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Rigo-Bonnin R, Amador A, Núñez-Gárate M, Mas-Bosch V, Padullés A, Cobo-Sacristán S, Castellote J. Determination of ertapenem in plasma and ascitic fluid by UHPLC-MS/MS in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:173-180. [PMID: 38939197 PMCID: PMC11206183 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a frequent severe complication in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Carbapenem antibiotics are currently the treatment of choice for patients with hospital-acquired or healthcare-related infections. However, there is limited evidence available on the efficacy of ertapenem in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. As a result, the pharmacokynetics and pharmacodynamics of this antibiotic are still unknown. The objective of this study was to develop and validate measurement procedures based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine ertapenem concentrations in plasma and ascitic fluid. Methods Samples were pretreated by acetronile protein-precipitation. Chromatographic separation is performed on a C18 reversed-phase Acquity®-UPLC®-BEHTM column (2.1 × 100 mm id, 1.7 µm) using a non-linear gradient of water/acetonitrile containing 0.1 % of formic acid at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Ertapenem and its internal standard (ertapenem-D4) are detected by tandem mass spectrometry using positive electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring, and using 476.2 → 346.0/432.2 as mass transition for ertapenem and 480.2 → 350.0 for its internal standard. Results No significant interferences or carry-over contamination were observed. Imprecisions, absolute relative bias, matrix effects and normalized recoveries were ≤14.5 %, ≤9.3 % (92.8-104.5) % and (98.8-105.8) %, respectively. Chromatographic measurement procedures were linear from (0.50-100) mg/L. Conclusions The measurement procedures based on UHPLC-MS/MS developed and validated in this study could be useful in pharmacokynetic and pharmacodynamic studies in subjects with liver cirrhosis who develop spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treated with ertapenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rigo-Bonnin
- Clinical Laboratory, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Amador
- Service of Pharmacy, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Núñez-Gárate
- Clinical Laboratory, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virgínia Mas-Bosch
- Clinical Laboratory, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Padullés
- Unit of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Service of Gastroenterology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Cobo-Sacristán
- Unit of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Service of Gastroenterology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Castellote
- Service of Pharmacy, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Rigo-Bonnin R, Amador A, Núñez-Gárate M, Mas-Bosch V, Padullés A, Cobo-Sacristán S, Castellote J. Medición de la concentración de ertapenem en el plasma y líquido ascítico mediante UHPLC-MS/MS. Aplicación en pacientes cirróticos con peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:181-188. [PMID: 38939206 PMCID: PMC11206186 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Objetivos La peritonitis bacteriana espontánea es una complicación frecuente y grave de los pacientes cirróticos con ascitis. Actualmente, los antibióticos carbapenémicos son el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con peritonitis nosocomiales o relacionadas con el sistema sanitario. Pese a ello, los estudios de eficacia del ertapenem en pacientes cirróticos con peritonitis bacteriana espontánea son limitados y la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de este antibiótico continúa siendo desconocida. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar y validar procedimientos de medida basados en la cromatografía líquida de alta y rápida eficacia acoplada a la espectrometría de masas en tándem (UHPLC-MS/MS) para medir las concentraciones de ertapenem en el plasma y en el líquido ascítico. Métodos El pretratamiento de las muestras se realiza utilizando una precipitación de proteínas con acetonitrilo. La separación cromatográfica se lleva a cabo en una columna C18 de fase inversa Acquity®-UPLC®-BEHTM (2,1 × 100 mm id, 1,7 µm) utilizando un gradiente no lineal de agua/acetonitrilo que contiene un 0,1 % de ácido fórmico y an un flujo de 0,4 mL/min. El ertapenem y su patrón interno (ertapenem-D4) son detectados mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem en las modalidades de ionización mediante electroespray positiva y de monitorización múltiple de reacción utilizando, como transiciones de masa, 476,2→346,0/432,2 para el ertapenem y 480,2→350,0 para su patrón interno. Resultados No se observan interferencias ni contaminación por arrastre significativas. Las imprecisiones, los sesgos relativos absolutos, así como los efectos matriz y recuperaciones normalizadas son ≤14,5 %, ≤9,3 %, (92,8−104,5) % y (98,8−105,8) %, respectivamente. Los procedimientos de medida cromatográficos son lineales entre (0,50−100) mg/L. Conclusiones Los procedimientos de medida basados en la UHPLC-MS/MS desarrollados y validados podrían ser de utilidad para realizar estudios farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos en sujetos con cirrosis hepática que presentan peritonitis bacteriana espontánea tratados con ertapenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rigo-Bonnin
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Alberto Amador
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - María Núñez-Gárate
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Virgínia Mas-Bosch
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Ariadna Padullés
- Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Sara Cobo-Sacristán
- Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - José Castellote
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
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Martin-Mateos R, Martínez-Arenas L, Carvalho-Gomes Á, Aceituno L, Cadahía V, Salcedo M, Arias A, Lorente S, Odriozola A, Zamora J, Blanes M, Len Ó, Benítez L, Campos-Varela I, González-Diéguez ML, Lázaro DR, Fortún J, Cuadrado A, Carrasco NM, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Álvarez-Navascues C, Fábrega E, Serrano T, Cuervas-Mons V, Rodríguez M, Castells L, Berenguer M, Graus J, Albillos A. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections after liver transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and risk factors. J Hepatol 2024; 80:904-912. [PMID: 38428641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) are an increasing healthcare problem worldwide. This study analyzes the incidence, burden, and risk factors associated with MDRB infections after liver transplant(ation) (LT). METHODS This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included adult patients who underwent LT between January 2017 and January 2020. Risk factors related to pre-LT disease, surgical procedure, and postoperative stay were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of MDRB infections within the first 90 days after LT. RESULTS We included 1,045 LT procedures (960 patients) performed at nine centers across Spain. The mean age of our cohort was 56.8 ± 9.3 years; 75.4% (n = 782) were male. Alcohol-related liver disease was the most prevalent underlying etiology (43.2.%, n = 451). Bacterial infections occurred in 432 patients (41.3%) who presented with a total of 679 episodes of infection (respiratory infections, 19.3%; urinary tract infections, 18.5%; bacteremia, 13.2% and cholangitis 11%, among others). MDRB were isolated in 227 LT cases (21.7%) (348 episodes). Enterococcus faecium (22.1%), Escherichia coli (18.4%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.2%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. In multivariate analysis, previous intensive care unit admission (0-3 months before LT), previous MDRB infections (0-3 months before LT), and an increasing number of packed red blood cell units transfused during surgery were identified as independent predictors of MDRB infections. Mortality at 30, 90, 180, and 365 days was significantly higher in patients with MDRB isolates. CONCLUSION MDRB infections are highly prevalent after LT and have a significant impact on prognosis. Enterococcus faecium is the most frequently isolated multi-resistant microorganism. New pharmacological and surveillance strategies aimed at preventing MDRB infections after LT should be considered for patients with risk factors. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have a deep impact on morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. Strategies aimed at improving prophylaxis, early identification, and empirical treatment are paramount. Our study unveiled the prevalence and main risk factors associated with these infections, and demonstrated that gram-positive bacteria, particularly Enterococcus faecium, are frequent in this clinical scenario. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of prophylactic and empirical antibiotic treatment protocols after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Martin-Mateos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Laura Martínez-Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Hepatology, Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Transplant Group, IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, HUP La Fe, Valencia, España; Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Carvalho-Gomes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Hepatology, Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Transplant Group, IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, HUP La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Laia Aceituno
- Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, España
| | - Valle Cadahía
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Magdalena Salcedo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Arias
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Sara Lorente
- Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), España
| | - Aitor Odriozola
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Zamora
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, IMIBIC, Córdoba, España
| | - Marino Blanes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Óscar Len
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERInfec), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma, Barcelona, España
| | - Laura Benítez
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Isabel Campos-Varela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, España; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma, Barcelona, España
| | - María Luisa González-Diéguez
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Diego Rojo Lázaro
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España; Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Department of Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fortún
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERInfec), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Natalia Marcos Carrasco
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, IMIBIC, Córdoba, España
| | - Carmen Álvarez-Navascues
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Emilio Fábrega
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Trinidad Serrano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), España
| | - Valentín Cuervas-Mons
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Medicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lluis Castells
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, España; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma, Barcelona, España
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Hepatology, Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Transplant Group, IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, HUP La Fe, Valencia, España; Department of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Graus
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
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Trad N, Mohamed G, Bizid S, Abdallah HB, Bouali R, Abdelli MN. Clinical impact of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis. Future Sci OA 2024; 10:FSO945. [PMID: 38813115 PMCID: PMC11131343 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Recently, the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) has complicated the management of bacterial infections (BI) in cirrhosis. We aimed to assess their clinical impact on patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Methods: A retrospective study included consecutive cirrhotic patients hospitalized for acute decompensation (AD) between January 2010 and December 2019. Results: A total of 518 AD admissions in 219 patients were included, with 260 BI episodes (50.2%). MDRO prevalence was 38.2% of the total isolates. Recent antibiotic use (OR = 4.91), nosocomial infection (OR = 2.95), and healthcare-associated infection (OR = 3.45) were their main risk factors. MDROs were associated with empiric treatment failure (OR = 23.42), a higher prevalence of sepsis (OR = 4.93), ACLF (OR = 3.42) and mortality. Conclusion: The clinical impact of MDROs was pejorative, with an increased risk of empiric treatment failure, organ failure and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Trad
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghanem Mohamed
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Bizid
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Ben Abdallah
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Bouali
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nabil Abdelli
- Gastroenterology department, Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
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Piano S, Bunchorntavakul C, Marciano S, Rajender Reddy K. Infections in cirrhosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:S2468-1253(24)00078-5. [PMID: 38754453 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(24)00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is an immune dysfunction state, and as such, patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Because of infection, these patients have a propensity to develop multiorgan failure, which is associated with high mortality. Bacterial infections are the most prevalent type of infection in patients with cirrhosis, with the prevalence of bacterial infections in patients admitted for an acute decompensating event ranging from 24% to 29%. Together with invasive fungal infections, bacterial infections are the most severe. Multidrug-resistant organisms have been evolving at a rapid and alarming rate around the world, which presents enormous challenges. The development of effective measures for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of infections in patients with cirrhosis is challenging, given the rising incidence of infections in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Marciano
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Italian Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Rajender Reddy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Wozniak H, Tabah A, Barbier F, Ruckly S, Loiodice A, Akova M, Leone M, Conway Morris A, Bassetti M, Arvaniti K, Ferrer R, de Bus L, Paiva JA, Bracht H, Mikstacki A, Alsisi A, Valeanu L, Prazak J, Timsit JF, Buetti N. Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in critically ill cirrhotic patients: a post-hoc analysis of the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:70. [PMID: 38698291 PMCID: PMC11065852 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections are common in the intensive care unit (ICU) and have a high mortality rate. Patients with cirrhosis are especially susceptible to infections, yet there is a knowledge gap in the epidemiological distinctions in hospital-acquired bloodstream infections between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients in the ICU. It has been suggested that cirrhotic patients, present a trend towards more gram-positive infections, and especially enterococcal infections. This study aims to describe epidemiological differences in hospital-acquired bloodstream infections between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the ICU regarding infection sources, microorganisms and mortality. METHODS Using prospective Eurobact-2 international cohort study data, we compared hospital-acquired bloodstream infections sources and microorganisms in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. The association between Enterococcus faecium and cirrhosis was studied using a multivariable mixed logistic regression. The association between cirrhosis and mortality was assessed by a multivariable frailty Cox model. RESULTS Among the 1059 hospital-acquired bloodstream infections patients included from 101 centers, 160 had cirrhosis. Hospital-acquired bloodstream infection source in cirrhotic patients was primarily abdominal (35.6%), while it was pulmonary (18.9%) for non-cirrhotic (p < 0.01). Gram-positive hospital-acquired bloodstream infections accounted for 42.3% in cirrhotic patients compared to 33.2% in non-cirrhotic patients (p = 0.02). Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in cirrhotic patients were most frequently caused by Klebsiella spp (16.5%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (13.7%) and E. faecium (11.5%). E. faecium bacteremia was more frequent in cirrhotic patients (11.5% versus 4.5%, p < 0.01). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, cirrhosis was associated with higher E. faecium hospital-acquired bloodstream infections risk (Odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.5, p < 0.01). Cirrhotic patients had increased mortality compared to non-cirrhotic patients (Hazard Ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.01-1.7, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Critically ill cirrhotic patients with hospital-acquired bloodstream infections exhibit distinct epidemiology, with more Gram-positive infections and particularly Enterococcus faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wozniak
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Alexis Tabah
- Intensive Care Unit, Redcliffe Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Critical Care Research Network (QCCRN), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - François Barbier
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Ruckly
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, 75018, France
- ICUREsearch, Biometry, Fontaine, 38600, France
| | | | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marc Leone
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Nord, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cb2 1QP, UK
- JVF Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kostoula Arvaniti
- Intensive Care Unit, Papageorgiou University Affiliated Hospital, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ricard Ferrer
- Intensive Care Department, SODIR-VHIR Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liesbet de Bus
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jose Artur Paiva
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João (CHUSJ), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Hendrik Bracht
- Central Interdisciplinary Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam Mikstacki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Regional Hospital in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adel Alsisi
- ICU Department, Prime Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Critical Care Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Liana Valeanu
- Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department I, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Josef Prazak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Université Paris- Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, 75018, France
- Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Niccolò Buetti
- Université Paris- Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, 75018, France
- Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Kim A, Song BG, Kang W, Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Paik YH, Choi MS, Lee JH, Goh MJ. Prevalence and predictors of multidrug-resistant bacteremia in liver cirrhosis. Korean J Intern Med 2024; 39:448-457. [PMID: 38715233 PMCID: PMC11076886 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Improved knowledge of local epidemiology and predicting risk factors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are required to optimize the management of infections. This study examined local epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of liver cirrhosis (LC) patients and evaluated the predictors of MDR bacteremia in Korea. METHODS This was a retrospective study including 140 LC patients diagnosed with bacteremia between January 2017 and December 2022. Local epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns and the determinants of MDR bacteremia were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The most frequently isolated bacteria, from the bloodstream, were Escherichia coli (n = 45, 31.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 35, 24.6%). Thirty-four isolates (23.9%) were MDR, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli (52.9%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (17.6%) were the most commonly isolated MDR bacteria. When Enterococcus spp. were cultured, the majority were MDR (MDR 83.3% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.003), particularly vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics administration within 30 days and/or nosocomial infection was a significant predictor of MDR bacteremia (OR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.24-9.27, p = 0.02). MDR bacteremia was not predicted by sepsis predictors, such as positive systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA). CONCLUSION More than 70% of strains that can be treated with a third-generation cephalosporin have been cultured. In cirrhotic patients, antibiotic administration within 30 days and/or nosocomial infection are predictors of MDR bacteremia; therefore, empirical administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be considered when these risk factors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Geun Song
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sinn
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum-Youn Gwak
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Han Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Seok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hyeok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Ji Goh
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Awadh A, Badri Z, Alansari N, Alkhiri A, Baharoon H, Niaz A, Al‐Kathiri A, Ghulam E, Khan M. Effects of comorbid conditions and prescribed chronic medications on the treatment plan for chronic hepatitis C infection: A cross-sectional retrospective study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2055. [PMID: 38690003 PMCID: PMC11056709 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by various complications, including end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis. The mortality rate associated with CHC has been increasing due to the presence of comorbidities and the use of chronic medications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of these comorbidities and chronic medications on the treatment plan for CHC. Methods To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study population included patients aged 12 years and above who were diagnosed with CHC between 2016 and 2021. Patients below the age of 12 were excluded from the study. A total of 170 patients with CHC were included in the analysis. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between CHC complications and the treatment approach. Results The mean age of the study participants was 66.78 years, with a higher proportion of female patients. The findings revealed a significant association between hypertension (p = 0.042) and cirrhosis (p = 0.007) with changes in the treatment plan for CHC. Moreover, the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.045), renal diseases (p < 0.001), and hypothyroidism (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with HCV clearance after the initiation of therapy. Additionally, the use of proton pump inhibitors (p = 0.033) and levothyroxine (p = 0.025) was found to be associated with a higher rate of CHC clearance. Conclusion In conclusion, this study highlights the prevalence of comorbid conditions and the use of chronic medications among patients with CHC. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the effects of comorbidities and chronic medications when developing treatment plans for CHC infections. By taking these factors into account, healthcare professionals can optimize the management of CHC and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Awadh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Education, College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Badri
- College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Nayef Alansari
- College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhiri
- College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Baharoon
- College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdelulah Niaz
- College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Al‐Kathiri
- Research Unit, College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Enas Ghulam
- King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khan
- Department of Medical Education, College of MedicineKing Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterJeddahSaudi Arabia
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9
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Maiwall R, Piano S, Singh V, Caraceni P, Alessandria C, Fernandez J, Soares EC, Kim DJ, Kim SE, Marino M, Vorobioff J, Ribeiro Barea RDC, Merli M, Elkrief L, Vargas V, Krag A, Singh SP, Lesmana LA, Toledo C, Marciano S, Verhelst X, Wong F, Intagliata N, Rabinowich L, Colombato L, Kim SG, Gerbes A, Durand F, Roblero JP, Bhamidimarri KR, Maevskaya M, Fassio E, Kim HS, Hwang JS, Gines P, Bruns T, Gadano A, Angeli P, Sarin SK. Determinants of clinical response to empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial and fungal infections-Results from the ICA "Global Study" (EABCIR-Global Study). Hepatology 2024; 79:1019-1032. [PMID: 38047909 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of an appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment is essential in cirrhosis and severe bacterial infections. We aimed to investigate the predictors of clinical response of empirical antibiotic treatment in a prospective cohort of patients with cirrhosis and bacterial and fungal infections included in the International Club of Ascites "Global Study." METHODS Patients hospitalized with cirrhosis and bacterial/fungal infection were prospectively enrolled at 46 centers. Clinical response to antibiotic treatment was defined according to changes in markers of infection/inflammation, vital signs, improvement of organ failure, and results of cultures. RESULTS From October 2015 to September 2016, 1302 patients were included at 46 centers. A clinical response was achieved in only 61% of cases. Independent predictors of lack of clinical response to empirical treatment were C-reactive protein (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02-1.31), blood leukocyte count (OR = 1.39;95% CI = 1.09-1.77), serum albumin (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.55-0.88), nosocomial infections (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.20-2.38), pneumonia (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.22-2.53), and ineffective treatment according to antibiotic susceptibility test (OR = 5.32; 95% CI = 3.47-8.57). Patients with a lack of clinical response to first-line antibiotic treatment had a significantly lower resolution rate of infections (55% vs. 96%; p < 0.001), a higher incidence of second infections (29% vs. 15%; p < 0.001), shock (35% vs. 7%; p < 0.001) and new organ failures (52% vs. 19 %; p < 0.001) than responders. Clinical response to empirical treatment was an independent predictor of 28-day survival ( subdistribution = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.14-0.27). CONCLUSIONS Four out of 10 patients with cirrhosis do not respond to the first-line antibiotic therapy, leading to lower resolution of infections and higher mortality. Broader-spectrum antibiotics and strategies targeting systemic inflammation may improve prognosis in patients with a high degree of inflammation, low serum albumin levels, and severe liver impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Javier Fernandez
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHED), Barcelona, Spain
- European Foundation of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-Clif), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elza Cotrim Soares
- Gastroenterology Division, Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang city, Republic of Korea
| | - Monica Marino
- Liver Unit, Hospital Dr. Carlos B. Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Manuela Merli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laure Elkrief
- Service de Transplantation, Service d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERehd, Barcelona. Spain
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Claudio Toledo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Valdivia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastian Marciano
- Liver Unit and Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florence Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Intagliata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Liane Rabinowich
- Liver Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Luis Colombato
- Gastroenterology Department, Buenos Aires British Hospital, Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Francois Durand
- Hepatology & Liver Intensive Care, Hospital Beaujon, Clichy, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Juan Pablo Roblero
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Campus Centro, Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Eduardo Fassio
- Liver Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof. Alejandro Posadas, El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hyoung Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Pere Gines
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adrian Gadano
- Liver Unit and Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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10
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Elmanakhly AR, Safwat N, Tohamy STK, Elsayed KM, ElSherif HM, Elsayed M, El-Tarabili RM, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Ghoneim MM, Alshahrani MA, Saif A, Mansour AT, Bendary MM. Comparative phenotypic and genotypic analysis of community-acquired and hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infections among liver transplanted patients. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae076. [PMID: 38515285 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM During liver transplantation, both hospital-acquired (HA) and community-acquired (CA) intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are involved causing life-threatening diseases. Therefore, comparative studies of aerobic and facultative anaerobic HA-IAIs and CA-IAIs after liver transplantation surgery are necessary. METHODS AND RESULTS The species of detected isolates (310) from intra-abdominal fluid were identified and classified into hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infections (HA-IAIs) and community-acquired intra-abdominal infections (CA-IAIs). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most commonly detected species. The resistant phenotypes were commonly detected among the HA-IAIs; however, the virulent phenotypes were the predominant strains of CA-IAIs. Regrettably, the resistance profiles were shocking, indicating the inefficacy of monotherapy in treating these isolates. Therefore, we confirmed the use of empirical combination therapies of amikacin and meropenem for treating all IAIs (FICI ≤ 0.5). Unfortunately, the high diversity and low clonality of all identified HA and CA-IAIs were announced with D-value in the range of 0.992-1. CONCLUSION This diversity proves that there are infinite numbers of infection sources inside and outside healthcare centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa R Elmanakhly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Nesreen Safwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Sally T K Tohamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elsayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr international university (MIU), Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Heba M ElSherif
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr international university (MIU), Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Mahitab Elsayed
- Department of clinical pharmacy, faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 19648, Egypt
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
- Reseacher center for health science, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
- Reseacher center for health science, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62217, Saudia Arabia
| | - Abdallah T Mansour
- Fish and Animal Production and Aquaculture Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
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11
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Badal J, Badal B, Nawras M, Lee-Smith W, Stanley S, Hassan M, Ahmed Z. Diagnostic Paracentesis Within 1 Day Is Associated With Reduced Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Cirrhosis and Ascites. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1454-1466. [PMID: 38217676 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the most common infection in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with high mortality. Although recent literature reports mortality benefits to early diagnostic paracentesis, current guidelines do not offer specific recommendations for how quickly diagnostic paracentesis should be performed in patients with cirrhosis and ascites who are admitted to the hospital. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes among patients admitted to the hospital with cirrhosis and ascites receiving paracentesis within ≤ 12, ≤ 1 day, and > 1 day. Eight studies with 116,174 patients were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled risk of in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients who underwent early (≤ 12 h or ≤ 1 day) compared to delayed (> 12 h or > 1 day) paracentesis (RR: 0.69, p < 0.00001), and in patients who underwent paracentesis compared to no paracentesis (RR: 0.74, p < 0.00001). On subgroup analysis, in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in both paracentesis within ≤ 12 h (RR: 0.61, p = 0.02) vs. > 12 h, and within ≤ 1 day (RR: 0.70, p < 0.00001) vs. > 1 day. While there was a trend towards decreased mortality in those undergoing paracentesis within ≤ 12 h compared to ≤ 1 day, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The length of hospital stay was significantly shorter by 5.38 days in patients who underwent early (≤ 12 h) compared to delayed (> 12 h) paracentesis (95% CI 4.24-6.52, p < 0.00001). Early paracentesis is associated with reduced mortality and length of hospital stay. We encourage providers to perform diagnostic paracentesis in a timely manner, at least within 1 day of hospital admission, for all patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Badal
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
- UNC Faculty Physicians Center, 100 Eastowne Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Bryan Badal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohamad Nawras
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Sara Stanley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mona Hassan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zohaib Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
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12
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Dalbeni A, Cattazzo F, De Marco L, Bevilacqua M, Zoncapè M, Lombardi R, Stupia R, Mantovani A, Sacerdoti D. Bacterial infections as a risk factor for non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis development in cirrhotic patients. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:477-483. [PMID: 37778894 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and sepsis are common complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. Factors that lead to PVT are not completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the possible association between bacterial infections and the development of PVT in cirrhotic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS 202 consecutive cirrhotic patients without previous infections, followed at the Liver Unit in Verona Hospital, were enrolled from 2017 to 2021 (median follow-up 3.3 years). During the follow-up period, PVT was diagnosed by ultrasound, CT and/or MRI, and episodes of bacterial infections requiring hospitalization were recorded. Malignant PVT was an exclusion criterion. RESULTS Of the 202 patients enrolled (68.3 % males, mean age 63.8 ± 11 years), 22 (10.8 %) developed PVT during the follow up. In patients with PVT, the prevalence of previous bacterial infections was significantly higher compared to patients without PVT (63.6% vs 31.1 %; p = 0.02). Cox regression analysis revealed that a history of bacterial infection was the only variable that demonstrated a significant association with the risk of de novo PVT occurrence (HR 4.04, 95 % CI: 1.68-9.65). CONCLUSION in patients with liver cirrhosis bacterial infections are a predisposing factor for the following development of PVT. Further studies are needed to confirm this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Filippo Cattazzo
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo De Marco
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Zoncapè
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Unit of Metabolic and Internal Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Stupia
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Mantovani
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Cuyàs B, Huerta A, Poca M, Alvarado-Tapias E, Brujats A, Román E, Guarner C, Escorsell À, Soriano G. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and type of infections in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: a retrospective study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2718. [PMID: 38302563 PMCID: PMC10834517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis, especially those caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence and type of infection in these patients may have been influenced by the restrictive measures implemented. We aimed to compare the infections in patients with cirrhosis hospitalized before the COVID-19 pandemic versus those hospitalized during the pandemic. We retrospectively compared infections in patients with cirrhosis hospitalized in the hepatology unit during the pre-pandemic period (3/2019-2/2020) with infections in patients hospitalized during the pandemic (3/2020-2/2021). Baseline characteristics, type of infections, type of bacteria, antimicrobial resistance and mortality were evaluated. There were 251 hospitalizations in 170 patients during the pre-pandemic period and 169 hospitalizations in 114 patients during the pandemic period. One or more infections were identified in 40.6% of hospitalizations during the pre-pandemic period and 43.8% of hospitalizations during the pandemic, P = 0.52. We found 131 infections in the pre-pandemic period and 75 infections during the pandemic. The percentage of nosocomial infections decreased in the pandemic period (25.3% vs. 37.4% in the pre-pandemic period, P = 0.06). We found a non-significant trend to a higher incidence of infections by multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) in the pandemic period than in the pre-pandemic period (6.5% vs. 4%). The incidence of infections was similar in both periods. However, during the pandemic, we observed a trend to a lower incidence of nosocomial infections with a higher incidence of MDRO infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Cuyàs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Huerta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Poca
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edilmar Alvarado-Tapias
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Brujats
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Román
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Escola Universitària d'Infermeria EUI-Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Guarner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Àngels Escorsell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - German Soriano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Lee IK, Chang PH, Li WF, Yeh CH, Yin SM, Lin YC, Tzeng WJ, Liu YL, Wang CC, Chen CL, Lin CC, Chen YC. Risk factors for pre-transplantation bacteremia in adults with end-stage liver disease: Effects on outcomes of liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15163. [PMID: 37823247 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Limited data are available regarding pre-liver transplantation (LT) bacteremia in adults with end-stage liver disease. In this study, we investigated the risk factors independently associated with pre-LT bacteremia and their effects on clinical outcomes of LT. METHODS This retrospective study performed between 2010 and 2021 included 1287 LT recipients. The study population was categorized into patients with pre-LT bacteremia and those without pre-LT infection. Pre-LT bacteremia was defined as bacteremia detected within 90 days before LT. RESULTS Among 1287 LT recipients, 92 (7.1%) developed pre-LT bacteremia. The mean interval between bacteremia and LT was 28.3 ± 19.5 days. Of these 92 patients, seven (7.6%) patients died after LT. Of the 99 microorganisms isolated in this study, gram-negative bacteria were the most common microbes (72.7%). Bacteremia was mainly attributed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The most common pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli (25.2%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that massive ascites (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% confidence Interval [CI] 1.048-2.687) and a prolonged international normalized ratio for prothrombin time (adjusted OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.074-1.257) were independent risk factors for pre-LT bacteremia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Intensive care unit and in-hospital stay were significantly longer, and in-hospital mortality was significantly higher among LT recipients with pre-LT bacteremia than among those without pre-LT infection. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights predictors of pre-LT bacteremia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Pre-LT bacteremia increases the post-transplantation mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Kit Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gang University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Li
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-His Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Yin
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Juo Tzeng
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Liu
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gang University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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15
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Lan NTN, Lieu DQ, Anh TN, Thuong LH, Tuong TTK, Bang MH. Characteristics and Related Factors of Bacterial Infection Among Patients With Cirrhosis. Mater Sociomed 2024; 36:90-96. [PMID: 38590588 PMCID: PMC10999149 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2024.36.90-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infection causes cirrhosis to decompensate, affecting liver function and resulting in several complications, including esophageal variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Objective: This study aimed to identify the prevalence, essential features, and related factors of bacterial infection among patients with cirrhosis in Vietnam. Methods This retrospective study included 317 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis, who were divided into two groups: group 1 including 125 patients with bacterial infection and group 2 including 192 patients without bacterial infection. Infection was diagnosed on the basis of its localization. Results Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP; 31.2%) and pneumonia (28.8%) were the most common infections identified. The procalcitonin (PCT) level had a strong diagnostic value with an area under the curve value of 0.868. The most common type of gram-negative bacteria was Escherichia coli, while the gram-positive bacteria seen were Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus among the patients with infection. In the logistic regression analysis, Child-Pugh class B and C (p<0.001, OR=4.14, CI=1.90-9.03; OR=4.76, CI=2.03-11.16, respectively) and the presence of acute kidney injury (p=0.009, OR=2.57, CI=1.27-5.22) and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (p=0.035, OR=0.39, CI=0.16-0.94) significantly differed between the groups. Conclusion The most prevalent type of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis is SBP, with gram-negative bacteria being the most common cause. The PCT level is useful in identifying infection in patients with cirrhosis. Decompensated cirrhosis is linked to a higher risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dau Quang Lieu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Ngoc Anh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Hoai Thuong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran-Thi Khanh Tuong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Hong Bang
- Department of Gastroenterology, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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16
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Mohammed Abdul MK, Osman KT, Cappuccio JM, Spencer C, Satapathy SK. Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is associated with high mortality - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:1333-1339. [PMID: 37982715 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2284825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unclear if Nosocomial Spontaneous Bacteria Peritonitis (NSBP) is associated with higher mortality compared with community acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. METHODS Database search from inception to May 2022 was conducted. The databases included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane registry of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were as follows: adult patients, age >18 years, with a diagnosis of NSBP. Pooled estimates of mortality were calculated following the restricted maximum likelihood method. The mortality rate between NSBP and CA-SBP was reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Data synthesis was obtained using random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was reported as I2. RESULTS A total of 482 unique titles were screened. Twenty-two articles were included. A total of 2,145 patients with NSBP were included. Patients were followed for a median of 90 days. The pooled mortality rate of NSBP was 52.51% (95% CI 42.77-62.06%; I2 83.72%). Seven studies compared the mortality outcome of patients with NSBP and CA-SBP. NSBP was significantly associated with a higher rate of mortality (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.87-4.11; I2 36.00%). CONCLUSION NSBP was associated with higher mortality rate compared to CA-SBP, which could be due to a higher rate of resistance organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim T Osman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Cappuccio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Carol Spencer
- Department of Library Services, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Sanjaya K Satapathy
- Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Manhasset, NY, USA
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17
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Liakina V. Antibiotic resistance in patients with liver cirrhosis: Prevalence and current approach to tackle. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:7530-7542. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i31.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of etiology, complications with bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis are reported in the range of 25%-46% according to the most recent data. Due to frequent episodes of bacterial infection and repetitive antibiotic treatment, most often with broad-spectrum gram negative coverage, patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of encountering multidrug resistant bacteria, and this raises concern. In such patients, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, methicillin- or vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, all of which are difficult to treat, are the most common. That is why novel approaches to the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections to avoid antibiotic resistance have recently been developed. At the same time, our knowledge of resistance mechanisms is constantly updated. This review summarizes the current situation regarding the burden of antibiotic resistance, including the prevalence and mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance in bacterial species that most frequently cause complications in patients with liver cirrhosis and recent developments on how to deal with multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Liakina
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Tech, Vilnius 10223, Lithuania
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18
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Pachiyappan B, S H, Sethuraman L. A Study on the Bacteriological Profile of Ascitic Fluids and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Cureus 2023; 15:e49261. [PMID: 38143663 PMCID: PMC10746494 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ascitic fluid culture remains an essential step in the management of all patients with ascites, regardless of their presenting complaints. Diagnostic paracentesis should not be delayed or prevent timely administration of antibiotics, particularly in unstable patients. Hence, it is an essential part of the surveillance system of every hospital to perform ascitic fluid culture and assess the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates. In view of this perspective, the present study was conducted at Chengalpattu Medical College Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. Objective The aim of the study is to determine the bacterial isolates of ascitic fluid samples and study their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Materials and methods Ascitic fluids received in the central laboratory at the Department of Microbiology from various departments were included in this study. Preliminary identification of isolates was performed by direct Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and motility testing by the hanging drop method. Within one hour of receiving the samples, they were plated onto blood agar and MacConkey agar media and incubated for 18-24 hours at 37°C for isolation. Growth was checked, and species identification was done based on conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results In this study, a total of 100 ascitic fluid samples were collected, of which only eight (8%) showed growth. Among the eight isolates, six (75%) were Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Four (66.66%) of the six GNB were Klebsiella spp., while the remaining two (33.33%) were Escherichia coli. Both Gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus aureus. All the GNB isolates were susceptible to meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone, with varying susceptibilities to other drugs. Both Gram-positive isolates were found to be methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion GNB were the predominant organisms in cases of ascitic fluid infection, and they showed 100% susceptibility to carbapenem drugs (especially meropenem), piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone. All these drugs can be kept in reserve for serious infections. Amikacin and gentamicin showed promising susceptibility. These drugs can be started empirically with patients on admission before performing culture. Drug adjustments may be later made based on culture reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemalatha S
- Microbiology, Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu, IND
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19
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Kulkarni A, Rakam K, Avadhanam M, V P Y, Rachakonda C, Satyavadi A, Zuberi AA, Reddy S, Iyengar S, Gupta A, Sharma M, Padaki NR, Rajender R, Duvvur NR. Predictors and Outcomes of Infections in ICU Patients With Cirrhosis: A Single-Center Observational Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e47151. [PMID: 38022175 PMCID: PMC10652166 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to infections, especially by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). There are limited data on the incidence of culture-positive infections and the validity of Sepsis 3-criteria in patients with cirrhosis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in India, which we aimed to assess. METHODS In this prospective study, we included consecutive patients with cirrhosis admitted to the ICU between November 1, 2021, and April 30, 2022. The primary objective was to compare the outcomes of patients with microbiologically proven infections with those without proven infections. The secondary objective was to assess the predictors of infections and mortality and the impact of drug-resistant organisms. RESULTS A total of 298 patients (9.4% women) were included. The incidence of microbiologically proven infection was 34% (101/298; 95%CI=27.6-41.2). Most patients (61%) had healthcare-associated infections, Gram-negative organisms accounted for 75.3%, and bacteremia was the commonest site. Drug-resistant organisms accounted for 52.5% (53/101; 95%CI=39.3-68.7), of which 39.6% were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 12.8% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with proven infections than those without (61.4% vs. 44.2%; P=0.007). The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (OR=1.91; 95%CI=1.04-3.52; P<0.001) and presence of fever and/or positive quick SOFA (qSOFA; OR=1.91;1.04-3.52; P=0.03) were associated with an increased risk of infections. The SOFA score (OR=1.06;95%CI=1.002-1.12; P=0.04), MELD NA score (OR=1.08;95%CI=1.05-1.12; P<0.001), and presence of fever and/or positive qSOFA (OR=2.19; 95%CI=1.27-3.76; P=0.005) predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS One-third of the patients with cirrhosis admitted to the ICU had microbiologically proven infection, and the mortality rate in such patients was high. SOFA, qSOFA, and fever can predict microbiologically proven infections and mortality in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kulkarni
- Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Kalyan Rakam
- Critical Care Medicine, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Mahathi Avadhanam
- Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Yogita V P
- Clinical Pharmacy, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | | | - Anveshi Satyavadi
- Critical Care Medicine, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Asim A Zuberi
- Clinical Pharmacy, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Santhosh Reddy
- Clinical Pharmacy, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Sowmya Iyengar
- Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Anand Gupta
- Critical Care Medicine, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Mithun Sharma
- Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Nagaraja R Padaki
- Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG), Hyderabad, IND
| | - Reddy Rajender
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, USA
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20
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Mendez-Sanchez N, Coronel-Castillo CE, Cordova-Gallardo J, Qi X. Antibiotics in Chronic Liver Disease and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1475. [PMID: 37887176 PMCID: PMC10603944 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in liver function lead to different complications. As chronic liver disease progresses (CLD), hypoalbuminemia and alterations in bile acid compositions lead to changes in gut microbiota and, therefore, in the host-microbiome interaction, leading to a proinflammatory state. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and permeability, known as gut dysbiosis, have important implications in CLD; alterations in the gut-liver axis are a consequence of liver disease, but also a cause of CLD. Furthermore, gut dysbiosis plays an important role in the progression of liver cirrhosis and decompensation, particularly with complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In relation to this, antibiotics play an important role in treating CLD. While certain antibiotics have specific indications, others have been subjected to continued study to determine whether or not they have a modulatory effect on gut microbiota. In contrast, the rational use of antibiotics is important, not only because of their disrupting effects on gut microbiota, but also in the context of multidrug-resistant organisms. The aim of this review is to illustrate the role of gut microbiota alterations in CLD, the use and impact of antibiotics in liver cirrhosis, and their harmful and beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Mendez-Sanchez
- Unit Liver Research, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Jacqueline Cordova-Gallardo
- Department of Hepatology, Service of Surgery and Obesity Clinic, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
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21
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Incicco S, Tonon M, Zeni N, Gambino C, Gagliardi R, Calvino V, Barone A, Zilio G, Feltracco P, Burra P, Cillo U, Angeli P, Piano S. Impact of bacterial infections prior to liver transplantation on post-transplant outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100808. [PMID: 37534231 PMCID: PMC10393541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bacterial infections are frequent in patients with cirrhosis and increase the risk of death and drop-out from liver transplant (LT) waiting list. In patients with bacterial infections, LT is frequently delayed because of the fear of poor outcomes. We evaluated the impact of pre-LT infections on post-LT complications and survival. Methods From 2012 to 2018, consecutive patients transplanted at the Hospital of Padua were identified and classified in two groups: patients surviving an episode of bacterial infection within 3 months before LT (study group) and patients without infections before LT (control group). Post-LT outcomes (complications, new infections, survival) were collected. Results A total of 466 LT recipients were identified (study group n = 108; control group n = 358). After LT, the study group had a higher incidence of new bacterial (57% vs. 20%, p <0.001) and fungal infections (14% vs. 5%, p = 0.001) and of septic shock (8% vs. 2%, p = 0.004) than the control group. Along with the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and alcohol-related cirrhosis, bacterial infection pre-LT was an independent predictor of post-LT infections (odds ratio = 3.92; p <0.001). Nevertheless, no significant difference was found in 1-year (88% vs. 89%, p = 0.579) and 5-year survival rates (76% vs. 75%, p = 0.829) between the study group and control group. Within the study group, no association was found between the time elapsed from infection improvement/resolution to LT and post-LT outcomes. Conclusions Patients with pre-LT infections have a higher risk of new bacterial and fungal infections and of septic shock after LT. However, post-LT survival is excellent. Therefore, as soon as the bacterial infection is improving/resolving, transplant should not be delayed, but patients with pre-transplant bacterial infections require active surveillance for infections after LT. Impact and Implications Bacterial infections increase mortality and delay transplant in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation (LT). Little is known about the impact of adequately treated infections before LT on post-transplant complications and outcomes. The study highlights that pre-LT infections increase the risk of post-LT infections, but post-LT survival rates are excellent despite the risk. These findings suggest that physicians should not delay LT because of concerns about pre-LT infections, but instead should actively monitor these patients for infections after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Incicco
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Tonon
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Zeni
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Carmine Gambino
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valeria Calvino
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Barone
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Zilio
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Feltracco
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University and Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University and Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- General Surgery 2-Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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22
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Bhavsar-Burke I, Lindenmeyer CC. Cutting deep: Understanding the risks associated with postoperative infections in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2023; 29:913-914. [PMID: 37204175 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indira Bhavsar-Burke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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Chang J, Hoffstall S, Gödiker J, Lehmann J, Schwind L, Lingohr P, Manekeller S, Wehner S, Strassburg CP, Chang P, Praktiknjo M. Surgical site infections are independently associated with the development of postoperative acute-on-chronic liver failure in liver cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2023; 29:928-939. [PMID: 36950832 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with organ failure and high short-term mortality. Bacterial infections and surgery have been reported as major precipitants for ACLF. However, detailed characterization of postoperative infections after elective surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis and their impact on the development of ACLF have not been investigated yet. A total of 235 patients with cirrhosis without ACLF and proven bacterial infections undergoing elective surgery were included. The primary end point was the development of ACLF within 28 days after surgery, and secondary end points were infection development within 28 days and 3-month ACLF-related mortality. Cox regression analysis was used for identification of risk factors associated with ACLF development, infection development, and mortality. A total of 86 patients (37%) developed ACLF within 28 days after surgery. Patients with new postoperative infections had significantly higher rates of associated ACLF episodes within 28 days (51% vs. 24%, p < 0.001) and higher 3-month mortality ( p < 0.05) than patients without postoperative infections. New infections after surgery [HR: 2.43 (1.59-3.71), p < 0.001] and organ/space surgical site infections [HR: 2.46 (1.26-4.80), p = 0.01] in particular were independent risk factors associated with ACLF development 28 days after surgery. Extensive procedures were associated with the development of new postoperative infection episodes within 28 days. Infections treated with initial appropriate empirical antibiotic strategies showed significantly improved survival. This study characterizes and identifies bacterial infections in general and organ/space surgical site infection in particular as precipitating events for the development of ACLF after elective surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Postoperative ACLF combined with infections leads to higher postoperative short-term mortality than each condition separately, especially in extensive procedures. Interdisciplinary care, early identification of postoperative ACLF and infections, and adequate, broad, and early treatment strategies are needed to improve postoperative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Schwiedhard Hoffstall
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliana Gödiker
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Schwind
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lingohr
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Petrus Chang
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Praktiknjo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Bonn (CCB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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24
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Song S, Yang Y, Geng C, Tang Z, Wang C, Li X. Norfloxacin versus alternative antibiotics for prophylaxis of spontaneous bacteria peritonitis in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:557. [PMID: 37641014 PMCID: PMC10463656 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a life-threatening complication in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Prophylactic Norfloxacin used to be considered effective in SBP prevention, but in recent years its efficacy has been partially compromised by increasing quinolone-resistant bacteria. However, whether the effects of alternative prophylactic regimens are superior to norfloxacin remains controversial. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of norfloxacin with other antibiotics in SBP prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients. METHODS We systematically searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library Databases. Two reviewers independently identified relevant random control trials (RCTs) comparing the role of norfloxacin and other antibiotics in SBP prevention. RESULTS Eight studies comprising 1043 cirrhotic patients were included in this study. Norfloxacin and alternative antibiotics displayed comparable effects in SBP prophylaxis, survival benefit, overall infection prevention, and safety. Subgroup analyses revealed that rifaximin prophylaxis could reduce the recurrence of SBP with fewer adverse events but failed to improve overall survival compared with norfloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Other antibiotics are a reasonable alternative to norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of SBP. Rifaximin prophylaxis could be an alternative choose of antibiotic for SBP prevention because of its better protective effect and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, NO.37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chong Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, NO.37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeya Tang
- Department of Outpatient, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, NO.37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, NO.37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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25
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Abstract
Bacterial infections (BIs) are the most common precipitating event of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and a frequent complication of ACLF. BIs aggravate the course of the syndrome and are associated with higher mortality rates. For this reason, BIs should be promptly diagnosed and treated in all patients with ACLF. The administration of an appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with BIs and ACLF and is the cornerstone of treatment. Due to the spread of antibiotic resistance worldwide, the empirical treatment should cover multi-drug-resistant organisms. Herein we reviewed the current evidence about the management of BIs in ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Incicco
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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26
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Ranjbarian T, Schnabl B. Gut Microbiome-Centered Therapies for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:311-322. [PMID: 37527781 DOI: 10.1055/a-2145-7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, liver disease caused by alcohol is becoming more prevalent each year. Misuse of alcohol causes a spectrum of liver diseases, such as liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The cornerstone of treatment is abstinence from alcohol. In spite of this, available treatment for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) shows limited effectiveness currently. There are numerous ways in which alcohol disrupts the gut-liver axis, including dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, disruption of mucus and epithelial cell barriers, impaired production of antimicrobial molecules, and dysfunction of the immune system, causing translocation of viable microbes and microbial products to the liver and systemic circulation. Microbial exposure results in not only inflammation and progression of liver disease but also infections in late-stage ALD. This led scientists to focus their therapeutic strategies and targets for ALD on the gut microbiome. Throughout this review, we address the role of gut microbiome-centered therapeutic approaches for ALD focusing predominantly on randomized controlled trials. We will summarize the latest clinical trials using probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplants in modulating the gut-liver axis and for improvement of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Ranjbarian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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27
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Bai Z, Méndez-Sánchez N, Romeiro FG, Mancuso A, Philips CA, Tacke F, Basaranoglu M, Primignani M, Ibrahim M, Wong YJ, Nery FG, Teschke R, Ferreira CN, Muñoz AE, Pinyopornpanish K, Thevenot T, Singh SP, Mohanty A, Satapathy SK, Ridola L, Maruyama H, Cholongitas E, Levi Sandri GB, Yang L, Shalimar, Yang Y, Villa E, Krag A, Wong F, Jalan R, O’Brien A, Bernardi M, Qi X. Use of albumin infusion for cirrhosis-related complications: An international position statement. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100785. [PMID: 37456673 PMCID: PMC10339261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Numerous studies have evaluated the role of human albumin (HA) in managing various liver cirrhosis-related complications. However, their conclusions remain partially controversial, probably because HA was evaluated in different settings, including indications, patient characteristics, and dosage and duration of therapy. Methods Thirty-three investigators from 19 countries with expertise in the management of liver cirrhosis-related complications were invited to organise an International Special Interest Group. A three-round Delphi consensus process was conducted to complete the international position statement on the use of HA for treatment of liver cirrhosis-related complications. Results Twelve clinically significant position statements were proposed. Short-term infusion of HA should be recommended for the management of hepatorenal syndrome, large volume paracentesis, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis. Its effects on the prevention or treatment of other liver cirrhosis-related complications should be further elucidated. Long-term HA administration can be considered in specific settings. Pulmonary oedema should be closely monitored as a potential adverse effect in cirrhotic patients receiving HA infusion. Conclusions Based on the currently available evidence, the international position statement suggests the potential benefits of HA for the management of multiple liver cirrhosis-related complications and summarises its safety profile. However, its optimal timing and infusion strategy remain to be further elucidated. Impact and implications Thirty-three investigators from 19 countries proposed 12 position statements on the use of human albumin (HA) infusion in liver cirrhosis-related complications. Based on current evidence, short-term HA infusion should be recommended for the management of HRS, LVP, and SBP; whereas, long-term HA administration can be considered in the setting where budget and logistical issues can be resolved. However, pulmonary oedema should be closely monitored in cirrhotic patients who receive HA infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Andrea Mancuso
- Medicina Interna 1, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cyriac Abby Philips
- Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Metin Basaranoglu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Massimo Primignani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yu Jun Wong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Filipe Gaio Nery
- Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos, Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios Médico-Cirúrgica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Germany
| | - Carlos Noronha Ferreira
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia e Hepatologia, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alberto E. Muñoz
- Sección Hepatología, Hospital Dr. Carlos B. Udaondo. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kanokwan Pinyopornpanish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thierry Thevenot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Service d’Hépatologie et de Soins Intensifs Digestifs, Besançon, France
| | | | - Arpan Mohanty
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjaya K. Satapathy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine for Hofstra/Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Lorenzo Ridola
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hitoshi Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Li Yang
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yongping Yang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Italy
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Florence Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, The Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - the Liver Cirrhosis-related Complications (LCC)-International Special Interest Group
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Medicina Interna 1, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
- Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
- Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos, Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios Médico-Cirúrgica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Germany
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia e Hepatologia, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
- Sección Hepatología, Hospital Dr. Carlos B. Udaondo. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Service d’Hépatologie et de Soins Intensifs Digestifs, Besançon, France
- Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Odisha, India
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine for Hofstra/Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, The Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Moreau R, Tonon M, Krag A, Angeli P, Berenguer M, Berzigotti A, Fernandez J, Francoz C, Gustot T, Jalan R, Papp M, Trebicka J. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2023; 79:461-491. [PMID: 37364789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which was described relatively recently (2013), is a severe form of acutely decompensated cirrhosis characterised by the existence of organ system failure(s) and a high risk of short-term mortality. ACLF is caused by an excessive systemic inflammatory response triggered by precipitants that are clinically apparent (e.g., proven microbial infection with sepsis, severe alcohol-related hepatitis) or not. Since the description of ACLF, some important studies have suggested that patients with ACLF may benefit from liver transplantation and because of this, should be urgently stabilised for transplantation by receiving appropriate treatment of identified precipitants, and full general management, including support of organ systems in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of the present Clinical Practice Guidelines is to provide recommendations to help clinicians recognise ACLF, make triage decisions (ICU vs. no ICU), identify and manage acute precipitants, identify organ systems that require support or replacement, define potential criteria for futility of intensive care, and identify potential indications for liver transplantation. Based on an in-depth review of the relevant literature, we provide recommendations to navigate clinical dilemmas followed by supporting text. The recommendations are graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine system and categorised as 'weak' or 'strong'. We aim to provide the best available evidence to aid the clinical decision-making process in the management of patients with ACLF.
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Badal BD, Silvey S, Dragilev L, O'Leary JG, Morgan TR, Cheung R, Patel A, Rogal S, Patton H, Nobbe A, Jakab SS, Liu J, Patel N, Bajaj JS. Primary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is linked to antibiotic resistance in the Veterans Health Administration. Hepatology 2023; 77:2030-2040. [PMID: 36645215 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a major cause of mortality. Although SBP primary prophylaxis (SBPPr) with fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is often used, resistance could reduce its benefit. AIM Analyze peritoneal fluid resistance patterns in patients with a first SBP episode with/without SBPPr using the Veterans Health Administration corporate data warehouse and to evaluate national antibiograms. Corporate data warehouse data were extracted using validated International Classification of Disease-9/10 codes, culture, resistance data, and outcomes of 7553 patients who developed their first inpatient SBP between 2009 and 2019 and compared between those with/without SBPPr. Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ( K. pneumoniae ) sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and TMP-SMX was calculated using 2021 Veterans Health Administration antibiogram data from all states. The most common isolates were E. coli , K. pneumoniae , and Staphylococcus species. Veterans taking ciprofloxacin SBBPr had higher fluoroquinolone resistance (34% vs 14% no SBPPr, p <0.0001); those taking TMP-SMX had higher TMP-SMX resistance (40% vs 14%, p <0.0001). SBPPr patients showed higher culture positivity, greater length of stay, higher second SBP, and higher probability of liver transplant rates versus no SBPPr. Multivariable models showed SBBPr to be the only variable associated with gram-negative resistance, and SBPPr was associated with a trend toward longer length of stay. E. coli ciprofloxacin sensitivity rates were 50%-87% and 43%-92% for TMP-SMX. K. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin sensitivity was 76%-100% and 72%-100% for TMP-SMX. CONCLUSION Among patients who developed their first SBP episode, there was a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance in those on SBPPr, with a high rate of fluoroquinolone resistance across the Veterans Health Administration sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Badal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott Silvey
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lyuba Dragilev
- Department of Pharmacy, Captain James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Morgan
- Gastroenterology Service, VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Ramsey Cheung
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Arpan Patel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shari Rogal
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Patton
- Gastroenterology Section, VA San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anna Nobbe
- Digestive Diseases Section, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sofia S Jakab
- Section of Digestive Diseases, VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nilang Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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30
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Long B, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 70:84-89. [PMID: 37244043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common infection in patients with cirrhosis and ascites and is associated with significant risk of mortality. Therefore, it is important for emergency medicine clinicians to be aware of the current evidence regarding the diagnosis and management of this condition. OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates key evidence-based updates concerning SBP for the emergency clinician. DISCUSSION SBP is commonly due to Gram-negative bacteria, but infections due to Gram-positive bacteria and multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing. The typical presentation of SBP includes abdominal pain, worsening ascites, fever, or altered mental status in a patient with known liver disease; however, some patients may be asymptomatic or present with only mild symptoms. Paracentesis is the diagnostic modality of choice and should be performed in any patient with ascites and concern for SBP or upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or in those being admitted for a complication of cirrhosis. Ultrasound should be used to optimize the procedure. An ascites absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 250 cells/mm3 is diagnostic of SBP. Ascitic fluid should be placed in blood culture bottles to improve the culture yield. Leukocyte esterase reagent strips can be used for rapid diagnosis if available. While many patients will demonstrate coagulation panel abnormalities, routine transfusion is not recommended. Management traditionally includes a third-generation cephalosporin, but specific patient populations may require more broad-spectrum coverage with a carbapenem or piperacillin-tazobactam. Albumin infusion is associated with reduced risk of renal impairment and mortality. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of literature updates can improve the care of patients with suspected SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, United States of America.
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Di Cola S, Gazda J, Lapenna L, Ceccarelli G, Merli M. Infection prevention and control programme and COVID-19 measures: Effects on hospital-acquired infections in patients with cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100703. [PMID: 36844944 PMCID: PMC9938945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bacterial infections affect survival of patients with cirrhosis. Hospital-acquired bacterial infections present a growing healthcare problem because of the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an infection prevention and control programme and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on the incidence of hospital-acquired infections and a set of secondary outcomes, including the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms, empiric antibiotic treatment failure, and development of septic states in patients with cirrhosis. Methods The infection prevention and control programme was a complex strategy based on antimicrobial stewardship and the reduction of patient's exposure to risk factors. The COVID-19 measures presented further behavioural and hygiene restrictions imposed by the Hospital and Health Italian Sanitary System recommendations. We performed a combined retrospective and prospective study in which we compared the impact of extra measures against the hospital standard. Results We analysed data from 941 patients. The infection prevention and control programme was associated with a reduction in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections (17 vs. 8.9%, p <0.01). No further reduction was present after the COVID-19 measures had been imposed. The impact of the infection prevention and control programme remained significant even after controlling for the effects of confounding variables (odds ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.73, p = 0.002). Furthermore, the adoption of the programme reduced the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms and decreased rates of empiric antibiotic treatment failure and the development of septic states. Conclusions The infection prevention and control programme decreased the incidence of hospital-acquired infections by nearly 50%. Furthermore, the programme also reduced the prevalence of most of the secondary outcomes. Based on the results of this study, we encourage other liver centres to adopt infection prevention and control programmes. Impact and implications Infections are a life-threatening problem for patients with liver cirrhosis. Moreover, hospital-acquired infections are even more alarming owing to the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study analysed a large cohort of hospitalised patients with cirrhosis from three different periods. Unlike in the first period, an infection prevention programme was applied in the second period, reducing the number of hospital-acquired infections and containing multidrug-resistant bacteria. In the third period, we imposed even more stringent measures to minimise the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. However, these measures did not result in a further reduction in hospital-acquired infections.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- Antibiotic resistance
- Antimicrobial stewardship
- BB, beta-blockers
- Bacterial infections
- C19MC, COVID-19 measures cohort
- CA, community acquired
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- EATF, empiric antibiotic treatment failure
- Empiric antibiotic failure
- HAI, hospital-acquired infection
- HCA, healthcare-associated
- IPCC, infection prevention and control cohort
- IPCP, infection prevention and control programme
- Liver cirrhosis
- MAP, mean arterial pressure
- MDR, multidrug-resistant
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- Multidrug-resistant bacteria
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nosocomial infections
- OR, odds ratio
- PDR, pandrug-resistant
- PPI, proton pump inhibitor
- SARS-CoV-2
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- SMC, standard measures cohort
- UTI, urinary tract infection
- WBC, white blood cell
- XDR, extensively drug-resistant
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Cola
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jakub Gazda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Lapenna
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Science and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Viale dell’Universita’ 37, 00185 Rome, Italy. Tel.: +39-064-997-2001..
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Patnaik SK, Mohanty S, Mishra D, Kanungo M, Patil S, Teja RG, Uthansingh K, Narayan J, Sahu MK, Pati GK. A Prospective Study on the Clinical Significance of Infections in a Hospital Setting Among the Cirrhotic Patients and Their Outcomes. Cureus 2023; 15:e37912. [PMID: 37220470 PMCID: PMC10200015 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim and objectives The infection of microbial agents in cirrhosis has increased due to poor immunity, which increases morbidities and mortalities worldwide. The present study aimed to assess the incidence, the type of infections, the pattern of resistance, and the course of hospitalization among cirrhotic patients in the Eastern coastal region. Methodology The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study, and the current study was undertaken for 24 months at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, IMS, and SUM. Hospital, Bhubaneswar. Consecutive cirrhotic patients admitted with bacterial infection were prospectively evaluated, and the infection patterns were accessed. The data were collected in a well-structured proforma designed by our study team. Results Out of the total 200 cases, a fraction of 72.5% of males outnumbered the females; the mean age of presentation was 59 ± 12 years. A fraction of 59% of cases had the habit of consuming alcohol which amounted to the predominant etiological factor for cirrhosis, followed by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Urinary tract infection (UTI) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) were more common types of infections in the healthcare-associated (HCA) group; however, pneumonia and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) were predominant types of infections in community-acquired (CA) group. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores were not significantly different amongst the three groups with infections at the time of Diagnosis infection and at the time of hospitalization. However, the MELD scores were substantially higher at the time of infection diagnosis than the MELD scores at the time of admission amongst the three groups with infection. Conclusion The present study showed that infections in cirrhosis were relatively common. Due to increasing resistance patterns, the judicious usage of antibiotics in cirrhosis could be the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup K Patnaik
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sambedana Mohanty
- Community Medicine, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Debakanta Mishra
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Manjit Kanungo
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Srinith Patil
- Gastroenterology, ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, IND
| | | | - Kanishka Uthansingh
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Jimmy Narayan
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Manoj K Sahu
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Girish K Pati
- Gastroenterology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
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Marciano S, Gutierrez-Acevedo MN, Barbero S, Del C Notari L, Agozino M, Fernandez JL, Anders MM, Grigera N, Antinucci F, Orozco Ganem OF, Murga MD, Perez D, Palazzo A, Martinez Rejtman L, Duarte IG, Vorobioff J, Trevizan V, Bulaty S, Bessone F, Valverde M, Elizondo M, Bosia JD, Borzi SM, Stieben TE, Masola A, Ferretti SE, Arufe D, Demirdjian E, Raffa MP, Peralta M, Fainboim HA, Vazquez CE, Ruiz P, Martínez JE, Heffner LA, Odzak A, Dirchwolf M, Smud A, Mendizabal M, Bellizzi C, Martinez A, Tomatis J, Bruno A, Ramos A, Pages J, Tevez S, Gadano AC, Giunta DH. Norfloxacin prophylaxis effect on multidrug resistance in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:481-491. [PMID: 36820931 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether norfloxacin predisposes to infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). We aimed to evaluate if patients with cirrhosis receiving norfloxacin prophylaxis at the time of the diagnosis of bacterial infections were more likely to present a multidrug-resistant isolate than those without prophylaxis. This is a cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections from Argentina and Uruguay (NCT03919032) from September 2018 to December 2020. The outcome variable was a multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of norfloxacin on infection caused by MDROs considering potential confounders. Among the 472 patients from 28 centers, 53 (11%) were receiving norfloxacin at the time of the bacterial infection. Patients receiving norfloxacin had higher MELD-sodium, were more likely to have ascites or encephalopathy, to receive rifaximin, beta-blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors, to have a nosocomial or health-care-associated infection, prior bacterial infections, admissions to critical care units or invasive procedures, and to be admitted in a liver transplant center. In addition, we found that 13 (24.5%) patients with norfloxacin and 90 (21.5%) of those not receiving it presented infections caused by MDROs (adjusted OR 1.55; 95% CI: 0.60-4.03; p = 0.360). The use of norfloxacin prophylaxis at the time of the diagnosis of bacterial infections was not associated with multidrug resistance. These results help empiric antibiotic selection and reassure the current indication of norfloxacin prophylaxis in well-selected patients.Study registration number: NCT03919032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Marciano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Sabrina Barbero
- Liver Unit, Hospital Churruca Visca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Grigera
- Liver Unit, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Maria D Murga
- Liver Unit, Hospital A.C. Padilla, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniela Perez
- Liver Unit, Hospital A.C. Padilla, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana Palazzo
- Liver Unit, Hospital A.C. Padilla, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Ivonne G Duarte
- P. R. Liver Unit, Hospital 4 de Junio, Sáenz Peña, Argentina
| | - Julio Vorobioff
- Liver Unit, Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Sofía Bulaty
- Liver Unit, Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando Bessone
- Liver Unit, Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Valverde
- Liver Unit, Unidad Bi-Institucional de Trasplante Hepatico, Hospital de Clínicas - Hospital Militar, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Elizondo
- Liver Unit, Unidad Bi-Institucional de Trasplante Hepatico, Hospital de Clínicas - Hospital Militar, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego Arufe
- Liver Unit, Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria P Raffa
- Liver Unit, Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Cintia E Vazquez
- Liver Unit, Regional Hospital of Rio Gallegos, Rio Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Liver Unit, Regional Hospital of Rio Gallegos, Rio Gallegos, Argentina
| | | | | | - Andrea Odzak
- Liver Unit, Hospital Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Astrid Smud
- Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ana Martinez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Tomatis
- Liver Unit, Hospital Privado de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andres Bruno
- Liver Unit, Hospital Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agñel Ramos
- Liver Unit, Sanatorio Parque, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Josefina Pages
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Silvina Tevez
- Liver Unit, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian C Gadano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego H Giunta
- Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Impact of Bacteria Types on the Clinical Outcomes of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:2140-2148. [PMID: 36879176 PMCID: PMC10133085 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cirrhotic patients presenting with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) have elevated risk of short-term mortality. While high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium score (MELD-Na) and ascites culture yielding multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria are well established risk factors for further aggravating mortality, the impact of individual, causative microorganisms and their respective pathogenesis have not been previously investigated. METHODS This is a retrospective study of 267 cirrhotic patients at two tertiary care hospitals undergoing paracentesis from January 2015 to January 2021 who presented with ascitic PMN count > 250 cells/mm3. The primary outcome was SBP progression defined as death or liver transplantation within 1-month of paracentesis stratified by microorganism type. RESULTS Of 267 patients with SBP, the ascitic culture yielded causative microorganism in 88 cases [median age 57 years (IQR 52-64)]; 68% male; median MELD-Na 29 (IQR 23-35). The microbes isolated were E. coli (33%), Streptococcus (15%), Klebsiella (13%), Enterococcus (13%), Staphylococcus (9%) and others (18%); 41% were MDR. Cumulative incidence of SBP progression within 1-month was 91% (95% CI 67-100) for Klebsiella, 59% (95% CI 42-76) for E. coli, and 16% (95% CI 4-51) for Streptococcus. After adjusting for MELD-Na and MDR, risk of SBP progression remained elevated for Klebsiella (HR 2.07; 95% CI 0.98-4.24; p-value = 0.06) and decreased for Streptococcus (HR 0.28; 95% CI 0.06-1.21; p-value = 0.09) compared to all other bacteria. CONCLUSION Our study found Klebsiella-associated SBP had worse clinical outcomes while Streptococcus-associated SBP had the most favorable outcomes after accounting for MDR and MELD-Na. Thus, identification of the causative microorganism is crucial not only for optimizing the treatment but for prognostication.
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The Role of Pretransplant Infections in Pediatric Receiving LDLT in Indonesia: A 7-y Retrospective Study. Transplant Direct 2023; 9:e1458. [PMID: 36860660 PMCID: PMC9970283 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for pediatric end-stage liver disease. Infections posttransplantation might significantly affect the outcome of the surgery. This study aimed to identify the role of pretransplant infection among children who underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in Indonesia. Methods This is an observational, retrospective cohort study. A total of 56 children were recruited between April 2015 and May 2022. Patients were categorized into 2 according to the presence of pretransplantation infections requiring hospitalization before the surgery. Diagnosis of posttransplantation infection was observed for up to 1 y based on the clinical features and laboratory parameters. Results The most common indication for LDLT was biliary atresia (82.1%). Fifteen of 56 patients (26.7%) had a pretransplant infection, whereas 73.2% of patients were diagnosed with a posttransplant infection. There was no significant association between pretransplant and posttransplant infection in all 3-time points (≤1 mo, 2-6 mo, and 6-12 mo). The most common organ involvement posttransplantation was respiratory infections (50%). The pretransplant infection did not significantly affect posttransplant bacteremia, length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, initiation of enteral feeding, hospitalization cost, and graft rejection. Conclusions Our data showed that pretransplant infections did not significantly affect clinical outcomes in post-LDLT procedures. A prompt and sufficient diagnosis and treatment before and after the LDLT procedure is the best way to obtain an optimal outcome.
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Dalbeni A, Mantovani A, Zoncapè M, Cattazzo F, Bevilacqua M, De Marco L, Paon V, Ieluzzi D, Azzini AM, Carrara E, Tacconelli E, Sacerdoti D. The multi-drug resistant organisms infections decrease during the antimicrobial stewardship era in cirrhotic patients: An Italian cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281813. [PMID: 36795664 PMCID: PMC9934314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bacterial infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Our aim was to assess the incidence of bacterial infections, in particular due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) before and after the introduction of the antimicrobial stewardship program, "Stewardship Antimicrobial in VErona" (SAVE). In addition, we also analysed the liver complications and the crude mortality during the whole follow up. METHODS We analysed 229 cirrhotic subjects without previous hospitalization for infections enrolled at the University Verona Hospital from 2017 to 2019 and followed up until December 2021 (mean follow-up 42.7 months). RESULTS 101 infections were recorded and 31.7% were recurrent. The most frequent were sepsis (24.7%), pneumonia (19.8%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (17.8%). 14.9% of infections were sustained by MDROs. Liver complications occurred more frequently in infected patients, and in case of MDROs infections with a significantly higher MELD and Child-Pugh score. In Cox regression analysis, mortality was associated with age, diabetes and bacterial infections episodes (OR 3.30, CI 95%: (1.63-6.70). Despite an increase in total infections over the past three years, a decrease in the incidence rate in MDROs infections was documented concurrently with the introduction of SAVE (IRD 28.6; 95% CI: 4.6-52.5, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the burden of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients, especially MDROs, and the strong interconnection with liver complications. The introduction of SAVE decreased MDROs infections. Cirrhotic patients require a closer clinical surveillance to identify colonized patients and avoid the horizontal spread of MDROs in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Mantovani
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirko Zoncapè
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Cattazzo
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo De Marco
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Paon
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Ieluzzi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Azzini
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Carrara
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Prakash V, Arora V, Jindal A, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Combination of GM CSF and carbapenem is superior to carbapenem monotherapy in difficult-to-treat spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A randomized controlled trial. Liver Int 2023; 43:1298-1306. [PMID: 36748109 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis and treatment non-responsive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) have high mortality. We aimed to investigate whether GM-CSF can improve SBP response rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label RCT, 131 cirrhosis patients with difficult-to-treat SBP (DTT SBP) were randomized to receive meropenem alone (1 g IV thrice daily for 5 days) (MERO Group, n = 66) or in combination with GM-CSF (1.5 mcg/Kg daily IV till resolution or till 5d) (MEROGM Group, n = 65). The primary end-point was SBP early-response (reduction in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) by >25% after 48 h). Secondary end-points included SBP resolution at day 5. RESULTS Patients in MEROGM group in comparison to MERO group had higher SBP early-response (60% vs. 31.8%; p = .001) and SBP resolution rates (55.4% vs. 24.2%; p = .0003). Patients in the combination arm also had better resolution of pneumonia {8/17 (47.05%) vs. 2/19 (10.5%), p = .02} and lower incidence of new-onset AKI (15.4% vs. 31.8%, p = .02), HE (18.5% vs. 34.8%, p = .04) and infections (21.5% vs. 37.9%, p = .05). In comparison to MERO group, 7-day survival was higher in MEROGM group (89.2% vs. 78.7%, p = .03), though the 28-day survival was comparable (78.4% vs. 71.2%; p = .66). None of the patients developed treatment-related severe adverse effects requiring discontinuation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS The addition of GM-CSF to meropenem significantly improves response rates in DTT SBP patients within 48 h. Early use of GMCSF modulates host immune response, and enhances antibiotic response with higher SBP resolution. The use of GMCSF needs to be considered in combating difficult SBP in cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Prakash
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Arora
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Old and New Precipitants in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A New Look at a Field in Continuous Evolution. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031187. [PMID: 36769836 PMCID: PMC9917479 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication in patients with advanced liver disease. It is a brain dysfunction characterized by neurological and psychiatric symptoms that significantly affects quality of life, morbidity and mortality of patients. HE has various precipitants that can potentially promote its onset, alone or in combination. Among the historically well-known precipitants, such as infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, dehydration, electrolyte disorders and constipation, recent studies have highlighted the role of malnutrition and portosystemic shunts as new precipitating factors of HE. The identification, management and correction of these factors are fundamental for effective HE treatment, in addition to pharmacological therapy with non-absorbable disaccharides and/or antibiotics.
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Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis frequently require admission to the intensive care unit as complications arise in the course of their disease. These admissions are associated with high short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Thus, understanding and characterizing complications and unique needs of patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure helps providers identify appropriate level of care and evidence-based treatments. While there is no widely accepted critical care admission criteria for patients with cirrhosis, the presence of organ failure and primary or nosocomial infections are associated with particularly high in-hospital mortality. Optimal management of patients with cirrhosis in the critical care setting requires a system-based approach that acknowledges deviations from canonical pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss appropriate considerations and evidence-based practices for the general care of patients with cirrhosis and critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice Gallo de Moraes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas A Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
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Terra C, de Mattos ÂZ, Chagas MS, Torres A, Wiltgen D, Souza BM, Perez RM. Impact of multidrug resistance on the management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:534-544. [PMID: 36793638 PMCID: PMC9923851 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i3.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis have an increased risk of infection and differently from other complications, that over the years are improving in their outcomes, infections in cirrhotic patients are still a major cause of hospitalization and death (up to 50% in-hospital mortality). Infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) have become a major challenge in the management of cirrhotic patients with significant prognostic and cost-related impact. About one third of cirrhotic patients with bacterial infections is infected with MDR bacteria and their prevalence has increased in recent years. MDR infections have a worse prognosis compared to infections by non-resistant bacteria because they are associated with lower rate of infection resolution. An adequate management of cirrhotic patients with infections caused by MDR bacteria depends on the knowledge of some epidemiological aspects, such as the type of infection (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and spontaneous bacteremia), bacteriological profile of antibiotic resistance at each health care unit and site of infection acquisition (community acquired, healthcare associated or nosocomial). Furthermore, regional variations in the prevalence of MDR infections determine that the choice of empirical antibiotic therapy must be adapted to the local microbiological epidemiology. Antibiotic treatment is the most effective measure to treat infections caused by MDRO. Therefore, optimizing antibiotic prescribing is critical to effectively treat these infections. Identification of risk factors for multidrug resistance is essential to define the best antibiotic treatment strategy in each case and the choice of an effective empirical antibiotic therapy and its early administration is cardinal to reduce mortality. On the other hand, the supply of new agents to treat these infections is very limited. Thus, specific protocols that include preventive measures must be implemented in order to limit the negative impact of this severe complication in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Terra
- Gastroenterology-Liver Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Liver Unit, Casa de Saúde São José-Rede Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro 22271-080, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Liver Unit, Federal Hospital of Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro 22470-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Zambam de Mattos
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Souza Chagas
- Gastroenterology-Liver Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Internal Medicine, Federal Hospital of Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro 22470-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre Torres
- Gastroenterology-Liver Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denusa Wiltgen
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Brazil
| | - Barbara Muniz Souza
- Gastroenterology-Liver Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Mello Perez
- Alliance of Brazilian Centers for Cirrhosis Car, The ABC Group, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Hepatology Division, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IDOR, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Response-Guided Therapy With Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, or Ciprofloxacin for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Randomized Trial: A Validation Study of 2021 AASLD Practice Guidance for SBP. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:654-663. [PMID: 36594820 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were used as first-line agents. However, considering the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance, it is unclear which of these drugs can be initially recommended. This study aimed to compare the current efficacy of the 3 antibiotics, namely cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, for the treatment of SBP in patients with cirrhosis with ascites, when guided by therapeutic responses. METHODS This study was a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. The inclusion criteria were 16- to 75-year-old patients with liver cirrhosis with ascites, having polymorphonuclear cell count of >250/mm 3 . We performed a follow-up paracentesis at 48 hours to decide continuing or changing the assigned antibiotics and then assessed the resolution rates at 120 and 168 hours of treatment. RESULTS A total of 261 patients with cirrhosis who developed SBP were enrolled. Most of the patients were diagnosed as those with SBP within 48 hours of admission. The resolution rates at 120 hours, which is the primary endpoint, were 67.8%, 77.0%, and 73.6% in the cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin groups, respectively ( P = 0.388), by intension-to-treat analysis. The 1-month mortality was similar among the groups ( P = 0.770). The model for end-stage liver disease score and the SBP resolution were significant factors for survival. CONCLUSION The efficacy of empirical antibiotics, such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, against SBP was not significantly different. In addition, these antibiotics administered based on response-guided therapy were still efficacious as initial treatment for SBP, especially in those with community-acquired infections.
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B Hadi Y, Khan RS, Lakhani DA, Khan AY, Jannat RU, Khan AA, Naqvi SF, Obeng G, Kupec JT, Singal AK. Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed in Liver Cirrhosis; Less May Be More. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:284-290. [PMID: 35467310 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Administration of antibiotics in patients with cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been shown to improve outcomes. Little is known regarding optimum duration of prophylactic antibiotics. Seven days of antibiotics are generally recommended but very few studies have compared antibiotic duration to clinical outcomes in current available scientific literature. The goal of our study was to study the effect of shorter antibiotic duration on patient outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis presenting with upper GI bleeding at our institute from 2010 to 2018. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on duration of antibiotic administration for prophylaxis: 1-3 days of antibiotics, 4-6 days of antibiotics and 7 days or more of antibiotics. Rates of infection diagnosis within 30 days, rebleeding, and mortality were compared between the three groups with Chi square, Fisher Exact and Kruskall-Wallace tests. Multivariable analysis was conducted to evaluate independent risk factors for infection. RESULTS Medical charts of 980 patients with cirrhosis and upper GI bleeding during the study period were reviewed. A total of 303 with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the final sample, of these 243 patients received antibiotics for prophylaxis and were included for analysis. Seventy-seven patients received antibiotic therapy for 3 days or less, 69 patients for 4-6 days, and 97 patients longer than 6 days. The three groups were well matched in demographic and clinical variables. Twenty-seven patients developed infections within 30 days of bleeding. MELD-Na score at presentation and presence of ascites were associated with infection within 30 days. Rates of infection were not statistically different between the three antibiotic groups (p = 0.78). In the thirty days following the GI bleed, pneumonia was the most diagnosed infection (eleven patients) followed by urinary tract infections (eight patients). Four patients developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and three were diagnosed with bacteremia. There was no difference in time to infection (Kruskall Wallace test p = 0.75), early re-bleeding (p = 0.81), late re-bleeding (p = 0.37) and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.94) in the three groups. Six patients in the cohort developed C. Difficile infection; no patient in the short antibiotic group developed C. Difficile infection. CONCLUSION Short course of antibiotics for prophylaxis (3 days) appears safe and adequate for prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis with upper gastrointestinal bleeding if there is no active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousaf B Hadi
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | | | - Dhairya A Lakhani
- Department of Radiology, Ruby Memorial Hospital, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Ali Y Khan
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | | | - Adnan Aman Khan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | | | | | - Justin T Kupec
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Ashwani K Singal
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, USA
- Avera Transplant Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Evaluating the Role of Antibiotics in Patients Admitted to Hospital With Decompensated Cirrhosis: Lessons From the ATTIRE Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:105-113. [PMID: 35970815 PMCID: PMC9810015 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are common in cirrhosis with antibiotics frequently used to prevent infections, but their efficacy for this role is unknown. To investigate this, we used Albumin to Prevent Infection in Chronic Liver Failure (ATTIRE) data to evaluate whether antibiotic use in patients without infection prevented HAI. METHODS In ATTIRE patients without infection at baseline grouped by antibiotic prescription or not, we studied HAI during trial treatment period and mortality, with propensity score matching to account for differences in disease severity. RESULTS Two hundred three of 408 patients prescribed antibiotics at enrollment did not have infection and they were more unwell than noninfected patients not given antibiotics. There were no differences in subsequent HAI comparing antibiotic treated (39/203, 19.2%) to nonantibiotic treated (73/360, 20.3%; P = 0.83). Twenty-eight-day mortality was higher in antibiotic-treated patients ( P = 0.004) likely reflecting increased disease severity. Matching groups using propensity scoring revealed no differences in HAI or mortality. In noninfected patients at enrollment treated with/without rifaximin, there were no differences in HAI ( P = 0.16) or mortality, confirmed with propensity matching. Patients given long-term antibiotic prophylaxis at discharge had no differences in 6-month mortality compared with nonantibiotic patients, although antibiotic-treated patients had more infections at trial entry, with numbers too small for matching. DISCUSSION Half of antibiotics at study entry were given to patients without an infection diagnosis which did not reduce the overall risk of HAI or improve mortality. This supports prompt de-escalation or discontinuation of antibiotics guided by culture sensitivities at 24-48 hours after commencement if no infection and the patient is improving.
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Yoon YK, Moon C, Kim J, Heo ST, Lee MS, Lee S, Kwon KT, Kim SW. Korean Guidelines for Use of Antibiotics for Intra-abdominal Infections in Adults. Infect Chemother 2022; 54:812-853. [PMID: 36596690 PMCID: PMC9840951 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2022.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidelines are intended to provide practical information for the correct use of antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections in Korea. With the aim of realizing evidence-based treatment, these guidelines for the use of antibiotics were written to help clinicians find answers to key clinical questions that arise in the course of patient care, using the latest research results based on systematic literature review. The guidelines were prepared in consideration of the data on the causative pathogens of intra-abdominal infections in Korea, the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative pathogens, and the antibiotics available in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chisook Moon
- Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Taek Heo
- Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Lee
- Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinwon Lee
- Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kwon
- Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Ham SY, Jung H, Song KH, Jeong H, Jung J, Moon SM, Park JS, Kim NH, Jang ES, Kim JW, Jeong SH, Kim ES, Kim HB. Interspecies differences in clinical characteristics and risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin resistance between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:1459-1465. [PMID: 36227508 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to clarify the interspecies differences in the clinical characteristics and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Escherichia coli (EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). KP BSI had more comorbidities and higher treatment failure rate than EC BSI. Non-alcoholic LC was a risk factor for treatment failure in EC, whereas it was not associated with KP. Risk factors for BSI due to 3GC-R strain were nosocomial infection in EC, and β-lactam/fluoroquinolone treatment ≤ 30 days in KP. These results could help predict outcomes of BSI and improve clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Young Ham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Veterans Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungul Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtak Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea
| | - Song Mi Moon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Hyun Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, the Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
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The threat of carbapenem resistance in Eastern Europe in patients with decompensated cirrhosis admitted to intensive care unit. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1385-1391. [PMID: 35732546 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant organisms are an increasing concern in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. AIM We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS Patients with decompensated cirrhosis admitted to ICU were included. The isolated Enterobacteriaceae strains were tested for carbapenemase-producing genes using the Roche LightMix® Modular VIM/IMP/NDM/GES/KPC/OXA48-carbapenemase detection kit. RESULTS 48 culture-positive infections were registered in 75 patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis. Thirty patients contracted a second infection. 46% of bacteria isolated at admission and 60% of bacteria responsible for infections identified during ICU-stay were multiresistant. ESBL+ Enterobacteriaceae were predominant at admission, while carbapenem-resistance was dominant in both Enterobacteriaceae and Non-Fermenting-Gram-Negative Bacteria responsible for infections diagnosed during hospitalisation. OXA 48 or KPC type carbapenemases were present in 30% of the analyzed Enterobacteriaceae and in 40% of the phenotypically carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. The length of ICU stay was a risk-factor for a second infection (p=0.04). Previous carbapenem usage was associated with occurence of infections with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria during hospitalization (p=0.03). CONCLUSION The prevalence of infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is high in patients with decompensated cirrhosis admitted to ICU. Carbapenemase-producing genes in Enterobacteriaceae in our center are blaOXA-48 and blaKPC.
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Characteristics of bacterial infections and prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis in Germany. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100719. [PMID: 35460883 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Bacterial infections are associated with a dismal prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Data on their prevalence and the associated pathogen spectra in Germany are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacterial infections on mortality in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis and to analyze the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in a German tertiary care center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive, non-electively hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this study between 03/2019-06/2021. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and microbiological testing to detect potential bacterial infections. Patients were followed for 30 days regarding the composite endpoint of death or liver transplantation (mortality). RESULTS In total, 239 patients were recruited (median MELD 18). Bacterial infection was detected in 81 patients (33.9%) at study inclusion. A total of 70 patients (29.3%) developed a hospital-acquired infection. When comparing community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections, the pathogen pattern shifted from a gram-negative to a more gram-positive spectrum and showed an increase of Staphylococcus spp.. MDR bacteria were detected in seven infected patients (5.8%). 34 patients reached the composite endpoint during 30-days follow-up. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of infection during hospitalization remained independently associated with higher mortality (OR 2.522, 95% CI 1.044 - 6.091, p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that bacterial infections are common in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis in Germany and are a major determinant of short-term mortality. Our data highlight the importance of regional differences in MDR bacteria and may guide physicians' decision-making regarding calculated antibiotic treatment.
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de Mattos ÂZ, Simonetto DA, Terra C, Farias AQ, Bittencourt PL, Pase THS, Toazza MR, de Mattos AA. Albumin administration in patients with cirrhosis: Current role and novel perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4773-4786. [PMID: 36156923 PMCID: PMC9476855 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i33.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality in cirrhosis is mostly associated with the development of clinical decompensation, characterized by ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, or jaundice. Therefore, it is important to prevent and manage such complications. Traditionally, the pathophysiology of decompensated cirrhosis was explained by the peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis, but it is currently understood that decompensation might also be driven by a systemic inflammatory state (the systemic inflammation hypothesis). Considering its oncotic and nononcotic properties, albumin has been thoroughly evaluated in the prevention and management of several of these decompensating events. There are formal evidence-based recommendations from international medical societies proposing that albumin be administered in individuals with cirrhosis undergoing large-volume paracentesis, patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, those with acute kidney injury (even before the etiological diagnosis), and those with hepatorenal syndrome. Moreover, there are a few randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses suggesting a possible role for albumin infusion in patients with cirrhosis and ascites (long-term albumin administration), individuals with hepatic encephalopathy, and those with acute-on-chronic liver failure undergoing modest-volume paracentesis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether albumin administration also benefits patients with cirrhosis and other complications, such as individuals with extraperitoneal infections, those hospitalized with decompensated cirrhosis and hypoalbuminemia, and patients with hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Zambam de Mattos
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Douglas Alano Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Carlos Terra
- Department of Gastroenterology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tales Henrique Soares Pase
- Internal Medicine Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Brazil
| | - Marlon Rubini Toazza
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Brazil
| | - Angelo Alves de Mattos
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis—A Literature Review. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined as a bacterial infection of the ascitic fluid without a surgically treatable intra-abdominal infection source. SBP is a common, severe complication in cirrhosis patients with ascites, and if left untreated, in-hospital mortality may exceed 90%. However, the incidence of SBP has been lowered to approx. 20% through early diagnosis and antibiotic therapy. Clinical awareness, prompt diagnosis, and immediate treatment are advised when caring for these patients to reduce mortality and morbidity. Aim: To discuss important issues comprising types of SBP, pathogenesis, bacteriology, including the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms, prompt diagnosis, risk factors, prognosis, treatment strategies, as well as recurrence prevention through antibiotic prophylaxis until liver transplantation and future trends in treating and preventing SBP in detail. Methods: This article is a literature review and appraisal of guidelines, randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and other review articles found on PubMed from between 1977 and 2022. Results: There are three types of SBP. Bacterial translocation from GI tract is the most common source of SBP. Therefore, two thirds of SBP cases were caused by Gram-negative bacilli, of which Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated pathogen. However, a trend of Gram-positive cocci associated SBP has been demonstrated in recent years, possibly related to more invasive procedures and long-term quinolone prophylaxis. A diagnostic paracentesis should be performed in all patients with cirrhosis and ascites who require emergency room care or hospitalization, who demonstrate or report consistent signs/symptoms in order to confirm evidence of SBP. Distinguishing SBP from secondary bacterial peritonitis is essential because the conditions require different therapeutic strategies. The standard treatment for SBP is prompt broad-spectrum antibiotic administration and should be tailored according to community-acquired SBP, healthcare-associated or nosocomial SBP infections and local resistance profile. Albumin supplementation, especially in patients with renal impairment, is also beneficial. Selective intestinal decontamination is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial infection and mortality in high-risk group. Conclusions: The standard treatment for SBP is prompt broad-spectrum antibiotic administration and should be tailored according to community-acquired SBP, healthcare-associated or nosocomial SBP infections and local resistance profile. Since the one-year overall mortality rates for SBP range from 53.9 to 78%, liver transplantation should be seriously considered for SBP survivors who are good candidates for transplantation. Further development of non-antibiotic strategies based on pathogenic mechanisms are also urgently needed.
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Kaur B, Rosenblatt R, Sundaram V. Infections in Alcoholic Hepatitis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:718-725. [PMID: 36062291 PMCID: PMC9396323 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH) is defined by a modified discriminant function ≥32 or model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) >20. Patients with sAH are in an immunocompromised state attributed to cirrhosis-related immunoparesis and corticosteroid use. Individuals with sAH often develop severe infections that adversely impact short-term prognosis. Currently, the corticosteroid prednisolone is the only treatment with proven efficacy in sAH; however, the combination of corticosteroid treatment and altered host defense in sAH has been thought to increase the risk of acquiring of bacterial, opportunistic fungal, and viral infections. Newer studies have shown that corticosteroids do not increase occurrence of infections in those with sAH; unfortunately, the lack of response to corticosteroids may instead predispose to infection development. Prompt and appropriate antibiotic treatment is therefore essential to improving patient outcomes. This review highlights common infections and risk factors in patients with sAH. Additionally, current diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic strategies in these patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Kaur
- Internal Medicine Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Russell Rosenblatt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinay Sundaram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Correspondence to: Vinay Sundaram, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635W. Third Street, Suite 1060W, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-7756. Tel: +1-310-423-6000, Fax: +1-310-423-6086, E-mail:
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