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McGovern HT, Grimmer HJ, Doss MK, Hutchinson BT, Timmermann C, Lyon A, Corlett PR, Laukkonen RE. An Integrated theory of false insights and beliefs under psychedelics. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:69. [PMID: 39242747 PMCID: PMC11332244 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Psychedelics are recognised for their potential to re-orient beliefs. We propose a model of how psychedelics can, in some cases, lead to false insights and thus false beliefs. We first review experimental work on laboratory-based false insights and false memories. We then connect this to insights and belief formation under psychedelics using the active inference framework. We propose that subjective and brain-based alterations caused by psychedelics increases the quantity and subjective intensity of insights and thence beliefs, including false ones. We offer directions for future research in minimising the risk of false and potentially harmful beliefs arising from psychedelics. Ultimately, knowing how psychedelics may facilitate false insights and beliefs is crucial if we are to optimally leverage their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T McGovern
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- The Cairnmillar Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - H J Grimmer
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M K Doss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychedelic Research & Therapy, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - B T Hutchinson
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Timmermann
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Lyon
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P R Corlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R E Laukkonen
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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2
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de Chastelaine M, Horne ED, Hou M, Rugg MD. Relationships between age, fMRI correlates of familiarity and familiarity-based memory performance under single and dual task conditions. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108670. [PMID: 37633516 PMCID: PMC10591814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Using fMRI, we investigated the effects of age and divided attention on the neural correlates of familiarity and their relationship with memory performance. At study, word pairs were visually presented to young and older participants under the requirement to make a relational judgment on each pair. Participants were then scanned while undertaking an associative recognition test under single and dual (auditory tone detection) task conditions. The test items comprised studied, rearranged (words from different studied pairs) and new word pairs. fMRI familiarity effects were operationalized as greater activity elicited by studied pairs incorrectly identified as 'rearranged' than by correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify 'novelty' effects. Behavioral familiarity estimates were equivalent across age groups and task conditions. Robust fMRI familiarity effects were identified in several regions, including medial and superior lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate. fMRI novelty effects were identified in the anterior medial temporal lobe. Both familiarity and novelty effects were largely age-invariant and did not vary, or varied minimally, according to task condition. In addition, the familiarity effects correlated positively with a behavioral estimate of familiarity strength irrespective of age. These findings extend a previous report from our laboratory, and converge with prior behavioral reports, in demonstrating that the factors of age and divided attention have little impact on behavioral and neural estimates of familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Erin D Horne
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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Newell FN, McKenna E, Seveso MA, Devine I, Alahmad F, Hirst RJ, O'Dowd A. Multisensory perception constrains the formation of object categories: a review of evidence from sensory-driven and predictive processes on categorical decisions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220342. [PMID: 37545304 PMCID: PMC10404931 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although object categorization is a fundamental cognitive ability, it is also a complex process going beyond the perception and organization of sensory stimulation. Here we review existing evidence about how the human brain acquires and organizes multisensory inputs into object representations that may lead to conceptual knowledge in memory. We first focus on evidence for two processes on object perception, multisensory integration of redundant information (e.g. seeing and feeling a shape) and crossmodal, statistical learning of complementary information (e.g. the 'moo' sound of a cow and its visual shape). For both processes, the importance attributed to each sensory input in constructing a multisensory representation of an object depends on the working range of the specific sensory modality, the relative reliability or distinctiveness of the encoded information and top-down predictions. Moreover, apart from sensory-driven influences on perception, the acquisition of featural information across modalities can affect semantic memory and, in turn, influence category decisions. In sum, we argue that both multisensory processes independently constrain the formation of object categories across the lifespan, possibly through early and late integration mechanisms, respectively, to allow us to efficiently achieve the everyday, but remarkable, ability of recognizing objects. This article is part of the theme issue 'Decision and control processes in multisensory perception'.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. N. Newell
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - E. McKenna
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - M. A. Seveso
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - I. Devine
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - F. Alahmad
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - R. J. Hirst
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - A. O'Dowd
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
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Abstract
Perception and memory are traditionally thought of as separate cognitive functions, supported by distinct brain regions. The canonical perspective is that perceptual processing of visual information is supported by the ventral visual stream, whereas long-term declarative memory is supported by the medial temporal lobe. However, this modular framework cannot account for the increasingly large body of evidence that reveals a role for early visual areas in long-term recognition memory and a role for medial temporal lobe structures in high-level perceptual processing. In this article, we review relevant research conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. We conclude that the evidence is largely inconsistent with theoretical proposals that draw sharp functional boundaries between perceptual and memory systems in the brain. Instead, the weight of the empirical findings is best captured by a representational-hierarchical model that emphasizes differences in content, rather than in cognitive processes within the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA;
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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de Chastelaine M, Horne ED, Hou M, Rugg MD. Relationships between age, fMRI correlates of familiarity and familiarity-based memory performance under single and dual task conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542526. [PMID: 37398000 PMCID: PMC10312430 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Using fMRI, we investigated the effects of age and divided attention on the neural correlates of familiarity and their relationship with memory performance. At study, word pairs were visually presented to young and older participants under the requirement to make a relational judgment on each pair. Participants were then scanned while undertaking an associative recognition test under single and dual (auditory tone detection) task conditions. The test items comprised studied, rearranged (words from different studied pairs) and new word pairs. fMRI familiarity effects were operationalized as greater activity elicited by studied pairs incorrectly identified as 'rearranged' than by correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify 'novelty' effects. Behavioral familiarity estimates were equivalent across age groups and task conditions. Robust fMRI familiarity effects were identified in several regions, including medial and superior lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate. fMRI novelty effects were identified in the anterior medial temporal lobe. Both familiarity and novelty effects were age-invariant and did not vary according to task condition. In addition, the familiarity effects correlated positively with a behavioral estimate of familiarity strength irrespective of age. These findings extend a previous report from our laboratory, and converge with prior behavioral reports, in demonstrating that the factors of age and divided attention have minimal impact on behavioral and neural estimates of familiarity.
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Tautvydaitė D, Adam-Darqué A, Andryszak P, Poitrine L, Ptak R, Frisoni GB, Schnider A. Deficient Novelty Detection and Encoding in Early Alzheimer’s Disease: An ERP Study. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:667-679. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPatients with early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have difficulty in learning new information and in detecting novel stimuli. The underlying physiological mechanisms are not well known. We investigated the electrophysiological correlates of the early (< 400 ms), automatic phase of novelty detection and encoding in AD. We used high-density EEG Queryin patients with early AD and healthy age-matched controls who performed a continuous recognition task (CRT) involving new stimuli (New), thought to provoke novelty detection and encoding, which were then repeated up to 4 consecutive times to produce over-familiarity with the stimuli. Stimuli then reappeared after 9–15 intervening items (N-back) to be re-encoded. AD patients had substantial difficulty in detecting novel stimuli and recognizing repeated ones. Main evoked potential differences between repeated and new stimuli emerged at 180–260 ms: neural source estimations in controls revealed more extended MTL activation for N-back stimuli and anterior temporal lobe activations for New stimuli compared to highly familiar repetitions. In contrast, AD patients exhibited no activation differences between the three stimulus types. In direct comparison, healthy subjects had significantly stronger MTL activation in response to New and N-back stimuli than AD patients. These results point to abnormally weak early MTL activity as a correlate of deficient novelty detection and encoding in early AD.
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Stothart G, Smith LJ, Milton A, Coulthard E. A passive and objective measure of recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease using Fastball memory assessment. Brain 2021; 144:2812-2825. [PMID: 34544117 PMCID: PMC8564696 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease requires biomarkers sensitive to associated structural and functional changes. While considerable progress has been made in the development of structural biomarkers, functional biomarkers of early cognitive change, unconfounded by effort, practice and level of education, are still needed. We present Fastball, a new EEG method for the passive and objective measurement of recognition memory, that requires no behavioural memory response or comprehension of the task . Younger adults, older adults and Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 20 per group) completed the Fastball task, lasting just under 3 min. Participants passively viewed rapidly presented images and EEG assessed their automatic ability to differentiate between images based on previous exposure, i.e. old/new. Participants were not instructed to attend to previously seen images and provided no behavioural response. Following the Fastball task, participants completed a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task to measure their explicit behavioural recognition of previously seen stimuli. Fastball EEG detected significantly impaired recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease compared to healthy older adults (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.52), whereas behavioural recognition was not significantly different between Alzheimer's disease and healthy older adults. Alzheimer's disease patients could be discriminated with high accuracy from healthy older adult controls using the Fastball measure of recognition memory (AUC = 0.86, P < 0.001), whereas discrimination performance was poor using behavioural 2AFC accuracy (AUC = 0.63, P = 0.148). There were no significant effects of healthy ageing, with older and younger adult controls performing equivalently in both the Fastball task and behavioural 2AFC task. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease offers potential for early treatment when quality of life and independence can be retained through disease modification and cognitive enhancement. Fastball provides an alternative way of testing recognition responses that holds promise as a functional marker of disease pathology in stages where behavioural performance deficits are not yet evident. It is passive, non-invasive, quick to administer and uses cheap, scalable EEG technology. Fastball provides a new powerful method for the assessment of cognition in dementia and opens a new door in the development of early diagnosis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura J Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Alexander Milton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Hou M, Wang TH, Rugg MD. The effects of age on neural correlates of recognition memory: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2021; 153:105785. [PMID: 34419811 PMCID: PMC8429125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the effects of age on the neural correlates of recognition memory have yielded mixed results. In the present study, we employed a modified remember-know paradigm to compare the fMRI correlates of recollection and familiarity in samples of healthy young and older adults. After studying a series of words, participants underwent fMRI scanning during a test phase in which they responded "remember" to a test word if any qualitative information could be recollected about the study event. When recollection failed, participants signaled how confident they were that the test item had been studied. Young and older adults demonstrated statistically equivalent estimates of recollection and familiarity strength, while recognition memory accuracy was significantly lower in the older adults. Robust, age-invariant fMRI effects were evident in two sets of a priori defined brain regions consistently reported in prior studies to be sensitive to recollection and familiarity respectively. In addition, the magnitudes of 'familiarity-attenuation effects' in perirhinal cortex demonstrated age-invariant correlations with estimates of familiarity strength and memory accuracy, replicating prior findings. Together, the present findings add to the evidence that the neural correlates of recognition memory are largely stable across much of the healthy human adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Tracy H Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Elbich DB, Webb CE, Dennis NA. The influence of item familiarization on neural discriminability during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105760. [PMID: 34126588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Associative memory requires one to encode and form memory representations not just for individual items, but for the association or link between those items. Past work has suggested that associative memory is facilitated when individual items are familiar rather than simultaneously learning the items and their associative link. The current study employed multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) to investigate whether item familiarization prior to associative encoding affects the distinctiveness of neural patterns, and whether that distinctiveness is also present during associative retrieval. Our results suggest that prior exposure to item stimuli impacts the representations of their shared association compared to stimuli that are novel at the time of associative encoding throughout most of the associative memory network. While this distinction was also present at retrieval, the overall extent of the difference was diminished. Overall the results suggest that stimulus familiarity influences the representation of associative pairings during memory encoding and retrieval, and the pair-specific representation is maintained across memory phases irrespective of this distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Elbich
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Christina E Webb
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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Imaging recollection, familiarity, and novelty in the frontoparietal control and default mode networks and the anterior-posterior medial temporal lobe: An integrated view and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:491-508. [PMID: 33857579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A network-level model of recollection-based recognition (R), familiarity-based recognition (F), and novelty recognition (N) was constructed, and its validity was evaluated through meta-analyses to produce an integrated view of neuroimaging data. The model predicted the following: (a) the overall magnitude of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) activity (which supports retrieval and decision effort) is in the order of F > R > N; (b) that of the posterior medial temporal network (MTL) activity (which plays a direct role in retrieval) is in the order of R > N > F; (c) that of the anterior MTL activity (which supports novelty-encoding) is in the order of N > R > F; (d) that of the default mode network (DMN) activity (which supports the subjective experience of remembering) is in the order of R > N > F. The meta-analyses results were consistent with these predictions. Subsystem analysis indicated a functional dissociation between the cingulo-opercular vs. frontoparietal components of the FPCN and between the core vs. medial temporal components of the DMN.
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Gagnon SA, Waskom ML, Brown TI, Wagner AD. Stress Impairs Episodic Retrieval by Disrupting Hippocampal and Cortical Mechanisms of Remembering. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2947-2964. [PMID: 30060134 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of science investigating the neural underpinnings of episodic memory retrieval, a critical question remains: how does stress influence remembering and the neural mechanisms of recollection in humans? Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analyses to examine the effects of acute stress during retrieval. We report that stress reduced the probability of recollecting the details of past experience, and that this impairment was driven, in part, by a disruption of the relationship between hippocampal activation, cortical reinstatement, and memory performance. Moreover, even memories expressed with high confidence were less accurate under stress, and this stress-induced decline in accuracy was explained by reduced posterior hippocampal engagement despite similar levels of category-level cortical reinstatement. Finally, stress degraded the relationship between the engagement of frontoparietal control networks and retrieval decision uncertainty. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the widespread consequences of acute stress on the neural systems of remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Waskom
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thackery I Brown
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Mecklinger A, Bader R. From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Seok JW, Cheong C. Functional dissociation of hippocampal subregions corresponding to memory types and stages. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:15. [PMID: 32616078 PMCID: PMC7331241 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hippocampus reportedly plays a crucial role in memory. However, examining individual human hippocampal-subfield function remains challenging because of their small sizes and convoluted structures. Here, we identified hippocampal subregions involved in memory types (implicit and explicit memory) and stages (encoding and retrieval). Methods We modified the serial reaction time task to examine four memory types, i.e. implicit encoding, explicit encoding, implicit retrieval, and explicit retrieval. During this task, 7-T functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare brain activity evoked by these memory types. Results We found hippocampal activation according to all memory types and stages and identified that the hippocampus subserves both implicit and explicit memory processing. Moreover, we confirmed that cornu ammonis (CA) regions 1–3 were implicated in both memory encoding and retrieval, whereas the subiculum was implicated only in memory retrieval. We also found that CA 1–3 was activated more for explicit than implicit memory. Conclusions These results elucidate human hippocampal-subfield functioning underlying memory and may support future investigations into hippocampal-subfield functioning in health and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Seok
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Counseling Psychology, Seoul Hanyoung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaejoon Cheong
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, 28119, Chungbook, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Kark SM, Slotnick SD, Kensinger EA. Forgotten but not gone: FMRI evidence of implicit memory for negative stimuli 24 hours after the initial study episode. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107277. [PMID: 31783080 PMCID: PMC7012535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endel Tulving conducted pioneering work on the explicit and implicit memory systems and demonstrated that priming effects can be long-lasting. It is also well-established that emotion can amplify explicit and implicit memory. Prior work has utilized repetition suppression (RS) of the fMRI-BOLD signal-a reduction in the magnitude of activity over repeated presentations of stimuli-to index implicit memory. Using an explicit recognition memory paradigm, we examined emotional modulation of long-term implicit memory effects as revealed by repetition suppression (i.e., comparing second-exposure forgotten items to first-exposure correct rejections). Forty-seven participants incidentally encoded line-drawings of negative, positive, and neutral scenes followed by the full color image. Twenty-four hours later, participants underwent fMRI during a recognition memory test in which old and new line-drawings were presented. Implicit and explicit memory effects were defined by the contrasts of New-Correct Rejections > Old-Misses and Old-Hits > New-Correct Rejections, respectively. Wide-spread Negative RS was found in frontal and occipito-temporal cortex that was greater than Neutral RS in the right orbito-frontal cortex and inferior frontal gyri. Valence-specific Negative RS, compared to Positive RS, was observed in the left inferior occipital gyrus. There was no strong evidence for emotional modulation of amygdala RS, but functional connectivity analyses revealed valence-specificity: Negative and positive valence were associated with repetition suppression and repetition enhancement of amygdala-occipital connectivity, respectively. Negative implicit memory patterns in most frontal regions-but not occipital areas-overlapped with explicit memory effects. Thus, implicit memory effects for a single visual stimulus presentation are modulated by emotional valence, can be observed 24hours after initial exposure, and show some overlap with explicit memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kark
- Department of Psychology, McGuinn Hall Room 300, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, McGuinn Hall Room 300, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Kensinger
- Department of Psychology, McGuinn Hall Room 300, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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15
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Dissociating neural correlates of retrieval practice and elaborative study in associative recognition memory. Neuroreport 2019; 30:985-992. [PMID: 31464838 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval practice effect refers to better long-term retention enhanced by active retrieval compared to re-studying, which has been widely demonstrated. However, controversies remain as to whether the underlying mechanism of this effect could be attributed to semantic elaboration. We investigated whether retrieval practice and elaboration were equivalent by observing the underlying cognitive processes of the two conditions using corresponding event-related potentials measures of associative memory and item memory. Behavioral results showed that retrieval practice induced better associate memory performance than elaborative study. For event-related potential results, an early old/recombined effect (FN400) related to familiarity and a late old/recombined effect (late positive component) related to recollection emerged in the retrieval practice condition, while both were absent in the elaborative study condition. An early recombined/new effect (FN400) appeared in the elaborative study condition, which did not occur in the retrieval practice condition. It could be inferred that retrieval practice promoted the recollection of episodic contexts for later associative memory, while elaborative study strengthened the familiarity of individual item. These findings suggest that retrieval practice and elaboration are two distinctive processes.
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16
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Pfeifer G, Ward J, Sigala N. Reduced Visual and Frontal Cortex Activation During Visual Working Memory in Grapheme-Color Synaesthetes Relative to Young and Older Adults. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 31354440 PMCID: PMC6635562 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory recruitment model envisages visual working memory (VWM) as an emergent property that is encoded and maintained in sensory (visual) regions. The model implies that enhanced sensory-perceptual functions, as in synaesthesia, entail a dedicated VWM-system, showing reduced visual cortex activity as a result of neural specificity. By contrast, sensory-perceptual decline, as in old age, is expected to show enhanced visual cortex activity as a result of neural broadening. To test this model, young grapheme-color synaesthetes, older adults and young controls engaged in a delayed pair-associative retrieval and a delayed matching-to-sample task, consisting of achromatic fractal stimuli that do not induce synaesthesia. While a previous analysis of this dataset (Pfeifer et al., 2016) has focused on cued retrieval and recognition of pair-associates (i.e., long-term memory), the current study focuses on visual working memory and considers, for the first time, the crucial delay period in which no visual stimuli are present, but working memory processes are engaged. Participants were trained to criterion and demonstrated comparable behavioral performance on VWM tasks. Whole-brain and region-of-interest-analyses revealed significantly lower activity in synaesthetes’ middle frontal gyrus and visual regions (cuneus, inferior temporal cortex), respectively, suggesting greater neural efficiency relative to young and older adults in both tasks. The results support the sensory recruitment model and can explain age and individual WM-differences based on neural specificity in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Pfeifer
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Leeds School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Ward
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Sigala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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17
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Kim H. Neural correlates of explicit and implicit memory at encoding and retrieval: A unified framework and meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:96-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Braun M, Kronbichler M, Richlan F, Hawelka S, Hutzler F, Jacobs AM. A model-guided dissociation between subcortical and cortical contributions to word recognition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4506. [PMID: 30872701 PMCID: PMC6418272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive studies of visual word recognition have provided information about brain activity correlated with orthographic processing. Some of these studies related the orthographic neighborhood density of letter strings to the amount of hypothetical global lexical activity (GLA) in the brain as simulated by computational models of word recognition. To further investigate this issue, we used GLA of words and nonwords from the multiple read-out model of visual word recognition (MROM) and related this activity to neural correlates of orthographic processing in the brain by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Words and nonwords elicited linear effects in the cortex with increasing BOLD responses for decreasing values of GLA. In addition, words showed increasing linear BOLD responses for increasing GLA values in subcortical regions comprising the hippocampus, globus pallidus and caudate nucleus. We propose that these regions are involved in the matching of orthographic input onto representations in long-term memory. The results speak to a potential involvement of the basal ganglia in visual word recognition with globus pallidus and caudate nucleus activity potentially reflecting maintenance of orthographic input in working memory supporting the matching of the input onto stored representations by selection of appropriate lexical candidates and the inhibition of orthographically similar but non-matching candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Braun
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
- Allgemeine und Neurokognitive Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabio Richlan
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arthur M Jacobs
- Allgemeine und Neurokognitive Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Vaccaro AG, Fleming SM. Thinking about thinking: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of metacognitive judgements. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818810591. [PMID: 30542659 PMCID: PMC6238228 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818810591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition supports reflection upon and control of other cognitive processes.
Despite metacognition occupying a central role in human psychology, its neural
substrates remain underdetermined, partly due to study-specific differences in
task domain and type of metacognitive judgement under study. It is also unclear
how metacognition relates to other apparently similar abilities that depend on
recursive thought such as theory of mind or mentalising. Now that neuroimaging
studies of metacognition are more prevalent, we have an opportunity to
characterise consistencies in neural substrates identified across different
analysis types and domains. Here we used quantitative activation likelihood
estimation methods to synthesise findings from 47 neuroimaging studies on
metacognition, divided into categories based on the target of metacognitive
evaluation (memory and decision-making), analysis type (judgement-related
activation, confidence-related activation, and predictors of metacognitive
sensitivity), and, for metamemory judgements, temporal focus (prospective and
retrospective). A domain-general network, including medial and lateral
prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and insula was associated with the level of
confidence in self-performance in both decision-making and memory tasks. We
found preferential engagement of right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
in metadecision experiments and bilateral parahippocampal cortex in metamemory
experiments. Results on metacognitive sensitivity were inconclusive, likely due
to fewer studies reporting this contrast. Finally, by comparing our results to
meta-analyses of mentalising, we obtain evidence for common engagement of the
ventromedial and anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in both metacognition
and mentalising, suggesting that these regions may support second-order
representations for thinking about the thoughts of oneself and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Vaccaro
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.,Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Knowledge supports memory retrieval through familiarity, not recollection. Neuropsychologia 2018; 113:14-21. [PMID: 29391248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Semantic memory, or general knowledge of the world, guides learning and supports the formation and retrieval of new episodic memories. Behavioral evidence suggests that this knowledge effect is supported by recollection-a more controlled form of memory retrieval generally accompanied by contextual details-to a greater degree than familiarity-a more automatic form of memory retrieval generally absent of contextual details. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the role that regions associated with recollection and familiarity play in retrieving recent instances of known (e.g., The Summer Olympic Games are held four years apart) and unknown (e.g., A flaky deposit found in port bottles is beeswing) statements. Our results revealed a surprising pattern: Episodic retrieval of known statements recruited regions associated with familiarity, but not recollection. Instead, retrieval of unknown statements recruited regions associated with recollection. These data, in combination with quicker reaction times for the retrieval of known than unknown statements, suggest that known statements can be successfully retrieved on the basis of familiarity, whereas unknown statements were retrieved on the basis of recollection. Our results provide insight into how knowledge influences episodic retrieval and demonstrate the role of neuroimaging in providing insights into cognitive processes in the absence of explicit behavioral responses.
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21
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Henson R. A Mini-Review of fMRI Studies of Human Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Recognition Memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:340-60. [PMID: 16194973 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review considers event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of human recognition memory that have or have not reported activations within the medial temporal lobes (MTL). For comparisons both between items at study (encoding) and between items at test (recognition), MTL activations are characterized as left/right, anterior/posterior, and hippocampus/surrounding cortex, and as a function of the stimulus material and relevance of item/source information. Though no clear pattern emerges, there are trends suggesting differences between item and source information, and verbal and spatial information, and a role for encoding processes during recognition tests. Important future directions are considered.
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22
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Dissociation between the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity in the striatum and hippocampus: Across-study convergence. Behav Brain Res 2017; 354:1-7. [PMID: 28803854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In tests of recognition memory, neural activity in the striatum has consistently been reported to differ according to the study status of the test item. A full understanding of the functional significance of striatal 'retrieval success' effects is impeded by a paucity of evidence concerning whether the effects differ according to the nature of the memory signal supporting the recognition judgment (recollection vs. familiarity). Here, we address this issue through an analysis of retrieval-related striatal activity in three independent fMRI studies (total N = 88). Recollection and familiarity were operationalized in a different way in each study, allowing the identification of test-independent, generic recollection- and familiarity-related effects. While activity in a bilateral dorsal striatal region, mainly encompassing the caudate nucleus, was enhanced equally by recollected and 'familiar only' test items, activity in bilateral ventral striatum and adjacent subgenual frontal cortex was enhanced only in response to items that elicited successful recollection. By contrast, relative to familiar items, activity in anterior hippocampus was enhanced for both recollected and novel test items. Thus, recollection- and familiarity-driven recognition memory judgments are associated with anatomically distinct patterns of retrieval-related striatal activity, and these patterns are at least partially independent of recollection and novelty effects in the hippocampus.
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23
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Bader R, Mecklinger A. Separating Event-related Potential Effects for Conceptual Fluency and Episodic Familiarity. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1402-1414. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ERP old/new effects have been associated with different subprocesses of episodic recognition memory. The notion that recollection is reflected in the left parietal old/new effect seems to be uncontested. However, an association between episodic familiarity and the mid-frontal old/new effect is not uncontroversial. It has been argued that the mid-frontal old/new effect is functionally equivalent to the N400 and hence merely reflects differences in conceptual fluency between old and new items. Therefore, it is related to episodic familiarity only in situations in which conceptual fluency covaries with familiarity. Alternatively, the old/new effect in this time window reflects an interaction of episodic familiarity and conceptual processing with each making a unique functional contribution. To test this latter account, we manipulated conceptual fluency and episodic familiarity orthogonally in an incidental recognition test: Visually presented old and new words were preceded by either conceptually related or unrelated auditory prime words. If the mid-frontal old/new effect is functionally distinguishable from conceptual priming effects, an ERP contrast reflecting pure priming (correct rejections in the related vs. unrelated condition) and a contrast reflecting priming plus familiarity (hits in the related vs. correct rejections in the unrelated condition) should differ in scalp distribution. As predicted, the pure priming contrast had a right-parietal distribution, as typically observed for the N400 effect, whereas the priming plus familiarity contrast was significantly more frontally accentuated. These findings implicate that old/new effects in this time window are driven by unique functional contributions of episodic familiarity and conceptual processing.
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24
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Monge ZA, Wing EA, Stokes J, Cabeza R. Search and recovery of autobiographical and laboratory memories: Shared and distinct neural components. Neuropsychologia 2017; 110:44-54. [PMID: 28755853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that there are differences in the neural correlates of episodic memory for laboratory stimuli (laboratory memory) and for events from one's own life (autobiographical memory). However, this evidence is scarce and often confounded with differences in memory testing procedures. Here, we directly compared the neural mechanisms underlying the search and recovery of autobiographical and laboratory memories while minimizing testing differences. Before scanning, participants completed a laboratory memory encoding task in which they studied four-word "chains" spread across three word pairs. During scanning, participants completed a laboratory memory retrieval task, in which they recalled the word chains, and an autobiographical memory retrieval task, in which they recalled specific personal events associated with word cues. Importantly, response times were similar in the two tasks, allowing for a direct comparison of the activation time courses. We found that during memory search (searching for the memory target), similar brain regions were activated during both the autobiographical and laboratory tasks, whereas during memory recovery (accessing the memory traces; i.e., ecphory), clear differences emerged: regions of the default mode network (DMN) were activated greater during autobiographical than laboratory memory, whereas the bilateral superior parietal lobules were activated greater during laboratory than autobiographical memory. Also, multivariate functional connectivity analyses revealed that regardless of memory stage, the DMN and ventral attention network exhibited a more integrated topology in the functional network underlying autobiographical (vs. laboratory) memory retrieval, whereas the fronto-parietal task control network exhibited a more integrated topology in the functional network underlying laboratory (vs. autobiographical) memory retrieval. These findings further characterize the shared and distinct neural components underlying autobiographical and laboratory memories, and suggest that differences in autobiographical vs. laboratory memory brain activation previously reported in the literature reflect memory recovery rather than search differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Monge
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Erik A Wing
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Jared Stokes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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25
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Manelis A, Popov V, Paynter C, Walsh M, Wheeler ME, Vogt KM, Reder LM. Cortical Networks Involved in Memory for Temporal Order. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1253-1266. [PMID: 28294716 PMCID: PMC5653970 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined the neurobiological basis of temporal resetting, an aspect of temporal order memory, using a version of the delayed-match-to-multiple-sample task. While in an fMRI scanner, participants evaluated whether an item was novel or whether it had appeared before or after a reset event that signified the start of a new block of trials. Participants responded "old" to items that were repeated within the current block and "new" to both novel items and items that had last appeared before the reset event (pseudonew items). Medial-temporal, prefrontal, and occipital regions responded to absolute novelty of the stimulus-they differentiated between novel items and previously seen items, but not between old and pseudonew items. Activation for pseudonew items in the frontopolar and parietal regions, in contrast, was intermediate between old and new items. The posterior cingulate cortex extending to precuneus was the only region that showed complete temporal resetting, and its activation reflected whether an item was new or old according to the task instructions regardless of its familiarity. There was also a significant Condition (old/pseudonew) × Familiarity (second/third presentations) interaction effect on behavioral and neural measures. For pseudonew items, greater familiarity decreased response accuracy, increased RTs, increased ACC activation, and increased functional connectivity between ACC and the left frontal pole. The reverse was observed for old items. On the basis of these results, we propose a theoretical framework in which temporal resetting relies on an episodic retrieval network that is modulated by cognitive control and conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vencislav Popov
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher Paynter
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Keith M. Vogt
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lynne M. Reder
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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de Chastelaine M, Mattson JT, Wang TH, Donley BE, Rugg MD. Independent contributions of fMRI familiarity and novelty effects to recognition memory and their stability across the adult lifespan. Neuroimage 2017; 156:340-351. [PMID: 28528847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of age on the neural correlates of familiarity-driven recognition memory has received relatively little attention. Here, the relationships between age, the neural correlates of familiarity, and memory performance were investigated using an associative recognition test in young, middle-aged and older participants. Test items comprised studied, rearranged (items studied on different trials) and new word pairs. fMRI 'familiarity effects' were operationalized as greater activity for studied test pairs incorrectly identified as 'rearranged' than for correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify 'novelty' effects. Estimates of familiarity strength were slightly but significantly lower for the older relative to the younger group. With the exception of one region in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, fMRI familiarity effects (which were identified in medial and lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate among other regions) did not differ significantly with age. Age-invariant 'novelty effects' were identified in the anterior hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex. When entered into the same regression model, familiarity and novelty effects independently predicted familiarity strength across participants, suggesting that the two classes of memory effect reflect functionally distinct mnemonic processes. It is concluded that the neural correlates of familiarity-based memory judgments, and their relationship with familiarity strength, are largely stable across much of the healthy adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | | | - Tracy H Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Brian E Donley
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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27
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Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex Volume Predicted by Altered Intra-Item Configural Processing. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5527-5538. [PMID: 28473640 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3664-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent functional imaging studies have proposed that the human entorhinal cortex (ERC) is subdivided into functionally distinct anterolateral (alERC) and posteromedial (pmERC) subregions. The alERC overlaps with regions that are affected earliest by Alzheimer's disease pathology, yet its cognitive function remains poorly understood. Previous human fMRI studies have focused on its role in object memory, but rodent studies on the putatively homologous lateral entorhinal cortex suggest that it also plays an important role in representing spatial properties of objects. To investigate the cognitive effects of human alERC volume differences, we developed an eye-tracking-based task to evaluate intra-item configural processing (i.e., processing the arrangement of an object's features) and used manual segmentation based on a recently developed protocol to delineate the alERC/pmERC and other medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions. In a group of older adult men and women at varying stages of brain atrophy and cognitive decline, we found that intra-item configural processing, regardless of an object's novelty, was strongly predicted by alERC volume, but not by the volume of any other MTL subregion. These results provide the first evidence that the human alERC plays a role in supporting a distinct aspect of object processing, namely attending to the arrangement of an object's component features.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alzheimer's disease pathology appears earliest in brain regions that overlap with the anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC). However, the cognitive role of the alERC is poorly understood. Previous human studies treat the alERC as an extension of the neighboring perirhinal cortex, supporting object memory. Animal studies suggest that the alERC may support the spatial properties of objects. In a group of older adult humans at the earliest stages of cognitive decline, we show here that alERC volume selectively predicted configural processing (attention to the spatial arrangement of an object's parts). This is the first study to demonstrate a cognitive role related to alERC volume in humans. This task can be adapted to serve as an early detection method for Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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28
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Cacciamani L, Likova LT. Memory-guided drawing training increases Granger causal influences from the perirhinal cortex to V1 in the blind. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:101-107. [PMID: 28347878 PMCID: PMC5488874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is a medial temporal lobe structure that has been implicated in not only visual memory in the sighted, but also tactile memory in the blind (Cacciamani & Likova, 2016). It has been proposed that, in the blind, the PRC may contribute to modulation of tactile memory responses that emerge in low-level "visual" area V1 as a result of training-induced cortical reorganization (Likova, 2012, 2015). While some studies in the sighted have indicated that the PRC is indeed structurally and functionally connected to the visual cortex (Clavagnier, Falchier, & Kennedy, 2004; Peterson, Cacciamani, Barense, & Scalf, 2012), the PRC's direct modulation of V1 is unknown-particularly in those who lack the visual input that typically stimulates this region. In the present study, we tested Likova's PRC modulation hypothesis; specifically, we used fMRI to assess the PRC's Granger causal influence on V1 activation in the blind during a tactile memory task. To do so, we trained congenital and acquired blind participants on a unique memory-guided drawing technique previously shown to result in V1 reorganization towards tactile memory representations (Likova, 2012). The tasks (20s each) included: tactile exploration of raised line drawings of faces and objects, tactile memory retrieval via drawing, and a scribble motor/memory control. FMRI before and after a week of the Cognitive-Kinesthetic training on these tasks revealed a significant increase in PRC-to-V1 Granger causality from pre- to post-training during the memory drawing task, but not during the motor/memory control. This increase in causal connectivity indicates that the training strengthened the top-down modulation of visual cortex from the PRC. This is the first study to demonstrate enhanced directed functional connectivity from the PRC to the visual cortex in the blind, implicating the PRC as a potential source of the reorganization towards tactile representations that occurs in V1 in the blind brain (Likova, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciamani
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore St., San Francisco, CA 94114, USA.
| | - Lora T Likova
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore St., San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
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29
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Duke D, Martin CB, Bowles B, McRae K, Köhler S. Perirhinal cortex tracks degree of recent as well as cumulative lifetime experience with object concepts. Cortex 2017; 89:61-70. [PMID: 28236751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from numerous sources indicates that recognition of the prior occurrence of objects requires computations of perirhinal cortex (PrC) in the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Extant research has primarily probed recognition memory based on item exposure in a recent experimental study episode. Outside the laboratory, however, familiarity for objects typically accrues gradually with learning across many different episodic contexts, which can be distributed over a lifetime of experience. It is currently unknown whether PrC also tracks this cumulative lifetime experience with object concepts. To address this issue, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment in healthy individuals in which we compared judgments of the perceived lifetime familiarity with object concepts, a task that has previously been employed in many normative studies on concept knowledge, with frequency judgments for recent laboratory exposure in a study phase. Guided by neurophysiological data showing that neurons in primate PrC signal prior object exposure at multiple time scales, we predicted that PrC responses would track perceived prior experience in both types of judgments. Left PrC and a number of cortical regions that are often co-activated as part of the default-mode network showed an increase in Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) response in relation to increases in the perceived cumulative lifetime familiarity of object concepts. These regions included the left hippocampus, left mid-lateral temporal cortex, as well as anterior and posterior cortical midline structures. Critically, left PrC was found to be the only region that showed this response in combination with the typically observed decrease in signal for perceived recent exposure in the experimental study phase. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that ties signals in human PrC to variations in cumulative lifetime experience with object concepts. They offer a new link between the role of PrC in recognition memory and its broader role in conceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Duke
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris B Martin
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Bowles
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken McRae
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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30
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Kark SM, Slotnick SD, Kensinger EA. Repetition Enhancement of Amygdala and Visual Cortex Functional Connectivity Reflects Nonconscious Memory for Negative Visual Stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1933-1946. [PMID: 27676616 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most studies using a recognition memory paradigm examine the neural processes that support the ability to consciously recognize past events. However, there can also be nonconscious influences from the prior study episode that reflect repetition suppression effects-a reduction in the magnitude of activity for repeated presentations of stimuli-that are revealed by comparing neural activity associated with forgotten items to correctly rejected novel items. The present fMRI study examined the effect of emotional valence (positive vs. negative) on repetition suppression effects. Using a standard recognition memory task, 24 participants viewed line drawings of previously studied negative, positive, and neutral photos intermixed with novel line drawings. For each item, participants made an old-new recognition judgment and a sure-unsure confidence rating. Collapsed across valence, repetition suppression effects were found in ventral occipital-temporal cortex and frontal regions. Activity levels in the majority of these regions were not modulated by valence. However, repetition enhancement of the amygdala and ventral occipital-temporal cortex functional connectivity reflected nonconscious memory for negative items. In this study, valence had little effect on activation patterns but had a larger effect on functional connectivity patterns that were markers of nonconscious memory. Beyond memory and emotion, these findings are relevant to other cognitive and social neuroscientists that utilize fMRI repetition effects to investigate perception, attention, social cognition, and other forms of learning and memory.
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Proverbio AM, La Mastra F, Zani A. How Negative Social Bias Affects Memory for Faces: An Electrical Neuroimaging Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162671. [PMID: 27655327 PMCID: PMC5031436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During social interactions, we make inferences about people’s personal characteristics based on their appearance. These inferences form a potential prejudice that can positively or negatively bias our interaction with them. Not much is known about the effects of negative bias on face perception and the ability to recognize people faces. This ability was investigated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from 128 sites in 16 volunteers. In the first session (encoding), they viewed 200 faces associated with a short fictional story that described anecdotal positive or negative characteristics about each person. In the second session (recognition), they underwent an old/new memory test, in which they had to distinguish 100 new faces from the previously shown faces. ERP data relative to the encoding phase showed a larger anterior negativity in response to negatively (vs. positively) biased faces, indicating an additional processing of faces with unpleasant social traits. In the recognition task, ERPs recorded in response to new faces elicited a larger FN400 than to old faces, and to positive than negative faces. Additionally, old faces elicited a larger Old-New parietal response than new faces, in the form of an enlarged late positive (LPC) component. An inverse solution SwLORETA (450–550 ms) indicated that remembering old faces was associated with the activation of right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left medial temporal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus. Only negatively connoted faces strongly activated the limbic and parahippocampal areas and the left SFG. A dissociation was found between familiarity (modulated by negative bias) and recollection (distinguishing old from new faces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca La Mastra
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, IBFM-CNR, Milan, Italy
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Bowles B, Duke D, Rosenbaum RS, McRae K, Köhler S. Impaired assessment of cumulative lifetime familiarity for object concepts after left anterior temporal-lobe resection that includes perirhinal cortex but spares the hippocampus. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cacciamani L, Likova LT. Tactile Object Familiarity in the Blind Brain Reveals the Supramodal Perceptual-Mnemonic Nature of the Perirhinal Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:92. [PMID: 27148002 PMCID: PMC4828456 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the neural underpinnings of tactile object familiarity in the blind during both perception and memory. In the sighted, the perirhinal cortex (PRC) has been implicated in the assessment of visual object familiarity-a crucial everyday task-as evidenced by reduced activation when an object becomes familiar. Here, to examine the PRC's role in tactile object familiarity in the absence of vision, we trained blind participants on a unique memory-guided drawing technique and measured brain activity while they perceptually explored raised-line drawings, drew them from tactile memory, and scribbled (control). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after a week of training revealed a significant decrease in PRC activation from pre- to post-training (i.e., from unfamiliar to familiar) during perceptual exploration as well as memory-guided drawing, but not scribbling. This familiarity-based reduction is the first evidence that the PRC represents tactile object familiarity in the blind. Furthermore, the finding of this effect during both tactile perception and tactile memory provides the critical link in establishing the PRC as a structure whose representations are supramodal for both perception and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciamani
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San FranciscoCA, USA
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Wang WC, Giovanello KS. The Role of Medial Temporal Lobe Regions in Incidental and Intentional Retrieval of Item and Relational Information in Aging. Hippocampus 2016; 26:693-9. [PMID: 26928884 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable neuropsychological and neuroimaging work indicates that the medial temporal lobes are critical for both item and relational memory retrieval. However, there remain outstanding issues in the literature, namely the extent to which medial temporal lobe regions are differentially recruited during incidental and intentional retrieval of item and relational information, and the extent to which aging may affect these neural substrates. The current fMRI study sought to address these questions; participants incidentally encoded word pairs embedded in sentences and incidental item and relational retrieval were assessed through speeded reading of intact, rearranged, and new word-pair sentences, while intentional item and relational retrieval were assessed through old/new associative recognition of a separate set of intact, rearranged, and new word pairs. Results indicated that, in both younger and older adults, anterior hippocampus and perirhinal cortex indexed incidental and intentional item retrieval in the same manner. In contrast, posterior hippocampus supported incidental and intentional relational retrieval in both age groups and an adjacent cluster in posterior hippocampus was recruited during both forms of relational retrieval for older, but not younger, adults. Our findings suggest that while medial temporal lobe regions do not differentiate between incidental and intentional forms of retrieval, there are distinct roles for anterior and posterior medial temporal lobe regions during retrieval of item and relational information, respectively, and further indicate that posterior regions may, under certain conditions, be over-recruited in healthy aging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wang
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kelly S Giovanello
- Department of Psychology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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35
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Pratama F, Mastrogiovanni F, Lee SG, Chong NY. Long-term knowledge acquisition using contextual information in a memory-inspired robot architecture. J EXP THEOR ARTIF IN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0952813x.2015.1134679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Wang WC, Brashier NM, Wing EA, Marsh EJ, Cabeza R. On Known Unknowns: Fluency and the Neural Mechanisms of Illusory Truth. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:739-46. [PMID: 26765947 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The "illusory truth" effect refers to the phenomenon whereby repetition of a statement increases its likelihood of being judged true. This phenomenon has important implications for how we come to believe oft-repeated information that may be misleading or unknown. Behavioral evidence indicates that fluency, the subjective ease experienced while processing information, underlies this effect. This suggests that illusory truth should be mediated by brain regions previously linked to fluency, such as the perirhinal cortex (PRC). To investigate this possibility, we scanned participants with fMRI while they rated the truth of unknown statements, half of which were presented earlier (i.e., repeated). The only brain region that showed an interaction between repetition and ratings of perceived truth was PRC, where activity increased with truth ratings for repeated, but not for new, statements. This finding supports the hypothesis that illusory truth is mediated by a fluency mechanism and further strengthens the link between PRC and fluency.
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Martin CB, Cowell RA, Gribble PL, Wright J, Köhler S. Distributed category-specific recognition-memory signals in human perirhinal cortex. Hippocampus 2015; 26:423-36. [PMID: 26385759 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from a large body of research suggests that perirhinal cortex (PrC), which interfaces the medial temporal lobe with the ventral visual pathway for object identification, plays a critical role in item-based recognition memory. The precise manner in which PrC codes for the prior occurrence of objects, however, remains poorly understood. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we used multivoxel pattern analyses to examine whether the prior occurrence of faces is coded by distributed patterns of PrC activity that consist of voxels with decreases as well as increases in signal. We also investigated whether pertinent voxels are preferentially tuned to the specific object category to which judged stimuli belong. We found that, when no a priori constraints were imposed on the direction of signal change, activity patterns that allowed for successful classification of recognition-memory decisions included some voxels with decreases and others with increases in signal in association with perceived prior occurrence. Moreover, successful classification was obtained in the absence of a mean difference in activity across the set of voxels in these patterns. Critically, we observed a positive relationship between classifier accuracy and behavioral performance across participants. Additional analyses revealed that voxels carrying diagnostic information for classification of memory decisions showed category specificity in their tuning for faces when probed with an independent functional localizer in a nonmnemonic task context. These voxels were spatially distributed in PrC, and extended beyond the contiguous voxel clusters previously described as the anterior temporal face patch. Our findings provide support for proposals, recently raised in the neurophysiological literature, that the prior occurrence of objects is coded by distributed PrC representations. They also suggest that the stimulus category to which an item belongs shapes the organization of these distributed representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary A Cowell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessey Wright
- Rotman Institute of Philosophy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Baycrest Centre, Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kragel JE, Polyn SM. Decoding Episodic Retrieval Processes: Frontoparietal and Medial Temporal Lobe Contributions to Free Recall. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 28:125-39. [PMID: 26401811 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of recognition memory have identified distinct patterns of cortical activity associated with two sets of cognitive processes: Recollective processes supporting retrieval of information specifying a probe item's original source are associated with the posterior hippocampus, ventral posterior parietal cortex, and medial pFC. Familiarity processes supporting the correct identification of previously studied probes (in the absence of a recollective response) are associated with activity in anterior medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures including the perirhinal cortex and anterior hippocampus, in addition to lateral prefrontal and dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Here, we address an open question in the cognitive neuroscientific literature: To what extent are these same neurocognitive processes engaged during an internally directed memory search task like free recall? We recorded fMRI activity while participants performed a series of free recall and source recognition trials, and we used a combination of univariate and multivariate analysis techniques to compare neural activation profiles across the two tasks. Univariate analyses showed that posterior MTL regions were commonly associated with recollective processes during source recognition and with free recall responses. Prefrontal and posterior parietal regions were commonly associated with familiarity processes and free recall responses, whereas anterior MTL regions were only associated with familiarity processes during recognition. In contrast with the univariate results, free recall activity patterns characterized using multivariate pattern analysis did not reliably match the neural patterns associated with recollective processes. However, these free recall patterns did reliably match patterns associated with familiarity processes, supporting theories of memory in which common cognitive mechanisms support both item recognition and free recall.
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39
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Visconti di Oleggio Castello M, Gobbini MI. Familiar Face Detection in 180 ms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136548. [PMID: 26305788 PMCID: PMC4549263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is tuned for rapid detection of faces, with the fastest choice saccade to a face at 100 ms. Familiar faces have a more robust representation than do unfamiliar faces, and are detected faster in the absence of awareness and with reduced attentional resources. Faces of family and close friends become familiar over a protracted period involving learning the unique visual appearance, including a view-invariant representation, as well as person knowledge. We investigated the effect of personal familiarity on the earliest stages of face processing by using a saccadic-choice task to measure how fast familiar face detection can happen. Subjects made correct and reliable saccades to familiar faces when unfamiliar faces were distractors at 180 ms--very rapid saccades that are 30 to 70 ms earlier than the earliest evoked potential modulated by familiarity. By contrast, accuracy of saccades to unfamiliar faces with familiar faces as distractors did not exceed chance. Saccades to faces with object distractors were even faster (110 to 120 ms) and equivalent for familiar and unfamiliar faces, indicating that familiarity does not affect ultra-rapid saccades. We propose that detectors of diagnostic facial features for familiar faces develop in visual cortices through learning and allow rapid detection that precedes explicit recognition of identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Ida Gobbini
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale (DIMES), Medical School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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40
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Chen J, Cook PA, Wagner AD. Prediction strength modulates responses in human area CA1 to sequence violations. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1227-38. [PMID: 26063773 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00149.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging human, animal, and computational evidence suggest that, within the hippocampus, stored memories are compared with current sensory input to compute novelty, i.e., detecting when inputs deviate from expectations. Hippocampal subfield CA1 is thought to detect mismatches between past and present, and detected novelty is thought to modulate encoding processes, providing a mechanism for gating the entry of information into memory. Using high-resolution functional MRI, we examined human hippocampal subfield and medial temporal lobe cortical activation during prediction violations within a sequence of events unfolding over time. Subjects encountered sequences of four visual stimuli that were then reencountered in the same temporal order (Repeat) or a rearranged order (Violation). Prediction strength was manipulated by varying whether the sequence was initially presented once (Weak) or thrice (Strong) prior to the critical Repeat or Violation sequence. Analyses of blood oxygen level-dependent signals revealed that task-responsive voxels in anatomically defined CA1, CA23/dentate gyrus, and perirhinal cortex were more active when expectations were violated than when confirmed. Additionally, stronger prediction violations elicited greater activity than weaker violations in CA1, and CA1 contained the greatest proportion of voxels displaying this prediction violation pattern relative to other medial temporal lobe regions. Finally, a memory test with a separate group of subjects showed that subsequent recognition memory was superior for items that had appeared in prediction violation trials than in prediction confirmation trials. These findings indicate that CA1 responds to temporal order prediction violations, and that this response is modulated by prediction strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Chen
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Paul A Cook
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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41
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Hofmann MJ, Kuchinke L. “Anything is good that stimulates thought” in the hippocampus. Phys Life Rev 2015; 13:58-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Hoppstädter M, Baeuchl C, Diener C, Flor H, Meyer P. Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals brain networks underlying recognition memory ERP old/new effects. Neuroimage 2015; 116:112-22. [PMID: 25988228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mapping of event-related potentials (ERP) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data remains difficult as scalp electroencephalography (EEG) is assumed to be largely insensitive to deep brain structures. Simultaneous recordings of EEG and fMRI might be helpful in reconciling surface ERPs with hemodynamic activations in medial temporal lobe structures related to recognition memory. EEG and imaging studies provide evidence for two independent processes underlying recognition memory, namely recollection and familiarity. Recollection reflects the conscious retrieval of contextual information about a specific episode, while familiarity refers to an acontextual feeling of knowing. Both processes were related to two spatiotemporally different ERP effects, namely the early mid-frontal old/new effect (familiarity) and the late parietal old new effect (recollection). We conducted an exploratory simultaneous EEG-fMRI study using a recognition memory paradigm to investigate which brain activations are modulated in relation to the ERP old/new effects. To this end we examined 17 participants in a yes/no recognition task with word stimuli. Single-trial amplitudes of ERP old/new effects were related to the hemodynamic signal in an EEG-informed fMRI analysis for a subset of 12 subjects. FMRI activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right intraparietal sulcus was associated with the amplitude of the early frontal old/new effect (350-550ms), and activation in the right posterior hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and retrosplenial cortex was associated with the amplitude of the late parietal old new effect (580-750ms). These results provide the first direct link between electrophysiological and hemodynamic correlates of familiarity and recollection. Moreover, these findings in healthy subjects complement data from intracranial ERP recordings in epilepsy patients and lesion studies in hypoxia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoppstädter
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Christian Baeuchl
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Carsten Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Patric Meyer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
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43
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Bowman CR, Dennis NA. The neural correlates of correctly rejecting lures during memory retrieval: the role of item relatedness. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1963-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Madhavan R, Millman D, Tang H, Crone NE, Lenz FA, Tierney TS, Madsen JR, Kreiman G, Anderson WS. Decrease in gamma-band activity tracks sequence learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 8:222. [PMID: 25653598 PMCID: PMC4300908 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning novel sequences constitutes an example of declarative memory formation, involving conscious recall of temporal events. Performance in sequence learning tasks improves with repetition and involves forming temporal associations over scales of seconds to minutes. To further understand the neural circuits underlying declarative sequence learning over trials, we tracked changes in intracranial field potentials (IFPs) recorded from 1142 electrodes implanted throughout temporal and frontal cortical areas in 14 human subjects, while they learned the temporal-order of multiple sequences of images over trials through repeated recall. We observed an increase in power in the gamma frequency band (30–100 Hz) in the recall phase, particularly in areas within the temporal lobe including the parahippocampal gyrus. The degree of this gamma power enhancement decreased over trials with improved sequence recall. Modulation of gamma power was directly correlated with the improvement in recall performance. When presenting new sequences, gamma power was reset to high values and decreased again after learning. These observations suggest that signals in the gamma frequency band may play a more prominent role during the early steps of the learning process rather than during the maintenance of memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Madhavan
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Millman
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hanlin Tang
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathan E Crone
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fredrick A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Travis S Tierney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA ; Program in Biophysics, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Marinkovic K, Courtney MG, Witzel T, Dale AM, Halgren E. Spatio-temporal dynamics and laterality effects of face inversion, feature presence and configuration, and face outline. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:868. [PMID: 25426044 PMCID: PMC4226148 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a crucial role of the fusiform gyrus (FG) in face processing has been demonstrated with a variety of methods, converging evidence suggests that face processing involves an interactive and overlapping processing cascade in distributed brain areas. Here we examine the spatio-temporal stages and their functional tuning to face inversion, presence and configuration of inner features, and face contour in healthy subjects during passive viewing. Anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) combines high-density whole-head MEG recordings and distributed source modeling with high-resolution structural MRI. Each person's reconstructed cortical surface served to constrain noise-normalized minimum norm inverse source estimates. The earliest activity was estimated to the occipital cortex at ~100 ms after stimulus onset and was sensitive to an initial coarse level visual analysis. Activity in the right-lateralized ventral temporal area (inclusive of the FG) peaked at ~160 ms and was largest to inverted faces. Images containing facial features in the veridical and rearranged configuration irrespective of the facial outline elicited intermediate level activity. The M160 stage may provide structural representations necessary for downstream distributed areas to process identity and emotional expression. However, inverted faces additionally engaged the left ventral temporal area at ~180 ms and were uniquely subserved by bilateral processing. This observation is consistent with the dual route model and spared processing of inverted faces in prosopagnosia. The subsequent deflection, peaking at ~240 ms in the anterior temporal areas bilaterally, was largest to normal, upright faces. It may reflect initial engagement of the distributed network subserving individuation and familiarity. These results support dynamic models suggesting that processing of unfamiliar faces in the absence of a cognitive task is subserved by a distributed and interactive neural circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maureen G Courtney
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Witzel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Radiology Department at Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bader R, Opitz B, Reith W, Mecklinger A. Is a novel conceptual unit more than the sum of its parts?: FMRI evidence from an associative recognition memory study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Kafkas A, Montaldi D. Two separate, but interacting, neural systems for familiarity and novelty detection: a dual-route mechanism. Hippocampus 2014; 24:516-27. [PMID: 24436072 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has long been assumed that familiarity- and novelty-related processes fall on a single continuum drawing on the same cognitive and neural mechanisms. The possibility that familiarity and novelty processing involve distinct neural networks was explored in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study (fMRI), in which familiarity and novelty judgments were made in contexts emphasizing either familiarity or novelty decisions. Parametrically modulated BOLD responses to familiarity and novelty strength were isolated in two separate, nonoverlapping brain networks. The novelty system involved brain regions along the ventral visual stream, the hippocampus, and the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. The familiarity system, on the other hand, involved the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, and regions within the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial and lateral parietal cortex. Convergence of the two networks, treating familiarity and novelty as a single continuum was only found in a fronto-parietal network. Finally, the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex was found to be sensitive to reported strength/confidence, irrespective of stimulus' familiarity or novelty. This pattern of results suggests a dual-route mechanism supported by the existence of two distinct but interacting functional systems for familiarity and novelty. Overall, these findings challenge current assumptions regarding the neural systems that support the processing of novel and familiar information, and have important implications for research into the neural bases of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kafkas
- Human Memory and Amnesia Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang WC, Ranganath C, Yonelinas AP. Activity reductions in perirhinal cortex predict conceptual priming and familiarity-based recognition. Neuropsychologia 2014; 52:19-26. [PMID: 24157537 PMCID: PMC3923843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that regions in the medial temporal lobes are critical for explicit memory, recent work has suggested that one medial temporal lobe subregion--the perirhinal cortex (PRC)--may also support conceptual priming, a form of implicit memory. Here, we sought to investigate whether activity reductions in PRC, previously linked to familiarity-based recognition, might also support conceptual implicit memory retrieval. Using a free association priming task, the current study tested the prediction that PRC indexes conceptual priming independent of contributions from perceptual and response repetition. Participants first completed an incidental semantic encoding task outside of the MRI scanner. Next, they were scanned during performance of a free association priming task, followed by a recognition memory test. Results indicated successful conceptual priming was associated with decreased PRC activity, and that an overlapping region within the PRC also exhibited activity reductions that covaried with familiarity during the recognition memory test. Our results demonstrate that the PRC contributes to both conceptual priming and familiarity-based recognition, which may reflect a common role of this region in implicit and explicit memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Dew ITZ, Cabeza R. "Implicit contamination" extends across multiple methodologies: Implications for fMRI. Cogn Neurosci 2013; 3:214-5. [PMID: 24171741 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.689972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The article "More than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval" reviews evidence from ERP studies of recognition memory that the FN400 effect typically ascribed to familiarity may index implicit memory that occurs during recognition testing. We find their argument compelling, and contend that this potential "implicit contamination" is not unique to ERP studies. We suggest an analogous problem affecting fMRI studies, focusing particularly on the perirhinal cortex. Resolving this issue is critical for understanding the relationship between memory and the medial temporal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana T Z Dew
- a Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University , Durham , USA
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A broader view of perirhinal function: from recognition memory to fluency-based decisions. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14466-74. [PMID: 24005298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1413-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) makes an important contribution to recognition memory, the specific nature of this contribution remains uncertain. The finding that PRC activity is reduced for old compared with new items is typically attributed to the recovery of a long-term memory (LTM) signal. However, because old items are processed more easily or fluently than new items, reduced PRC activity could reflect increased fluency rather than LTM retrieval per se. We tested this hypothesis in humans using fMRI and a well-validated method to manipulate fluency: the masked priming paradigm. Some words during an old-new recognition test were preceded by conceptually related words (primes) that were subliminally presented (masked). The behavioral results replicated previous findings using this paradigm, whereby the fluency manipulation increased "oldness" responses to both old and new items. The fMRI analyses yielded two main sets of results. First, in the case of new items, which are independent from LTM retrieval, masked priming reduced PRC activity and predicted behavioral misattribution of fluency to oldness. Second, in the case of old items, the same PRC region showing fluency-related reductions for new items also contributed to "old" responding to old items. Individual differences in PRC attenuation also predicted oldness ratings to old items, and fluency modulated PRC connectivity with other brain regions associated with processing oldness signals, including visual cortex and right lateral prefrontal cortex. These results support a broader view in which the PRC serves a function more general than memory.
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