multiple datasets. In addition, higher expression levels of SCAMP5 mRNA and protein were observed in PBMCs isolated from sepsis patients than healthy donors (n = 5). Conclusions We established a stable and accurate signature to evaluate the diagnosis of sepsis based on the machine learning algorithms and bioinformatics. SCAMP5 was preliminarily identified as a diagnostic marker of sepsis that may affect its progression by regulating ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hejun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Youtan Liu, ; Chi Wai Cheung, ; Shuang Yin,
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Youtan Liu, ; Chi Wai Cheung, ; Shuang Yin,
| | - Youtan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Youtan Liu, ; Chi Wai Cheung, ; Shuang Yin,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
HCV Genotype Has No Influence on the Incidence of Diabetes-EpiTer Multicentre Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020379. [PMID: 35054072 PMCID: PMC8780546 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV infection is one of the main reasons for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, one finds more and more extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, including its possible influence on the development of diabetes. In the presented work, one finds the frequency analysis of the incidence of diabetes among 2898 HCV infected patients treated in Poland, and the assessment of their relevance to the HCV genotype and the progression of fibrosis. The results indicate that the hepatitis C infection seems to be a risk factor for diabetes in persons with more advanced liver fibrosis, for older people, and for the male gender. Thus, one found no differences regarding the frequency of its incidence depending on HCV genotype, including genotype 3.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen X, Wang X, Yang L, Xu H, Wu Y, Wu J, Chen L, Xu C. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate prevents cadmium-induced activation of JNK and apoptotic hepatocyte death by reversing ROS-inactivated PP2A. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1663-1674. [PMID: 34468764 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cadmium (Cd) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and consequential liver disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) on Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS L02 and AML-12 cells were used to study MgIG hepatoprotective effects. Cd-evoked apoptosis, ROS and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade disruption were analysed by cell viability assay, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining, ROS imaging and Western blotting. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to explore the mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS We show that MgIG attenuated Cd-evoked hepatocyte apoptosis by blocking JNK pathway. Pre-treatment with SP600125 or ectopic expression of dominant-negative c-Jun enhanced MgIG's anti-apoptotic effects. Further investigation found that MgIG rescued Cd-inactivated PP2A. Inhibition of PP2A activity by okadaic acid attenuated the MgIG's inhibition of the Cd-stimulated JNK pathway and apoptosis; in contrast, overexpression of PP2A strengthened the MgIG effects. In addition, MgIG blocked Cd-induced ROS generation. Eliminating ROS by N-acetyl-l-cysteine abrogated Cd-induced PP2A-JNK pathway disruption and concurrently reinforced MgIG-conferred protective effects, which could be further slightly strengthened by PP2A overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that MgIG is a promising hepatoprotective agent for the prevention of Cd-induced hepatic injury by mitigating ROS-inactivated PP2A, thus preventing JNK activation and hepatocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hongjiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Institute for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Institute for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
As liver is one of the primary organs involved in glucose homeostasis, it is not surprising that patients with liver dysfunction in chronic liver disease usually develop impaired glucose tolerance and subsequently overt diabetes later in their natural course. Diabetes that develops after the onset of cirrhosis of liver is usually referred to as hepatogenous diabetes (HD). It is an underrecognized and a hallmark endocrinological event in chronic liver disease. HD is associated with a higher risk of developing hepatic decompensations, such as ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, renal dysfunction, refractory ascites, and hepatocellular carcinoma along with reduced survival rates than normoglycemic patients with cirrhosis of liver. It is quite different from type 2 diabetes mellitus with the absence of classical risk factors, dissimilar laboratory profiles, and decreased incidence of microvascular complications. Furthermore, the management of patients with HD is challenging because of altered pharmacokinetics of most antidiabetic drugs and increased risk of hypoglycemia and other adverse effects. Hence, a clear understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical implications, laboratory diagnosis, and management of HD is essential for both hepatologists as well as endocrinologists, which is narrated briefly in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barski MS, Minnell JJ, Maertens GN. PP2A Phosphatase as an Emerging Viral Host Factor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:725615. [PMID: 34422684 PMCID: PMC8371333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.725615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is one of the most ubiquitous cellular proteins and is responsible for the vast majority of Ser/Thr phosphatase activity in eukaryotes. PP2A is a heterotrimer, and its assembly, intracellular localization, enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity are subject to dynamic regulation. Each of its subunits can be targeted by viral proteins to hijack and modulate its activity and downstream signaling to the advantage of the virus. Binding to PP2A is known to be essential to the life cycle of many viruses and seems to play a particularly crucial role for oncogenic viruses, which utilize PP2A to transform infected cells through controlling the cell cycle and apoptosis. Here we summarise the latest developments in the field of PP2A viral targeting; in particular recent discoveries of PP2A hijacking through molecular mimicry of a B56-specific motif by several different viruses. We also discuss the potential as well as shortcomings for therapeutic intervention in the face of our current understanding of viral PP2A targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Goedele Noella Maertens
- Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Molecular Virology, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding Y, Li G, Zhou Z, Deng T. Molecular mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus infection-related diabetes. Metabolism 2021; 121:154802. [PMID: 34090869 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a noncommunicable widespread disease that poses the risk of severe complications in patients, with certain complications being life-threatening. Hepatitis C is an infectious disease that mainly causes liver damage, which is also a profound threat to human health. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has many extrahepatic manifestations, including diabetes. Multiple mechanisms facilitate the strong association between HCV and diabetes. HCV infection can affect the insulin signaling pathway in liver and pancreatic tissue and change the profiles of circulating microRNAs, which may further influence the occurrence and development of diabetes. This review describes how HCV infection causes diabetes and discusses the current research progress with respect to HCV infection-related diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scurt FG, Bose K, Canbay A, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. [Chronic kidney injury in patients with liver diseases - Reappraising pathophysiology and treatment options]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:560-579. [PMID: 33728618 DOI: 10.1055/a-1402-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic kidney disease concurs commonly with liver disease and is associated with a wide array of complications including dialysis dependency and increased mortality. Patients with liver disease or liver cirrhosis show a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease. This is attributed to concomitant comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, hypercoagulability, hyperfibrinolysis, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemias. But chronic progressive kidney disease is not always due to hepatorenal syndrome. Beyond that, other diseases or disease entities should be considered. Among them are diabetic nephropathy, secondary IgA nephropathy, hepatitis C -associated membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and hepatitis B-associated membranous nephropathy.Coexisting diseases, similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, or simultaneously concurring pathophysiological processes and overlapping clinical manifestations, impede the etiologic diagnosis and corresponding treatment of chronic kidney disease in the setting of chronic liver disease. In this review, we focus on common and rare pathologies, which can lead to chronic kidney disease in this particular patient group and try to summarize the most recent therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gunnar Scurt
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bose
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Universitätsklinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Ali Canbay
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos Chatzikyrkou
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jühling F, Hamdane N, Crouchet E, Li S, El Saghire H, Mukherji A, Fujiwara N, Oudot MA, Thumann C, Saviano A, Roca Suarez AA, Goto K, Masia R, Sojoodi M, Arora G, Aikata H, Ono A, Tabrizian P, Schwartz M, Polyak SJ, Davidson I, Schmidl C, Bock C, Schuster C, Chayama K, Pessaux P, Tanabe KK, Hoshida Y, Zeisel MB, Duong FHT, Fuchs BC, Baumert TF. Targeting clinical epigenetic reprogramming for chemoprevention of metabolic and viral hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2021; 70:157-169. [PMID: 32217639 PMCID: PMC7116473 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest-growing cause of cancer-related mortality with chronic viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as major aetiologies. Treatment options for HCC are unsatisfactory and chemopreventive approaches are absent. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) results in epigenetic alterations driving HCC risk and persisting following cure. Here, we aimed to investigate epigenetic modifications as targets for liver cancer chemoprevention. DESIGN Liver tissues from patients with NASH and CHC were analysed by ChIP-Seq (H3K27ac) and RNA-Seq. The liver disease-specific epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in patients was modelled in a liver cell culture system. Perturbation studies combined with a targeted small molecule screen followed by in vivo and ex vivo validation were used to identify chromatin modifiers and readers for HCC chemoprevention. RESULTS In patients, CHC and NASH share similar epigenetic and transcriptomic modifications driving cancer risk. Using a cell-based system modelling epigenetic modifications in patients, we identified chromatin readers as targets to revert liver gene transcription driving clinical HCC risk. Proof-of-concept studies in a NASH-HCC mouse model showed that the pharmacological inhibition of chromatin reader bromodomain 4 inhibited liver disease progression and hepatocarcinogenesis by restoring transcriptional reprogramming of the genes that were epigenetically altered in patients. CONCLUSION Our results unravel the functional relevance of metabolic and virus-induced epigenetic alterations for pathogenesis of HCC development and identify chromatin readers as targets for chemoprevention in patients with chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jühling
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nourdine Hamdane
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Houssein El Saghire
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Atish Mukherji
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marine A Oudot
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Thumann
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonio Saviano
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kaku Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gunisha Arora
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Parissa Tabrizian
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Myron Schwartz
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Schmidl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - François HT Duong
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France .,Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eagleman DE, Zhu J, Liu DC, Seimetz J, Kalsotra A, Tsai NP. Unbiased proteomic screening identifies a novel role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 in translational suppression during ER stress. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1809-1820. [PMID: 33064840 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when protein folding or maturation is disrupted. A malfunction in the ER stress response can lead to cell death and has been observed in many neurological diseases. However, how the ER stress response is regulated in neuronal cells remains largely unclear. Here, we studied an E3 ubiquitin ligase named neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4-like (Nedd4-2). Nedd4-2 is highly expressed in the brain and has a high affinity toward ubiquitinating membrane-bound proteins. We first utilized unbiased proteomic profiling with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) of isolated membrane fractions from mouse whole brains to identify novel targets of Nedd4-2. Through this screen, we found that the expression and ubiquitination of ribosomal proteins are regulated by Nedd4-2 and we confirmed an association between Nedd4-2 and ribosomes through ribosome sedimentation and polysome profiling. Further, we utilized immunoprecipitation and western blotting to show that induction of ER stress promotes an association between Nedd4-2 and ribosomal proteins, which is mediated through dephosphorylation of Nedd4-2 at serine-342. This increased interaction between Nedd4-2 and ribosomal proteins in turn mediates ER stress-associated translational suppression. In summary, the results of this study demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism underlying the ER stress response and a novel function of Nedd4-2 in translational control. Our findings may shed light on neurological diseases in which the ER stress response or the function of Nedd4-2 is dysregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Eagleman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jiuhe Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dai-Chi Liu
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Seimetz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R.Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dash S, Aydin Y, Wu T. Integrated stress response in hepatitis C promotes Nrf2-related chaperone-mediated autophagy: A novel mechanism for host-microbe survival and HCC development in liver cirrhosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:20-35. [PMID: 31386899 PMCID: PMC7007355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) how liver damage during the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection evolve into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. HCV infects hepatocyte, the major cell types in the liver. During infection, large amounts of viral proteins and RNA replication intermediates accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the infected hepatocyte, which creates a substantial amount of stress response. Infected hepatocyte activates a different type of stress adaptive mechanisms such as unfolded protein response (UPR), antioxidant response (AR), and the integrated stress response (ISR) to promote virus-host cell survival. The hepatic stress is also amplified by another layer of innate and inflammatory response associated with cellular sensing of virus infection through the production of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines. The interplay between various types of cellular stress signal leads to different forms of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy depending on the intensity of the stress and nature of the adaptive cellular response. How do the adaptive cellular responses decode such death programs that promote host-microbe survival leading to the establishment of chronic liver disease? In this review, we discuss how the adaptive cellular response through the Nrf2 pathway that promotes virus and cell survival. Furthermore, we provide a glimpse of novel stress-induced Nrf2 mediated compensatory autophagy mechanisms in virus-cell survival that degrade tumor suppressor gene and activation of oncogenic signaling during HCV infection. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that the balance between hepatic stress, inflammation and different types of cell death determines liver disease progression outcomes. We propose that a more nuanced understanding of virus-host interactions under excessive cellular stress may provide an answer to the fundamental questions why some individuals with chronic HCV infection remain at risk of developing cirrhosis, cancer and some do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan M, Zhou J, Du L, Yan L, Tang H. Hepatitis C Virus Clearance with Glucose Improvement and Factors Affecting the Glucose Control in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1976. [PMID: 32029793 PMCID: PMC7005176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether the glucose level improves and what factors affect the improvement in glucose control after the eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 1090 patients with HCV infections were enrolled, among which 278 (25.5%) patients were diagnosed with prediabetes, and 89 (8.16%) patients were diagnosed with diabetes. In the cohort, 990 patients belonged to sustained virological response (SVR) group and 100 belonged to non-SVR group. Decreases in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level were found in the SVR group but not in the non-SVR group (p < 0.001; p = 0.267). In the SVR group, subjects with baseline FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L were further stratified into glycometabolism-improved (N = 182) and unimproved (N = 150) groups according to their FPG after viral eradication. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, higher baseline HCV RNA, glucose, total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels were independent risk factors for insufficient glucose improvement. In conclusion, patients with HCV infection had a higher prevalence of abnormal glycometabolism. It could be improved after viral eradication, indicating that HCV may influence glycometabolism. Moreover, Age, baseline HCV RNA, glucose, total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels were impact factor for glycometabolism improvement after viral eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Yuan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Russo FP, Zanetto A, Gambato M, Bortoluzzi I, Al Zoairy R, Franceschet E, De Marchi F, Marzi L, Lynch EN, Floreani A, Farinati F, Schaefer B, Burra P, Zoller H, Mega A. Hepatitis C virus eradication with direct-acting antiviral improves insulin resistance. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:188-194. [PMID: 31596996 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustained virological response (SVR) after interferon-based therapy is associated with improvement of insulin resistance (IR) in HCV-infected patients. Few data are available in the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) era, especially in cirrhotic patients. We prospectively evaluated the long-term effect of DAAs on IR. Patients treated with DAAs between May 2015 and December 2016 in 3 tertiary care centres were recruited. Patients with diabetes were excluded. Biochemical and virological data were collected at baseline, 12/24/48 weeks (W) after the end of therapy (EOT). Presence of IR was defined by a 'homeostasis model assessment index for IR' [HOMA-IR])> 2.5. Liver fibroscan was performed at baseline, at 24/48W after EOT. Hundred and thirty-eight patients were enrolled (mean age 58 years, M/F 85/53, GT1 61%, 68.8% cirrhotic). Sixty-eight patients (94/138) had IR. Patients with IR had significantly higher stiffness than patients without it (23 ± 12 vs 15 ± 8; P < .0001). SVR12 was achieved in 135 (98%) patients, and 124 (90%) patients reached the 48W post-EOT. At this time point, the percentage of patients with IR significantly decreased to 49% (P = 0,01). HOMA-IR was significantly lower than baseline (1.8 vs 3; P < .001), and this was related to a significant reduction of insulin level (11.7 ± 6.3 vs 16.4 ± 8.3). High BMI was associated with a significantly lower probability of achieving a non-IR status at 24W (P = .05) and 48W (P = .03).In conclusion, SVR following DAAs led to a significant reduction of IR, even in patients with cirrhosis. Nevertheless, IR can persist after the achievement of SVR, especially in patients with high BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Russo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.,Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanetto
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.,Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Gambato
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ramona Al Zoairy
- Department of Medicine I, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Enrica Franceschet
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luca Marzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Bolzano Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Erica Nicola Lynch
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Benedikt Schaefer
- Department of Medicine I, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Medicine I, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Mega
- Division of Gastroenterology, Bolzano Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lan J, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Ye Q. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces liver cells apoptosis after brain death by suppressing the phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 2A. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:567-574. [PMID: 31974600 PMCID: PMC6947944 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether brain death (BD) induces the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and reveal the possible association with BD-induced liver cell apoptosis. A total of 30 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Sham-operated group (S), BD group and 4-phenylbutyric acid group (BD + 4-PBA), with 10 rats in each group. All rats were anesthetized. The model of BD was established by inflating a balloon catheter that was placed into the extradural space after anesthesia. 4-PBA was administered via an intraperitoneal injection when the BD model was established. Anesthesia of the S group of rats was maintained for 6 h. Liver tissues were harvested after 6 h of BD. HE staining was used to evaluate the damage of liver. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick-end labeling staining was used to observe the apoptosis of liver cells. Activation of ERS and PP2A was examined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. We reported that the apoptosis of liver cells after BD was significantly promoted than in the S group. Activation of ERS and PP2A was induced in the BD group when compared with S group. Phosphorylation of PP2A was suppressed in BD group. Application of 4-PBA decreased the activation of ERS and apoptosis rate compared with the BD group. In addition, activation of PP2A in the BD + 4-PBA group was decreased due to the reduction of PP2A phosphorylation compared with the BD group, but the levels were higher than in the S group. (P<0.05). In summary, our results indicated that BD induced ERS, then activated PP2A by suppressing the phosphorylation of PP2A, resulting in the apoptosis of liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia'nan Lan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nie J, Ta N, Liu L, Shi G, Kang T, Zheng Z. Activation of CaMKII via ER-stress mediates coxsackievirus B3-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:488-498. [PMID: 31631456 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to the development of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis, but the mechanism for the apoptosis by CVB3 infection remains unclear. Here, we showed that CVB3-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and apoptosis in cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes. We found that Ca2+ -calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) was activated by ER stress-dependent intracellular Ca2+ overload in the CVB3-infected H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Treatment with an inhibitor of ER stress, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), attenuated intracellular Ca2+ accumulation indirectly and reduced CaMKII activity. Inhibition of CaMKII with pharmacological inhibitor (KN-93) or short hairpin RNA reduced CVB3-induced H9c2 apoptosis and repressed cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm; whereas overexpression of the activated mutant of CaMKII (CaMKII-T287D) enhanced CVB3-induced H9c2 apoptosis and mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which could be alleviated by blocking of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter or mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Further in vivo investigation revealed that blocking of CaMKII with KN-93 prevented cardiomyocytes apoptosis and improved cardiac contractile function in CVB3-infected mouse heart. Collectively, these findings provide a novel evidence that CaMKII plays a vital role in the promotion of CVB3-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which links ER stress and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Guoxiang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zeqi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dash S, Aydin Y, Moroz K. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Liver: Good or Bad? Cells 2019; 8:E1308. [PMID: 31652893 PMCID: PMC6912708 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection triggers autophagy processes, which help clear out the dysfunctional viral and cellular components that would otherwise inhibit the virus replication. Increased cellular autophagy may kill the infected cell and terminate the infection without proper regulation. The mechanism of autophagy regulation during liver disease progression in HCV infection is unclear. The autophagy research has gained a lot of attention recently since autophagy impairment is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are three autophagy processes involved in the lysosomal degradation and extracellular release of cytosolic cargoes under excessive stress. Autophagy processes compensate for each other during extreme endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to promote host and microbe survival as well as HCC development in the highly stressed microenvironment of the cirrhotic liver. This review describes the molecular details of how excessive cellular stress generated during HCV infection activates CMA to improve cell survival. The pathological implications of stress-related CMA activation resulting in the loss of hepatic innate immunity and tumor suppressors, which are most often observed among cirrhotic patients with HCC, are discussed. The oncogenic cell programming through autophagy regulation initiated by a cytoplasmic virus may facilitate our understanding of HCC mechanisms related to non-viral etiologies and metabolic conditions such as uncontrolled type II diabetes. We propose that a better understanding of how excessive cellular stress leads to cancer through autophagy modulation may allow therapeutic development and early detection of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nziza N, Duroux-Richard I, Apparailly F. MicroRNAs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Can we learn more about pathophysiological mechanisms? Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:796-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
19
|
Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mohammadinejad R, Moosavi MA, Tavakol S, Vardar DÖ, Hosseini A, Rahmati M, Dini L, Hussain S, Mandegary A, Klionsky DJ. Necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell fates triggered by nanoparticles. Autophagy 2019; 15:4-33. [PMID: 30160607 PMCID: PMC6287681 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1509171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained a rapid increase in use in a variety of applications that pertain to many aspects of human life. The majority of these innovations are centered on medical applications and a range of industrial and environmental uses ranging from electronics to environmental remediation. Despite the advantages of NPs, the knowledge of their toxicological behavior and their interactions with the cellular machinery that determines cell fate is extremely limited. This review is an attempt to summarize and increase our understanding of the mechanistic basis of nanomaterial interactions with the cellular machinery that governs cell fate and activity. We review the mechanisms of NP-induced necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy and potential implications of these pathways in nanomaterial-induced outcomes. Abbreviations: Ag, silver; CdTe, cadmium telluride; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; EC, endothelial cell; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GO, graphene oxide; GSH, glutathione; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NP, nanoparticle; PEI, polyethylenimine; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; QD, quantum dot; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SiO2, silicon dioxide; SPIONs, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes; TiO2, titanium dioxide; USPION, ultra-small super paramagnetic iron oxide; ZnO, zinc oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deniz Özkan Vardar
- Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gualerzi A, Bellan M, Smirne C, Tran Minh M, Rigamonti C, Burlone ME, Bonometti R, Bianco S, Re A, Favretto S, Bellomo G, Minisini R, Carnevale Schianca GP, Pirisi M. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in diabetic and non diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct antiviral agents. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209216. [PMID: 30571711 PMCID: PMC6301649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients is likely due to viral-induced insulin resistance (IR). Indeed, control of diabetes in these patients benefits of successful antiviral treatment; whether the same applies to subtler alterations of glucose metabolism is unknown. We aimed to fill this gap. Methods The study population included 82 HCV-RNA positive patients (48 males, median age 66 years, 73 with advanced fibrosis, 41 HCV-1b), attending the liver clinic of an academic hospital to receive direct antivirals. None was previously known to be diabetic. All underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before antiviral treatment and right after its conclusion. Results At baseline, the majority of patients had evidence of abnormal glucose metabolism (N. = 45, 55%; impaired fasting glucose 10%, impaired glucose tolerance16%, both the above 12%, 17% diabetes), while only 37 (45%) were normally glucose tolerant (NGT). At the end of treatment, HCV-RNA quantification was below the detection threshold (HCV-RNA <12 UI/ml), for all patients enrolled. A significant decrease in glucose and insulin plasma concentrations was observed, leading to a significant reduction in Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)-IR (from 3.42 [2.66–5.38] to 2.80 [1.78–3.95];p<0.001) and a corresponding increase in insulin sensitivity (ISI Belfiore from 0.49 [0.26–0.75] to 0.64 [0.42–0.91];p<0.001), despite a significant reduction in insulin secretion (EFP Stumvoll from 1363 [959–1730] to 1264 [976–1588];p = 0.027). Importantly, HOMA-IR reduction occurred also in the subgroup of NGT patients (p = 0.017). The number of NGT patients increased to 53, 65% (p = 0.013) paralleled by a reduced number of those satisfying criteria for prediabetic conditions (31 (38%) vs. 17 (21%); p = 0.025). Conclusions Glucose metabolism parameters of HCV infected patients improve early after antiviral treatment, with benefits that are not limited to diabetics. These findings confirm how deep and widespread is the impairment of insulin pathways exerted by HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gualerzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “Sant’Andrea Hospital”, Vercelli, Italy
- IRCAD, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlo Smirne
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Margherita Tran Minh
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Rigamonti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Emma Burlone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Ramona Bonometti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Bianco
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Azzurra Re
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Serena Favretto
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bellomo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in cirrhotic patients is much higher than that in the general population. Two types of diabetes are usually seen in patients with cirrhosis: type 2 diabetes mellitus and hepatogenous diabetes (HD). The HD is an acquired condition which is believed to be caused by impaired insulin clearance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in cirrhotic patients. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products and hypoxia-inducible factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HD. Patients with HD typically present with normal fasting glucose, but abnormal response to an oral glucose tolerance test, which is required for the diagnosis. Because the level of glycated hemoglobin is often falsely low in patients with cirrhosis, it does not help in the early diagnosis of HD. HD is associated with an increased rate of complications of cirrhosis, decreased 5-year survival rate, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The major complications of cirrhosis associated with HD include hepatic encephalopathy (HE), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, sepsis, variceal hemorrhage, and renal dysfunction. Treatment of HD may be difficult as many antihyperglycemic therapies are associated with increased risk of complications in cirrhosis, particularly hypoglycemia. Biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and new medications such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors appear to be safe in patients with cirrhosis. Though insulin therapy is currently advocated, requirement of insulin is variable and is difficult to predict. The liver transplantation usually results in reversal of HD. This review article provides an overview of magnitude, patients' characteristics, clinical implications, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Silva TE, Ronsoni MF, Schiavon LL. Challenges in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes in patients with chronic liver diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:431-440. [PMID: 29279271 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and mortality of diabetes mellitus and liver disease have risen in recent years. The liver plays an important role in glucose homeostasis, and various chronic liver diseases have a negative effect on glucose metabolism with the consequent emergence of diabetes. Some aspects related to chronic liver disease can affect diagnostic tools and the monitoring of diabetes and other glucose metabolism disorders, and clinicians must be aware of these limitations in their daily practice. In cirrhotic patients, fasting glucose may be normal in up until 23% of diabetes cases, and glycated hemoglobin provides falsely low results, especially in advanced cirrhosis. Similarly, the performance of alternative glucose monitoring tests, such as fructosamine, glycated albumin and 1,5-anhydroglucitol, also appears to be suboptimal in chronic liver disease. This review will examine the association between changes in glucose metabolism and various liver diseases as well as the particularities associated with the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes in liver disease patients. Alternatives to routinely recommended tests will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Telma E Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo F Ronsoni
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Schiavon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Pan E, Zhu J, Xu L, Chen X, Li J, Liang L, Hu Y, Xia J, Chen J, Chen W, Hu J, Wang K, Tang N, Huang A. Cisplatin Enhances Hepatitis B Virus Replication and PGC-1α Expression through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3496. [PMID: 29472690 PMCID: PMC5823916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a serious public health issue worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is commonly reported in patients receiving anticancer therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, or organ and tissue transplantation. However, the precise mechanisms underlying chemotherapeutic agent-related HBV reactivation remain unclear. Here, we report that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) plays a central role in cisplatin-induced HBV transcription and replication. First, cisplatin treatment upregulated the expression levels of PGC-1α and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4α) in both HBV-replicating cells and an HBV-transgenic mouse model. PGC-1α coactivates with HNF-4α, which interacts with a core promoter and enhancer II region of HBV genome, thereby promoting HBV production. In contrast, knockdown of PGC-1α and HNF-4α by RNA interference in hepatoma cells reversed HBV activation in response to cisplatin. Additionally, PGC-1α upregulation depended on cisplatin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We further observed that the recruitment of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein plays a crucial role for PGC-1α transcriptional activation in cisplatin-treated cells. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of ER stress impaired PGC-1α upregulation and HBV production induced by cisplatin treatment. These findings demonstrate novel molecular mechanisms indicating that ER stress-PGC1α signaling pathway plays a critical role in cisplatin-evoked HBV reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - E Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wannan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Singhal A, Agrawal A, Ling J. Regulation of insulin resistance and type II diabetes by hepatitis C virus infection: A driver function of circulating miRNAs. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2071-2085. [PMID: 29411512 PMCID: PMC5867149 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious worldwide healthcare issue. Its association with various liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well studied. However, the study on the relationship between HCV infection and the development of insulin resistance and diabetes is very limited. Current research has already elucidated some underlying mechanisms, especially on the regulation of metabolism and insulin signalling by viral proteins. More studies have emerged recently on the correlation between HCV infection‐derived miRNAs and diabetes and insulin resistance. However, no studies have been carried out to directly address if these miRNAs, especially circulating miRNAs, have causal effects on the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Here, we proposed a new perspective that circulating miRNAs can perform regulatory functions to modulate gene expression in peripheral tissues leading to insulin resistance and diabetes, rather than just a passive factor associated with these pathological processes. The detailed rationales were elaborated through comprehensive literature review and bioinformatic analyses. miR‐122 was identified to be one of the most potential circulating miRNAs to cause insulin resistance. This result along with the idea about the driver function of circulating miRNAs will promote further investigations that eventually lead to the development of novel strategies to treat HCV infection‐associated extrahepatic comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adit Singhal
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | | | - Jun Ling
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are common in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Epidemiologic and clinical data indicate an overprevalence of lipids abnormalite, steatosis, insuline resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus in HCV patients, suggesting that HCV itself may interact with glucido-lipidic metabolism. HCV interacts with the host lipid metabolism by several mechanisms leading to hepatic steatosis and hypolipidemia which are reversible after viral eradication. Liver and peripheral IR are HCV genotype/viral load dependent and improved after viral eradication. This article examines examine the relationship between HCV, lipid abnormalities, steatosis, IR, and diabetes and the pathogenic mechanisms accounting for these events in HCV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Serfaty
- Hepatology Department, INSERM UMR_S 938, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Orsi E, Grancini V, Menini S, Aghemo A, Pugliese G. Hepatogenous diabetes: Is it time to separate it from type 2 diabetes? Liver Int 2017; 37:950-962. [PMID: 27943508 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By definition, hepatogenous diabetes is directly caused by loss of liver function, implying that it develops after cirrhosis onset. Therefore, it should be distinguished from type 2 diabetes developing before cirrhosis onset, in which specific causes of liver disease play a major role, in addition to traditional risk factors. Currently, although hepatogenous diabetes shows distinct pathophysiological and clinical features, it is not considered as an autonomous entity. Recent evidence suggests that the failing liver exerts an independent "toxic" effect on pancreatic islets resulting in β-cell dysfunction. Moreover, patients with hepatogenous diabetes usually present with normal fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c levels and abnormal response to an oral glucose tolerance test, which is therefore required for diagnosis. This article discusses the need to separate hepatogenous diabetes from type 2 diabetes occurring in subjects with chronic liver disease and to identify individuals suffering from this condition for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Orsi
- Diabetes Service, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS "Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico" Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Grancini
- Diabetes Service, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS "Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico" Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy.,Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, A.M. and A. Migliavacca Center for Liver Disease, IRCCS "Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico" Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy.,Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Soto-Acosta R, Bautista-Carbajal P, Cervantes-Salazar M, Angel-Ambrocio AH, del Angel RM. DENV up-regulates the HMG-CoA reductase activity through the impairment of AMPK phosphorylation: A potential antiviral target. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006257. [PMID: 28384260 PMCID: PMC5383345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. Changes of lipid-related metabolites in endoplasmic reticulum of dengue virus (DENV) infected cells have been associated with replicative complexes formation. Previously, we reported that DENV infection inhibits HMGCR phosphorylation generating a cholesterol-enriched cellular environment in order to favor viral replication. In this work, using enzymatic assays, ELISA, and WB we found a significant higher activity of HMGCR in DENV infected cells, associated with the inactivation of AMPK. AMPK activation by metformin declined the HMGCR activity suggesting that AMPK inactivation mediates the enhanced activity of HMGCR. A reduction on AMPK phosphorylation activity was observed in DENV infected cells at 12 and 24 hpi. HMGCR and cholesterol co-localized with viral proteins NS3, NS4A and E, suggesting a role for HMGCR and AMPK activity in the formation of DENV replicative complexes. Furthermore, metformin and lovastatin (HMGCR inhibitor) altered this co-localization as well as replicative complexes formation supporting that active HMGCR is required for replicative complexes formation. In agreement, metformin prompted a significant dose-dependent antiviral effect in DENV infected cells, while compound C (AMPK inhibitor) augmented the viral genome copies and the percentage of infected cells. The PP2A activity, the main modulating phosphatase of HMGCR, was not affected by DENV infection. These data demonstrate that the elevated activity of HMGCR observed in DENV infected cells is mediated through AMPK inhibition and not by increase in PP2A activity. Interestingly, the inhibition of this phosphatase showed an antiviral effect in an HMGCR-independent manner. These results suggest that DENV infection increases HMGCR activity through AMPK inactivation leading to higher cholesterol levels in endoplasmic reticulum necessary for replicative complexes formation. This work provides new information about the mechanisms involved in host lipid metabolism during DENV replicative cycle and identifies new potential antiviral targets for DENV replication. DENV replicative complexes formation is associated with changes of lipid-related metabolites in endoplasmic reticulum, such as an increase in cholesterol synthesis. This increase correlates with a significant augment in the activity of HMGCoA reductase (the limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), favoring a cholesterol-enriched cellular environment. The augment in the activity of the HMGCR observed in infected cells is caused by a decrease in the phosphorylation level of the HMGCR, associated with the inactivation of AMPK. In agreement, AMPK activation by metformin reduces HMGCR activity and affects viral replication. The role HMGCR and AMPK activity in DENV replicative complexes formation was confirmed by the co-localization of HMGCR and cholesterol with the viral proteins NS3, NS4A and E. Furthermore, metformin and lovastatin (HMGCR inhibitor) treatments altered this co-localization as well as replicative complexes formation supporting that active HMGCR is required for replicative complexes formation. The results show that during DENV infection, an increase in the HMGCR activity occurs through AMPK inactivation, leading to higher cholesterol levels in endoplasmic reticulum necessary for replicative complexes formation. This work provides new information about the mechanisms involved in host lipid metabolism during DENV replicative cycle and identifies potential new antiviral targets for DENV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Soto-Acosta
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Rosa M. del Angel
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Facilitates Hepatitis B Virus Replication through Binding with Type I Interferon (IFN) Receptor 1 To Repress IFN/JAK/STAT Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01824-16. [PMID: 28122987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01824-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may cause acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms by which HBV evades host immunity and maintains chronic infection are largely unknown. Here, we revealed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is activated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HBV-infected patients, and HBV stimulates MMP-9 expression in macrophages and PBMCs isolated from healthy individuals. MMP-9 plays important roles in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix and in the facilitation of tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. MMP-9 also regulates respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication, but the mechanism underlying such regulation is unknown. We further demonstrated that MMP-9 facilitates HBV replication by repressing the interferon (IFN)/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, IFN action, STAT1/2 phosphorylation, and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Moreover, MMP-9 binds to type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and facilitates IFNAR1 phosphorylation, ubiquitination, subcellular distribution, and degradation to interfere with the binding of IFANR1 to IFN-α. Thus, we identified a novel positive-feedback regulation loop between HBV replication and MMP-9 production. On one hand, HBV activates MMP-9 in infected patients and leukocytes. On the other hand, MMP-9 facilitates HBV replication through repressing IFN/JAK/STAT signaling, IFNAR1 function, and IFN-α action. Therefore, HBV may take the advantage of MMP-9 function to establish or maintain chronic infection.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may cause chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms by which HBV maintains chronic infection are largely unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays important roles in the facilitation of tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, the effects of MMP-9 on HBV replication and pathogenesis are not known. This study reveals that MMP-9 expression is activated in patients with CHB, and HBV stimulates MMP-9 production in PBMCs and macrophages. More interestingly, MMP-9 in turn promotes HBV replication through suppressing IFN-α action. Moreover, MMP-9 interacts with type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1) to disturb the binding of IFN-α to IFNAR1 and facilitate the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, subcellular distribution, and degradation of IFNAR1. Therefore, these results discover a novel role of MMP-9 in viral replication and reveal a new mechanism by which HBV evades host immunity to maintain persistent infection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gastaldi G, Goossens N, Clément S, Negro F. Current level of evidence on causal association between hepatitis C virus and type 2 diabetes: A review. J Adv Res 2017; 8:149-159. [PMID: 28149650 PMCID: PMC5272937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been known for over 20 years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown a higher prevalence and incidence, respectively, of T2D in patients with chronic HCV infection. HCV induces glucose metabolism alterations mostly interfering with the insulin signaling chain in hepatocytes, although extrahepatic mechanisms seem to contribute. Both IR and T2D accelerate the histological and clinical progression of chronic hepatitis C as well as the risk of extra-hepatic complications such as nephropathy, acute coronary events and ischemic stroke. Before the availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), the therapeutic choice was limited to interferon (IFN)-based therapy, which reduced the incidence of the extra-hepatic manifestations but was burdened with several contraindications and poor tolerability. A better understanding of HCV-associated glucose metabolism derangements and their reversibility is expected with the use of DAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gastaldi
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Clément
- Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
- Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tsunematsu S, Suda G, Yamasaki K, Kimura M, Izumi T, Umemura M, Ito J, Sato F, Nakai M, Sho T, Morikawa K, Ogawa K, Tanaka Y, Watashi K, Wakita T, Sakamoto N. Hepatitis B virus X protein impairs α-interferon signaling via up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and protein phosphatase 2A. J Med Virol 2016; 89:267-275. [PMID: 27459003 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Standard therapy includes treatment with interferon (IFN); however, its efficacy is limited. HBV has been reported to impair IFN signaling; however, the mechanism is unclear. Here, the relationship between HBV X protein (HBx) and IFN signaling was investigated by establishing HepG2 cells, stably expressing HBx (HepG2/HBx) via retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Subsequently, IFN negative-regulator expression and its mechanism were studied. HepG2/HBx cells showed reduced expression of IFN-stimulated genes and expressed higher levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) suppressor compared with control cells. Knockdown of SOCS3 and PP2A restored IFN sensitivity. Moreover, HepG2/HBx cells showed higher phosphorylation levels of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are inducers of SOCS3 and PP2A, respectively. Additionally, HBx-knockdown restored IFN sensitivity in HepG2.2.15.7 cells. It was also confirmed that SOCS3 and PP2A expression levels were up-regulated in the liver of patients with HBV infection. The results of this study demonstrated that HBx impairs IFN signaling via increased expression of SOCS3 and PP2A, a novel mechanistic insight, providing a potential therapeutic target to enhance the efficiency of IFN therapy. J. Med. Virol. 89:267-275, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tsunematsu
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Goki Suda
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamasaki
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kimura
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Izumi
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Umemura
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Sato
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masato Nakai
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sho
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Morikawa
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Ogawa
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nonstructural 3 Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Modulates the Tribbles Homolog 3/Akt Signaling Pathway for Persistent Viral Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7231-7247. [PMID: 27252525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanisms underlying HCV-induced liver pathogenesis are still not fully understood. By transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis, we recently identified host genes that were significantly differentially expressed in cell culture-grown HCV (HCVcc)-infected cells. Of these, tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) was selected for further characterization. TRIB3 was initially identified as a binding partner of protein kinase B (also known as Akt). TRIB3 blocks the phosphorylation of Akt and induces apoptosis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. HCV has been shown to enhance Akt phosphorylation for its own propagation. In the present study, we demonstrated that both mRNA and protein levels of TRIB3 were increased in the context of HCV replication. We further showed that promoter activity of TRIB3 was increased by HCV-induced ER stress. Silencing of TRIB3 resulted in increased RNA and protein levels of HCV, whereas overexpression of TRIB3 decreased HCV replication. By employing an HCV pseudoparticle entry assay, we further showed that TRIB3 was a negative host factor involved in HCV entry. Both in vitro binding and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that HCV NS3 specifically interacted with TRIB3. Consequently, the association of TRIB3 and Akt was disrupted by HCV NS3, and thus, TRIB3-Akt signaling was impaired in HCV-infected cells. Moreover, HCV modulated TRIB3 to promote extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity, and cell migration. Collectively, these data indicate that HCV exploits the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway to promote persistent viral infection and may contribute to HCV-mediated pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE TRIB3 is a pseudokinase protein that acts as an adaptor in signaling pathways for important cellular processes. So far, the functional involvement of TRIB3 in virus-infected cells has not yet been demonstrated. We showed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of TRIB3 were increased in the context of HCV RNA replication. Gene silencing of TRIB3 increased HCV RNA and protein levels, and thus, overexpression of TRIB3 decreased HCV replication. TRIB3 is known to promote apoptosis by negatively regulating the Akt signaling pathway under ER stress conditions. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway was disrupted by NS3 in HCV-infected cells. These data provide evidence that HCV modulates the TRIB3-Akt signaling pathway to establish persistent viral infection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu J, Wang L, Wang W, Li Y, Jia X, Zhai S, Shi J, Dang S. Application of network construction to estimate functional changes to insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in Huh7 cells following infection with the hepatitis C virus. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2379-88. [PMID: 27432476 PMCID: PMC4991679 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is closely associated with insulin resistance (IS), acting primarily by interfering with insulin signaling pathways, increasing cytokine-mediated (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6) inflammatory responses and enhancing oxidative stress. In the insulin signaling pathways, the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) is one of the key regulatory factors. The present study constructed gene regulatory sub-networks specific for IRS1 and IRS2 in Huh7 cells and HCV-infected Huh7 (HCV-Huh7) cells using linear programming and a decomposition algorithm, and investigated the possible mechanisms underlying the function of IRS1/2 in HCV-induced IS in Huh7 cells. All data were obtained from GSE20948 of the Gene Expression Omnibus database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genes which were significantly differentially expressed between Huh7 and HCV-Huh7 cells were analyzed using the significance analysis of microarray algorithm. The top 50 genes, including IRS1/2, were used as target genes to determine the gene regulatory networks and next the sub-networks of IRS1 and IRS2 in HCV-Huh7 and Huh7 cells using Gene Regulatory Network Inference Tool, an algorithm based on linear programming and the decomposition process. The IRS1/2 sub-networks were divided into upstream/downstream groups and activation/suppression clusters, and were further analyzed using Molecule Annotation System 3.0 and Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery software, two online platforms for enrichment and clustering analysis and visualization. The results indicated that in Huh7 cells, the downstream network of IRS2 is more complex than that of IRS1, indicating that the insulin metabolism in Huh7 cells may be primarily mediated by IRS2. In HCV-Huh7 cells, the downstream pathway of IRS2 is blocked, suggesting that this may be the underlying mechanism in HCV infection that leads to insulin resistance. The present findings add a further dimension to the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of HCV infection-associated insulin resistance, and provide novel concepts for insulin resistance and glucose metabolism research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Linbang Wang
- The First Clinical Department, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Shuangsuo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hepatitis C Virus Infection Induces Autophagy as a Prosurvival Mechanism to Alleviate Hepatic ER-Stress Response. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050150. [PMID: 27223299 PMCID: PMC4885105 DOI: 10.3390/v8050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently leads to chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms by which HCV infection leads to chronic liver disease and HCC are not well understood. The infection cycle of HCV is initiated by the attachment and entry of virus particles into a hepatocyte. Replication of the HCV genome inside hepatocytes leads to accumulation of large amounts of viral proteins and RNA replication intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in production of thousands of new virus particles. HCV-infected hepatocytes mount a substantial stress response. How the infected hepatocyte integrates the viral-induced stress response with chronic infection is unknown. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an ER-associated cellular transcriptional response, is activated in HCV infected hepatocytes. Over the past several years, research performed by a number of laboratories, including ours, has shown that HCV induced UPR robustly activates autophagy to sustain viral replication in the infected hepatocyte. Induction of the cellular autophagy response is required to improve survival of infected cells by inhibition of cellular apoptosis. The autophagy response also inhibits the cellular innate antiviral program that usually inhibits HCV replication. In this review, we discuss the physiological implications of the HCV-induced chronic ER-stress response in the liver disease progression.
Collapse
|
35
|
Honda T. Links between Human LINE-1 Retrotransposons and Hepatitis Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Chem 2016; 4:21. [PMID: 27242996 PMCID: PMC4863659 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of liver cancers, the third most frequent cause of cancer mortality. The most prevalent risk factors for HCC are infections by hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Findings suggest that hepatitis virus-related HCC might be a cancer in which LINE-1 retrotransposon, often termed L1, activity plays a potential role. Firstly, hepatitis viruses can suppress host defense factors that also control L1 mobilization. Secondly, many recent studies also have indicated that hypomethylation of L1 affects the prognosis of HCC patients. Thirdly, endogenous L1 retrotransposition was demonstrated to activate oncogenic pathways in HCC. Fourthly, several L1 chimeric transcripts with host or viral genes are found in hepatitis virus-related HCC. Such lines of evidence suggest a linkage between L1 retrotransposons and hepatitis virus-related HCC. Here, I briefly summarize current understandings of the association between hepatitis virus-related HCC and L1. Then, I discuss potential mechanisms of how hepatitis viruses drive the development of HCC via L1 retrotransposons. An increased understanding of the contribution of L1 to hepatitis virus-related HCC may provide unique insights related to the development of novel therapeutics for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Graumann F, Churin Y, Tschuschner A, Reifenberg K, Glebe D, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Genomic Methylation Inhibits Expression of Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Protein in Transgenic Mice: A Non-Infectious Mouse Model to Study Silencing of HBV Surface Antigen Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146099. [PMID: 26717563 PMCID: PMC4696744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The Hepatitis B virus genome persists in the nucleus of virus infected hepatocytes where it serves as template for viral mRNA synthesis. Epigenetic modifications, including methylation of the CpG islands contribute to the regulation of viral gene expression. The present study investigates the effects of spontaneous age dependent loss of hepatitis B surface protein- (HBs) expression due to HBV-genome specific methylation as well as its proximate positive effects in HBs transgenic mice. Methods Liver and serum of HBs transgenic mice aged 5–33 weeks were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, serum analysis, PCR, and qRT-PCR. Results From the third month of age hepatic loss of HBs was observed in 20% of transgenic mice. The size of HBs-free area and the relative number of animals with these effects increased with age and struck about 55% of animals aged 33 weeks. Loss of HBs-expression was strongly correlated with amelioration of serum parameters ALT and AST. In addition lower HBs-expression went on with decreased ER-stress. The loss of surface protein expression started on transcriptional level and appeared to be regulated epigenetically by DNA methylation. The amount of the HBs-expression correlated negatively with methylation of HBV DNA in the mouse genome. Conclusions Our data suggest that methylation of specific CpG sites controls gene expression even in HBs-transgenic mice with truncated HBV genome. More important, the loss of HBs expression and intracellular aggregation ameliorated cell stress and liver integrity. Thus, targeted modulation of HBs expression may offer new therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, HBs-transgenic mice depict a non-infectious mouse model to study one possible mechanism of HBs gene silencing by hypermethylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Graumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Kurt Reifenberg
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kukla M, Piotrowski D, Waluga M, Hartleb M. Insulin resistance and its consequences in chronic hepatitis C. Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 1:17-29. [PMID: 28856251 PMCID: PMC5421163 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2015.51375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is generally a slowly progressive disease, but some factors associated with rapid progression have been identified. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may contribute to a broad spectrum of metabolic disturbances - namely, steatosis, insulin resistance (IR), increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism abnormalities and atherosclerosis. HCV can directly or indirectly cause both IR and steatosis, but it is still not resolved whether this viral impact bears the same prognostic value as the metabolic counterparts. As the population exposed to HCV ages, the morbidity due to this disease is increasing. The rising epidemic of obesity contributes to higher prevalence of IR and T2DM. Our understanding of the mutual association between both disease states continues to grow, but is still far from complete. This review briefly discusses the most probable mechanisms involved in IR development in the course of CHC. Molecular mechanisms for the direct and indirect influence of HCV on intracellular insulin signaling are described. Subsequently, the consequences of IR/T2DM for disease progression and management are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kukla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Piotrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Waluga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Emerging roles of interferon-stimulated genes in the innate immune response to hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 13:11-35. [PMID: 25544499 PMCID: PMC4712384 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major viral cause of chronic liver disease, frequently progresses to steatosis and cirrhosis, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV infection strongly induces host responses, such as the activation of the unfolded protein response, autophagy and the innate immune response. Upon HCV infection, the host induces the interferon (IFN)-mediated frontline defense to limit virus replication. Conversely, HCV employs diverse strategies to escape host innate immune surveillance. Type I IFN elicits its antiviral actions by inducing a wide array of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these ISGs participate in IFN-mediated anti-HCV actions remain largely unknown. In this review, we first outline the signaling pathways known to be involved in the production of type I IFN and ISGs and the tactics that HCV uses to subvert innate immunity. Then, we summarize the effector mechanisms of scaffold ISGs known to modulate IFN function in HCV replication. We also highlight the potential functions of emerging ISGs, which were identified from genome-wide siRNA screens, in HCV replication. Finally, we discuss the functions of several cellular determinants critical for regulating host immunity in HCV replication. This review will provide a basis for understanding the complexity and functionality of the pleiotropic IFN system in HCV infection. Elucidation of the specificity and the mode of action of these emerging ISGs will also help to identify novel cellular targets against which effective HCV therapeutics can be developed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Emerging roles of interferon-stimulated genes in the innate immune response to hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:218-20. [PMID: 25544499 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major viral cause of chronic liver disease, frequently progresses to steatosis and cirrhosis, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV infection strongly induces host responses, such as the activation of the unfolded protein response, autophagy and the innate immune response. Upon HCV infection, the host induces the interferon (IFN)-mediated frontline defense to limit virus replication. Conversely, HCV employs diverse strategies to escape host innate immune surveillance. Type I IFN elicits its antiviral actions by inducing a wide array of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these ISGs participate in IFN-mediated anti-HCV actions remain largely unknown. In this review, we first outline the signaling pathways known to be involved in the production of type I IFN and ISGs and the tactics that HCV uses to subvert innate immunity. Then, we summarize the effector mechanisms of scaffold ISGs known to modulate IFN function in HCV replication. We also highlight the potential functions of emerging ISGs, which were identified from genome-wide siRNA screens, in HCV replication. Finally, we discuss the functions of several cellular determinants critical for regulating host immunity in HCV replication. This review will provide a basis for understanding the complexity and functionality of the pleiotropic IFN system in HCV infection. Elucidation of the specificity and the mode of action of these emerging ISGs will also help to identify novel cellular targets against which effective HCV therapeutics can be developed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113499. [PMID: 25409163 PMCID: PMC4237446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) down-regulates TLR4 signaling and lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. There have been several reports regarding the association between HCV infection and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we examined the regulation of HCV NS5A on the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by thapsigargin, an inducer of ER stress. Methods The apoptotic response to thapsigargin and the expression of molecules involved in human hepatocyte apoptotic pathways were examined in the presence or absence of HCV NS5A expression. Results HCV JFH1 infection induced ER stress in the Huh7 cell line. HCV NS5A protected HepG2 cells against thapsigargin-induced apoptosis, the effect of which was linked to the enhanced expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (GRP78). Consistent with a conferred pro-survival advantage, HCV NS5A reduced poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage and activation of caspases-3, -7 and -9, and Bax expression, while increasing the expressions of the anti-apoptotic molecules XIAP and c-FLIP. HCV NS5A weakly interacts with GRP78 and enhances GRP78 expression in hepatocytes. Conclusion HCV NS5A enhances GRP78 expression, resulting in the inhibition of apoptotic properties, and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptotic pathways in human hepatocytes, suggesting that disruption of ER stress-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection. Thus, HCV NS5A might engender the survival of HCV-infected hepatocytes contributing to the establishment of persistent infection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Christen V, Camenzind M, Fent K. Silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress response, oxidative stress and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1143-1151. [PMID: 28962324 PMCID: PMC5598250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (225 nm) induced ER stress and unfolded protein response. MAPK pathway and associated genes are induced. PP2Ac, TNFα, NFкB and interferon stimulated genes are up-regulated. p53 is down-regulated, indicating inhibition of apoptosis. The data suggest hepatotoxic, inflammatory and tumorigenic action of SiO2-NPs.
Application of silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) may result in human exposure. Here we investigate unexplored modes of action by which SiO2-NPs with average size of 225 nm act on human hepatoma cells (Huh7). We focused on the endoplasmic (ER) stress response and on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Both pathways were induced. ER stress and the associated three unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways were activated as demonstrated by significant inductions of BiP and XBP-1s and a moderate but significant induction of ATF-4 at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml. In addition to activation of NFкB interferon stimulated genes IP-10, IRF-9, and ISG-15 were up-regulated. As a consequence of ER stress, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and PP2Ac were induced following exposure to 0.05 mg/ml SiO2-NPs. Additionally, this occurred at 0.005 mg/ml SiO2-NPs for TNFα at 24 h. This in turn led to a strong transcriptional induction of MAP-kinases and its target genes cJun, cMyc and CREB. A strong transcriptional down-regulation of the proapoptotic gene p53 occurred at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/ml SiO2-NP. Exposure of Huh7 cells to the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine reduced transcriptional induction of ER stress markers demonstrating a link between the induction of oxidative stress and ER stress. Our study demonstrates that SiO2-NPs lead to strong ER stress and UPR induction, oxidative stress, activation of MAPK signaling and down-regulation of p53. All of these activated pathways, which are analyzed here for the first time in detail, inhibit apoptosis and induce cell proliferation, which may contribute to a hepatotoxic, inflammatory and tumorigenic action of SiO2-NPs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATF-4, Activating transcription factor 4
- ATF-6, activating transcription factor 6
- BiP, binding immunoglobulin protein
- CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- Huh7, human hepatoma cells
- Human hepatoma cells
- IFN α, interferon α
- IFN β, interferon β
- IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10
- IRE-1, inositol-requiring protein 1
- IRF-9, interferon regulatory factor 9
- ISG-15, interferon-induced 17 kDa protein
- ISGs, interferon stiulated genes
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
- NFκB, nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells
- Noxa, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1
- PERK, protein kinase like ER kinase
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2a
- Proinflammatory response ;Iinterferon-stimulated genes
- STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- SiO2-NPs, silica nanoparticles
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP-1, X-box binding protein 1
- eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- p53, TP53-tumorsuppressor-gene
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Camenzind
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kuo YC, Chen IY, Chang SC, Wu SC, Hung TM, Lee PH, Shimotohno K, Chang MF. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein enhances gluconeogenesis through upregulation of Akt-/JNK-PEPCK signalling pathways. Liver Int 2014; 34:1358-68. [PMID: 25360475 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly associated with the type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the detailed mechanisms by which the viral proteins are involved in the clinical outcome remain unclear. METHODS A cDNA microarray analysis was performed following introducing an NS5A-encoding plasmid or a control vector into a mouse system by hydrodynamics- based transfection. Differentially expressed genes that are associated with gluconeogenesis were selected and their expression levels in HCV patients, in NS5A-expressing systems, and in the viral subgenomic replicon system were further examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Differential gene expression including an upregulation of the gluconeogenic rate-limiting enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) compared with controls was detected in mouse hepatocytes expressing HCV NS5A and in HCV patients with diabetes. In addition, an NS5A-dependent increase in glucose production was demonstrated in human primary hepatocytes. The upregulation of PEPCK and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-c coactivator-1a (PGC-1a) were also detected in NS5A-expressing cells and in the viral genotype 1b subgenomic replicon system. Further studies demonstrated that the NS5A-mediated upregulation of PEPCK and PGC-1a genes were resulted from the activation of PI3K-Akt and JNK signalling pathways. In addition, the expression levels of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 and the liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-4a were increased in HCV NS5A expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS By upregulating the expression of PEPCK gene via its transactivators FoxO1 and HNF-4a, and the coactivator PGC-1a, the NS5A promotes the production of hepatic glucose which may contribute to the development of HCV-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Yin Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shin C. Chang
- Institute of Microbiology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Surgery; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; E-DA Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses; Institute of Virus Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Ming-Fu Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lashine YA, Salah S, Aboelenein HR, Abdelaziz AI. Correcting the expression of miRNA-155 represses PP2Ac and enhances the release of IL-2 in PBMCs of juvenile SLE patients. Lupus 2014; 24:240-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314552117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 is involved in immune cell, differentiation, maturation and function. MiR-155 showed variable dysregulated expression in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MiR-155 was previously confirmed to directly target CAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which was previously identified as a positive regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A is a key negative regulator of interleukin-2, which is an important immune modulator and was previously shown to be decreased in SLE. In this study we aimed at investigating the regulation of PP2A by miR-155 and hence its role in juvenile SLE disease pathogenesis. MiR-155 showed significant downregulation in PBMCs from juvenile SLE and juvenile familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and significant upregulation in PBMCs from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. In SLE, miR-155 expression was negatively correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score and proteinuria and was positively correlated with white blood cell (WBC) count. The mRNA of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) showed significant upregulation in PBMCs from SLE and FMF but not in JIA patients. Additionally, the relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA was positively correlated with SLEDAI score. Forced expression of miR-155 led to decreased relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA and increased IL-2 release in cultured-stimulated PBMCs. This study suggests for the first time the possible role of an miR-155-PP2Ac loop in regulating IL-2 release and identifies miR-155 as a potential therapeutic target in juvenile SLE disease through relieving IL-2 from the inhibitory role of PP2A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lashine
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salah
- Abou el Reesh Pediatric Hospital, Kasr Al Aini, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H R Aboelenein
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A I Abdelaziz
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress links hepatitis C virus RNA replication to wild-type PGC-1α/liver-specific PGC-1α upregulation. J Virol 2014; 88:8361-74. [PMID: 24829353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01202-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes not only severe liver problems but also extrahepatic manifestations, such as insulin resistance (IR). Wild-type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (WT-PGC-1α) is essential in hepatic gluconeogenesis and has recently been demonstrated to link HCV infection to hepatic insulin resistance (IR). A recent study has characterized a novel human liver-specific PGC-1α (L-PGC-1α) transcript, which is proposed to reflect human adaption to more complex pathways. However, the effect of HCV infection on L-PGC-1α expression and the mechanism by which HCV modulates WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α remain unclear. In this study, we showed that HCV infection upregulated both WT-PGC-1α and L-PGC-1α, which further promoted HCV production. The upregulation of both PGC-1α isoforms depended on HCV RNA replication. By using promoter-luciferase reporters, kinase inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants, we further observed that the HCV-induced upregulation of WT-PGC-1α was mediated by the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), whereas that of L-PGC-1α was mediated by CREB phosphorylation and forkhead box O1 dephosphorylation. Moreover, HCV infection induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and pharmacological induction of ER stress upregulated WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α and phosphorylated CREB. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of HCV-induced ER stress impaired WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α upregulation along with decreased phosphorylated CREB. The correlation of hepatic mPGC-1α with ER stress was further confirmed in mice. Overall, HCV infection upregulates both WT-PGC-1α and L-PGC-1α through an ER stress-mediated, phosphorylated CREB-dependent pathway, and both PGC-1α isoforms promote HCV production in turn. IMPORTANCE HCV causes not only severe liver problems but also extrahepatic manifestations, such as insulin resistance (IR). As a key regulator in energy metabolism, wild-type PGC-1α (WT-PGC-1α), has recently been demonstrated to link HCV infection to hepatic IR. A recent study has characterized a novel human liver-specific PGC-1α (L-PGC-1α), which reflects human adaption to more complex pathways. However, the effect of HCV infection on L-PGC-1α expression and the mechanism by which HCV regulates WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α remain unclear. In this study, we showed that HCV infection upregulated both WT-PGC-1α and L-PGC-1α, which further promoted HCV production. WT-PGC-1α upregulation was mediated by CREB phosphorylation, whereas L-PGC-1α upregulation was mediated by CREB phosphorylation and FoxO1 dephosphorylation. HCV-induced ER stress mediated WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α upregulation and CREB phosphorylation. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which HCV upregulates WT-PGC-1α/L-PGC-1α and highlights the novel intervention of HCV-ER stress-PGC-1α signaling for HCV therapy and HCV-induced IR therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Gallo P, Vincentis AD, Galati G, Picardi A. Hepatitis C virus and metabolic disorder interactions towards liver damage and atherosclerosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2825-2838. [PMID: 24659875 PMCID: PMC3961987 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease worldwide, and alterations of glucose metabolism have reached pandemic proportions in western countries. However, the frequent coexistence between these two conditions is more than simply coincidental, since HCV can induce insulin resistance through several mechanisms. Indeed, the virus interferes with insulin signaling both directly and indirectly, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the entire viral life cycle has strict interconnections with lipid metabolism, and HCV is responsible for a “viral” steatosis which is frequently superimposed to a “metabolic” one. Several evidences suggest that HCV-induced metabolic disorders contribute both to the evolution of liver fibrosis and, likely, to the progression of the other disorders which are typically associated with altered metabolism, in particular atherosclerosis. In the present review, we will examine in depth the links between HCV infection and insulin resistance, liver steatosis and diabetes, and analyze the impact of these interactions on the progression of liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Special attention will be focused on the highly debated topic of the relationship between HCV infection and cardiovascular disease. The available clinical literature on this item will be broadly reviewed and all the mechanisms possibly implied will be discussed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kawaguchi Y, Mizuta T. Interaction between hepatitis C virus and metabolic factors. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2888-2901. [PMID: 24659880 PMCID: PMC3961972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disrupts the normal metabolism processes, but is also influenced by several of the host’s metabolic factors. An obvious and significantly detrimental pathophysiological feature of HCV infection is insulin resistance in hepatic and peripheral tissues. Substantial research efforts have been put forth recently to elucidate the molecular mechanism of HCV-induced insulin resistance, and several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, have been identified as important contributors to the development of insulin resistance in the distant peripheral tissues of HCV-infected patients and animal models. The demonstrated etiologies of HCV-induced whole-body insulin resistance include oxidative stress, lipid metabolism abnormalities, hepatic steatosis and iron overload. In addition, myriad effects of this condition have been characterized, including glucose intolerance, resistance to antiviral therapy, progression of hepatic fibrosis, development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and general decrease in quality of life. Metabolic-related conditions and disorders, such as visceral obesity and diabetes mellitus, have been shown to synergistically enhance HCV-induced metabolic disturbance, and are associated with worse prognosis. Yet, the molecular interactions between HCV-induced metabolic disturbance and host-associated metabolic factors remain largely unknown. The diet and lifestyle recommendations for chronic hepatitis C are basically the same as those for obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, patients are suggested to restrict their dietary iron intake, abstain from alcohol and tobacco, and increase their intake of green tea and coffee (to attain the beneficial effects of caffeine and polyphenols). While successful clinical management of HCV-infected patients with metabolic disorders has also been achieved with some anti-diabetic (i.e., metformin) and anti-lipid (i.e., statins) medications, it is recommended that sulfonylurea and insulin be avoided.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bernsmeier C, Calabrese D, Heim MH, Duong HTF. Hepatitis C virus dysregulates glucose homeostasis by a dual mechanism involving induction of PGC1α and dephosphorylation of FoxO1. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:9-18. [PMID: 24329853 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is a complex process in which the insulin signalling pathway plays a major role. Disruption of insulin-regulated glucose homeostasis is frequently observed in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection and might potentially contribute to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. Presently, the mechanism that links HCV infection to insulin resistance remains unclear. Previously, we have reported that HCV protein expression in HCV transgenic mice (B6HCV) leads to an overexpression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) through an ER stress response. In the present work, we describe an association of FoxO1 hypophosphorylation and upregulation of both PGC-1α and G6Pase to phenotypic hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in B6HCV mice. In vitro, we observed that PGC1α is concomitantly induced with PP2A. Moreover, we show that the enhanced PP2A expression is sufficient to inhibit insulin-induced FoxO1 phosphorylation via blockade of insulin-mediated Akt activation or/and through direct association and dephosphorylation of pS-FoxO1. Consequently, we found that the gluconeogenic gene glucose-6-phosphatase is upregulated. These observations were confirmed in liver biopsies obtained from CHC patients. In summary, our results show that HCV-mediated upregulation of PP2A catalytic subunit alters signalling pathways that control hepatic glucose homeostasis by inhibiting Akt and dephosphorylation of FoxO1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bernsmeier
- Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Guo P. Suppression of interferon-mediated antiviral immunity by hepatitis B virus: an overview of research progress. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:230-7. [PMID: 23790137 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α is an indispensable drug for hepatitis B treatment in clinical settings. However, hepatitis B virus (HBV) can attenuate IFN-mediated antiviral responses to avoid being inhibited or cleared. Much progress has been made in exploring how the IFN-induced anti-HBV effect is inhibited. This review examines and summarizes new advances regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the HBV-induced suppression of type I IFN-mediated antiviral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Guo
- West Campus Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gunduz F, Mallikarjun C, Balart LA, Dash S. Interferon alpha induced intrahepatic pSTAT1 inversely correlate with serum HCV RNA levels in chronic HCV infection. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 96:36-41. [PMID: 24211829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Jak-STAT signaling of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected hepatocyte is critical for the antiviral action of endogenously produced interferon (IFN) as well as exogenously administered interferon alpha (IFN-α). The activation of cellular Jak-STAT signaling by IFN-α results in the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of pSTAT1 and pSTAT2 proteins to induce antiviral gene transcription. Clinical studies show that chronic HCV patients with high viral load show poor response to interferon alpha and ribavirin combination therapy. AIM We seek to determine whether the IFN-α induced activation of pSTAT1 and pSTAT2 in hepatocytes isolated from liver biopsy of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus could be related to the viral load. METHOD Hepatocytes were isolated from liver biopsies of 18 chronic HCV patients using the collagen digestion method. Induction of pSTAT1 protein in the isolated hepatocyte was measured after IFN-α treatment. The fold change in the levels of pStat1 in the cell lysates due to IFN-treatment was measured by Western blot analysis followed by densitometry analysis. RESULTS Results of our study indicate that IFN-α induced pSTAT1 levels vary in chronically infected hepatocytes from chronic HCV patients. Semi-quantitative analysis of the pSTAT1 bands revealed a median induction of 7.4-fold in non-infected primary hepatocytes and 2.3-fold in chronic hepatitis C patients (p < 0.001). Total STAT1 levels were not significantly different between treated and untreated primary hepatocytes. We also found a significantly inverse correlation between the intrahepatic pSTAT1 inductions with the serum HCV RNA levels. CONCLUSION We have developed an antibody based Western blot detection method to measure intrahepatic pStat1 and pStat2 levels to assess the cellular response to exogenous IFN-alpha. Our results indicate that pStat1 activation is a good indicator to assess the level of HCV replication in chronic HCV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Gunduz
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chaithanya Mallikarjun
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Luis A Balart
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|