Hepatitis B reactivation in hepatitis B and C coinfected patients treated with antiviral agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Point-of-care HCV RNA testing improves hepatitis C testing rates and allows rapid treatment initiation among people who inject drugs attending a medically supervised injecting facility

BACKGROUND

To achieve hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination targets, simplified care engaging people who inject drugs is required. We evaluated whether fingerstick HCV RNA point-of-care testing (PoCT) increased the proportion of clients attending a supervised injecting facility who were tested for hepatitis C.

METHODS

Prospective single-arm study with recruitment between 9 November 2020 and 28 January 2021 and follow-up to 31 July 2021. Clients attending the supervised injecting facility were offered HCV RNA testing using the Xpert® HCV Viral Load Fingerstick (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) PoCT. Participants with a positive HCV RNA test were prescribed direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of clients who engaged in HCV RNA PoCT, compared to a historical comparator group when venepuncture-based hepatitis C testing was standard of care.

RESULTS

Among 1618 clients who attended the supervised injecting facility during the study period, 228 (14%) engaged in PoCT. This was significantly higher than that observed in the historical comparator group (61/1,775, 3%; p < 0.001). Sixty-five (28%) participants were HCV RNA positive, with 40/65 (62%) receiving their result on the same day as testing. Sixty-one (94%) HCV RNA positive participants were commenced on DAA therapy; 14/61 (23%) started treatment on the same day as diagnosis. There was no difference in the proportion of HCV RNA positive participants commenced on treatment with DAA therapy when compared to the historical comparator group (61/65, 94% vs 22/26, 85%; p = 0.153). However, the median time to treatment initiation was significantly shorter in the PoCT cohort (2 days (IQR 1-20) vs 41 days (IQR 22-76), p < 0.001). Among participants who commenced treatment and had complete follow-up data available, 27/36 (75%) achieved hepatitis C cure.

CONCLUSIONS

HCV RNA PoCT led to a significantly higher proportion of clients attending a supervised injecting facility engaging in hepatitis C testing, whilst also reducing the time to treatment initiation.

SASLT guidelines: Update in treatment of hepatitis C virus infection, 2024

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been a major global health concern, with a significant impact on public health. In recent years, there have been remarkable advancements in our understanding of HCV and the development of novel therapeutic agents. The Saudi Society for the Study of Liver Disease and Transplantation formed a working group to develop HCV practice guidelines in Saudi Arabia. The methodology used to create these guidelines involved a comprehensive review of available evidence, local data, and major international practice guidelines regarding HCV management. This updated guideline encompasses critical aspects of HCV care, including screening and diagnosis, assessing the severity of liver disease, and treatment strategies. The aim of this updated guideline is to assist healthcare providers in the management of HCV in Saudi Arabia. It summarizes the latest local studies on HCV epidemiology, significant changes in virus prevalence, and the importance of universal screening, particularly among high-risk populations. Moreover, it discusses the promising potential for HCV elimination as a public health threat by 2030, driven by effective treatment and comprehensive prevention strategies. This guideline also highlights evolving recommendations for advancing disease management, including the treatment of HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis, treatment of those who have previously failed treatment with the newer medications, management in the context of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma, and treatment for special populations.

Treatment effectiveness and side effects of patients with hepatitis C in the prisons of Southern Taiwan: a real-life retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVE

Hepatitis C is an important risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer in the Taiwanese population. Domestic prisons reported a higher rate of hepatitis C infection than the national average. Efficient and effective treatment of patients with hepatitis C in prisons is required to decrease the number of infections. This study analysed the effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment and its side effects in prison patients.

DESIGN

This retrospective analysis included adult patients with hepatitis C who received direct-acting antiviral agents between 2018 and 2021.

SETTING

The special hepatitis C clinics in the two prisons were run by a medium-sized hepatitis C treatment hospital in Southern Taiwan. Three direct-acting antiviral agents, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir for 12 weeks, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 or 12 weeks and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks, were adopted based on patient characteristics.

PARTICIPANTS

470 patients were included.

OUTCOME MEASURE

The sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment was compared between the different groups.

RESULTS

Most of the patients were men (70.0%) with a median age of 44 years. The most prevalent hepatitis C virus genotype was genotype 1 (44.26%). A total of 240 patients (51.06%) had a history of injectable drug use; 44 (9.36%) and 71 (15.11%) patients were coinfected with hepatitis B virus and HIV, respectively. Only 51 patients (10.85%) had liver cirrhosis. Most patients (98.30%) had normal renal function or no history of kidney disease. The patients had a sustained virological response achievement rate of 99.2%. The average incidence of adverse reactions during treatment was approximately 10%. Many of the adverse reactions were mild and resolved spontaneously.

CONCLUSION

Direct-acting antiviral agents are effective for treating hepatitis C in Taiwanese prisoners. These therapeutics were well-tolerated by the patient population.

Global burden of hepatitis B virus: current status, missed opportunities and a call for action

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects about 296 million people worldwide and is the leading aetiology of cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. Major medical complications also include acute flares and extrahepatic manifestations. In addition, people living with HBV infection also experience stigma. HBV-related cirrhosis resulted in an estimated 331,000 deaths in 2019, and it is estimated that the number of deaths from HBV-related liver cancer in 2019 was 192,000, an increase from 156,000 in 2010. Meanwhile, HBV remains severely underdiagnosed and effective measures that can prevent infection and disease progression are underutilized. Birth dose coverage for HBV vaccines remains low, particularly in low-income countries or regions where HBV burden is high. Patients with HBV infection are inadequately evaluated and linked to care and are undertreated worldwide, even in high-income countries or regions. Despite the goal of the World Health Organization to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030, the annual global deaths from HBV are projected to increase by 39% from 2015 to 2030 if the status quo remains. In this Review, we discuss the current status and future projections of the global burden of HBV infection. We also discuss gaps in the current care cascade and propose future directions.

Relevance of HBx for Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Pathogenesis

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) counts as a major global health problem, as it presents a significant causative factor for liver-related morbidity and mortality. The development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) as a characteristic of a persistent, chronic infection could be caused, among others, by the pleiotropic function of the viral regulatory protein HBx. The latter is known to modulate an onset of cellular and viral signaling processes with emerging influence in liver pathogenesis. However, the flexible and multifunctional nature of HBx impedes the fundamental understanding of related mechanisms and the development of associated diseases, and has even led to partial controversial results in the past. Based on the cellular distribution of HBx-nuclear-, cytoplasmic- or mitochondria-associated-this review encompasses the current knowledge and previous investigations of HBx in context of cellular signaling pathways and HBV-associated pathogenesis. In addition, particular focus is set on the clinical relevance and potential novel therapeutic applications in the context of HBx.

Efficacy and Safety of TACE Combined with Regorafenib Plus PD-1 Inhibitor in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Sorafenib Resistance

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TACE combined with regorafenib plus PD-1 inhibitor as a second-line therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib resistance.

Materials and Methods

The clinical data of 76 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were drug-resistant to sorafenib from September 2018 to May 2022 in the tumor intervention department were collected. Among them, 35 patients used TACE combined with regorafenib plus PD-1 inhibitor (TACE-R-P) as second-line treatment, and the remaining 41 patients used TACE combined with regorafenib (TACE-R) as second-line treatment. The mRECIST (modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) standard was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the two groups were compared. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment to detect the changes in biochemical indicators, and the adverse events (AEs) related to treatment were recorded.

Results

A total of 76 patients were included in the study, including 35 patients receiving TACE-R-P treatment and 41 patients receiving TACE-R treatment. Patients in the TACE-R-P group had longer median OS (19.7months vs 15.2months, HR:0.7716, 95% CI:0.4767-1.2490, P=0.03), longer median PFS (6.3months vs 3.8months, HR:0.6032, 95% CI:0.3727-0.9763, P=0.0029), higher objective response rate (37.14% vs 19.51%, P=0.001) and higher disease control rate (71.43% vs 48.78%, P=0.001) than those in the TACE-R group. Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh grade (B/A; HR=1.283, 95% CI: 0.623-1.707, P=0.014), PVTT (Yes/No, HR=1.455, 95% CI: 0.977-2.038, P=0.018), extrahepatic metastasis (Yes/No, HR=1.766, 95% CI: 1.135-2.302, P=0.022) and treatment option (TACE-R/TACE-R-P, HR=1.930, 95% CI: 1.461-2.850, P=0.017) were independent prognostic factors for OS. There was no significant difference in the incidence and severity of AEs between the two groups.

Conclusion

TACE-R-P treatment can be more effective than TACE-R treatment for HCC after sorafenib resistance and can be given priority as a second-line treatment for HCC.

Direct-acting Antiviral-induced Transient Recovery of NK Cells in Early-stage Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The rapid clearance of hepatitis C virus induced by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) affects natural killer (NK) cells, but the reported results are not consistent, and the relative mechanism was unclear. This study focused on the dynamic changes of NK cells during and after DAA treatment and analyzed the reasons.

METHODS

Peripheral blood from 35 chronic hepatitis C patients who were treated with DAAs were collected at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 12, and post-treatment week-12. The frequency, subset, and phenotype of NK cells were assayed by flow cytometry. Lactate dehydrogenase assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Cytokine concentrations were measured with Luminex kits.

RESULTS

All patients achieved a sustained viral response (SVR), and the NK cell frequencies were not changed significantly during DAA therapy. However, the cytotoxicity of NK cells recovered significantly early in week 1, and then continuously decreased below normal levels. The changes of genotypes including NKp30⁺, NKp46⁺, and NKG2A⁺ NK cells were parallel to NK function. The subset of CD56^dim NK cells continuously increased and did not return to normal even at 12 weeks after treatment. Interleukin (IL)-2, IL10, IL15, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha all increased after week 4, peaked at the end of therapy, and then exhibited varying degrees of reduction with time.

CONCLUSIONS

DAA treatment led to transient functional recovery of NK cells in the early stage of treatment, and then continuously decreased to below normal levels. Alterations of NK subsets, phenotypes, and the microenvironment may be involved in the changes.

Direct-Acting Antivirals and the Risk of Hepatitis B Reactivation in Hepatitis B and C Co-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hepatitis B (HBV) reactivation was observed to be more than 10% in patients receiving interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection. At present, when direct-acting antiviral (DAA) has become the main treatment for HCV, there are few large-scale studies on the reactivation of HBV in these population. We studied HBV reactivation risk and prophylactic HBV treatment efficacy in HBV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA therapy. Relevant studies were selected from the Ovid-Medline, Ovid-EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, KoreaMed, KMbase, and RISS databases through 4 September 2020. Data pooling was carried out using the random-effects method. We identified 39 articles with 119,484 patients with chronic (n = 1673) or resolved (n = 13,497) HBV infection under DAA therapy. When the studies were pooled, the HBV reactivation rate was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6-19, I2 = 87%), indicating that this population needs careful attention. When stratified by baseline HBV DNA, the undetectable HBV DNA group showed a significantly lower risk of reactivation than the detectable HBV DNA group (odds ratio (OR) 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.86, I2 = 0%). Prophylactic HBV therapy reduced HBV reactivation risk (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-0.92, I2 = 0%). Patients with a resolved HBV infection showed a negligible rate (0.4%) of HBV reactivation. In conclusion, patients with detectable HBV DNA levels warrant careful monitoring for HBV reactivation and may benefit from preventive anti-HBV treatment.

Hepatitis B Reactivation Following Eradication of HCV with Direct-Acting Antiviral Drugs (DAAs) in a Cohort of Patients from Different Institutions in Egypt

Background

Concerns about HBV reactivation (HBVr) have been raised with the introduction of DAA for HCV treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of HBVr in chronic HCV patients during or after DAA.

Methods

A cohort of 166 chronic HCV patients who were treated with SOF-based DAA regimens and initially positive for HBcAb total were evaluated; 10 HBsAg-positive, 156 had past HBV exposure (HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive). Laboratory investigations, including liver functions tests, HBV-DNA, LSM by Transient elastography, and ARFI together with serum markers of fibrosis; APRI and FIB-4 were done at baseline and after 12 weeks of DAAs therapy. HBV-DNA levels and liver functions were monitored for assessment of HBVr.

Results

Virological HBVr was diagnosed by ≥ 1 log10 IU/ml HBV-DNA levels in 2/166 patients (1.2%) among the whole HCV cohort, who were initially positive for HBsAg; 20%. Clinical HBVr (>3 folds liver enzyme elevation) was detected in one patient with virological HBVr. Conversely, none of past HBV-infected patients experienced HBVr. All patients achieved SVR12 and had a significant decline in serum transaminases, bilirubin, APRI, and LSM measurements after HCV eradication.

Conclusion

HBVr might be considered after successful eradication of HCV following DAAs therapy, especially among patients who are positive for HBsAg, while past HBV infection does not seem to be a predisposing condition to HBVr.

Changing epidemiology of liver disease in Asia: Dual infection of HBV and HCV

Transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar regarding the mode of transmission and related risk factors. Therefore, it is not rare to encounter dual HBV/HCV infection in populations at risk of parenteral exposure to hepatitis viruses. Besides, in HBV endemic countries before the era of global HBV vaccination, dual HBV/HCV infection was clinically significant likely because of HCV superinfection over pre-existing HBsAg carriage. Universal childhood HBV vaccination was implemented worldwide since 1992. Public education programs for prevention of new hepatitis viral infections have been actively promoted recently by World Health Organization. Apart from preventive measures, potent anti-HBV agents effective in the control of viral replication have been introduced gradually in the past three decades. Direct acting antiviral agents capable of curing HCV infection in more than 97% of patients with chronic hepatitis C have also been widely implemented in the past decade. These interventions will change the epidemiology of new HBV or HCV mono-infection and dual HBV/HCV infection. Understanding the evolution in the epidemiology of dual HBV/HCV infection is important for evaluation of current public health policy towards infectious disease control in different countries. The changing prevalence of dual HBV/HCV infection in certain Asia-Pacific countries will be re-visited based on endemicity of HBV or HCV, as well as in populations at risk of parenteral viral infection.

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Despite growing concerns about transmissibility and clinical impact, occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has received little attention in the hepatitis elimination agenda. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of occult HBV infection at a global and regional scale and in specific populations.

Methods

For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science databases for articles published in any language between Jan 1, 2010, and Aug 14, 2019. We included original articles and conference abstracts of any study design that reported the proportion of HBsAg-negative adults (aged ≥18 years) who are positive for HBV DNA (ie, people with occult HBV infection). The prevalence of occult HBV infection was pooled, using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model, in the general population and specific groups defined by the type of study participants (blood donors; other low-risk populations; high-risk populations; and people with advanced chronic liver disease), and stratified by HBV endemicity in each country. We also assessed the performance of anti-HBc as an alternative biomarker to detect occult HBV infection. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019115490.

Findings

305 of 3962 articles were eligible, allowing a meta-analysis of 140 521 993 individuals tested for HBV DNA. Overall, only two studies evaluated occult HBV infection in the general population, precluding unbiased global and regional estimates of occult HBV infection prevalence. In blood donors, occult HBV infection prevalence mirrored HBV endemicity: 0·06% (95% CI 0·00–0·26) in low-endemicity countries, 0·12% (0·04–0·23) in intermediate-endemicity countries, and 0·98% (0·44–1·72), in high-endemicity countries (p=0·0012). In high-risk groups, occult HBV infection prevalence was substantial, irrespective of endemicity: 5·5% (95% CI 2·9–8·7) in low-endemicity countries, 5·2% (2·5–8·6) in intermediate-endemicity countries, and 12·0% (3·4–24·7) in high-endemicity countries. The pooled sensitivity of anti-HBc to identify occult HBV infection was 77% (95% CI 62–88) and its specificity was 76% (68–83).

Interpretation

A substantial proportion of people carry occult HBV infection, especially among high-risk groups across the globe and people living in highly endemic countries. Occult HBV infection should be part of the global viral hepatitis elimination strategy.

Funding

None.

Challenge of managing hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in resource-limited settings

The global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and coinfection represents a major public health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings. Elimination of HCV by 2030 has become foreseeable, with effective direct-acting antiviral oral therapies and the availability of affordable generics in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). However, access to oral nucleos(t)ide therapy for HBV remains critical and is limited outside the existing global HIV program platforms despite affordable prices. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV through scaling up of birth dose implementation in LMICs is essential to achieve the 2030 elimination goal. Most individuals living with HBV and/or HCV in resource-limited settings are unaware of their infection, and with improved access to medications, the most significant barrier remains access to affordable diagnostics and preventive strategies. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic interrupted hepatitis elimination programs, albeit offered opportunities for improved diagnostic capacities and raised political awareness of the critical need for strengthening health care services and universal health coverage. This review underpins the HBV and HCV management challenges in resource-limited settings, highlighting the current status and suggested future elimination strategies in some of these countries. Global efforts should continue to improve awareness and political commitment. Financial resources should be secured to access and implement comprehensive strategies for diagnosis and linkage to care in resource-constrained settings to fulfill the 2030 elimination goal.

Hepatitis B Co-Infection Has Limited Impact on Liver Stiffness Regression in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Treated with Direct-Acting Antivirals

Introduction: High sustained virological response (SVR) rate (>95%) and liver stiffness regression can be achieved with direct acting antivirals treatment (DAA) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (CHC) infection. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was reported during DAA treatment in patients co-infected with HBV, although its impact on liver stiffness remains unknown. This study aims to investigate whether the liver stiffness (LSM) regression is different between HBV/HCV co-infected and mono-HCV-infected patients. Materials and Methods: CHC patients with/without HBV co-infection who received DAA treatment and achieved SVR12 between March 2015 and December 2019 in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch were prospectively enrolled. LSM was assessed by transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan) at baseline and after SVR. Propensity score matching (PSM) at 3:1 ratio, adjusted for age, gender, pre-DAA alanine aminotransferase (ALT), platelet count, and LSM, between CHC with and without HBV co-infection, was performed before further analysis. Results: Among 906 CHC patients enrolled, 52 (5.7%) patients had HBV/HCV co-infection. Patients with HBV/HCV co-infection were of younger age (61.8 vs. 63.2, p = 0.31), with a higher proportion of males (53.8% vs. 38.9%, p = 0.03), and lower pretreatment LSM level (8.15 vs. 10.2 kPa, p = 0.09), while other features were comparable. After PSM, patients with HBV/HCV co-infection had insignificantly lower LSM regression compared to mono-HCV-infected patients (−0.85 kPa vs. −1.65 kPa, p = 0.250). Conclusions: The co-infection of HBV among CHC patients has limited impact on liver stiffness regression after successful DAA treatment.

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation Associated With Therapeutic Interventions

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation associated with various therapeutic interventions is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with current or resolved HBV infection. Because no curative treatment for HBV infection is yet available, there are many individuals at risk for HBV reactivation in the general population. Populations at risk for HBV reactivation include patients who are currently infected with HBV or who have been exposed to HBV in the past. HBV reactivation and its potential consequences is a concern when these populations are exposed to anti-cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies for the management of various malignancies, rheumatologic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, or solid-organ or hematologic stem cell transplantation. Accordingly, it has become important to understand the basics of HBV reactivation and the mechanisms by which certain therapies are more susceptible to HBV reactivation. This review aims to raise the awareness of HBV reactivation and to understand the mechanisms and the risks of HBV reactivation in various clinical settings.

Immunopathogenesis of Acute Flare of Chronic Hepatitis B: With Emphasis on the Role of Cytokines and Chemokines

Acute flares (AFs) of chronic hepatitis B usually occur during the immune-active stage (both immune clearance phase and immune reactivation phase), as the host immune system tries to control the virus. Successful host immune control over viral replication is usually presented as hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance; however, 20–30% individuals with chronic hepatitis B may encounter repeated AFs with accumulative liver injuries, finally leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. AF can also develop in other clinical situations such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, and under treatment for chronic hepatitis B or treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with co-infected hepatitis B/hepatitis C. Understanding the natural history and immunopathogenesis of AF would help develop effective strategies to eradicate the virus and improve the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B. In this review article, the immunopathogenesis of AF, and the involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses on the development of hepatitis B flare will be briefly reviewed, with the emphasis on the role of cytokines and chemokines.

Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) infection place a significant burden on the global health system, with chronic carriage leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV/HCV coinfection can be seen in highly endemic areas and present a heterogenous group given varying virologic profiles. Coinfected patients have a greater risk of advanced liver disease; hence, diagnosis and early antiviral therapy (AVT) should be a priority. Optimal treatment regimens for coinfected patients remain unknown with differing recommendations, particularly relating to the risk of HBV reactivation whilst on AVT for HCV.

AREAS COVERED

This article summarizes the available data on HBV/HCV coinfection with regards to epidemiology, virologic interactions, and risk of HBV reactivation. The authors also provide a framework for the assessment and treatment of coinfected patients.

EXPERT OPINION

There is a moderate risk of HBV reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients undergoing HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment; however, clinically significant events are rare. The risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg negative patients undergoing HCV DAA treatment is negligible. Thus, prophylactic HBV treatment in both groups is not required. The authors recommend close monitoring with HBV treatment if there is evidence of HBV reactivation or elevated alanine aminotransferase levels.

Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for Patients Coinfected With Chronic Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B in Taiwan: Follow-up at 108 Weeks Posttreatment

BACKGROUND

For patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals can lead to HBV reactivation. We evaluated HBV reactivation during ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment and 108-week follow-up.

METHODS

In Taiwan, 111 patients with HCV genotype 1 or 2 and HBV received ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (90mg/400mg) once daily for 12 weeks. HBV virologic reactivation was defined as postbaseline increase in HBV DNA from either less than the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, 20 IU/mL) to equal to or more than LLOQ or equal to or more than LLOQ to >1 log10 IU/mL. HBV clinical reactivation was HBV virologic reactivation with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >2× upper limit of normal. Factors associated with development of HBV virologic or clinical reactivation were evaluated with logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

All patients (100%, 111/111) maintained HCV suppression through 108 weeks after treatment. HBV virologic reactivation occurred in 73% of patients (81/111). Clinical reactivation occurred in 9% (10/111). The majority of HBV virologic reactivations (86%, 70/81) occurred by follow-up week 12, whereas clinical reactivation was generally more delayed. Eight (7%, 8/111) initiated HBV therapy. In regression analyses, baseline HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels were associated with HBV virologic reactivation and baseline ALT and HBV DNA, and HBsAg levels were associated with HBV clinical reactivation.

CONCLUSION

Among HCV/HBV coinfected patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for HCV, HBV virologic reactivation occurred in a majority of patients during treatment and follow-up. In most patients, HBV virologic reactivation was asymptomatic; only a small proportion initiated HBV treatment. Notably, clinical reactivation may still occur >3 months after end of therapy.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

NCT02613871.

Hepatitis C: Current State of Treatment in Children

Hepatitis C in children is on the rise due to perinatal transmission from infected mothers, and high-risk practices in adolescents and young adults. Prevalence remains underestimated because children at high risk are often not screened. Treatment has evolved over the past decade with the advent of new drugs, and global elimination is now possible. Direct-acting antiviral combinations are safe and effective, with sustained viral suppression rate >90%, and Food and Drug Administration-approved for children ≥3 years old. Although challenging, efficient screening and treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus early is cost-effective and reduces burden of disease and its complications.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Decline during Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin Therapy in Hepatitis B Inactive Carriers Who Were Co-infected with Hepatitis C

Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy carries a potential risk of inducing hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. However, the HBV kinetics during and after DAA therapy in patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HBV remain unknown. We retrospectively evaluated the HBV kinetics during and after sofosbuvir/ribavirin therapy in four HBV inactive carriers co-infected with HCV. HCV was eradicated in all patients. Changes in HBV-DNA levels during treatment differed among patients. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels uniformly decreased (mean -0.530 logIU/mL) by the end of treatment and returned to near the baseline in all patients. Sofosbuvir/ribavirin therapy thus demonstrated a suppressive effect on HBsAg.

Management of hepatitis B and C in special population

Chronic viral hepatitis is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B is more common in the Asia-Pacific region due to the larger population and lower screening availability. Hepatitis C predominates in the west due to injection drug abuse. The discovery of (oral) direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has changed the landscape of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) management. Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) have also changed the approach to the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Oral NUCs and DAAs have excellent efficacy and patient acceptance as well as a lower risk of resistance. However, certain populations have no robust data and safety and efficacy of such oral drugs is still evolving. In this review, we provide an overview of the management of CHB and CHC in special populations, such as those with chronic kidney disease, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and those undergoing chemo- or immunosuppressive therapy.

APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy

BACKGROUND & AIM

Hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B endemic Asia-Pacific region. This clinical practice guidelines aim to assist clinicians in all disciplines involved in the use of immunosuppressive therapy to effectively prevent and manage hepatitis B reactivation.

METHODS

All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.

Profiling the physiological pitfalls of anti-hepatitis C direct-acting agents in budding yeast

Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir are among the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications prescribed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection as combination therapy with other antiviral medications. DAA-based therapy achieves high cure rates, reaching up to 97% depending on the genotype of the causative hepatitis C virus (HCV). While DAAs have been approved as an efficient and well-tolerated therapy for CHC, emerging concerns about adverse cardiac side effects, higher risk of recurrence and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and doubts of genotoxicity have been reported. In our study, we investigated in detail physiological off-targets of DAAs and dissected the effects of these drugs on cellular organelles using budding yeast, a unicellular eukaryotic organism. DAAs were found to disturb the architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria, while showing no apparent genotoxicity or DNA damaging effect. Our study provides evidence that DAAs are not associated with genotoxicity and highlights the necessity for adjunctive antioxidant therapy to mitigate the adverse effects of DAAs on ER and mitochondria.

Management and Treatment of Hepatitis C: Are There Still Unsolved Problems and Unique Populations?

Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, possibly leading to HCV elimination by 2030 as endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, some patients belonging to the so-called unique or special populations are referred to as difficult-to-treat due to unreached sustained virological response, potential drug side effects or interactions or co-morbidities. Several years after the DAA introduction and on the basis of excellent findings in terms of efficacy and safety, some doubts arise around the exact meaning of the special population designation and whether this group of patients actually exists. The aim of this review is to discuss and analyze current evidence on the management and treatment of the so-called "unique populations". We placed particular emphasis on patients with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coinfections, rare genotypes, and previous treatment failure, in order to provide physicians with an updated overview of the actual problems and needs in the current scenario.

Hepatitis B Reactivation: A Review of Clinical Guidelines

Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can occur spontaneously, but more often occurs when a patient is in an immunocompromised state or on immunosuppressive therapy. HBVr can lead to clinical hepatitis, acute liver failure, and even death. HBVr is preventable with screening of at-risk patients and initiation of prophylactic antiviral therapy for appropriate candidates. Screening for hepatitis B virus is recommended for all patients who plan to initiate immunosuppressive therapy. An individual's serological profile, underlying disease, and planned type of immunosuppression contribute to their risk of HBVr. This review serves to summarize the major society guidelines regarding screening, management of, and monitoring for HBVr in individuals on anticancer therapy and immunosuppressive therapy.

High hepatitis C virus cure rates with approved interferon-free direct-acting antivirals among diverse mainland Chinese patients including genotypes 3a and 3b

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Globally, China has the highest chronic hepatitis C (CHC) burden, but its real-world direct-acting antiviral (DAA) data are limited. Our aim is to investigate the real-world outcome of China Food and Drug Administration-approved DAA therapies across mainland China including those with genotype (GT) 3.

METHODS

The REAL-C is a multinational real-world interferon-free DAA-treated CHC registry of several mainland China and other Asian centers. We evaluated the sustained virological response rate 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12), adverse events, and treatment effect on liver function and fibrosis (fibrosis-4 index).

RESULTS

We analyzed 859 DAA-treated CHC patients (6/1/2017-5/30/2019) from 12 mainland China centers (three municipalities and nine provinces): median age 52, 49.9% male, 33.1% cirrhosis, 95% treatment naïve, and 2.5% HBsAg⁺ . The most common GT was GT1b (523, 62.2%), followed by GT2a (156, 18.5%), GT3b (74, 8.8%), GT3a (41, 4.9%), and GT6 (37, 4.4%). SVR12 rates were 98.0% overall (95% confidence interval 96.9-98.8%), 98.1% for GT1b, 96.8% GT2a, 100% GT3a, 97.3% GT3b, and 100% GT6. Baseline cirrhosis and male sex but not prior treatment history, renal dysfunction, age, and GTs were associated with SVR12. For both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients, there were significant improvement in liver function tests, alpha fetoprotein, and fibrosis-4 index with SVR12. Serious adverse events were rare (1.1%) with only nine patients discontinuing therapy prematurely and anemia being the most common adverse event (13.1%, mostly with ribavirin).

CONCLUSIONS

In real-world Chinese patients with diverse GTs, Chinese Food and Drug Administration-approved interferon-free DAAs were well tolerated, provided high cure rates (98.0% overall) including GT3a/3b, and led to improvement of liver function.

Innovations in Hepatitis C Screening and Treatment

New therapies offer hope for a cure to millions of persons living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV elimination is a global goal that will be difficult to achieve using the traditional paradigms of diagnosis and care. The current standard has evolved toward universal HCV screening and treatment, to achieve elimination goals. There are several steps between HCV diagnosis and cure with major barriers along the way. Innovative models of care can address barriers to better serve hardly reached populations and scale national efforts in the United States and abroad. Herein, we highlight innovative models of HCV care that aid in our progress toward HCV elimination.

Consensus Guidelines: Best Practices for Detection, Assessment and Management of Suspected Acute Drug-Induced Liver Injury During Clinical Trials in Adults with Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Adults with Cirrhosis Secondary to Hepatitis B, C and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

With the widespread development of new drugs to treat chronic liver diseases (CLDs), including viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), more patients are entering trials with abnormal baseline liver tests and with advanced liver injury, including cirrhosis. The current regulatory guidelines addressing the monitoring, diagnosis, and management of suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) during clinical trials primarily address individuals entering with normal baseline liver tests. Using the same laboratory criteria cited as signals of potential DILI in studies involving patients with no underlying liver disease and normal baseline liver tests may result in premature and unnecessary cessation of a study drug in a clinical trial population whose abnormal and fluctuating liver tests are actually due to their underlying CLD. This position paper focuses on defining best practices for the detection, monitoring, diagnosis, and management of suspected acute DILI during clinical trials in patients with CLD, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), both with and without cirrhosis and NASH with cirrhosis. This is one of several position papers developed by the IQ DILI Initiative, comprising members from 16 pharmaceutical companies in collaboration with DILI experts from academia and regulatory agencies. It is based on an extensive literature review and discussions between industry members and experts from outside industry to achieve consensus regarding the recommendations. Key conclusions and recommendations include (1) the importance of establishing laboratory criteria that signal potential DILI events and that fit the disease indication being studied in the clinical trial based on knowledge of the natural history of test fluctuations in that disease; (2) establishing a pretreatment value that is based on more than one screening determination, and revising that baseline during the trial if a new nadir is achieved during treatment; (3) basing rules for increased monitoring and for stopping drug for potential DILI on multiples of baseline liver test values and/or a threshold value rather than multiples of the upper limit of normal (ULN) for that test; (4) making use of more sensitive tests of liver function, including direct bilirubin (DB) or combined parameters such as aspartate transaminase:alanine transaminase (AST:ALT) ratio or model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) to signal potential DILI, especially in studies of patients with cirrhosis; and (5) being aware of potential confounders related to complications of the disease being studied that may masquerade as DILI events.

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation: What Is the Issue, and How Should It Be Managed?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, in the background of cleared and overt chronic HBV infection, can be seen in patients receiving immunosuppressive agents. Risk of reactivation is variably associated with HBV serologic status and types of immunosuppressive therapy. Prevention of HBV reactivation by antiviral prophylaxis is an effective strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality in those with immunocompromised states. This article defines HBV reactivation, discusses risk stratification and common medications that can induce HBV reactivation as well as guideline recommendations for prevention of HBV reactivation, and describes the prognosis and management of patients who experience HBV reactivation.

Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection can be encountered in either virus endemic countries. Co-infection can also be found in populations at risk of parenteral transmission. Previous studies demonstrated a high risk of liver disease progression in patients with HCV/HBV co-infection; thus, they should be treated aggressively. Previous evidence recommended therapy combining peginterferon (pegIFN) alfa and ribavirin for co-infected patients with positive HCV RNA. Recent trials further advise using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the clearance of HCV in the co-infected patients. Reactivation of HBV has been observed in patients post-intervention, with higher risks and earlier onset in those having had HCV cured by DAA- versus pegIFN-based therapy. The mechanism of HBV reactivation is an interesting but unsolved puzzle. Our recent study revealed that in vitro HBV replication was suppressed by HCV co-infection; HBV suppression was attenuated when interferon signaling was blocked. In vivo, the HBV viremia, initially suppressed by the presence of HCV super-infection, rebounded following HCV clearance by DAA treatment and was accompanied by a reduced hepatic interferon response. In summary, major achievements in the treatment of HCV/HBV co-infection have been accomplished over the past 20 years. Future clinical trials should address measures to reduce or prevent HBV reactivation post HCV cure.

2020 Taiwan consensus statement on the management of hepatitis C: Part (II) special populations

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a silent killer that leads to rapid progression of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High prevalence of HCV infection has been reported in Taiwan, especially in high-risk populations including people who inject drugs (PWID) and patients requiring dialysis. Besides, certain populations merit special considerations due to suboptimal outcome, potential drug-drug interaction, or possible side effect. Therefore, in the second part of this 2-part consensus, the Taiwan Association for the Study of the Liver (TASL) proposes the treatment recommendations for the special population in order to serve as guidance to optimizing the outcome in the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era. Special populations include patients with acute or recent HCV infection, previous DAA failure, chronic kidney disease, decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, liver and other solid organ transplantations, receiving an HCV viremic organ, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV dual infection, HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, active tuberculosis infection, PWID, bleeding disorders and hemoglobinopathies, children and adolescents, and pregnancy. Moreover, future perspectives regarding the management of hepatitis C are also discussed and summarized in this consensus statement.

Low risk of HBV reactivation in a large European cohort of HCV/HBV coinfected patients treated with DAA

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HCV/HBV coinfection and to evaluate the rate of HBV-reactivation during anti-HCV therapy in a large real-world study.

METHODS

Analyzed population consisted of 10,152 chronic hepatitis C patients treated with DAA between 2015 and 2019 in a nationwide study. Prior to the DAA all subjects had HBsAg and 60% anti-HBc testing.

RESULTS

111 of 10,152 patients (1.1%) had detectable HBsAg and 1239 of 6139 (20.2%) anti-HBcAb. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B was 0.48%. HCV/HBV patients were younger with a higher proportion of males, HIV-coinfected, and advanced fibrosis. They were less often diagnosed with diabetes but more often with chronic kidney disease. In HBsAg(+) subjects with baseline HBV-DNA available 6/102 (5.9%) HBV-reactivations during or after DAA therapy were observed, and in two (1.9%) significant hepatic flares were noted. In HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+) group 2 (0.16%) reactivations were observed only in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.

DISCUSSION

Data from a large European cohort suggest a relatively low risk of HBV-reactivation during DAA-therapy for HCV infection in HBsAg(+) patients. In HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+) HBV-reactivation seems to be limited to subjects with immunodeficiency. Importantly, previous exposure to HBV and occult hepatitis B is present in a significant proportion of HCV-infected.

Management of hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection: an expert review

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections share common routes of transmission. HBV/HCV coinfection can lead to interactions affecting mechanisms of infection and therapy.

AREAS COVERED

In the review, we present epidemiology of HBV/HCV coinfection and current therapeutic options for both viruses. The possibility of drug-drug interactions during the treatment of coinfected patients is discussed. However, the major part of the review is dedicated to interactions between viruses and risk of HBV reactivation during HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). Finally, we analyze available international and national guidelines for the management of HBV reactivations related to DAA administration.

EXPERT OPINION

The most important international societies' guidelines include comments on HBV/HCV coinfection, but due to their inconsistency we present a proposal of management for HBV/HCV coinfected patients focusing mostly on HBV reactivation in patients treated for HCV. We provide some advice that should be considered in future guidelines for the management of HBV/HCV coinfection.

Behaviour of occult HBV infection in HCV-infected patients under treatment with direct-acting antivirals

BACKGROUND

There is controversial data on possible occult HBV reactivation in HCV patients successfully treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). However, diagnosis of occult HBV infection (OBI) was not performed by gold standard procedures in any study.

METHODS

By using several highly sensitive assays, we examined serially collected serum samples from 40 HBV-surface-negative DAA-treated HCV patients with OBI identified by testing liver biopsy specimens through nested-PCR technique. Serum samples were obtained at four time points from each patient (at baseline, at 4 weeks after starting, at the end and 12 weeks after stopping therapy) and tested for HBV DNA by nested-PCR and real-time PCR techniques.

RESULTS

All tested serum samples were negative by both quantitative HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV core-related antigen assays. 26/40 patients were anti-HBs-positive and in all of them, the amount of this antibody was stable at the four time points evaluated. Serum HBV DNA was detected in 10 samples at baseline, in 6 samples 4 weeks after starting therapy, in 11 samples at the end of therapy and in 21 samples 12 weeks after stopping treatment (P=0.001). Aminotransferase values dropped within the normal levels at week 4 of therapy and persisted normal over time in all cases.

CONCLUSIONS

A slight increase in the amount of HBV DNA 3 months after stopping DAA therapy was the only parameter showing a possible reappearance of HBV activity in OBI patients cured for a concomitant HCV infection, but it was insufficient to lead toward a virological reactivation capable of inducing liver injury.

HBV reactivation during direct-acting antiviral therapy in hepatitis B and C coinfected patients undergoing haemodialysis

BACKGROUND

There have been increasing reports of HBV reactivation in HBV and HCV coinfected patients with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. The potential risk of HBV reactivation in patients undergoing haemodialysis has also been noted. There is a lack of data pertaining to the reactivation risk during DAA treatment in those coinfected patients with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing haemodialysis.

METHODS

HBV-HCV-coinfected patients were screened from 178 persons at two blood purification centres in China and received sofosbuvir (200 mg) combined with daclatasvir (60 mg) daily. The risk and pattern of HBV reactivation during DAA treatment was retrospectively analysed.

RESULTS

HBV reactivation occurred in 45.5% (5/11) of the HBV-HCV-coinfected patients undergoing haemodialysis during DAA treatment, which was much higher than the reported rates in the general population of coinfected patients. Five patients with HBV reactivation were all positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) before DAA treatment. Three patients (27.3%) had mild hepatitis flares due to HBV reactivation, but no patients had severe hepatitis or hepatic failure. Compared with the four patients who were HBsAg- at the baseline, the risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg+ patients was greater (71.4% versus 0; χ²=5.238; P=0.061), although the difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant proportion of HBV-HCV-coinfected patients undergoing haemodialysis developed HBV reactivation after DAA therapy. The risk of HBV reactivation was greater in HBsAg+ patients than in those patients who were HBsAg- but anti-HBc+ or HBV DNA+.

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation Potentiated by Biologics

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation can be a serious complication for patients with chronic or resolved HBV infection when treated with biologics. For HBsAg-positive patients receiving biologics, the risk of HBV reactivation is moderate to high. HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc positive patients are at lower risk of HBV reactivation than HBsAg-positive patients. However, patients taking anti-CD20 agents, such as rituximab, have high risk of HBV reactivation (>10%), so antiviral prophylactic therapies are required. This review provides the different classes of biologics associated with HBV reactivation, stratifies the various reactivation risk levels by HBV status and biologic agent, and discusses management strategies.

Hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct antiviral agents

INTRODUCTION

cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation have been reported in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with direct antiviral agents (DAA).

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS

the main objectives of the present study are: a) to determine the prevalence of HBV/HCV coinfection in HCV patients treated with DAAs in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (CM) and also to determine the incidence and clinical relevance of HBV reactivation; and b) to determine the HBV screening rates in HCV patients in our region. For that purpose, 1,337 HCV patients were consecutively treated with DAAs in two hospitals located in South CM between January 2015 and June 2017.

RESULTS

nine of the 1,337 (0.67%) participants were HBsAg positive and 356 (26.6%) had previous HBV infection markers. Two of the four (50%) HBsAg positive patients with untreated HBV developed a virological reactivation, but not a biochemical reaction. Of the 356 patients with previous HBV infection markers, all had normal transaminases at the end of treatment and during follow-up. The HBV screening rate amounted to 92.9% of the cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

the prevalence of HBV (HBsAg positive) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C in the southern area of the CM is low. HBV reactivation in HBsAg positive patients treated with DAAs is common, although without clinical relevance. In our region, there is a high rate of HBV screening in patients with HCV that are likely treated with DAAs.

Relation of Reduction of Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence in the Patients with Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection Following Direct-acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Background

A possible interaction of hepatitis viruses at cellular and molecular levels has been suggested. Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been reported to induce activation of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver diseases.

Materials and methods

The present study examined association of HBV markers with recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with resolved HCV infection by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. In a patient pool of 378 patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) by DAA, the antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and HBV-DNA levels were estimated before and at the end of DAA therapy. These patients were HBsAg negative. Eighty-nine patients had a history of curative treatment of HCC by resection or radiofrequency ablation. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for HCC recurrence, including the change ratio of the antibody against HBV proteins.

Results

Although 188 patients had resolved HBV infection, no patient showed HBV reactivation, but anti-HBs and anti-HBc levels decreased significantly. No significant difference in the HCC recurrence rate was evident between patients with and without resolved HBV infection. Changes of immune responses to HBV proteins did not affect HCC recurrence after DAA therapy for HCV infection in this cohort.

Conclusion

The mechanisms underlying diverse roles of DAA-induced SVR of HCV on HBV kinetics need to be resolved in future.

How to cite this article

Joko K, Mashiba T, Ochi H, et al. Relation of Reduction of Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence in the Patients with Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection Following Direct-acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2019;9(2):78–83.

Hepatitis B Virus: Advances in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy

Currently, despite the use of a preventive vaccine for several decades as well as the use of effective and well-tolerated viral suppressive medications since 1998, approximately 250 million people remain infected with the virus that causes hepatitis B worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the leading causes of liver cancer and overall mortality globally, surpassing malaria and tuberculosis. Linkage to care is estimated to be very poor both in developing countries and in high-income countries, such as the United States, countries in Western Europe, and Japan. In the United States, by CDC estimates, only one-third of HBV-infected patients or less are aware of their infection. Some reasons for these low rates of surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment include the asymptomatic nature of chronic hepatitis B until the very late stages, a lack of curative therapy with a finite treatment duration, a complex natural history, and a lack of knowledge about the disease by both care providers and patients. In the last 5 years, more attention has been focused on the important topics of HBV screening, diagnosis of HBV infection, and appropriate linkage to care. There have also been rapid clinical developments toward a functional cure of HBV infection, with novel compounds currently being in various phases of progress. Despite this knowledge, many of the professional organizations provide guidelines focused only on specific questions related to the treatment of HBV infection. This focus leaves a gap for care providers on the other HBV-related issues, which include HBV's epidemiological profile, its natural history, how it interacts with other viral hepatitis diseases, treatments, and the areas that still need to be addressed in order to achieve HBV elimination by 2030. Thus, to fill these gaps and provide a more comprehensive and relevant document to regions worldwide, we have taken a global approach by using the findings of global experts on HBV as well as citing major guidelines and their various approaches to addressing HBV and its disease burden.

Isolated Anti-HBc: Significance and Management

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is prevalent worldwide and is associated with dramatic levels of morbidity and mortality. Isolated anti-HBc (IAHBc) is a particular serological pattern that is commonly found in immunocompromised patients. There is ongoing debate regarding the management of patients with IAHBc. Herein, we summarize the current guidelines and the newest evidence. The frequency of IAHBc is variable, with a higher prevalence in some populations, such as persons living with HIV and others immunocompromised patients. The risk of HBV reactivation depends on host factors (including immunosuppression) and viral factors. It is now well established that immunocompromised patients can be classified into three groups for risk according to the type of immunosuppression and/or treatment. In patients at high risk, HBV therapy has to be considered systematically. In patients at moderate risk, the decision is based on the level of HBV DNA (preemptive treatment or monitoring and vaccination). In patients with low risk, HBV vaccination is another possible approach, although further studies are needed to assess the type of preemptive strategy.

Pretreatment Hepatitis B Viral Load Predicts Long-Term Hepatitis B Response After Anti-Hepatitis C Therapy in Hepatitis B/C Dual-Infected Patients

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate the long-term outcomes in hepatitis B (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual-infected patients after anti-HCV therapy.

METHODS

A total of 192 HBV/HCV dual-infected patients who had received pegylated interferon treatment were recruited. The investigation outcomes included HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL, with or without alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥2-fold the upper limit of normal, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance.

RESULTS

Four (2.1%) patients developed early HBV reactivation before the end of treatment. Fifty (26.6%) of the remaining patients had an episode of HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL in a mean follow-up of 68.8 months. The risk was 4.6 per 100 person years. Only 19 (10.1%) patients developed concomitant ALT flare with oral HBV antiviral therapy; the risk was 1.7 per 100 person years. Despite HBV flare, 67 (34.9%) patients had a favorable outcome of HBsAg seroclearance. The probability was 5.7 per 100 person years. A pretreatment HBV DNA level of 300 IU/mL served as an independent predictor for all the outcomes. The combined pretreatment HBV DNA level and HCV response further enhanced the prediction of HBV flare and HBsAg seroclearance.

CONCLUSIONS

A pretreatment HBV DNA level of 300 IU/mL predicts HBV flare and HBsAg seroclearance after anti-HCV therapy.

Frequent delayed spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B virus after incident HBV infection among adult high-risk groups

High rates (~25%) of developing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive for > 6 months following infection) have been observed in people who use drugs (PWUD) and men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed to estimate the frequency of delayed HBsAg seroclearance, along with its determinants, and time to delayed HBsAg seroclearance. Data were used from MSM and PWUD enrolled in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (1985-2002) who had anti-hepatitis B core antibody seroconversion. Potential determinants for standard HBsAg seroclearance, delayed HBsAg seroclearance and chronic HBV were examined using multinominal logistic regression. Time to HBsAg seroclearance was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. A total of 147 incident HBV infections occurred during follow-up. On initial HBsAg testing after infection (6-12 months), 42 (29%) were HBsAg-positive and 105 (71%) were HBsAg-negative ('standard HBsAg seroclearance'). Of the 42 initially HBsAg-positive individuals, 22 subsequently tested HBsAg-negative (of whom 7 (31.8%) were HBV DNA positive at last visit, suggesting occult HBV). Overall, 15 became HBsAg-negative and HBV DNA-negative ('delayed HBsAg seroclearance'), while 27 remained HBsAg and/or HBV DNA-positive ('chronic HBV'). The 5-year cumulative probability of delayed HBsAg seroclearance was 41.6% for initially HBsAg-positive individuals. Delayed HBsAg seroclearance and remaining chronically infected were associated with younger age and HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-co-infection. In conclusion, delayed HBsAg seroclearance is common in these key adult populations at-risk for HBV, while proportion developing HBV chronicity (18%) is still higher compared to the general population (~5%). Given the proportion of individuals with occult HBV infection and that HCV direct-acting antivirals can lead to HBV reactivation, HBV DNA testing in HCV co-infected MSM/PWUD are warranted prior to treatment initiation.

New insights into the rational use of HCV+ organs worldwide

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a worldwide health problem. Effective therapies for HCV infection, coupled with an increase in deceased donors due to the opioid epidemic, have led to the broader availability and the use of HCV-infected donor organs, including HCV nucleic acid test-positive (NAT+) donors in HCV-negative recipients. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of HCV infection, trends in the use of HCV-infected donors, and outcomes for those who receive HCV-seropositive or HCV NAT+ donor organs. We discuss management considerations such as hepatitis B reactivation, selection of the optimal direct-acting antiviral regimen, and potential complications. We also present a framework for the rational use of HCV-infected donor organs in the future.

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation: Risk Factors and Current Management Strategies

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, ~257 million people are chronically infected with HBV, defined as having a positive hepatitis B surface antigen, but millions more have prior HBV exposure indicated by positive hepatitis B core antibody. Reactivation of hepatitis B implies a sudden increase in viral replication in a patient with chronic HBV infection or prior HBV exposure. Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can occur spontaneously, but it is more commonly triggered by immunosuppressive therapies for cancer, immunologic diseases, or transplantation. Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HBV-HCV coinfected individuals treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has also been identified as an important cause of HBVr. Hepatitis B virus reactivation is an underappreciated but important complication of common medical therapies that can delay treatment or result in clinical episodes of hepatitis, hepatic failure, or death. In this review, factors associated with HBVr, particularly medication-related risks, are explored. We review data involving rituximab and ofatumumab, doxorubicin, corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor antagonists, tyrosine kinases, bortezomib, hematologic stem cell transplantation, and DAAs for HCV treatment. In addition, we discuss screening strategies, choice of antiviral prophylaxis, and the optimal duration of therapy for HBVr. With additional awareness, screening, and appropriate antiviral therapy, it is expected that most cases of HBVr can be prevented.