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Bali AD, Rosenzveig A, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Causation or Association. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:453-462. [PMID: 36825899 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease process that is gaining increasing recognition. The global prevalence of NAFLD is increasing in parallel with growing rates of risk factors for NAFLD such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD has been referred to as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). As CVD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, there are constant efforts to describe and alleviate its risk factors. Although there is conflicting data supporting NAFLD as a causative or associative factor for CVD, NAFLD has been shown to be associated with structural, electrical, and atherosclerotic disease processes of the heart. Shared risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms between NAFLD and CVD warrant further explication. Pathologic mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, genetic underpinnings, and gut microbiota dysregulation have been described in both CVD and NAFLD. The mainstay of treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle intervention including physical exercise and hypocaloric intake in addition to bariatric surgery. Investigations into various therapeutic targets to alleviate hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by way of maintaining the balance between lipid synthesis and breakdown. A major obstacle preventing the success of many pharmacologic approaches has been the effects of these medications on CVD risk. The future of pharmacologic treatment of NAFLD is promising as effective medications with limited CVD harm are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul D Bali
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | | | - William H Frishman
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Tan MY, Weng L, Yang ZH, Zhu SX, Wu S, Su JH. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with type 2 diabetes mellitus: recent findings from NHANES 2007-2018. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:151. [PMID: 38773578 PMCID: PMC11106869 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the relationship between NHHR (non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in US adults, using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2007 to 2018. METHODS This study explored the connection between NHHR and T2DM by analyzing a sample reflecting the adult population of the United States (n = 10,420; NHANES 2007-2018). NHHR was characterized as the ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. T2DM was defined based on clinical guidelines. This research used multivariable logistic models to examine the connection between NHHR and T2DM. Additionally, it included subgroup and interaction analyses to assess variations among different groups. Generalized additive models, smooth curve fitting, and threshold effect analysis were also employed to analyze the data further. RESULTS The study included 10,420 subjects, with 2160 diagnosed with T2DM and 8260 without. The weighted multivariate logistic regression model indicated an 8% higher probability of T2DM for each unit increase in NHHR (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15) after accounting for all covariates. Subgroup analysis outcomes were uniform across various categories, demonstrating a significant positive relationship between NHHR and T2DM. Interaction tests showed that the positive link between NHHR and T2DM remained consistent regardless of age, body mass index, smoking status, moderate recreational activities, hypertension, or stroke history, with all interaction P-values exceeding 0.05. However, participants' sex appeared to affect the magnitude of the connection between NHHR and T2DM (interaction P-value < 0.05). Also, a nonlinear association between NHHR and T2DM was discovered, featuring an inflection point at 1.50. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that an increase in NHHR may be correlated with a heightened likelihood of developing T2DM. Consequently, NHHR could potentially serve as a marker for estimating the probability of T2DM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Yao Tan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Weng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Si-Xuan Zhu
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-Hua Su
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wang Y, He X, Huang K, Cheng N. Nanozyme as a rising star for metabolic disease management. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:226. [PMID: 38711066 PMCID: PMC11071342 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanozyme, characterized by outstanding and inherent enzyme-mimicking properties, have emerged as highly promising alternatives to natural enzymes owning to their exceptional attributes such as regulation of oxidative stress, convenient storage, adjustable catalytic activities, remarkable stability, and effortless scalability for large-scale production. Given the potent regulatory function of nanozymes on oxidative stress and coupled with the fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the occurrence and exacerbation of metabolic diseases, nanozyme offer a unique perspective for therapy through multifunctional activities, achieving essential results in the treatment of metabolic diseases by directly scavenging excess ROS or regulating pathologically related molecules. The rational design strategies, nanozyme-enabled therapeutic mechanisms at the cellular level, and the therapies of nanozyme for several typical metabolic diseases and underlying mechanisms are discussed, mainly including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, diabetic wound healing, and others. Finally, the pharmacokinetics, safety analysis, challenges, and outlooks for the application of nanozyme are also presented. This review will provide some instructive perspectives on nanozyme and promote the development of enzyme-mimicking strategies in metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
| | - Nan Cheng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
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4
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Niu Y, Hu X, Song Y, Wang C, Luo P, Ni S, Jiao F, Qiu J, Jiang W, Yang S, Chen J, Huang R, Jiang H, Chen S, Zhai Q, Xiao J, Guo F. Blautia Coccoides is a Newly Identified Bacterium Increased by Leucine Deprivation and has a Novel Function in Improving Metabolic Disorders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309255. [PMID: 38429906 PMCID: PMC11095201 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is linked to human metabolic diseases. The previous work showed that leucine deprivation improved metabolic dysfunction, but whether leucine deprivation alters certain specific species of bacterium that brings these benefits remains unclear. Here, this work finds that leucine deprivation alters gut microbiota composition, which is sufficient and necessary for the metabolic improvements induced by leucine deprivation. Among all the affected bacteria, B. coccoides is markedly increased in the feces of leucine-deprived mice. Moreover, gavage with B. coccoides improves insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat in high-fat diet (HFD) mice, and singly colonization of B. coccoides increases insulin sensitivity in gnotobiotic mice. The effects of B. coccoides are mediated by metabolizing tryptophan into indole-3-acetic acid (I3AA) that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the liver. Finally, this work reveals that reduced fecal B. coccoides and I3AA levels are associated with the clinical metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that B. coccoides is a newly identified bacterium increased by leucine deprivation, which improves metabolic disorders via metabolizing tryptophan into I3AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Niu
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Yali Song
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and Clinical Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and Clinical Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Peixiang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyInnovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of HealthShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Shihong Ni
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Fuxin Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyInnovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of HealthShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyInnovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of HealthShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceShanghai200032China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceShanghai200032China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceShanghai200032China
| | - Rui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyInnovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of HealthShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of NutritionMetabolism and Food SafetyInnovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of HealthShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and Clinical Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan HospitalState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute for Translational Brain ResearchMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
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Yuan Z, Qiao H, Wang Z, Wang H, Han M, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Hassan HM, Zhao W, Qin T. Taohe Chengqi decoction alleviated metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by boosting branched chain amino acids catabolism in the skeletal muscles of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155315. [PMID: 38387274 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease, whereas type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered an independent risk factor for MAFLD incidence. Taohe Chengqi decoction (THCQ) is clinically prescribed for T2DM treatment; however, the hepatoprotective effect of THCQ against MAFLD is still unknown. This study intended to elucidate the therapeutic effect of THCQ on T2DM-associated MAFLD and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS THCQ lyophilized powder was prepared and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. A stable T2DM mouse model was established by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The T2DM mice were administered THCQ (2.5 g/kg or 5 g/kg) to explore the pharmacological effects of THCQ on T2DM-associated MAFLD. Liver tissue transcriptome was analyzed and the participatory roles of PPARα/γ pathways were verified both in vivo and in vitro. Serum metabolome analysis was used to explore the metabolome changes and skeletal muscle branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic enzymes were further detected. Moreover, an AAV carrying BCKDHA shRNA was intramuscularly injected to verify the impact of THCQ on skeletal muscle BCAA catabolism and the potential therapeutic outcome on hepatic steatosis. RESULTS THCQ improved hepatic steatosis in MAFLD. RNA-sequencing analysis showed dysregulation in the hepatic PPARγ-related fatty acid synthesis, while PPARα-dependent fatty acid oxidation was elevated following THCQ treatment. Interestingly, in vitro analyses of these findings showed that THCQ had minor effects on fatty acid oxidation and/or synthesis. The metabolomic study revealed that THCQ accelerated BCAA catabolism in the skeletal muscles, in which knockdown of the BCAA catabolic enzyme BCKDHA diminished the THCQ therapeutic effect on hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the potential therapeutic effect of THCQ on hepatic steatosis in MALFD. THCQ upregulated fatty acid oxidation and reduced its synthesis via restoration of PPARα/γ pathways in HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice, which is mediated through augmenting BCKDH activity and accelerating BCAA catabolism in the skeletal muscles. Overall, this study provided in-depth clues for "skeletal muscles-liver communication" in the therapeutic effect of THCQ against hepatic steatosis. These findings suggested THCQ might be a potential candidate against T2DM-associated MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingru Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Hozeifa Mohamed Hassan
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
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6
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Guo Y, Tian W, Wang D, Yang L, Wang Z, Wu X, Zhi Y, Zhang K, Wang Y, Li Z, Jiang R, Sun G, Li G, Tian Y, Wang H, Kang X, Liu X, Li H. LncHLEF promotes hepatic lipid synthesis through miR-2188-3p/GATA6 axis and encoding peptides and enhances intramuscular fat deposition via exosome. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127061. [PMID: 37751822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emergingly been implicated in mammalian lipid metabolism. However, their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms underlying adipogenesis remain largely elusive in chicken. Here, we systematically characterized the genome-wide full-length lncRNAs in the livers of pre- and peak-laying hens, and identified a novel intergenic lncRNA, lncHLEF, an RNA macromolecule with a calculated molecular weight of 433 kDa. lncHLEF was primarily distributed in cytoplasm of chicken hepatocyte and significantly up-regulated in livers of peak-laying hens. Functionally, lncHLEF could promote hepatocyte lipid droplet formation, triglycerides and total cholesterol contents. Mechanistically, lncHLEF could not only serve as a competitive endogenous RNA to modulate miR-2188-3p/GATA6 axis, but also encode three small functional polypeptides that directly interact with ACLY protein to enable its stabilization. Importantly, adeno-associated virus-mediated liver-specific lncHLEF overexpression resulted in increased hepatic lipid synthesis and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition, but did not alter abdominal fat (AbF) deposition. Furthermore, hepatocyte lncHLEF could be delivered into intramuscular and abdominal preadipocytes via hepatocyte-secreted exosome to enhance intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation without altering abdominal preadipocytes differentiation. In conclusion, this study revealed that the lncHLEF could promote hepatic lipid synthesis through two independent regulatory mechanisms, and could enhance IMF deposition via hepatocyte-adipocyte communications mediated by exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yihao Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Center for Cellular Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Sun B, Reynolds KS, Garland MA, McMahon M, Saha SK, Zhou CJ. Epigenetic implications in maternal diabetes and metabolic syndrome-associated risk of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1835-1850. [PMID: 37497595 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are one of the most common types of structural birth defects. The etiologies are complicated, involving with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Studies have found that maternal diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with a higher risk of OFCs in offspring. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of several disease risk factors, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension. Metabolic disease during pregnancy can increase risk of adverse outcomes and significantly influence fetal development, including orofacial formation and fusion. An altered metabolic state may contribute to developmental disorders or congenital defects including OFCs, potentially through epigenetic modulations, such as histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA expression to alter activities of critical morphogenetic signaling or related developmental genes. This review summarizes the currently available evidence and underlying mechanisms of how the maternal metabolic syndrome is associated with OFCs in mostly human and some animal studies. It may provide a better understanding of the interactions between intrauterine metabolic status and fetal orofacial development which might be applied toward prevention and treatments of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt S Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Subbroto K Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Matsukawa T, Yagi T, Uchida T, Sakai M, Mitsushima M, Naganuma T, Yano H, Inaba Y, Inoue H, Yanagida K, Uematsu M, Nakao K, Nakao H, Aiba A, Nagashima Y, Kubota T, Kubota N, Izumida Y, Yahagi N, Unoki-Kubota H, Kaburagi Y, Asahara SI, Kido Y, Shindou H, Itoh M, Ogawa Y, Minami S, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Ueki K, Kasuga M, Matsumoto M. Hepatic FASN deficiency differentially affects nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes in mouse obesity models. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161282. [PMID: 37681411 PMCID: PMC10544238 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes are interacting comorbidities of obesity, and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), driven by hyperinsulinemia and carbohydrate overload, contributes to their pathogenesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme of hepatic DNL, is upregulated in association with insulin resistance. However, the therapeutic potential of targeting FASN in hepatocytes for obesity-associated metabolic diseases is unknown. Here, we show that hepatic FASN deficiency differentially affects NAFLD and diabetes depending on the etiology of obesity. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of FASN ameliorated NAFLD and diabetes in melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient mice but not in mice with diet-induced obesity. In leptin-deficient mice, FASN ablation alleviated hepatic steatosis and improved glucose tolerance but exacerbated fed hyperglycemia and liver dysfunction. The beneficial effects of hepatic FASN deficiency on NAFLD and glucose metabolism were associated with suppression of DNL and attenuation of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively. The exacerbation of fed hyperglycemia by FASN ablation in leptin-deficient mice appeared attributable to impairment of hepatic glucose uptake triggered by glycogen accumulation and citrate-mediated inhibition of glycolysis. Further investigation of the therapeutic potential of hepatic FASN inhibition for NAFLD and diabetes in humans should thus consider the etiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Matsukawa
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Uchida
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mitsushima
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Naganuma
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, and
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, and
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuki Nakao
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Harumi Nakao
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Izumida
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Unoki-Kubota
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, NCGM, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kaburagi
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, NCGM, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Yoshiaki Kido
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism and Disease, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, NCGM, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Department of Metabolic Syndrome and Nutritional Science, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Minami
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Ueki
- Department of Molecular Diabetic Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, NCGM, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
- Course of Advanced and Specialized Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Duarte Lau F, Giugliano RP. Adenosine Triphosphate Citrate Lyase and Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibition: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol 2023; 8:879-887. [PMID: 37585218 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Importance Adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key regulatory enzyme of glucose metabolism, cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and the inflammatory cascade. Bempedoic acid, an ACLY inhibitor, significantly reduces atherogenic lipid markers, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Additional effects of ACLY inhibition include antitumor growth; reduction of triglycerides and proinflammatory molecules such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; less insulin resistance; reduction of hepatic lipogenesis; and weight loss. Observations While numerous ACLY inhibitors have been identified, most of the clinical data have focused on bempedoic acid. The Cholesterol Lowering via Bempedoic Acid, an ACL-Inhibiting Regimen (CLEAR) program was a series of phase 3 clinical trials that evaluated its effects on lipid parameters and safety, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2020. CLEAR Outcomes was a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in individuals with a history of statin intolerance, serum LDL-C level of 100 mg/dL or higher, and a history of, or at high risk for, cardiovascular disease. Bempedoic acid modestly reduced the primary 4-way cardiovascular composite end point as well as the individual components of myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization but did not reduce stroke, cardiovascular death, or all-cause mortality. Rates of gout and cholelithiasis were higher with bempedoic acid, and small increases in serum creatinine, uric acid, and hepatic-enzyme levels were also observed. Conclusions and relevance ACLY inhibition with bempedoic acid has been established as a safe and effective therapy in high-risk patients who require further LDL-C lowering, particularly for those with a history of statin intolerance. The recently published CLEAR Outcomes trial revealed modest reductions in cardiovascular events with bempedoic acid, proportional to its LDL-C lowering, in high-risk individuals with statin intolerance and LDL-C levels of 100 mg/dL or higher. The additional effects of ACLY inhibition have prompted a more thorough search for novel ACLY inhibitors for conditions such as cancer, hypertriglyceridemia, chronic inflammation, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Similarly, therapies that reduce fatty acid synthesis are being explored for their use in cardiometabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Giugliano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Musso G, Saba F, Cassader M, Gambino R. Lipidomics in pathogenesis, progression and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Recent advances. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101238. [PMID: 37244504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting up to 30% of the general adult population. NAFLD encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and is becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation, as a result of increasing disease prevalence and of the absence of approved treatments. Lipidomic readouts of liver blood and urine samples from experimental models and from NASH patients disclosed an abnormal lipid composition and metabolism. Collectively, these changes impair organelle function and promote cell damage, necro-inflammation and fibrosis, a condition termed lipotoxicity. We will discuss the lipid species and metabolic pathways leading to NASH development and progression to cirrhosis, as well as and those species that can contribute to inflammation resolution and fibrosis regression. We will also focus on emerging lipid-based therapeutic opportunities, including specialized proresolving lipid molecules and macrovesicles contributing to cell-to-cell communication and NASH pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Musso
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesca Saba
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Uehara K, Santoleri D, Whitlock AEG, Titchenell PM. Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4785-4809. [PMID: 37358513 PMCID: PMC10760932 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes (T2DM) continues to rise worldwide. The liver is a central insulin-responsive metabolic organ that governs whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying insulin action in the liver is essential to our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. During periods of fasting, the liver catabolizes fatty acids and stored glycogen to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In postprandial conditions, insulin signals to the liver to store excess nutrients into triglycerides, cholesterol, and glycogen. In insulin-resistant states, such as T2DM, hepatic insulin signaling continues to promote lipid synthesis but fails to suppress glucose production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Of note, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases encompassing fatty liver, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is linked to abnormalities in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the role of insulin signaling under normal and pathologic states may provide insights into preventative and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a review of the field of hepatic insulin signaling and lipid regulation, including providing historical context, detailed molecular mechanisms, and address gaps in our understanding of hepatic lipid regulation and the derangements under insulin-resistant conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4785-4809, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna E. Garcia Whitlock
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Zhou PJ, Huang T, Ma GL, Tong YP, Chen WX, Zang Y, Xiong J, Li J, Hu JF. Forrestiacids E-K: Further [4 + 2]-Type Triterpene-Diterpene Hybrids as Potential ACL Inhibitors from the Vulnerable Conifer Pseudotsuga forrestii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1251-1260. [PMID: 37196240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seven [4 + 2]-type triterpene-diterpene hybrids derived from a rearranged or a normal lanostane unit (dienophile) and an abietane moiety (diene), forrestiacids E-K (1-7, respectively), were further isolated and characterized from Pseudotsuga forrestii (a vulnerable conifer endemic to China). The intriguing molecules were revealed with the guidance of an LC-MS/MS-based molecular ion networking strategy combined with conventional phytochemical procedures. Their chemical structures with absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic data, chemical transformation, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. They all contain a rare bicyclo[2.2.2]octene motif. Both forrestiacids J (6) and K (7) represent the first examples of this unique class of [4 + 2]-type hybrids that arose from a normal lanostane-type dienophile. Some isolates remarkably inhibited ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), with IC50 values ranging from 1.8 to 11 μM. Docking studies corroborated the findings by highlighting the interactions between the bioactive compounds and the ACL enzyme (binding affinities: -9.9 to -10.7 kcal/mol). The above findings reveal the important role of protecting plant species diversity in support of chemical diversity and potential sources of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Lei Ma
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Peng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xue Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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13
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Xiao F, Jiang H, Li Z, Jiang X, Chen S, Niu Y, Yin H, Shu Y, Peng B, Lu W, Li X, Li Z, Lan S, Xu X, Guo F. Reduced hepatic bradykinin degradation accounts for cold-induced BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2523. [PMID: 37130842 PMCID: PMC10154316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An important role for liver in the regulation of adipose tissue thermogenesis upon cold exposure has been suggested; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify elevated serum bradykinin levels in response to acute cold exposure in male mice. A bolus of anti-bradykinin antibodies reduces body temperature during acute cold exposure, whereas bradykinin has the opposite effect. We demonstrate that bradykinin induces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning, and bradykinin increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipose tissue. The bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), adrenergic signaling and nitric oxide signaling are involved in regulating bradykinin-increased UCP1 expression. Moreover, acute cold exposure inhibits hepatic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) activity, causing reduced liver bradykinin degradation and increased serum bradykinin levels. Finally, by blocking the breakdown of bradykinin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) increase serum bradykinin levels and induce brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning via B2R. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying organ crosstalk in whole-body physiology control during cold exposure and also suggest bradykinin as a possible anti-obesity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanrui Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujue Lan
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Core Facility Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Roglans N, Laguna JC, Alegret M. Bempedoic acid for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence and mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023:00041433-990000000-00034. [PMID: 36942869 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent progressive condition that lacks a specific pharmacological treatment. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is one of the emergent targets for the treatment of NAFLD. This review aims to summarize the role of ACLY in NAFLD, provide evidences of the beneficial effects of the ACLY inhibitor bempedoic acid (BemA) in NAFLD and discuss the mechanisms involved. RECENT FINDINGS BemA is effective in reducing hepatic steatosis in several animal models that recapitulate different stages of the disease. Thus, in a dietary model of simple hepatic steatosis in female rats, BemA abrogates the accumulation of liver fat. Apart from ACLY inhibition, BemA has several functions in the liver that contribute to the antisteatotic effect: inhibition of ketohexokinase, induction of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 and increases in both fatty acid β-oxidation activity and hepatic H2S production. In models of the advanced phases of NAFLD, BemA reduces not only steatosis, but also ballooning, lobular inflammation and hepatic fibrosis, by mechanisms involving both hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. SUMMARY BemA, an ACLY inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, may be a useful drug to treat NAFLD through its antisteatotic, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alegret
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Few metabolites can claim a more central and versatile role in cell metabolism than acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is produced during nutrient catabolism to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is the essential building block for fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthesis. It also functions as a signalling metabolite as the substrate for lysine acetylation reactions, enabling the modulation of protein functions in response to acetyl-CoA availability. Recent years have seen exciting advances in our understanding of acetyl-CoA metabolism in normal physiology and in cancer, buoyed by new mouse models, in vivo stable-isotope tracing approaches and improved methods for measuring acetyl-CoA, including in specific subcellular compartments. Efforts to target acetyl-CoA metabolic enzymes are also advancing, with one therapeutic agent targeting acetyl-CoA synthesis receiving approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. In this Review, we give an overview of the regulation and cancer relevance of major metabolic pathways in which acetyl-CoA participates. We further discuss recent advances in understanding acetyl-CoA metabolism in normal tissues and tumours and the potential for targeting these pathways therapeutically. We conclude with a commentary on emerging nodes of acetyl-CoA metabolism that may impact cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Mapping the Metabolic Niche of Citrate Metabolism and SLC13A5. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030331. [PMID: 36984771 PMCID: PMC10054676 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The small molecule citrate is a key molecule that is synthesized de novo and involved in diverse biochemical pathways influencing cell metabolism and function. Citrate is highly abundant in the circulation, and cells take up extracellular citrate via the sodium-dependent plasma membrane transporter NaCT encoded by the SLC13A5 gene. Citrate is critical to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and impaired NaCT activity is implicated in metabolic disorders. Though citrate is one of the best known and most studied metabolites in humans, little is known about the consequences of altered citrate uptake and metabolism. Here, we review recent findings on SLC13A5, NaCT, and citrate metabolism and discuss the effects on metabolic homeostasis and SLC13A5-dependent phenotypes. We discuss the “multiple-hit theory” and how stress factors induce metabolic reprogramming that may synergize with impaired NaCT activity to alter cell fate and function. Furthermore, we underline how citrate metabolism and compartmentalization can be quantified by combining mass spectrometry and tracing approaches. We also discuss species-specific differences and potential therapeutic implications of SLC13A5 and NaCT. Understanding the synergistic impact of multiple stress factors on citrate metabolism may help to decipher the disease mechanisms associated with SLC13A5 citrate transport disorders.
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17
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Abstract
The silent information regulator (sirtuin) is a family of enzymes involved in epigenetic processes with lysine deacetylase activity, having as substrates histones and other proteins. They participate in a wide range of cellular and pathologic processes, such as gene expression, cell division and motility, oxidative-induced stress management, metabolic control and carcinogenesis, among others, thus presenting as interesting therapeutic targets. In this article, the authors describe the inhibitory mechanisms and binding modes of the human sirtuin 2 (hSIRT2) inhibitors, which had their complexes with the enzyme structurally characterized. The results help pave the way for the rational designing of new hSIRT2 inhibitors and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting this epigenetic enzyme.
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18
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Xie Z, Zhang M, Song Q, Cheng L, Zhang X, Song G, Sun X, Gu M, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Zhu K, Yin J, Chen X, Li J, Nan F. Development of the novel ACLY inhibitor 326E as a promising treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:739-753. [PMID: 36873173 PMCID: PMC9979192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is an important contributor to hypercholesterolemia, which results in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key lipogenic enzyme that converts cytosolic citrate derived from tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. Therefore, ACLY represents a link between mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic de novo lipogenesis. In this study, we developed the small molecule 326E with an enedioic acid structural moiety as a novel ACLY inhibitor, and its CoA-conjugated form 326E-CoA inhibited ACLY activity with an IC50 = 5.31 ± 1.2 μmol/L in vitro. 326E treatment reduced de novo lipogenesis, and increased cholesterol efflux in vitro and in vivo. 326E was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, exhibited a higher blood exposure than that of the approved ACLY inhibitor bempedoic acid (BA) used for hypercholesterolemia. Chronic 326E treatment in hamsters and rhesus monkeys resulted in remarkable improvement of hyperlipidemia. Once daily oral administration of 326E for 24 weeks prevented the occurrence of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice to a greater extent than that of BA treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of ACLY by 326E represents a promising strategy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gaolei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chendong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Burgeon Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kexin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianpeng Yin
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
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19
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Petrosyan AS, Rud' RS, Polyakov PP, Kade AK, Zanin SA. The Pathogenetic Basis of the Action of Bempedoic Acid. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2022-12-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern cardiology has a wide range of medications which affect various pathogenetic links of atherosclerosis, but even the best of them still obtain disadvantages causing intolerance and medicine discontinuation. The development of new hypolipidemic medications will allow not only to introduce alternative therapies into the cardiology practice, but also to completely execute the strategy of residual risk reduction by utilizing rational combinations of medications. One of such alternatives could be bempedoic acid, which can have a positive effect on a number of endpoints as the results of third phase trials have shown. These effects are also confirmed in Mendelian randomization studies. The mechanism of action of bempedoic acid is presumably associated with inhibition of the activity of ATP citrate lyase – the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA, in turn, is used by the cell to synthesize cholesterol and fatty acids. Thus, bempedoic acid affects in the same metabolic pathway as statins, but at an earlier stage. According to this, it is possible that medications of these classes will have similar side effects and pleiotropic effects associated with modulation of the mevalonic pathway, such as prenylation regulatory proteins (small GTPases) or reduction of coenzyme Q synthesis. However, there are also some specific features of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bempedoic acid to be considered. In particular, once entered the body, it must be activated via esterification by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1. The enzyme isoform required for this process is expressed in a tissue-specific manner and, for example, is absent in skeletal myocytes. In addition, citrate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA are important regulators of many intracellular processes: metabolism, growth and proliferation, mechanotransduction, posttranslational modifications of histones and other proteins. The levels of all three substances are altered by bempedoic acid, although no firm conclusions about the effects of these changes can be drawn at this time. The mentioned features probably have a significant impact on the clinical profile of bempedoic acid and underlie the differences from statins already observed in third phase trials, including, for example, a reduced risk of the onset or worsening of diabetes mellitus while taking bempedoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. S. Rud'
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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20
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Akhtar MJ, Khan SA, Kumar B, Chawla P, Bhatia R, Singh K. Role of sodium dependent SLC13 transporter inhibitors in various metabolic disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04618-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Xiao F, Deng J, Jiao F, Hu X, Jiang H, Yuan F, Chen S, Niu Y, Jiang X, Guo F. Hepatic cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) regulates gluconeogenesis via cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). FASEB J 2022; 36:e22541. [PMID: 36083102 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200870r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of gluconeogenesis is a key factor responsible for hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. As an important member of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein family, many physiological functions of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) have been described; however, the role of hepatic CISH in gluconeogenesis is poorly understood. In the present study, we observed that hepatic CISH expression was reduced in fasted wild-type (WT) mice. Overexpression of CISH decreased glucose production in mouse primary hepatocytes, while silencing of CISH had the opposite effects. In addition, adenovirus-mediated hepatic CISH overexpression resulted in improved glucose tolerance and decreased gluconeogenesis in WT and leptin receptor-deficient diabetic (db/db) mice. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated hepatic CISH knockdown impaired glucose tolerance and increased gluconeogenesis in WT mice. We also generated liver-specific CISH knockout (LV-CISH KO) mice and discovered that these mice had a similar phenotype in glucose tolerance and gluconeogenesis as mice injected with adenoviruses that knockdown CISH expression. Mechanistically, we found that CISH overexpression decreased and CISH knockdown increased the mRNA and protein levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK), two key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, in vitro, and in vivo. Moreover, we discovered that the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB), a transcription factor of G6pase and Pepck, was required for regulating gluconeogenesis by CISH. Taken together, this study identifies hepatic CISH as an important regulator of gluconeogenesis. Our results also provide important insights into the metabolic functions of the SOCS protein family and the potential targets for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Jinshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxin Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Jinshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Jinshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Jinshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Jinshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Yenilmez B, Kelly M, Zhang GF, Wetoska N, Ilkayeva OR, Min K, Rowland L, DiMarzio C, He W, Raymond N, Lifshitz L, Pan M, Han X, Xie J, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Gao G, Herman MA, Newgard CB, Czech MP. Paradoxical activation of transcription factor SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102401. [PMID: 35988648 PMCID: PMC9490592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis associated with high-fat diet, obesity, and type 2 diabetes is thought to be the major driver of severe liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Cytosolic acetyl CoA (AcCoA), a central metabolite and substrate for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is produced from citrate by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and from acetate through AcCoA synthase short chain family member 2 (ACSS2). However, the relative contributions of these two enzymes to hepatic AcCoA pools and DNL rates in response to high-fat feeding are unknown. We report here that hepatocyte-selective depletion of either ACSS2 or ACLY caused similar 50% decreases in liver AcCoA levels in obese mice, showing that both pathways contribute to the generation of this DNL substrate. Unexpectedly however, the hepatocyte ACLY depletion in obese mice paradoxically increased total DNL flux measured by D2O incorporation into palmitate, whereas in contrast, ACSS2 depletion had no effect. The increase in liver DNL upon ACLY depletion was associated with increased expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and of its target DNL enzymes. This upregulated DNL enzyme expression explains the increased rate of palmitate synthesis in ACLY-depleted livers. Furthermore, this increased flux through DNL may also contribute to the observed depletion of AcCoA levels because of its increased conversion to malonyl CoA and palmitate. Together, these data indicate that in fat diet-fed obese mice, hepatic DNL is not limited by its immediate substrates AcCoA or malonyl CoA but rather by activities of DNL enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Yenilmez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Kelly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Wetoska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyounghee Min
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chloe DiMarzio
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wentao He
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naideline Raymond
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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23
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Multiple Roles of SIRT2 in Regulating Physiological and Pathological Signal Transduction. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:9282484. [PMID: 36101744 PMCID: PMC9444453 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9282484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), as a member of the sirtuin family, has representative features of evolutionarily highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase activity. In addition, SIRT2, as the only sirtuin protein colocalized with tubulin in the cytoplasm, has its own functions and characteristics. In recent years, studies have increasingly shown that SIRT2 can participate in the regulation of gene expression and regulate signal transduction in the metabolic pathway mainly through its post-translational modification of target genes; thus, SIRT2 has become a key centre in the metabolic pathway and participates in the pathological process of metabolic disorder-related diseases. In this paper, it is discussed that SIRT2 can regulate all aspects of gene expression, including epigenetic modification, replication, transcription and translation, and post-translational modification, which enables SIRT2 to participate in energy metabolism in life activities, and it is clarified that SIRT2 is involved in metabolic process-specific signal transduction mechanisms. Therefore, SIRT2 can be involved in metabolic disorder-related inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby triggering the occurrence of metabolic disorder-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, tumours, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, although the role of SIRT2 in some diseases is still controversial, given the multiple roles of SIRT2 in regulating physiological and pathological signal transduction, SIRT2 has become a key target for disease treatment. It is believed that with increasing research, the clinical application of SIRT2 will be promoted.
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24
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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25
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Impact of NAFLD and its pharmacotherapy on lipid profile and CVD. Atherosclerosis 2022; 355:30-44. [PMID: 35872444 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that, in addition to traditional metabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance (IR), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging driver of ASCVD via multiple mechanisms, mainly by disrupting lipid metabolism. The lack of pharmaceutical treatment has spurred substantial investment in the research and development of NAFLD drugs. However, many reagents with promising therapeutic potential for NAFLD also have considerable impacts on the circulating lipid profile. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms linking lipid dysregulation in NAFLD to the progression of ASCVD. Importantly, we highlight the potential risks of/benefits to ASCVD conferred by NAFLD pharmaceutical treatments and discuss potential strategies and next-generation drugs for treating NAFLD without the unwanted side effects.
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Cook JJ, Wei M, Segovia B, Cosio-Lima L, Simpson J, Taylor S, Koh Y, Kim S, Lee Y. Endurance exercise-mediated metabolic reshuffle attenuates high-caloric diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100709. [PMID: 35489641 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common diseases in the United States. Metabolic distress (obese diabetes) is the main causative element of NAFLD. While there is no cure for NAFLD, endurance exercise (EEx) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy against NAFLD. However, mechanisms of EXE-induced hepatic protection especially in female subjects remain unidentified. Thus, the aim of the study is to examine molecular mechanisms of EXE-induced hepatic protection against diet-induced NAFLD in female mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal-diet control group (CON, n=11); high-fat diet/high-fructose group (HFD/HF, n=11); and HFD/HF+EEx group (HFD/HF+EEx, n=11). The mice assigned to HFD/HF and HFD/HF+EEx groups were fed with HFD/HF for 12 weeks, after which the mice assigned to the EEx group began treadmill exercise for 12 weeks, with HFD/HF continued. RESULTS EEx attenuated hepatic steatosis, reduced de novo lipogenesis (reduction in ATP-Citrate- Lyase and diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase 1), and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty-acid activation (oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and Acyl-CoA synthetase1). Also, EEx prevented upregulation of gluconeogenic proteins (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase1), premature senescence (suppression of p53, p22, and p16, tumor-necrosis-factor-α, and interleukin-1β, and oxidative stress), and autophagy deficiency. Furthermore, EXE reversed apoptosis arrest (cleaved cysteine-dependent-aspartate-directed protease3 and Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase1). CONCLUSION EEx-mediated reparations of metabolic and redox imbalance (utilization of pentose phosphate pathway), and autophagy deficiency caused by metabolic distress critically contribute to preventing/delaying severe progression of NAFLD. Also, EEx-induced anti-senescence and cell turnover are crucial protective mechanisms against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Cook
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Madeline Wei
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Benny Segovia
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Ludmila Cosio-Lima
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Jeffrey Simpson
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Scott Taylor
- Department of Biology, Hal Marcus College of Science and Engineering, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Yunsuk Koh
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Sport Science, College of Culture and Sports, School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Youngil Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
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27
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Elseweidy MM, Elesawy AE, Sobh MS, Elnagar GM. Ellagic acid ameliorates high fructose-induced hyperuricemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver in Wistar rats: Focusing on the role of C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 and ATP citrate lyase. Life Sci 2022; 305:120751. [PMID: 35780841 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS High-fructose intake (HF) represents an inducible risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Present study aimed to illustrate the effect of HF diet (HFD) on the induction of NAFLD, hyperuricemia and role of ellagic acid as modulator. MAIN METHODS Twenty-four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (6/each). The first group received normal chow diet only while the others received 60 % HFD for 4 weeks and subdivided later into 3 groups. The first and second groups received allopurinol and ellagic acid, respectively while the third group received HFD only for extra 4 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Rats fed on HFD for 8 weeks displayed body weight gain, insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia with increased oxidative stress and hepatic lipogenic enzymes such as ATP citrate lyase (ACL), aldolase B, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SERBP-1c). C1q /tumor necrosis factor-related protein -3 (CTRP3), and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) however showed significant decreases. Ellagic acid or allopurinol administration significantly decreased serum lipids, uric acid, glucose, insulin levels and hepatic contents of enzymes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), FAS, aldolase B, SERBP-1c, and xanthine oxidase (XO) hepatic contents showed significant decreases along with glutathione (GSH) increase as compared to fructose group where ellagic acid was more remarkable compared to allopurinol. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that ellagic acid had alleviated HFD-induced hyperuricemia, its associated NAFLD pattern as mediated through activation of CTRP3 and inhibition of ACL activities in a pattern more remarkable than allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed E Elesawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo)BUC), Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Sobh
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gehad M Elnagar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
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28
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Velázquez AM, Bentanachs R, Sala-Vila A, Lázaro I, Rodríguez-Morató J, Sánchez RM, Laguna JC, Roglans N, Alegret M. KHK, PNPLA3 and PPAR as Novel Targets for the Anti-Steatotic Action of Bempedoic Acid. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071517. [PMID: 35884822 PMCID: PMC9312949 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bempedoic acid (BemA) is an ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolemia. We studied the anti-steatotic effect of BemA, and the mechanisms involved, in a model of fatty liver in female rats obtained through the administration of a high-fat diet supplemented with liquid fructose (HFHFr) for three months. In the third month, a group of rats was treated with BemA (30 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Plasma analytes, liver histology, adiposity, and the expression of key genes controlling fatty acid metabolism were determined, and PPAR agonism was explored by using luciferase reporter assays. Our results showed that, compared to HFHFr, BemA-treated rats exhibited lower body weight, higher liver/body weight, and reduced hepatic steatosis. In addition to ACLY inhibition, we found three novel mechanisms that could account for the anti-steatotic effect: (1) reduction of liver ketohexokinase, leading to lower fructose intake and reduced de novo lipogenesis; (2) increased expression of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3, a protein related to the export of liver triglycerides to blood; and (3) PPARα agonist activity, leading to increased hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation. In conclusion, BemA may represent a novel approach to treat hepatic steatosis, and therefore to avoid progression to advanced stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Magdalena Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Roger Bentanachs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-V.); (I.L.)
| | - Iolanda Lázaro
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-V.); (I.L.)
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Marta Alegret
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.V.); (R.B.); (R.M.S.); (J.C.L.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.A.)
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Inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase improves NASH, liver fibrosis, and dyslipidemia. Cell Metab 2022; 34:919-936.e8. [PMID: 35675800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated liver de novo lipogenesis contributes to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and can be inhibited by targeting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). However, hypertriglyceridemia limits the use of pharmacological ACC inhibitors as a monotherapy. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) generates acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate from citrate, but whether inhibition is effective for treating NASH is unknown. Here, we characterize a new mouse model that replicates many of the pathological and molecular drivers of NASH and find that genetically inhibiting ACLY in hepatocytes reduces liver malonyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, steatosis, and ballooning as well as blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Pharmacological inhibition of ACLY mirrors genetic inhibition but has additional positive effects on hepatic stellate cells, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. Mendelian randomization of human variants that mimic reductions in ACLY also associate with lower circulating triglycerides and biomarkers of NASH. These data indicate that inhibiting liver ACLY may be an effective approach for treatment of NASH and dyslipidemia.
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Li Y, Huang S, Wang J, Dai J, Cai J, Yan S, Huang Z, He S, Wang P, Liu J, Liu Y. Phosphorylation at Ser 724 of the ER stress sensor IRE1α governs its activation state and limits ER stress-induced hepatosteatosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101997. [PMID: 35500653 PMCID: PMC9144033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an evolutionarily conserved sensor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mediates a key branch of the unfolded protein response in eukaryotic cells. It is an ER-resident transmembrane protein that possesses Ser/Thr protein kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities in its cytoplasmic region. IRE1 is activated through dimerization/oligomerization and autophosphorylation at multiple sites, acting through its RNase activity to restore the functional capacity of the ER. However, it remains poorly defined in vivo how the autophosphorylation events of endogenous IRE1 govern its dynamic activation and functional output. Here, we generated a mouse model harboring a S724A knock-in mutation (Ern1S724A/S724A) and investigated the importance of phosphorylation at Ser724 within the kinase activation loop of murine IRE1α. We found that in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and in primary hepatocytes, S724A mutation resulted in markedly reduced IRE1α autophosphorylation in parallel with blunted activation of its RNase activity to catalyze X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA splicing. Furthermore, ablation of IRE1α phosphorylation at Ser724 exacerbated ER stress–induced hepatic steatosis in tunicamycin-treated Ern1S724A/S724A mice. This was accompanied by significantly decreased hepatic production of spliced XBP1 protein but increased CCAAT-enhancer–binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) level, along with suppressed expression of key metabolic regulators of fatty acid β-oxidation and lipid secretion. These results demonstrate a critical role of phosphorylation at Ser724 of IRE1α in dynamically controlling its kinase activity, and thus its autophosphorylation state, which is coupled to activation of its RNase activity in counteracting hepatic steatosis under ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingsi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shengqi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; and the Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Granchi C. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitors as therapeutic agents: a patenting perspective. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:731-742. [PMID: 35436171 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2067478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme in cellular metabolism, being the main source of acetyl-Coenzyme A, an important precursor for fatty acid, cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, and it is also involved in protein acetylation. Its expression changes are related to hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Other studies have shown that ACLY is closely related to the occurrence of cancer: the increase in lipid synthesis provides the necessary building blocks for cell growth and division. Therefore, finding effective ACLY inhibitors has very important application prospects for lipid-related pathologies and cancer. AREAS COVERED : This review covers patents concerning ACLY inhibitors and alternative strategies to modulate ACLY activity, with their potential therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION In recent years ACLY as a drug target has become a hot spot in the research of innovative drugs for disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. Many types of small-molecule ACLY inhibitors have been discovered, but few ACLY inhibitors proved to be highly effective in vitro and in vivo, since their main limitations were low cell penetration and low affinity to ACLY. The search for new effective ACLY inhibitors is of great significance and has broad application prospects for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and cancer.
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Pesta D, Jordan J. INDY as a Therapeutic Target for Cardio-Metabolic Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030244. [PMID: 35323687 PMCID: PMC8949283 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of the plasma membrane citrate transporter INDY (acronym I’m Not Dead, Yet) promotes longevity and protects from high-fat diet- and aging-induced metabolic derangements. Preventing citrate import into hepatocytes by different strategies can reduce hepatic triglyceride accumulation and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity, even in the absence of effects on body composition. These beneficial effects likely derive from decreased hepatic de novo fatty acid biosynthesis as a result of reduced cytoplasmic citrate levels. While in vivo and in vitro studies show that inhibition of INDY prevents intracellular lipid accumulation, body weight is not affected by organ-specific INDY inhibition. Besides these beneficial metabolic effects, INDY inhibition may also improve blood pressure control through sympathetic nervous system inhibition, partly via reduced peripheral catecholamine synthesis. These effects make INDY a promising candidate with bidirectional benefits for improving both metabolic disease and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pesta
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, D-51147 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jens Jordan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, D-51147 Cologne, Germany;
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Dai X, Kuang Q, Sun Y, Xu M, Zhu L, Ge C, Tan J, Wang B. Fisetin represses oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD through suppressing GRP78-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Yin H, Yuan F, Jiao F, Niu Y, Jiang X, Deng J, Guo Y, Chen S, Zhai Q, Hu C, Li Y, Guo F. Intermittent Leucine Deprivation Produces Long-lasting Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity by Increasing Hepatic Gcn2 Expression. Diabetes 2022; 71:206-218. [PMID: 34740902 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Leucine deprivation improves insulin sensitivity; however, whether and how this effect can be extended are unknown. We hypothesized that intermittent leucine deprivation (ILD) might produce a long-term effect on improved insulin sensitivity via the formation of metabolic memory. Consistently, seven ILD cycles of treatment (1-day leucine-deficient diet, 3-day control diet) in mice produced a long-lasting (after a control diet was resumed for 49 days) effect on improved whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice, indicating the potential formation of metabolic memory. Furthermore, the effects of ILD depended on hepatic general control nondepressible 2 (GCN2) expression, as verified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Moreover, ILD increased Gcn2 expression by reducing its DNA methylation at two CpG promoter sites controlled by demethylase growth arrest and DNA damage inducible b. Finally, ILD also improved insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant mice. Thus, ILD induces long-lasting improvements in insulin sensitivity by increasing hepatic Gcn2 expression via a reduction in its DNA methylation. These results provide novel insights into understanding of the link between leucine deprivation and insulin sensitivity, as well as potential nutritional intervention strategies for treating insulin resistance and related diseases. We also provide evidence for liver-specific metabolic memory after ILD and novel epigenetic mechanisms for Gcn2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxin Jiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wang G, Li M, Yu S, Guan M, Ma S, Zhong Z, Guo Y, Leng X, Huang H. Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice treated with acupuncture. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212248. [PMID: 34981123 PMCID: PMC8762347 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the proteomics profiles of hepatocytes of mice treated with acupuncture for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS We used a Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics approach to identify proteins with potential molecular mechanisms associated with acupuncture interventions for T2DM with NAFLD. RESULTS Acupuncture effectively improved body weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels in T2DM with NAFLD mouse models and reversed steatosis within hepatocytes. Quantitative TMT-based proteomics analysis identified a total of 4710 quantifiable proteins and 1226 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the model control group (MCG) compared with the normal control group (NCG). The Acupuncture Treatment Group (ATG) presented in 122 DEPs was compared with the MCG group. We performed a bioinformatics analysis, which revealed that DEPs enriched in the KEGG pathway after acupuncture treatment were mainly involved in the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid elongation, fat digestion and absorption. We used parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technology to explore the association of aldehyde oxidase 1 (Aox1), acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 2 (Acot2), perilipin-2 (Plin2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (Me1), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), ATP-citrate synthase (Acly), fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (Fabp2) with lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and hepatocyte steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that acupuncture can regulate the protein expression of T2DM in the NAFLD mice model, and can effectively improve hepatocyte steatosis, and has potential benefits for the clinical treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Mengqi Guan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shiqi Ma
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhen Zhong
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yihui Guo
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyang Leng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haipeng Huang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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Batchuluun B, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:283-305. [PMID: 35031766 PMCID: PMC8758994 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for survival, acting as bioenergetic substrates, structural components and signalling molecules. Given their vital role, cells have evolved mechanisms to generate fatty acids from alternative carbon sources, through a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Despite the importance of DNL, aberrant upregulation is associated with a wide variety of pathologies. Inhibiting core enzymes of DNL, including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Despite challenges related to efficacy, selectivity and safety, several new classes of synthetic DNL inhibitors have entered clinical-stage development and may become the foundation for a new class of therapeutics. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is vital for the maintenance of whole-body and cellular homeostasis, but aberrant upregulation of the pathway is associated with a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, Steinberg and colleagues provide an overview of the physiological and pathological roles of the core DNL enzymes and assess strategies and agents currently in development to therapeutically target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020786. [PMID: 35054972 PMCID: PMC8775991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome.
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Palihaderu PADS, Mendis BILM, Premarathne JMKJK, Dias WKRR, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Dissanayake AS, Rajapakse IH, Karunanayake P, Senarath U, Satharasinghe DA. Potential role of microRNAs in selective hepatic insulin resistance: From paradox to the paradigm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1028846. [PMID: 36479211 PMCID: PMC9720316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1028846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The paradoxical action of insulin on hepatic glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in the insulin-resistant state has been of much research interest in recent years. Generally, insulin resistance would promote hepatic gluconeogenesis and demote hepatic de novo lipogenesis. The underlying major drivers of these mechanisms were insulin-dependent, via FOXO-1-mediated gluconeogenesis and SREBP1c-mediated lipogenesis. However, insulin-resistant mouse models have shown high glucose levels as well as excess lipid accumulation. As suggested, the inert insulin resistance causes the activation of the FOXO-1 pathway promoting gluconeogenesis. However, it does not affect the SREBP1c pathway; therefore, cells continue de novo lipogenesis. Many hypotheses were suggested for this paradoxical action occurring in insulin-resistant rodent models. A "downstream branch point" in the insulin-mediated pathway was suggested to act differentially on the FOXO-1 and SREBP1c pathways. MicroRNAs have been widely studied for their action of pathway mediation via suppressing the intermediate protein expressions. Many in vitro studies have postulated the roles of hepato-specific expressions of miRNAs on insulin cascade. Thus, miRNA would play a pivotal role in selective hepatic insulin resistance. As observed, there were confirmations and contradictions between the outcomes of gene knockout studies conducted on selective hepatic insulin resistance and hepato-specific miRNA expression studies. Furthermore, these studies had evaluated only the effect of miRNAs on glucose metabolism and few on hepatic de novo lipogenesis, limiting the ability to conclude their role in selective hepatic insulin resistance. Future studies conducted on the role of miRNAs on selective hepatic insulin resistance warrant the understanding of this paradoxical action of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Panduka Karunanayake
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Upul Senarath
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilan Amila Satharasinghe
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- *Correspondence: Dilan Amila Satharasinghe,
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Metabolic and physical function are improved with lifelong 15% calorie restriction in aging male mice. Biogerontology 2022; 23:741-755. [PMID: 36315375 PMCID: PMC9722841 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic calorie restriction (CR) results in lengthened lifespan and reduced disease risk. Many previous studies have implemented 30-40% calorie restriction to investigate these benefits. The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of calorie restriction, beginning at 4 months of age, on metabolic and physical changes induced by aging. Male C57BL/6NCrl calorie restricted and ad libitum fed control mice were obtained from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and studied at 10, 18, 26, and 28 months of age to better understand the metabolic changes that occur in response to CR in middle age and advanced age. Food intake was measured in ad libitum fed controls to assess the true degree of CR (15%) in these mice. We found that 15% CR decreased body mass and liver triglyceride content, improved oral glucose clearance, and increased all limb grip strength in 10- and 18-month-old mice. Glucose clearance in ad libitum fed 26- and 28-month-old mice is enhanced relative to younger mice but was not further improved by CR. CR decreased basal insulin concentrations in all age groups and improved insulin sensitivity and rotarod time to fall in 28-month-old mice. The results of our study demonstrate that even a modest reduction (15%) in caloric intake may improve metabolic and physical health. Thus, moderate calorie restriction may be a dietary intervention to promote healthy aging with improved likelihood for adherence in human populations.
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Sanjay K, Vishwakarma S, Zope BR, Mane VS, Mohire S, Dhakshinamoorthy S. ATP citrate lyase inhibitor Bempedoic Acid alleviate long term HFD induced NASH through improvement in glycemic control, reduction of hepatic triglycerides & total cholesterol, modulation of inflammatory & fibrotic genes and improvement in NAS score. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100051. [PMID: 34909677 PMCID: PMC8663992 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are chronic liver disorders, the prevalence of which is increasing worldwide. Long term High Fat Diet (HFD) induced NASH animal models closely mimic the characteristics of human NASH and hence used by investigators as a model system for studying the mechanism of action of new drugs. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002), a ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitor that lowers the LDL cholesterol was recently approved by US FDA for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). ACLY is one of the genes modulated in NASH patients and hence we studied the effect of ACLY inhibitor Bempedoic acid in long term HFD induced NASH animal model to understand the pharmacological benefits and the associated mechanism of action of this newly approved drug in NASH. Mice fed with 60% Kcal High Fat Diet for 32 weeks were used for the study and the animals were given Bempedoic acid for 5 weeks at doses of 10 mg kg−1, po, qd, and 30 mg kg−1, po, qd. Bempedoic acid treatment resulted in inhibition of body weight gain and improved the glycemic control. Bempedoic acid treated group showed statistically significant reduction in plasma ALT, AST, hepatic triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), along with statistically significant reduction in steatosis score by histological analysis. Hepatic gene expression analysis showed significant reduction in inflammatory and fibrotic genes such as Mcp-1/Ccl2, Timp-1 & Col1α1. Histological analysis showed significant improvement in NAS score. Overall, Bempedoic acid alleviated HFD induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis through inhibition of body weight gain, improvement in glycemic control, reduction of hepatic triglycerides & total cholesterol, modulation of inflammatory & fibrotic genes, and improvement in NAS score. Hence, Bempedoic acid can be a potential therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome and NASH. Bempedoic acid alleviated HFD induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in a long term HFD induced NASH animal model. Mechanism of action includes modulation of lipid profile, inflammatory & fibrotic genes and inhibition of body weight gain. Overall improvement in NAS score was observed with Bempedoic acid treatment. Our study shows a promising role for Bempedoic acid in amelioration of metabolic disorders and NASH.
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Hu Y, He W, Huang Y, Xiang H, Guo J, Che Y, Cheng X, Hu F, Hu M, Ma T, Yu J, Tian H, Tian S, Ji YX, Zhang P, She ZG, Zhang XJ, Huang Z, Yang J, Li H. Fatty Acid Synthase-Suppressor Screening Identifies Sorting Nexin 8 as a Therapeutic Target for NAFLD. Hepatology 2021; 74:2508-2525. [PMID: 34231239 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD is the most prevalent chronic liver disease without any Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological intervention in clinic. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is one of the most attractive targets for NAFLD treatment because of its robust rate-limiting capacity to control hepatic de novo lipogenesis. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FASN in NAFLD and potential therapeutic strategies targeting FASN remain largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Through a systematic interactomics analysis of FASN-complex proteins, we screened and identified sorting nexin 8 (SNX8) as a binding partner of FASN. SNX8 directly bound to FASN and promoted FASN ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. We further demonstrated that SNX8 mediated FASN protein degradation by recruiting the E3 ligase tripartite motif containing 28 (TRIM28) and enhancing the TRIM28-FASN interaction. Notably, Snx8 interference in hepatocytes significantly deteriorated lipid accumulation in vitro, whereas SNX8 overexpression markedly blocked hepatocyte lipid deposition. Furthermore, the aggravating effect of Snx8 deletion on NAFLD was validated in vivo as hepatic steatosis and lipogenic pathways in the liver were significantly exacerbated in Snx8-knockout mice compared to wild-type controls. Consistently, hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Snx8 in vivo markedly suppressed high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHC)-induced hepatic steatosis. Notably, the protective effect of SNX8 against NAFLD was largely dependent on FASN suppression. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that SNX8 is a key suppressor of NAFLD that promotes FASN proteasomal degradation. Targeting the SNX8-FASN axis is a promising strategy for NAFLD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi He
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yan Che
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Tian
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ginsenoside Re Improves Inflammation and Fibrosis in Hepatic Tissue by Upregulating PPAR γ Expression and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress in db/db Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9003603. [PMID: 34659439 PMCID: PMC8519719 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9003603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re (Re) is the main component of “Zhenyuan Capsule” (ZYC), which was wildly used in clinic in China for adjunctive treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type II diabetes (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most important complications of T2DM, as well as an important risk factor of CHD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Re on NAFLD in db/db mice, one of the most recognized gene deficient animal models on T2DM. Sixteen db/db mice and sixteen wild-type mice were divided into four groups and orally administered Re or placebo in equal volume. According to the results, Re showed no obvious effect on blood glucose, lipids, or body weight of db/db mice. Histology pictures of hepatic tissue showed that Re did not improve steatosis, too. However, some evidence suggested that hepatic injury in db/db mice was attenuated by Re administering. Collagen deposition and aminotransferase elevation were significantly downregulated in the DB + Re group compared to those in the DB Group. The mechanisms of the protect effects of Re represented in db/db mice with NAFLD might be inhibiting oxidative stress and the reupregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (pparγ) expression. The results of this study indicated that ZYC might be able to help T2DM patients with NAFLD to control the progress of NAFLD as an alternation of thiazolidinediones, synthetic agonists of PPARγ, whose side effects and adverse events should not be ignored.
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Xiong J, Zhou PJ, Jiang HW, Huang T, He YH, Zhao ZY, Zang Y, Choo YM, Wang X, Chittiboyina AG, Pandey P, Hamann MT, Li J, Hu JF. Forrestiacids A and B, Pentaterpene Inhibitors of ACL and Lipogenesis: Extending the Limits of Computational NMR Methods in the Structure Assignment of Complex Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22270-22275. [PMID: 34374477 PMCID: PMC11173361 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Forrestiacids A (1) and B (2) are a novel class of [4+2] type pentaterpenoids derived from a rearranged lanostane moiety (dienophile) and an abietane unit (diene). These unprecedented molecules were isolated using guidance by molecular ion networking (MoIN) from Pseudotsuga forrestii, an endangered member of the Asian Douglas Fir Family. The intermolecular hetero-Diels-Alder adducts feature an unusual bicyclo[2.2.2]octene ring system. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, GIAO NMR calculations and DP4+ probability analyses, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and X-ray diffraction analysis. This unique addition to the pentaterpene family represents the largest and the most complex molecule successfully assigned using computational approaches to predict accurately chemical shift values. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent inhibitory activities (IC50 s <5 μM) of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), a new drug target for the treatment of glycolipid metabolic disorders including hyperlipidemia. Validating this activity 1 effectively attenuated the de novo lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. These findings provide a new chemical class for developing potential therapeutic agents for ACL-related diseases with strong links to traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hang He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425-5700, USA
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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44
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Forrestiacids A and B, Pentaterpene Inhibitors of ACL and Lipogenesis: Extending the Limits of Computational NMR Methods in the Structure Assignment of Complex Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Yang X, Sun D, Xiang H, Wang S, Huang Y, Li L, Cheng X, Liu H, Hu F, Cheng Y, Ma T, Hu M, Tian H, Tian S, Zhou Y, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Ji YX, Hu Y, Li H, She ZG. Hepatocyte SH3RF2 Deficiency Is a Key Aggravator for NAFLD. Hepatology 2021; 74:1319-1338. [PMID: 33894019 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD has become the most common liver disease worldwide but lacks a well-established pharmacological therapy. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of an E3 ligase SH3 domain-containing ring finger 2 (SH3RF2) in NAFLD and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that SH3RF2 was suppressed in the setting of NAFLD across mice, monkeys, and clinical individuals. Based on a genetic interruption model, we further demonstrated that hepatocyte SH3RF2 deficiency markedly deteriorates lipid accumulation in cultured hepatocytes and diet-induced NAFLD mice. Mechanistically, SH3RF2 directly binds to ATP citrate lyase, the primary enzyme promoting cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A production, and promotes its K48-linked ubiquitination-dependent degradation. Consistently, acetyl-coenzyme A was significantly accumulated in Sh3rf2-knockout hepatocytes and livers compared with wild-type controls, leading to enhanced de novo lipogenesis, cholesterol production, and resultant lipid deposition. CONCLUSION SH3RF2 depletion in hepatocytes is a critical aggravator for NAFLD progression and therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dating Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sichen Wang
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University & Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjie Cheng
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Hu
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Anima, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wichaiyo S, Supharattanasitthi W. Bempedoic Acid: A New Non-statin Drug for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. Clin Drug Investig 2021; 41:843-851. [PMID: 34435333 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-021-01075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins are currently the first-line drugs for managing dyslipidemia due to their substantial clinical efficacy in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, many patients do not reach their LDL-C target despite taking high-dose statins and some patients are intolerant of these drugs. Therefore, an additional or alternative pharmacological intervention may be required. Bempedoic acid is a novel lipid-lowering drug recently approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia. This review describes the pharmacology of bempedoic acid and its clinical role in patients with dyslipidemia. Bempedoic acid, via its active coenzyme A (CoA) form, inhibits adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-citrate lyase, and reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis through the mevalonate pathway. The reduction in plasma LDL-C by bempedoic acid is approximately 20%. In addition, this drug is able to lower the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by 20%, which suggests anti-inflammatory activity. Bempedoic acid is well tolerated by the majority of patients. Possible common adverse drug reactions include upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection and arthralgia. Serum creatinine and uric acid should be monitored since increased creatinine and hyperuricemia-associated new onset of gout and gout flares have been reported in patients taking bempedoic acid. Decreased hemoglobin levels and rare tendon ruptures have also been observed. Due to its efficacy and good safety profile, bempedoic acid might serve as a potential therapeutic alternative for the management of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Wichaiyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wasu Supharattanasitthi
- Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Luo Z, Wang Y, Xue M, Xia F, Zhu L, Li Y, Jia D, Chen S, Xu G, Lei Y. Astragaloside IV ameliorates fat metabolism in the liver of ageing mice through targeting mitochondrial activity. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8863-8876. [PMID: 34402182 PMCID: PMC8435431 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AST) is a major bioactive compound of Radix Astragali with medical and health benefits. Previous studies have found that AST can reduce the body weights of high-fat diet fed mice. However, the effect of AST on fat metabolism of ageing mice is unclear. In this study, naturally ageing mice were administered intragastrically with AST at 30 mg/kg/day (ageing + AST-L group) and 90 mg/kg/day (ageing + AST-H group) for 16-20 months. Adult (4 months old) and ageing mice were given 1% sodium carboxyl methylcellulose as vehicle. Energy metabolism-related biological parameters of living mice were examined. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels of key enzymes/proteins involved in triglyceride (TG) lipolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), ketone body (KB) production and mitochondrial respiratory chain were also examined after sacrifice. Results demonstrated that treatment with AST significantly reduced body weight, white fat and liver/body weight ratio of ageing mice, significantly reduced serum/hepatic TG levels, respiratory quotient, promoted fatty acid mobilization in white adipose tissue, mitochondrial FAO and KB production and mitochondrial biosynthesis/functions in the liver of ageing mice. AST also up-regulated the expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a/1b, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase-short chain, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain and mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase-2 involved in fat metabolism. These results indicated that mitochondrial activity could be the target of AST to treat abnormal fat metabolism during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiao Luo
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Mengzhen Xue
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Fangqi Xia
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Leiqi Zhu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yuanyang Li
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dengke Jia
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Silong Chen
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101238. [PMID: 33892169 PMCID: PMC8324684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or as recently proposed 'metabolic-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD), is characterized by pathological accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids in hepatocytes. This common disease can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases. MAFLD is closely related to disturbances in systemic energy metabolism, including insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. SCOPE OF REVIEW The liver is the central organ in lipid metabolism by secreting very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and, on the other hand, by internalizing fatty acids and lipoproteins. This review article discusses recent research addressing hepatic lipid synthesis, VLDL production, and lipoprotein internalization as well as the lipid exchange between adipose tissue and the liver in the context of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Liver steatosis in MAFLD is triggered by excessive hepatic triglyceride synthesis utilizing fatty acids derived from white adipose tissue (WAT), de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endocytosed remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In consequence of high hepatic lipid content, VLDL secretion is enhanced, which is the primary cause of complex dyslipidemia typical for subjects with MAFLD. Interventions reducing VLDL secretory capacity attenuate dyslipidemia while they exacerbate MAFLD, indicating that the balance of lipid storage versus secretion in hepatocytes is a critical parameter determining disease outcome. Proof of concept studies have shown that promoting lipid storage and energy combustion in adipose tissues reduces hepatic lipid load and thus ameliorates MAFLD. Moreover, hepatocellular triglyceride synthesis from DNL and WAT-derived fatty acids can be targeted to treat MAFLD. However, more research is needed to understand how individual transporters, enzymes, and their isoforms affect steatosis and dyslipidemia in vivo, and whether these two aspects of MAFLD can be selectively treated. Processing of cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins appears less important for steatosis. It may, however, modulate inflammation and consequently MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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49
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Wang Z, Wang QA, Liu Y, Jiang L. Energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue. FEBS J 2021; 288:3647-3662. [PMID: 34028971 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well known to burn calories through uncoupled respiration, producing heat to maintain body temperature. This 'calorie wasting' feature makes BAT a special tissue, which can function as an 'energy sink' in mammals. While a combination of high energy intake and low energy expenditure is the leading cause of overweight and obesity in modern society, activating a safe 'energy sink' has been proposed as a promising obesity treatment strategy. Metabolically, lipids and glucose have been viewed as the major energy substrates in BAT, while succinate, lactate, branched-chain amino acids, and other metabolites can also serve as energy substrates for thermogenesis. Since the cataplerotic and anaplerotic reactions of these metabolites interconnect with each other, BAT relies on its dynamic, flexible, and complex metabolism to support its special function. In this review, we summarize how BAT orchestrates the metabolic utilization of various nutrients to support thermogenesis and contributes to whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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A fifty percent leucine-restricted diet reduces fat mass and improves glucose regulation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:34. [PMID: 33771176 PMCID: PMC7995702 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine deprivation modulates the dietary amino acid composition, reducing the fat content and improving the glucose tolerance, thus protecting the organism against obesity. However, a complete deprivation of leucine can lead to an extremely rapid fat loss in mice, accompanied by prolonged adverse effects such as weakness and mental fatigue. Therefore, in this study we aimed to seek the optimal concentration of dietary leucine that can reduce fat mass and improve the metabolism without the onset of severe effects.
Methods To investigate whether there is a better concentration of diet leucine restriction (LR), based on the diet we conducted (A10021B), that can reduce fat mass and improve metabolism status without taking many negative effects, we fed 8 weeks old male C57Bl/6J mice with increasing degrees of leucine restriction diet 0% LR (control group), 25% LR, 50% LR, and 75% LR groups (4–6 mice each group). Fat mass and blood glucose levels were measured. The expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver, and proteins in insulin signaling were assessed in WAT, liver and muscle. Results We found that the 50% LR group is the most proper group here at the lowest leucine effective concentration, which reduced fat mass (p < 0.05) and improved glucose regulation in mice over a 90 days feeding. Further studies revealed that lipid synthesis pathway (Fas, Scd1and Srebp1, p < 0.05) was downregulated and lipolysis (Atgl, p < 0.05) was upregulated in WAT in 50% LR group, compared to that in control group. Furthermore, glucose regulation (glucose tolerance test, p < 0.05) was also improved, and insulin signaling (p < 0.05) in the muscle was enhanced in 50% LR group while in WAT and liver were not changed. Conclusions Collectively, a 50% LR in mice reduced fat mass and improved glucose regulation, which may function through modulating lipid synthesis and lipolysis pathway in adipose tissue as well as enhancing insulin signaling in muscle. So far, we provide a further consideration for carrying out the diet of leucine restriction to reduce fat and improve metabolism status before clinical study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-021-00564-1.
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