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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen R, Jiao Z, Shen B, Shuai Z. HSCs-derived exosomes regulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines in HIBECs through miR-122-5p mediated p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Genomics 2024; 116:110795. [PMID: 38228248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PBC is an autoimmune-mediated liver disease, and intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (IBECs) are the target cells of early damage. Previous studies found that miRNAs and inflammation is closely related to PBC. In this study, we extracted exosomes from serum and human IBECs supernatant, and RNA-sequence analyzed the expression profiles of miRNAs. Elisa measured the levels of inflammatory cytokines. RT- qPCR and western blot detected the levels of miR-122-5p, p38 and p-p38. The results showed that 263 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in serum exosomes of PBC patients. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 A, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in peripheral blood of PBC patients were higher than those of normal controls. According to the validation results and previous literature, exosomal miR-122-5p was finally selected as the study object, and correlated with inflammatory factors. In vitro experiments further found that exosomal miR-122-5p may derive from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and can be HIBECs intake, and influence HIBECs inflammatory factor levels though p38 MAPK signaling pathways. This may provide a new strategy for the treatment of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruofei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziying Jiao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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2
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Sakkas LI, Chikanza IC. Sex bias in immune response: it is time to include the sex variable in studies of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:203-209. [PMID: 37716925 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Healthy females and males differ in their immune cell composition and function and females generally mount stronger immune response than males and are much more susceptible to autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Females differ from males in sex hormones, and X-chromosome genes. Sex hormones affect immune cells and responses, and may induce epigenetic DNA changes. The importance of X-chromosome genes is exemplified in men with the Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) who have an additional X-chromosome and develop systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) as frequently as women. X-chromosome contains genes critical for the immune response, such as FOXP3, toll-like receptor(TLR)7, TLR8, CD40 Ligand, IL2RG, IL9R, BTK, and others. Whereas one X-chromosome in females is randomly inactivated early in embryonic development, around 25% of X-linked genes escape inactivation and result in more X-linked gene dosage in females. We use two key female-biased autoimmune rheumatic diseases, SLE and systemic sclerosis, to review differences in immune response, and clinical manifestations between females and males. The inclusion of sex variable in research will facilitate precision medicine and optimal patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros I Sakkas
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
- Division of Rheumatology, IASO Thessalias General Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Ian C Chikanza
- Professor in Rheumatology and Immunology, Paediatrics Department, Catholic University, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- International Arthritis and Hypermobility Centre, Harley Street Clinic, London, UK
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3
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Cooper KM, Delk M, Devuni D, Sarkar M. Sex differences in chronic liver disease and benign liver lesions. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100870. [PMID: 37791378 PMCID: PMC10542645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology, natural history, and therapeutic responses of chronic liver diseases and liver lesions often vary by sex. In this review, we summarize available clinical and translational data on these aspects of the most common liver conditions encountered in clinical practice, including the potential contributions of sex hormones to the underlying pathophysiology of observed differences. We also highlight areas of notable knowledge gaps and discuss sex disparities in access to liver transplant and potential strategies to address these barriers. Given established sex differences in immune response, drug metabolism, and response to liver-related therapies, emerging clinical trials and epidemiological studies should prioritize dedicated analyses by sex to inform sex-specific approaches to liver-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Cooper
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Molly Delk
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Deepika Devuni
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Monika Sarkar
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, San Francisco, CA, United States
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4
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Genetics, pathobiology and therapeutic opportunities of polycystic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:585-604. [PMID: 35562534 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) are inherited genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of intrahepatic, fluid-filled biliary cysts (more than ten), which constitute the main cause of morbidity and markedly affect the quality of life. Liver cysts arise in patients with autosomal dominant PLD (ADPLD) or in co-occurrence with renal cysts in patients with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD and ARPKD, respectively). Hepatic cystogenesis is a heterogeneous process, with several risk factors increasing the odds of developing larger cysts. Depending on the causative gene, PLDs can arise exclusively in the liver or in parallel with renal cysts. Current therapeutic strategies, mainly based on surgical procedures and/or chronic administration of somatostatin analogues, show modest benefits, with liver transplantation as the only potentially curative option. Increasing research has shed light on the genetic landscape of PLDs and consequent cholangiocyte abnormalities, which can pave the way for discovering new targets for therapy and the design of novel potential treatments for patients. Herein, we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the field of PLDs, mainly focusing on genetics, pathobiology, risk factors and next-generation therapeutic strategies, highlighting future directions in basic, translational and clinical research.
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5
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Lu C, Miao J, Li M, Zheng Q, Xu F, Pan Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xia X, Zhu H, Chen J, Bao S. Characterization of the Estrogen Response Helps to Predict Prognosis and Identify Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870840. [PMID: 35664769 PMCID: PMC9162778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy originating from the epithelium of the bile duct. The prognosis of patients is poor regardless of radical resection and chemoradiotherapy. The current classification and prognostic model of CCA are unable to satisfy the requirements for predicting the clinical outcome and exploring therapeutic targets. Estrogen signaling is involved in diverse cancer types, and it has long been established that CCA could be regulated by estrogen. In our study, estrogen response was identified to be significantly and stably correlated with poor prognosis in CCA. Employing several algorithms, CCA was classified into ES cluster A and B. ES cluster B was mainly composed of patients with fluke infection and overlapped with CCA cluster 1/2, and ES cluster A was mainly composed of patients without fluke infection and overlapped with CCA cluster 3/4. COMT and HSD17B1 were identified to be responsible for the differential estrogen response between ES clusters A and B, and the estrogen response may be correlated with the differentiation and cancer stemness of CCA at the single-cell level. Complement activation and the expression of C3 and C5, which are mainly expressed by CCA cells, were significantly downregulated in ES cluster B. An estrogen response risk score (ESRS) model was constructed to predict the prognosis of CCA, followed by a nomogram integrating ESRS and clinical features. Finally, altered pathways, applicable drugs and sensitivity to chemical drugs were analyzed specific to the estrogen response. In summary, our results provide insights into the role of the estrogen response in CCA progression as well as applicable drugs and potential therapeutic targets in estrogen metabolism, the complement system and ESRS-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Minhuan Li
- Department of Andrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu NO.1 People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
| | - Shanhua Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
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6
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Masubuchi Y, Ihara A. Protection of mice against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury by endogenous and exogenous estrogens. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 46:100460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Lin Q, Cao J, Du X, Yang K, Yang X, Liang Z, Shi J, Zhang J. CYP1B1-catalyzed 4-OHE2 promotes the castration resistance of prostate cancer stem cells by estrogen receptor α-mediated IL6 activation. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:31. [PMID: 35292057 PMCID: PMC8922936 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to androgen deprivation therapy remains a major challenge for the clinical treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CYP1B1, a critical enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of estradiol to 4-Hydroxy-17β-estradiol (4-OHE2), has been reported to promote the development and progression of hormone-related cancer, but its role in CRPC is unclear. Methods To explore the underlying mechanism which CYP1B1 promotes the prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) characteristics, bioinformatics analyses of human clinical prostate cancer (PCa) datasets were performed. CYP1B1, IL6, and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression levels were evaluated in PCa and CRPC tissues via immunohistochemistry. The high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was carried out to examine intracellular 4-OHE2 levels. Serum-free suspension culture and flow cytometry assays were performed to evaluate PCSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to validate that 4-OHE2 recruited ERα to the IL6 promoter. Results CYP1B1 expression was significantly increased in CRPC tissues and androgen-independent PCa cell lines. CYP1B1+ PCa cells were significantly enriched in bicalutamide-treated LNCaP cells, and CYP1B1 knockdown reduced the cell viability under bicalutamide treatment. In addition, CYP1B1 knockdown decreased the intracellular 4-OHE2 concentration, accompanied by reduced PCSC characteristics. In PCa cells, 4-OHE2 stimulated ERα transcriptional activity and upregulated the expression of IL6 and downstream genes of the IL6-STAT3 signaling. 4-OHE2 increased cell viability under bicalutamide treatment and promoted PCSC characteristics, while IL6 neutralizing antibody reversed these effects. Mechanistically, siERα and the ER antagonist ICI182780 significantly attenuated 4-OHE2-induced IL6 expression, and 4-OHE2 promoted the binding of ERα to the estrogen response element of the IL6 promoter. Conclusions Our findings indicate that CYP1B1-catalyzed 4-OHE2 enhanced PCSC characteristics and attenuated bicalutamide sensitivity by ERα-mediated the IL6-STAT3 pathway activation. Our study further emphasizes the role of CYP1B1 in castration resistance and illustrates a novel mechanism of CRPC development. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Video Abstract.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-021-00807-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiasong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kuo Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhixian Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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8
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R-2HG downregulates ERα to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma via the FTO/m6A-methylated ERα/miR16-5p/YAP1 signal pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:65-81. [PMID: 34632051 PMCID: PMC8479483 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations increase (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG) production; however, functional mechanisms of R-2HG in regulating cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) development remain to be further investigated. We first applied the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system to create IDH1R132H-mutated CCA cells. Interestingly, our data showed that R-2HG could function through downregulating estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) pathways to decrease CCA growth. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that R-2HG could target and degrade the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), the first identified mRNA demethylase. This reduced FTO can increase the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) to methylate the mRNA of ERα, and consequently decrease protein translation of the ERα. Further mechanistic studies revealed that ERα could transcriptionally suppress miR-16-5p expression, which could then increase YAP1 expression due to the reduced miR-16-5p binding to the 3′ UTR of YAP1. Furthermore, data from the pre-clinical animal model with implantation of IDH1R132H QBC939 cells demonstrated that R-2HG generated by the IDH1 mutation could downregulate ERα and YAP1 to suppress CCA tumor growth. Taken together, our new findings suggested that IDH1 mutation-induced R-2HG could suppress CCA growth via regulating the FTO/m6A-methylated ERα/miR16-5p/YAP1 signaling pathway. Upregulating R-2HG or downregulating the ERα signal by short hairpin RNA ERα (shERα) or antiestrogen could be effective strategies to inhibit CCA.
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9
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Aapkes SE, Bernts LHP, Barten TRM, van den Berg M, Gansevoort RT, Drenth JPH. Estrogens in polycystic liver disease: A target for future therapies? Liver Int 2021; 41:2009-2019. [PMID: 34153174 PMCID: PMC8456902 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients suffering from polycystic liver disease (PLD) can develop large liver volumes, leading to physical and psychological complaints, reducing quality of life. There is an unmet need for new therapies in these patients. Estrogen seems to be a promising target for new therapies. In this review, we summarize the available experimental and epidemiological evidence to unravel the role of estrogens and other female hormones in PLD, to answer clinical questions and identify new targets for therapy. METHODS We identified all experimental and epidemiologial studies concerning estrogens or other female hormones and PLD, to answer pre-defined clinial questions. RESULTS Female sex is the most important risk factor for the presence and severity of disease; estrogen supplementation enhances liver growth and after menopause, liver growth decreases. Experimental studies show the presence of the estrogen receptors alfa and beta on cystic cholangiocytes, and increased in vitro growth after administration of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence, female PLD patients should be discouraged from taking estrogen-containing contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Since liver growth rates decline after menopause, treatment decisions should be based on measured liver growth in postmenopausal women. Finally, blockage of estrogen receptors or estrogen production is a promising target for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Aapkes
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Lucas H. P. Bernts
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Thijs R. M. Barten
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Marjan van den Berg
- Department of GynaecologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
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10
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Wang J, Cheng Y, Ma Y, Wu R, Xu Y, Yang S, Wang Y, Lin Y. Cytokines and chemokines expression pattern in herpes simplex virus type-1 encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 763:136170. [PMID: 34391869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To explore the differently expressed cytokines and chemokines to understand the pathways that lead to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Mice in the experimental group were inoculated intracranially with HSV-1. A high-throughput cytokine chip assay was employed to assess the expression of cytokines/chemokines in the mice brain. GO, KEGG, and PPIs analyses were used to investigate the biological process (BP), pathways and interaction network of the differently expressed proteins (DEPs) in HSE. 13 DEPs and various proteins-related signal pathways were identified in HSE, including three new factors (IL-1α, MIP-1γ, and sTNF RI). The proteins were mainly implicated in leukocyte activation and chemotaxis. Additionally, the DEPs constituted a pivotal protein interaction network where IL-6 might be a mediator. 13 DEPs and a series of related signal pathways were associated with the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for HSE. IL-6 might be a key mediator in the inflammatory responses to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yueting Ma
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Rihong Wu
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Shuling Yang
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.
| | - Yingzi Lin
- School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.
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11
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Osataphan S, Mahankasuwan T, Saengboonmee C. Obesity and cholangiocarcinoma: A review of epidemiological and molecular associations. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2021; 28:1047-1059. [PMID: 34053180 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy of bile duct epithelium, and its incidence is increasing globally. Numerous factors are reported associated with an increased risk of CCA and vary among populations across different areas. Obesity is a major, worldwide public health problem that leads to several complications and is associated with increased cancer risk. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is likely associated with the increased risk of CCA, this association might be limited to Western countries. Multiple hormones, cytokines, and metabolite perturbations in obese states have been shown to enhance tumorigenicity and metastasis potentials. Understanding the biological linkage of obesity to CCA might lead to novel prevention and therapeutic approaches to CCA treatment. This review summarizes the current evidence and highlights the knowledge gaps regarding the relationship between obesity and CCA from epidemiological and molecular perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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12
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Van Treeck BJ, Lotfalla M, Czeczok TW, Mounajjed T, Moreira RK, Allende DS, Reid MD, Naini BV, Westerhoff M, Adsay NV, Kerr SE, Rizvi SH, Smoot RL, Liu Y, Davila J, Graham RP. Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Liver. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 154:837-847. [PMID: 32880620 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver is characterized by neoplastic mucinous and/or biliary epithelium surrounded by ovarian-type stroma. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that the ovarian-type stroma expresses estrogen receptor, suggesting potential hormonal responsiveness. The molecular biology of mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver remains poorly studied. METHODS Transcriptome sequencing and immunohistochemistry were performed on a series of mucinous cystic neoplasms. RESULTS Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver exhibited significantly increased RNA expression of ovarian stromal markers WT1, PR, and ER2 and sex cord stromal markers SF-1, inhibin-α, and calretinin compared with nonneoplastic liver. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the RNA-level data. Evidence for sex hormone biosynthesis was identified by significant overexpression of multiple estrogen biosynthetic enzymes. Expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 was confirmed immunohistochemically. Pathway analysis also identified significant upregulation of the hedgehog and Wnt pathways and significant downregulation of T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 pathways. CONCLUSIONS Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver recapitulates ovarian stroma at the morphologic, DNA, RNA, and protein levels. These data support the concept that this tumor likely arises from ectopic primitive gonadal tissue and/or stromal cells with capacity to transdifferentiate to ovarian cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Lotfalla
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bita V Naini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - N Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sumera H Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jaime Davila
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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13
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Petrick JL, Florio AA, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Van Den Eeden SK, Stanczyk FZ, Simon TG, Sinha R, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Purdue MP, Palmer JR, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Guillemette C, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapster SM, Freedman ND, Engel LS, Chong DQ, Chen Y, Chan AT, Caron P, Buring JE, Bradwin G, Beane Freeman LE, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Associations Between Prediagnostic Concentrations of Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones and Liver Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women. Hepatology 2020; 72:535-547. [PMID: 31808181 PMCID: PMC7391790 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In almost all countries, incidence rates of liver cancer (LC) are 100%-200% higher in males than in females. However, this difference is predominantly driven by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 75% of LC cases. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) accounts for 12% of cases and has rates only 30% higher in males. Hormones are hypothesized to underlie observed sex differences. We investigated whether prediagnostic circulating hormone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were associated with LC risk, overall and by histology, by leveraging resources from five prospective cohorts. APPROACH AND RESULTS Seven sex steroid hormones and SHBG were quantitated using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively, from baseline serum/plasma samples of 191 postmenopausal female LC cases (HCC, n = 83; ICC, n = 56) and 426 controls, matched on sex, cohort, age, race/ethnicity, and blood collection date. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between a one-unit increase in log2 hormone value (approximate doubling of circulating concentration) and LC were calculated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. A doubling in the concentration of 4-androstenedione (4-dione) was associated with a 50% decreased LC risk (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.30-0.82), whereas SHBG was associated with a 31% increased risk (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.05-1.63). Examining histology, a doubling of estradiol was associated with a 40% increased risk of ICC (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.05-1.89), but not HCC (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.81-1.54). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that higher levels of 4-dione may be associated with lower, and SHBG with higher, LC risk in women. However, this study does not support the hypothesis that higher estrogen levels decrease LC risk. Indeed, estradiol may be associated with an increased ICC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,,Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea A. Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas E. Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Martha S. Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linda M. Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victoria A. Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Susan M. Gapster
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dawn Q. Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Petrick JL, McMenamin ÚC, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Simon TG, Sinha R, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Robien K, Purdue MP, Poynter JN, Palmer JR, Lu Y, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapstur SM, Freedman ND, Florio AA, Chong DQ, Chen Y, Chan AT, Buring JE, Freeman LEB, Bea JW, Cardwell CR, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project and the UK Biobank. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:316-324. [PMID: 32376888 PMCID: PMC7374167 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from cholangiocytes in the intrahepatic bile duct and is the second most common type of liver cancer. Cholangiocytes express both oestrogen receptor-α and -β, and oestrogens positively modulate cholangiocyte proliferation. Studies in women and men have reported higher circulating oestradiol is associated with increased ICC risk, further supporting a hormonal aetiology. However, no observational studies have examined the associations between exogenous hormone use and reproductive factors, as proxies of endogenous hormone levels, and risk of ICC. METHODS We harmonised data from 1,107,498 women who enroled in 12 North American-based cohort studies (in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project, LCPP) and the UK Biobank between 1980-1998 and 2006-2010, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to generate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence internals (CI). Then, meta-analytic techniques were used to combine the estimates from the LCPP (n = 180 cases) and the UK Biobank (n = 57 cases). RESULTS Hysterectomy was associated with a doubling of ICC risk (HR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.27-3.09), compared to women aged 50-54 at natural menopause. Long-term oral contraceptive use (9+ years) was associated with a 62% increased ICC risk (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03-2.55). There was no association between ICC risk and other exogenous hormone use or reproductive factors. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that hysterectomy and long-term oral contraceptive use may be associated with an increased ICC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Úna C McMenamin
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kim Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunxia Lu
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria A Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea A Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dawn Q Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Enhancing the Value of Histopathological Assessment of Allograft Biopsy Monitoring. Transplantation 2020; 103:1306-1322. [PMID: 30768568 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional histopathological allograft biopsy evaluation provides, within hours, diagnoses, prognostic information, and mechanistic insights into disease processes. However, proponents of an array of alternative monitoring platforms, broadly classified as "invasive" or "noninvasive" depending on whether allograft tissue is needed, question the value proposition of tissue histopathology. The authors explore the pros and cons of current analytical methods relative to the value of traditional and illustrate advancements of next-generation histopathological evaluation of tissue biopsies. We describe the continuing value of traditional histopathological tissue assessment and "next-generation pathology (NGP)," broadly defined as staining/labeling techniques coupled with digital imaging and automated image analysis. Noninvasive imaging and fluid (blood and urine) analyses promote low-risk, global organ assessment, and "molecular" data output, respectively; invasive alternatives promote objective, "mechanistic" insights by creating gene lists with variably increased/decreased expression compared with steady state/baseline. Proponents of alternative approaches contrast their preferred methods with traditional histopathology and: (1) fail to cite the main value of traditional and NGP-retention of spatial and inferred temporal context available for innumerable objective analyses and (2) belie an unfamiliarity with the impact of advances in imaging and software-guided analytics on emerging histopathology practices. Illustrative NGP examples demonstrate the value of multidimensional data that preserve tissue-based spatial and temporal contexts. We outline a path forward for clinical NGP implementation where "software-assisted sign-out" will enable pathologists to conduct objective analyses that can be incorporated into their final reports and improve patient care.
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16
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Zhang Y, Cong X, Li Z, Xue Y. Estrogen facilitates gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion through promoting the secretion of interleukin-6 by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:105937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Cao H, Zhu B, Qu Y, Zhang W. Abnormal Expression of ERα in Cholangiocytes of Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Mediated Intrahepatic Bile Duct Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2815. [PMID: 31867004 PMCID: PMC6907097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ERα, one of the classical receptors of estrogen, has been found to be abnormally up-regulated in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), which is an important factor leading to ductopenia. ERα-mediated signaling pathways are involved in proliferation of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HiBECs) and portal inflammation. Our previous studies have shown that the expression levels of ERα in the liver tissues of PBC patients are positively correlated with the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between abnormal ERα expression in small bile ducts and the progression of PBC. We examined the levels of multiple cytokines and analyzed their relationship with clinical parameters of livers functions in a cohort of 43 PBC patients and 45 healthy controls (HC). The levels of ERα expression and the relation with the levels of cytokines were further assessed. The localization of cytokines and ERα-mediated signaling pathways in liver were examined using immunohistochemistry. The possible underlying mechanisms of these alterations in PBC were explored in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were increased in PBC patients, and positively correlated with the serum AKP levels and ERα expression levels. Moreover, the expression of these cytokines were up-regulated in HiBECs that were stimulated with 17β-estradiol and PPT (an ERα agonist) and they also were positive in intrahepatic bile duct of PBC patients. The ERα-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was induced by JNK, P38, and STAT3 phosphorylation in HiBECs. In addition, the CD54 expression was increased in HiBECs after ERα activation, which induced peripheral blood monouclear cells (PBMCs) recruitment. In conclusion, the present study highlighted a key role of abnormal ERα expression in inducing an inflammatory phenotype of HiBECs, which was critical in the development of inflammation and damage in small bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Moulton VR. Sex Hormones in Acquired Immunity and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2279. [PMID: 30337927 PMCID: PMC6180207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have stronger immune responses to infections and vaccination than men. Paradoxically, the stronger immune response comes at a steep price, which is the high incidence of autoimmune diseases in women. The reasons why women have stronger immunity and higher incidence of autoimmunity are not clear. Besides gender, sex hormones contribute to the development and activity of the immune system, accounting for differences in gender-related immune responses. Both innate and adaptive immune systems bear receptors for sex hormones and respond to hormonal cues. This review focuses on the role of sex hormones particularly estrogen, in the adaptive immune response, in health, and autoimmune disease with an emphasis on systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali R Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Li S, Zhang H, Yu Y, Liu M, Guo D, Zhang X, Zhang J. Imbalanced expression pattern of steroid receptor coactivator-1 and -3 in liver cancer compared with normal liver: An immunohistochemical study with tissue microarray. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6339-6348. [PMID: 30405769 PMCID: PMC6202514 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids affect normal and pathological functions of the liver through receptors, which require coactivators for their transcriptional activation. Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-1 and SRC-3 have been demonstrated to be regulated in numerous cancers; however, their expression profiles in liver cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) remain unclear. Using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, normal liver tissue and HCC tissue exhibited immunoreactivity of SRC-1, which were predominantly localized within extranuclear components; in CCC, they were detected within the cell nuclei; SRC-3 was also detected in the cell nuclei. Furthermore, no altered expression of SRC-1 and SRC-3 was observed in liver cancer compared with normal liver tissue; however, in CCC, the expression of SRC-3 was significantly increased compared with that detected in HCC. Importantly, although expression of SRC-1 and SRC-3 did not reveal any significant differences (30 vs. 40%) in normal liver tissue, HCC and CCC expression of SRC-1 was significantly decreased compared with that of SRC-3 (9.3 vs. 36%, and 6.7 vs. 67.7% for HCC and CCC, respectively). Further comparative analysis revealed that this discrepancy was detected in males with liver cancer, across all ages of HCC cases, younger CCC cases and all stages of liver cancer. The results suggested the presence of an imbalanced expression pattern of SRC-1 and SRC-3 from normal liver tissue to liver cancer (decreased SRC-1 and increased SRC-3), which may affect hepatic function and therefore promote liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China.,Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yanlan Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China.,Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Guo
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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20
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Tanjak P, Thiantanawat A, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Genistein reduces the activation of AKT and EGFR, and the production of IL6 in cholangiocarcinoma cells involving estrogen and estrogen receptors. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:177-188. [PMID: 29693152 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor of the biliary epithelium associated with Opisthorchis viverrini, primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatitis viral infection. In the global population, men have higher incidence rates for CCA than women; thus, a gender disparity in the progression of chronic inflammation of the biliary duct leading to malignancy may involve the effects of estrogen (E2). Genistein (GE), a prominent phytoestrogen found in soy products, is an estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The present study investigated the effects of GE on the growth of CCA cells by cell viability assay. The effects on signaling proteins were detected by western blot analysis and ELISA. Gene expression was examined by RT-qPCR. Two human intrahepatic CCA cell lines, HuCCA‑1 and RMCCA‑1, were utilized. GE (50‑200 µM) reduced the viability of the two cell lines, and also inhibited the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and AKT, as evidenced by decreasing protein levels of phosphorylated (p)-EGFR (Tyr1173) and p‑AKT (Ser473), respectively. GE altered the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling cascade by mediating decreased protein levels of p‑p38 and increased protein levels of p‑ERK1/2. GE significantly decreased the levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) and induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GE also downregulated the expression of p‑ERα (Ser118) protein and ERα mRNA levels. Finally, GE induced the downregulation of the protein levels of ERβ. Of note, E2 deprivation potentiated the GE-induced reduction of p‑EGFR (Tyr1173) and total AKT proteins and production of IL6, and mediated the downregulation of GE-induced iNOS protein. In conclusion, GE inhibited the growth of human CCA cell lines by reducing the activation of EGFR and AKT, and by attenuating the production of IL6. E2 and ER were also involved in the growth-inhibitory effect of GE in CCA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariyada Tanjak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Apinya Thiantanawat
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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21
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Meyer SK, Probert PME, Lakey AK, Leitch AC, Blake LI, Jowsey PA, Cooke MP, Blain PG, Wright MC. Environmental Xenoestrogens Super-Activate a Variant Murine ER Beta in Cholangiocytes. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:54-71. [PMID: 28013213 PMCID: PMC5356623 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High systemic levels of oestrogens are cholestatic and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)-which is characterized by hepatic ductular inflammation-is thought to be triggered by exposure to xenobiotics such as those around landfill sites. Xenoestrogens may be a component of this chemical trigger. We therefore hypothesized that xenoestrogens are present at higher levels in the proximity of landfill sites. To test this hypothesis, soil samples were collected, extracts prepared and biological oestrogenic activity examined using cell-based reporter gene assays. Extracts from several sample sites around a landfill site contained a chemical(s) which activated the human ERα in a dose-dependent manner. Extracts from 3 separate control sampling sites were absent of any detectable activity. The mouse ERα and 2 variant mouse ERβ cDNAs were cloned and extracts from sample sites around a landfill site also activated these receptors. One variant murine ERβ was constitutively active when expressed in cholangiocytes, was readily inactivated by ICI182780 and activated in a dose-responsive, ICI182780-inhibitable manner by oestrogen. However, when this receptor was activated by extracts from landfill site soils, ICI182780 failed to antagonize activation. ERβ was readily detectable in murine cholangiocytes and exposing mice acutely to a pooled ER activating soil extracts also gave rise to a mild cholestatic injury. These data indicate that the environment around landfill sites may contain higher levels of xenoestrogens; that these chemicals have "super-activating" characteristics with a variant ERβ and therefore these chemicals could be a component of a xenobiotic insult that triggers PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Philip M E Probert
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Anne K Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Alastair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Institute for Sustainability, The Key Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TQ, UK
| | - Paul A Jowsey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, UK
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Singsuksawat E, Thuwajit C, Charngkaew K, Thuwajit P. Increased ETV4 expression correlates with estrogen-enhanced proliferation and invasiveness of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:25. [PMID: 29467595 PMCID: PMC5819217 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the worst prognosis cancer. The survival time of CCA patients is related to serum estrogen levels and estrogen has been found to enhance the proliferation and invasiveness of CCA cells in vitro. This has led to the suggestion that estrogen may play an important role in the progression of CCA. This study tests the relevance of the previous in vitro findings in vivo using a mouse xenograft model of CCA, and investigates possible signaling mechanisms involved. Methods KKU-213 and KKU-139 CCA cell lines were used in the experiments, xenografted to nude mice and treated with a potent estrogenic agent, 17β-estradiol (E2), and/or with tamoxifen (TAM), an estrogen antagonist. Results The results demonstrated that E2 could accelerate growth of the xenograft-tumor and the effect was inhibited by TAM. PCR array screening of E2 responsive genes suggested ETV4 as a promising candidate intracellular mediator. ETV4-knockdown CCA cells were generated and these showed a diminished responsiveness to E2 in both cell and spheroid proliferation assays, and in invasion tests. These results point to ETV4 as a possible mediator of E2-activated CCA progression and as a potential target of TAM-mediated inhibition. Conclusions Finally, TAM may be suggested as an adjunctive treatment of CCA to improve the conventional cytotoxic method with more patient toleration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0525-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekapot Singsuksawat
- 1Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand.,2Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- 2Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Komgrid Charngkaew
- 3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- 2Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand.,4NANOTEC-Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
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23
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Lavoie EG, Fausther M, Goree JR, Dranoff JA. The Cholangiocyte Adenosine-IL-6 Axis Regulates Survival During Biliary Cirrhosis. Gene Expr 2017; 17:327-340. [PMID: 28893353 PMCID: PMC5885153 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15042723767876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial response to injury is critical to the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis, and IL-6 has been suggested as a mediator of this phenomenon. Several liver cell types can secrete IL-6 following activation by various signaling molecules including circulating adenosine. The aims of this study were to assess whether adenosine can induce IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes via the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR) and to determine the effect of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release on injury response in biliary cirrhosis. Human normal cholangiocyte H69 cells were used for in vitro studies to determine the mechanism by which adenosine and the A2bAR induce release of IL-6. In vivo, control and A2bAR-deficient mice were used to determine the roles of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release in biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Additionally, the response to exogenous IL-6 was assessed in C57BL/6 and A2bAR-deficient mice. Adenosine induced IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion via A2bAR activation. Although activation of A2bAR induced cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ signals, only the Ca2+ signals were linked to IL-6 upregulation. After BDL, A2bAR-deficient mice have impaired survival, which is further impaired by exogenous IL-6; however, decreased survival is not due to changes in fibrosis and no changes in inflammatory cells. Exogenous IL-6 is associated with the increased presence of bile infarcts. Extracellular adenosine induces cholangiocyte IL-6 release via the A2bAR. This signaling pathway is important in the pathogenesis of injury response in biliary cirrhosis but does not alter fibrosis. Adenosine upregulates IL-6 release by cholangiocytes via the A2bAR in a calcium-sensitive fashion. Mice deficient in A2bAR experience impaired survival after biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation independent of changes in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G. Lavoie
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michel Fausther
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jessica R. Goree
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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24
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Demetris AJ. Longterm outcome of the liver graft: The pathologist's perspective. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:S70-S75. [PMID: 28834080 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Demetris
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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25
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Assaggaf H, Felty Q. Gender, Estrogen, and Obliterative Lesions in the Lung. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:8475701. [PMID: 28469671 PMCID: PMC5392403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8475701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender has been shown to impact the prevalence of several lung diseases such as cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Controversy over the protective effects of estrogen on the cardiopulmonary system should be of no surprise as clinical trials of hormone replacement therapy have failed to show benefits observed in experimental models. Potential confounders to explain these inconsistent estrogenic effects include the dose, cellular context, and systemic versus local tissue levels of estrogen. Idiopathic PAH is disproportionately found to be up to 4 times more common in females than in males; however, estrogen levels cannot explain why males develop PAH sooner and have poorer survival. Since the sex steroid hormone 17β-estradiol is a mitogen, obliterative processes in the lung such as cell proliferation and migration may impact the growth of pulmonary tissue or vascular cells. We have reviewed evidence for biological differences of sex-specific lung obliterative lesions and highlighted cell context-specific effects of estrogen in the formation of vessel lumen-obliterating lesions. Based on this information, we provide a biological-based mechanism to explain the sex difference in PAH severity as well as propose a mechanism for the formation of obliterative vascular lesions by estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Assaggaf
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- *Quentin Felty:
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26
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Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, Invernizzi P, Lind GE, Folseraas T, Forbes SJ, Fouassier L, Geier A, Calvisi DF, Mertens JC, Trauner M, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Vaquero J, Macias RIR, Raggi C, Perugorria MJ, Gaudio E, Boberg KM, Marin JJG, Alvaro D. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:261-80. [PMID: 27095655 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Guro E Lind
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Andreas Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler-Strasse 23e, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Javier Vaquero
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Kirsten M Boberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
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27
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The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:301-15. [PMID: 25682089 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases share numerous features and often coexist in the same patient. Autoimmune cholangitis/primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren syndrome represent paradigmatic examples of the common grounds of different autoimmunity phenotypes based on similarities in clinical manifestations and immunopathogenesis. In fact, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome have both been coined as an autoimmune epithelitis in which apoptosis may be in both cases the key element to explain the organ-specific immune-mediated injury against the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia, respectively. Further, growing evidence supports in both diseases the view that B cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T helper cells are involved in chronic inflammation, likely via the altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The presence of estrogen receptors on the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia has been advocated as a key to the female predominance encountered in primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome. Sadly, despite available data, therapeutic approaches remain largely unsatisfactory and recent studies with mechanistic approaches (as in the case of B cell depletion with rituximab) have been of partial benefit only. Future studies should focus on new molecular tools (single-cell transcriptomics, microRNA, epigenetics) to provide unique insights into common mechanisms.
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28
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Nie J, Li YY, Zheng SG, Tsun A, Li B. FOXP3(+) Treg Cells and Gender Bias in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:493. [PMID: 26441996 PMCID: PMC4585344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, where the X-linked master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) determines Treg cell development and function. Genetic deficiency of foxp3 induces dysfunction of Treg cells and immuno-dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome in humans. Functionally deficient Treg cells or the development of exTreg cells positively correlate with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). In general, females are more susceptible to SLE and MS but less susceptible to AS, where the expression of FOXP3 and its protein complex are perturbed by multiple factors, including hormonal fluctuations, inflammatory cytokines, and danger signals. Therefore, it is critical to explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved and these differences linked to gender. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of FOXP3 activity in Treg cells and also discuss gender difference in the determination of Treg cell function in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yang Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Clinical Immunology Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China ; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
| | - Andy Tsun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China ; Innovent Biologics Inc. , Suzhou , China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
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Moghimi E, Solomon JA, Gianforcaro A, Hamadeh MJ. Dietary Vitamin D3 Restriction Exacerbates Disease Pathophysiology in the Spinal Cord of the G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126355. [PMID: 26020962 PMCID: PMC4447353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary vitamin D3 (D3) restriction reduces paw grip endurance and motor performance in G93A mice, and increases inflammation and apoptosis in the quadríceps of females. ALS, a neuromuscular disease, causes progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Objective We analyzed the spinal cords of G93A mice following dietary D3 restriction at 2.5% the adequate intake (AI) for oxidative damage (4-HNE, 3-NY), antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, catalase, GPx1), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), apoptosis (bax/bcl-2 ratio, cleaved/pro-caspase 3 ratio), neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neuron count (ChAT, SMI-36/SMI-32 ratio). Methods Beginning at age 25 d, 42 G93A mice were provided food ad libitum with either adequate (AI;1 IU D3/g feed; 12 M, 11 F) or deficient (DEF; 0.025 IU D3/g feed; 10 M, 9 F) D3. At age 113 d, the spinal cords were analyzed for protein content. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.10, since this was a pilot study. Results DEF mice had 16% higher 4-HNE (P = 0.056), 12% higher GPx1 (P = 0.057) and 23% higher Bax/Bcl2 ratio (P = 0.076) vs. AI. DEF females had 29% higher GPx1 (P = 0.001) and 22% higher IL-6 (P = 0.077) vs. AI females. DEF males had 23% higher 4-HNE (P = 0.066) and 18% lower SOD2 (P = 0.034) vs. AI males. DEF males had 27% lower SOD2 (P = 0.004), 17% lower GPx1 (P = 0.070), 29% lower IL-6 (P = 0.023) and 22% lower ChAT (P = 0.082) vs. DEF females. Conclusion D3 deficiency exacerbates disease pathophysiology in the spinal cord of G93A mice, the exact mechanisms are sex-specific. This is in accord with our previous results in the quadriceps, as well as functional and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Moghimi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse A. Solomon
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandro Gianforcaro
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mazen J. Hamadeh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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30
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Xiao Y, Wang J, Yan W, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhou K, Wen J, Wang Y, Cai W. Dysregulated miR-124 and miR-200 expression contribute to cholangiocyte proliferation in the cholestatic liver by targeting IL-6/STAT3 signalling. J Hepatol 2015; 62:889-96. [PMID: 25450715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver disease is associated with dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs are involved in the cholestasis-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs modulate cholangiocyte proliferation through effects on the IL-6 pathway, a known regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation. METHODS Expression of IL-6, Foxa2, and phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was investigated in patients with biliary atresia (BA) and in rats subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). miRNA expression was determined in BA patients and BDL rats, with miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR. Biological functions of miRNAs were studied using immunoblot, immunohistochemical and proliferation assays. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were performed to identify miRNA targets. RESULTS Hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was significantly elevated in BA patients and BDL rats, while the expression of miR-124 was dramatically decreased in comparison to controls. Moreover, mRNA levels of STAT3 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) were inversely correlated with those of miR-124. Ectopic expression of miR-124 inhibited IL-6-mediated cholangiocyte proliferation in vitro and cholangiocyte hyperplasia in vivo, through a mechanism involving direct targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of STAT3 and IL-6R. We further demonstrated that miR-200 family members were significantly upregulated in cholestasis and inhibited FOXA2 expression in cholangiocytes, which further enhanced the expression of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that downregulation of miR-124 and upregulation of miR-200 collaboratively promote bile duct proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Mouihate A. TLR4-mediated brain inflammation halts neurogenesis: impact of hormonal replacement therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:146. [PMID: 24904290 PMCID: PMC4034512 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological data show that the severity and the duration of brain inflammation are attenuated in females compared to males. This attenuated brain inflammation is ascribed to 17β-estradiol. However, several studies suggest that 17β-estradiol is also endowed with proinflammatory properties. The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of hormonal replacement therapies on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation and its consequent effect on newly born neurons. Bilaterally ovariectomized rats received intrastriatal injection of LPS (250 ng/μl) and were subsequently given daily subcutaneous injections of either vehicle, 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg) or 17β-estradiol and progesterone (5 mg/kg). Microglial activation and newly born neurons in the rostral migratory stream were monitored using double immunofluorescence. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway and its target inflammatory proteins were assessed by either western blot [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. LPS-induced activation of microglia, promoted NFκB signaling pathway and enhanced the production of proinflammatory proteins (TNF-α and COX-2). These proinflammatory responses were not attenuated by 17β-estradiol injection. Supplementation of 17β-estradiol with progesterone significantly dampened these proinflammatory processes. Interestingly, LPS-induced brain inflammation dampened the number of newly born neurons in the rostral migratory stream. Administration of combined 17β-estradiol and progesterone resulted in a significantly higher number of newly born neurons when compared to those seen in rats given either vehicle or 17β-estradiol alone. These data strongly suggest that combined 17β-estradiol and progesterone, and not 17β-estradiol alone, rescues neurogenesis from the deleterious effect of brain inflammation likely via the inhibition of the signaling pathways leading to the activation of proinflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University Safat, Kuwait
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Zhang LQ, Zhang XD, Xu J, Wan Y, Qu K, Zhang JY, Wang ZX, Wei JC, Meng FD, Tai MH, Zhou L, Liu C. Potential therapeutic targets for the primary gallbladder carcinoma: estrogen receptors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:2185-90. [PMID: 23725110 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.4.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma, the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract system, has always been considered to feature late clinical presentation and diagnosis, limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis. In recent years, while the incidence of gallbladder cancer has appeared to be on the increase, the available treatment methods have not greatly improved survival of the affected patients. Thus, exploring new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease is an urgent matter at present. Epidemical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma exhibits a distinct gender bias, affecting females two to three times more than males, pointing to crucial roles of estrogen. It is well known that estrogen acts on target tissues by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), which are mainly divided into three subtypes, ERα, ERβ and ERγ. ERα and ERβ appear to have overlapping but also unique even opposite biological effects. As important pathogenic mediators, ERs have been considered to relate to several kinds of tumors. In gallbladder carcinoma tissue, ERs have been shown to be positively expressed, and ERs expression levels are associated with differentiation and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of estrogen inducing growth of gallbladder carcinoma remain poorly understood. On the base of the current investigations, we deduce that estrogen participates in promotion of gallbladder carcinoma by influencing the formation of gallstones, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting abnormal proliferation. Since ERs mediate the carcinogenic actions of estrogen in gallbladder, and therapy targeting ERs may provide new directions for gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, it should be stressed that ERs are potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Abstract
The field of anatomic pathology has changed significantly over the last decades and, as a result of the technological developments in molecular pathology and genetics, has had increasing pressures put on it to become quantitative and to provide more information about protein expression on a cellular level in tissue sections. Multispectral imaging (MSI) has a long history as an advanced imaging modality and has been used for over a decade now in pathology to improve quantitative accuracy, enable the analysis of multicolor immunohistochemistry, and drastically reduce the impact of contrast-robbing tissue autofluorescence common in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. When combined with advanced software for the automated segmentation of different tissue morphologies (eg, tumor vs stroma) and cellular and subcellular segmentation, MSI can enable the per-cell quantitation of many markers simultaneously. This article covers the role that MSI has played in anatomic pathology in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, discusses the technological aspects of why MSI has been adopted, and provides a review of the literature of the application of MSI in anatomic pathology.
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Isse K, Lesniak A, Grama K, Maier J, Specht S, Castillo-Rama M, Lunz J, Roysam B, Michalopoulos G, Demetris AJ. Preexisting epithelial diversity in normal human livers: a tissue-tethered cytometric analysis in portal/periportal epithelial cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:1632-43. [PMID: 23150208 PMCID: PMC3612393 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Routine light microscopy identifies two distinct epithelial cell populations in normal human livers: hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Considerable epithelial diversity, however, arises during disease states when a variety of hepatocyte-BEC hybrid cells appear. This has been attributed to activation and differentiation of putative hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) residing in the canals of Hering and/or metaplasia of preexisting mature epithelial cells. A novel analytic approach consisting of multiplex labeling, high-resolution whole-slide imaging (WSI), and automated image analysis was used to determine if more complex epithelial cell phenotypes preexist in normal adult human livers, which might provide an alternative explanation for disease-induced epithelial diversity. "Virtually digested" WSI enabled quantitative cytometric analyses of individual cells displayed in a variety of formats (e.g., scatterplots) while still tethered to the WSI and tissue structure. We employed biomarkers specifically associated with mature epithelial forms (HNF4α for hepatocytes, CK19 and HNF1β for BEC) and explored for the presence of cells with hybrid biomarker phenotypes. The results showed abundant hybrid cells in portal bile duct BEC, canals of Hering, and immediate periportal hepatocytes. These bipotential cells likely serve as a reservoir for the epithelial diversity of ductular reactions, appearance of hepatocytes in bile ducts, and the rapid and fluid transition of BEC to hepatocytes, and vice versa. CONCLUSION Novel imaging and computational tools enable increased information extraction from tissue samples and quantify the considerable preexistent hybrid epithelial diversity in normal human liver. This computationally enabled tissue analysis approach offers much broader potential beyond the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Andrew Lesniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Kedar Grama
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston
| | - John Maier
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Susan Specht
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Marcela Castillo-Rama
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - John Lunz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston
| | | | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
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Lin CC, Lin PY, Chen YL. Comparison of concomitant and subsequent cholangiocarcinomas associated with hepatolithiasis: Clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:375-80. [PMID: 23372360 PMCID: PMC3554822 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the outcomes of concomitant cholangiocarcinoma (C-CCA) and subsequent cholangiocarcinoma (S-CCA) associated with hepatolithiasis.
METHODS: From December 1987 to December 2007, 276 patients underwent hepatic resection for hepatolithiasis in Changhua Christian Hospital. Sixty-five patients were excluded due to incomplete medical records and the remaining 211 patients constituted our study population base. Ten patients were diagnosed with C-CCA based on the preoperative biopsy or postoperative pathology. During the follow-up period, 12 patients developed S-CCA. The diagnosis of S-CCA was made by image-guided biopsy or by pathology if surgical intervention was carried out. Patient charts were reviewed to collect clinical information. Parameters such as CCA incidence, interval from operation to CCA diagnosis, interval from CCA diagnosis to disease-related death, follow-up time, and mortality rate were calculated for both the C-CCA and S-CCA groups. The outcomes of the C-CCA and S-CCA groups were mathematically compared and analysed.
RESULTS: Our study demonstrates the clinical implications and the survival outcomes of C-CCA and S-CCA. Among the patients with unilateral hepatolithiasis, the incidence rates of C-CCA and S-CCA were fairly similar (4.8% vs 4.5%, respectively, P = 0.906). However, for the patients with bilateral hepatolithiasis, the incidence rate of S-CCA (12.2%) was higher than that of C-CCA (4.7%), although the sample size was limited and the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.211). The average follow-up time was 56 mo for the C-CCA group and 71 mo for the S-CCA group. Regard to the average time intervals from operation to CCA diagnosis, S-CCA was diagnosed after 67 mo from the initial hepatectomy. The average time intervals from the diagnoses of CCA to disease-related death was 41 mo for the C-CCA group and 4 mo for the S-CCA group, this difference approached statistical significance (P = 0.075). Regarding the rates of overall and disease-related mortality, the C-CCA group had significantly lower overall mortality (70% vs 100%, P = 0.041) and disease-related mortality (60% vs 100%, P = 0.015) than the S-CCA group. For the survival outcomes of two groups, the Kaplan-Meier curves corresponding to each group also demonstrated better survival outcomes for the C-CCA group (log rank P = 0.005). In the C-CCA group, three patients were still alive at the time of data analysis, all of them had free surgical margins and did not have pathologically proven lymph node metastasis at the time of the initial hepatectomy. In the S-CCA group, only one patient had chance to undergo a second hepatectomy, and all 12 S-CCA patients had died at the time of data analysis.
CONCLUSION: C-CCA has better outcomes than S-CCA. The first hepatectomy is crucial because most patients with recurrent CCA or S-CCA are not eligible for repeated surgical intervention.
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Estrogen is increased in male cholangiocarcinoma patients' serum and stimulates invasion in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1311-20. [PMID: 22476540 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cholangiocarcinoma is defined as a chronic liver disease with altered estrogen metabolism and could result in estrogen retention. Estrogenic response was known as a promoting factor in progression of some cancer. In this study, we determined the significant increase of estrogen level in cholangiocarcinoma patients' sera. METHODS The estrogen levels in cholangiocarcinoma patients' sera were measured and correlated with clinical presentations. Estrogen receptor-α expressions in cholangiocarcinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry method. KKU-100 and KKU-M213 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines were treated with 17β-estradiol and tested the proliferative and invasive effects. RESULTS The estrogen levels showed positive correlations with serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and a negative correlation with albumin. This study also showed an association with shorter survival times when patients with low and high serum estrogen levels were compared. In vitro studies demonstrated the effect of estrogen on cell proliferation and invasion in dose-dependent manners, which could be inhibited by tamoxifen, a clinical used estrogen antagonist. Invasion showed an association with the TFF1 gene expression and could be inhibited by small interfering RNA against TFF1 gene. Estrogen receptor-α was the main estrogen receptor that response to 17β-estradiol stimulation. CONCLUSIONS TFF1 trefoil protein could be one of the effectors for estrogen-induced invasion in cholangiocarcinoma via the estrogen receptor-α. These findings could lead to an understanding of the mechanism of cholangiocarcinoma progression.
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Abstract
Substantial advancements in the field of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) research have broadened our understanding of this enigmatic disease. Genome-wide studies have identified several new candidate genes involved in the immunoregulatory process, particularly those responsible for antigen presentation and lymphocyte signaling. Examples include the HLA class-II region and genes implicated in IL12-JAK/STAT signaling, and the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways. Environmental triggers appear to disrupt the pre-existing, unstable immune tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals, and molecular mimics of the PBC-specific autoantigen (PDC) may be derived from microbes or xenobiotic compounds, which modify native proteins, making them immunogenic. Although the vast majority of patients with PBC are AMA-positive, a variety of disease-specific antinuclear antibodies have been recognized in conferring a worse clinical outcome. There has also been a revived interest in the role of antibody-secreting B cells in murine models suggesting that depletion of these cells paradoxically exacerbates cholangiopathy. Biliary specificity in PBC is most likely driven by the uniqueness of cholangiocyte apoptosis in which the PDC-E2 autoantigen undergoes differential glutathiolation. Cholangiocytes also possess the ability to phagocytose neighboring apoptotic cells, present intact immunoreactive antigen, and undergo attack from autoantibodies, the innate immune system, and autoreactive lymphocytes. Cellular senescence and a lack of functioning T-regulatory cells are proposed mechanisms by which this multi-lineage process is thought to be enhanced. This review summarizes these key advances as the true complexities of the disease process begin to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, 5th Floor, Institute for Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sue Cullen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Marzioni M, Torrice A, Saccomanno S, Rychlicki C, Agostinelli L, Pierantonelli I, Rhönnstad P, Trozzi L, Apelqvist T, Gentile R, Candelaresi C, Fava G, Semeraro R, Benedetti A, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Onori P, De Minicis S, Carpino G, Kallin E, Alvaro D, Nilsson S. An oestrogen receptor β-selective agonist exerts anti-neoplastic effects in experimental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:134-42. [PMID: 21782536 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma cells over-express oestrogen receptor-β, which displays anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. AIM To evaluate the effects of a newly developed and highly selective oestrogen receptor-β agonist (KB9520) on experimental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS In vitro, the effects of KB9520 on apoptosis and proliferation of HuH-28 cells, HuH-28 cells with selective oestrogen receptor-β silencing (by small interfering RNA), HepG2 cells (oestrogen receptor-α and oestrogen receptor-β negative) and HepER3 cells (HepG2 cells transformed to stably express oestrogen receptor-α) were evaluated. In vivo, the effects of KB9520 on experimental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, induced by thioacetamide administration were tested. RESULTS In vitro, KB9520 induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of HuH-28 cells. KB9520 effects were absent in cells lacking oestrogen receptor-α and β (HepG2) and in cells expressing only oestrogen receptor-α (HepER3); its pro-apoptotic effect was impaired in cells where oestrogen receptor-β expression was decreased by specific small interfering RNA. In vivo, KB9520 inhibited experimental intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma development in thioacetamide-treated rats and promoted tumour regression in rats where tumour was already established. In treated animals, tumour areas showed reduced proliferation but increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS KB9520 induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma by selectively acting on oestrogen receptor-β, suggesting that oestrogen receptor-β selective agonists may be a novel and effective therapeutic option for the medical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Mihalache F, Höblinger A, Grünhage F, Krawczyk M, Gärtner BC, Acalovschi M, Sauerbruch T, Lammert F, Zimmer V. Heterozygosity for the alpha1-antitrypsin Z allele may confer genetic risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:389-94. [PMID: 21138453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha1-antitrypsin (α1AT) deficiency caused by Z allele homozygosity represents a well-established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous studies have also implicated α1AT Z heterozygosity in cholangiocarcinogenesis. AIM To assess the 'common' Z and S alleles as well as the promoter variant rs8004738 for association with cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS We genotyped 182 Caucasian patients and 350 controls for rs28929474 (Z), rs17580 (S) and the variant rs8004738. Exploratory analyses were performed in relation to gender and cholangiocarcinoma localisation. RESULTS rs28929474 was significantly enriched in the cholangiocarcinoma group (4.1 vs. 1.7%; OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.14-5.32; Bonferroni corrected p(c) = 0.036), reinforced by Armitage trend testing (OR 2.53; p(c) = 0.032). The rs8004738 (promoter) minor allele tended to be overrepresented in Z heterozygotes (30.0 vs. 16.7%: P = 0.13). Exploratory data analyses suggested a high genetic risk for extrahepatic tumour localisation (OR 3.0; p(c) = 0.016) and potentially female Z allele carriers (OR 3.37; unadjusted P = 0.022, p(c) = 0.088). CONCLUSIONS These data point to a novel role of α1AT Z heterozygosity as a potential genetic susceptibility factor for cholangiocarcinoma formation and suggest a contribution of aberrant α1AT function in biliary carcinogenesis. However, given the overall low rs28929474 minor allele frequency, larger studies are warranted to confirm and extend our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mihalache
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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Isse K, Grama K, Abbott IM, Lesniak A, Lunz JG, Lee WMF, Specht S, Corbitt N, Mizuguchi Y, Roysam B, Demetris AJ. Adding value to liver (and allograft) biopsy evaluation using a combination of multiplex quantum dot immunostaining, high-resolution whole-slide digital imaging, and automated image analysis. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14:669-85. [PMID: 21055689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various technologies including nucleic acid, protein, and metabolic array analyses of blood, liver tissue, and bile are emerging as powerful tools in the study of hepatic pathophysiology. The entire lexicon of liver disease, however, has been written using classical hematoxylin-eosin staining and light microscopic examination. The authors' goal is to develop new tools to enhance histopathologic examination of liver tissue that would enrich the information gained from liver biopsy analysis, enable quantitative analysis, and bridge the gap between various "-omics" tools and interpretation of routine liver biopsy results. This article describes the progress achieved during the past 2 years in developing multiplex quantum dot (nanoparticle) staining and combining it with high-resolution whole-slide imaging using a slide scanner equipped with filters to capture 9 distinct fluorescent signals for multiple antigens. The authors first focused on precise characterization of leukocyte subsets, but soon realized that the data generated were beyond the practical limits that could be properly evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted visually by a pathologist. Therefore, the authors collaborated with the open source FARSIGHT image analysis project (http://www.farsight-toolkit.org). FARSIGHT's goal is to develop and disseminate the next-generation toolkit of automated image analysis methods to enable quantification of molecular biomarkers on a cell-by-cell basis from multiparameter images. The resulting data can be used for histocytometric studies of the complex and dynamic tissue microenvironments that are of biomedical interest. The authors envisage that these tools will eventually be incorporated into the routine practice of surgical pathology and precipitate a revolution in the specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E741 Montefiore, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15231, USA
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