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Chang CY, Dai W, Hu SSJ. Cannabidiol enhances socially transmitted food preference: a role of acetylcholine in the mouse basal forebrain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06670-1. [PMID: 39158618 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Rodents acquire food information from their conspecifics and display a preference for the conspecifics' consumed food. This social learning of food information from others promotes the survival of a species, and it is introduced as the socially transmitted food preference (STFP) task. The cholinergic system in the basal forebrain plays a role in the acquisition of STFP. Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most abundant phytocannabinoids, exerts its therapeutic potential for cognitive deficits through versatile mechanisms of action, including its interaction with the cholinergic system. We hypothesize a positive relationship between CBD and STFP because acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in STFP, and CBD increases the ACh levels in the basal forebrain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to acquire the STFP task. We examined whether CBD affects STFP memory by administering CBD (20 mg/kg, i.p.) before the STFP social training. The involvement of cholinergic system in CBD's effect on STFP was examined by knockdown of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), applying a nonselective muscarinic antagonist SCO (3 mg/kg, i.p.) before CBD treatment, and measuring the basal forebrain ACh levels in the CBD-treated mice. RESULTS We first showed that CBD enhanced STFP memory. Knockdown of brain AChE also enhanced STFP memory, which mimicked CBD's effect on STFP. SCO blocked CBD's memory-enhancing effect on STFP. Our most significant finding is that the basal forebrain ACh levels in the CBD-treated mice, but not their control counterparts, were positively correlated with mice's STFP memory performance. CONCLUSION This study indicates that CBD enhances STFP memory in mice. Specifically, those which respond to CBD by increasing the muscarinic-mediated ACh signaling perform better in their STFP memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Chang
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen Dai
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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2
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Liu Z, Sun W, Ng YH, Dong H, Quake SR, Südhof TC. The cortical amygdala consolidates a socially transmitted long-term memory. Nature 2024; 632:366-374. [PMID: 38961294 PMCID: PMC11306109 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Social communication guides decision-making, which is essential for survival. Social transmission of food preference (STFP) is an ecologically relevant memory paradigm in which an animal learns a desirable food odour from another animal in a social context, creating a long-term memory1,2. How food-preference memory is acquired, consolidated and stored is unclear. Here we show that the posteromedial nucleus of the cortical amygdala (COApm) serves as a computational centre in long-term STFP memory consolidation by integrating social and sensory olfactory inputs. Blocking synaptic signalling by the COApm-based circuit selectively abolished STFP memory consolidation without impairing memory acquisition, storage or recall. COApm-mediated STFP memory consolidation depends on synaptic inputs from the accessory olfactory bulb and on synaptic outputs to the anterior olfactory nucleus. STFP memory consolidation requires protein synthesis, suggesting a gene-expression mechanism. Deep single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics revealed robust but distinct gene-expression signatures induced by STFP memory formation in the COApm that are consistent with synapse restructuring. Our data thus define a neural circuit for the consolidation of a socially communicated long-term memory, thereby mechanistically distinguishing protein-synthesis-dependent memory consolidation from memory acquisition, storage or retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Han Ng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Rea JJ, Liu CM, Hayes AMR, Bashaw AG, Schwartz GM, Ohan R, Décarie-Spain L, Kao AE, Klug ME, Phung KJ, Waldow AI, Wood RI, Kanoski SE. Hippocampus Oxytocin Signaling Promotes Prosocial Eating in Rats. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01462-8. [PMID: 39038641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OT) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in diverse physiological and behavioral functions, including social-based behavior and food intake control. The extent to which OT's role in regulating these 2 fundamental behaviors is interconnected is unknown, which is a critical gap in knowledge given that social factors have a strong influence on eating behavior in mammals. Here, we focus on OT signaling in the dorsal hippocampus (HPCd), a brain region recently linked to eating and social memory, as a candidate system where these functions overlap. METHODS HPCd OT signaling gain- and loss-of-function strategies were used in male Sprague Dawley rats that were trained in a novel social eating procedure to consume their first nocturnal meal under conditions that varied with regard to conspecific presence and familiarity. The endogenous role of HPCd OT signaling was also evaluated for olfactory-based social transmission of food preference learning, sociality, and social recognition memory. RESULTS HPCd OT administration had no effect on food intake under isolated conditions but significantly increased consumption in the presence of a familiar but not an unfamiliar conspecific. Supporting these results, chronic knockdown of HPCd OT receptor expression eliminated the food intake-promoting effects of a familiar conspecific. HPCd OT receptor knockdown also blocked social transmission of food preference learning and impaired social recognition memory without affecting sociality. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results of the current study identify endogenous HPCd OT signaling as a novel substrate in which OT synergistically influences eating and social behaviors, including the social facilitation of eating and the social transmission of food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Rea
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clarissa M Liu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander G Bashaw
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Grace M Schwartz
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rita Ohan
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alicia E Kao
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Molly E Klug
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth J Phung
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alice I Waldow
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruth I Wood
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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4
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Bonilla P, Shanks A, Nerella Y, Porcu A. Effects of chronic light cycle disruption during adolescence on circadian clock, neuronal activity rhythms, and behavior in mice. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1418694. [PMID: 38952923 PMCID: PMC11215055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1418694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of artificial lighting, particularly during the evening and night, has significantly altered the predictable daily light and dark cycles in recent times. Altered light environments disrupt the biological clock and negatively impact mood and cognition. Although adolescents commonly experience chronic changes in light/dark cycles, our understanding of how the adolescents' brain adapts to altered light environments remains limited. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic light cycle disruption (LCD) during adolescence, exposing adolescent mice to 19 h of light and 5 h of darkness for 5 days and 12 L:12D for 2 days per week (LCD group) for 4 weeks. We showed that LCD exposure did not affect circadian locomotor activity but impaired memory and increased avoidance response in adolescent mice. Clock gene expression and neuronal activity rhythms analysis revealed that LCD disrupted local molecular clock and neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus (DG) and in the medial amygdala (MeA) but not in the circadian pacemaker (SCN). In addition, we characterized the photoresponsiveness of the MeA and showed that somatostatin neurons are affected by acute and chronic aberrant light exposure during adolescence. Our research provides new evidence highlighting the potential consequences of altered light environments during pubertal development on neuronal physiology and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Porcu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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5
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Lin YK, Lin YH, Chiang CF, Jingling L. Effectiveness of Fish Roe, Snow Fungus, and Yeast Supplementation for Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4221. [PMID: 37836504 PMCID: PMC10574613 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most critical organs in the human body, regulating functions such as thinking, memory, learning, and perception. Studies have indicated that fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast may have the potential to modulate cognitive, memory, and emotional functions. However, more relevant clinical research in this area still needs to be conducted. This study explored the cognition-enhancing potential of a formula beverage including fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast. Sixty-four subjects were divided into a placebo group (n = 32) and a formula-drink group (n = 32), who consumed the product for 8 weeks. Cognitive tests were administered and analyzed at weeks 0, 4, and 8. After 4 and 8 weeks, there was a significant increase in the number of memory cards, and the response times among those who consumed the formula beverage were significantly faster than those in the placebo group. The subjects remembered the old items better and were more impressed with similar items based on the week effect. There was a significant increase in the cue effect of happy facial expressions after the subjects consumed the formula beverage for 8 weeks. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anxiety and fatigue, and improved quality of life. This formula beverage is a promising option that could be used to prevent further cognitive decline in adults with subjective cognitive complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Kai Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Lin
- Research & Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 11494, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Research & Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 11494, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Li Jingling
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Agee LA, Hilz EN, Jun D, Nemchek V, Lee HJ, Monfils MH. Patterns of Arc mRNA expression in the rat brain following dual recall of fear- and reward-based socially acquired information. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2429. [PMID: 36765118 PMCID: PMC9918527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning can occur via direct experience or through observation of another individual (i.e., social learning). While research focused on understanding the neural mechanisms of direct learning is prevalent, less work has examined the brain circuitry mediating the acquisition and recall of socially acquired information. Here, we aimed to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying recall of socially acquired information by having male and female rats sequentially recall a socially transmitted food preference (STFP) and a fear association via fear conditioning by-proxy (FCbP). Brain tissue was processed for mRNA expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) Arc, which expresses in the nucleus following transcription before migrating to the cytoplasm over the next 25 min. Given this timeframe, we could identify whether Arc transcription was triggered by STFP recall, FCbP recall, or both. Contrary to past research, we found no differences in any Arc expression measures across a number of prefrontal regions and the ventral CA3 of the hippocampus between controls, demonstrators, and observers. We theorize that these results may indicate that relatively little Arc-dependent neural restructuring is taking place in the prefrontal cortices and ventral CA3 following recall of recently socially acquired information or directly acquired fear associations in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Agee
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emily N Hilz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dohyun Jun
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Nemchek
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hongjoo J Lee
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marie-H Monfils
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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7
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Peng J, Dou YQ, Liang H, He S, Liang XF, Shi LJ. Social Learning of Acquiring Novel Feeding Habit in Mandarin Fish ( Siniperca chuatsi). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184399. [PMID: 31500232 PMCID: PMC6770103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Social learning plays important roles in gaining new foraging skills and food preferences. However, the potential role and molecular mechanism of social learning in acquiring new feeding habits is less clear in fish. In the present study, we examined the success rate of feeding habit domestication from live prey fish to dead prey fish, as well as the food intake of dead prey fish in mandarin fish with or without feeders of dead prey fish as demonstrators. Here, we found that mandarin fish can learn from each other how to solve novel foraging tasks, feeding on dead prey fish. In addition, the analysis of gene expressions and signaling pathways of learning through Western blotting and transcriptome sequencing shows that the expression of the c-fos, fra2, zif268, c/ebpd and sytIV genes were significantly increased, and the anorexigenic pomc and leptin a expressions were decreased in fish of the learning group. The phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the learning group were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the phosphorylation level of S6 ribosomal protein (S6) was lower. With the inhibitors of PKA and CaMKII signaling and the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we further found that the social learning of new feeding habits in mandarin fish could be attributed to the activation of the CaMKII signaling pathway and then the stimulation of the expression of the c-fos gene, which might be an important transcriptional factor to inhibit the expression of the anorexigenic gene pomc, resulting in the food intake of dead prey fish in mandarin fish. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that social learning could facilitate the acquisition of novel feeding habits in fish, and it considerably increases the rate of subsequent individual food intake and domestication through the interaction between the learning gene c-fos and the appetite control gene pomc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Peng
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya-Qi Dou
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lin-Jie Shi
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Monfils MH, Agee LA. Insights from social transmission of information in rodents. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12534. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie H. Monfils
- Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Laura A. Agee
- Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
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9
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de-la-Cruz M, Millán-Aldaco D, Soriano-Nava DM, Drucker-Colín R, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The artificial sweetener Splenda intake promotes changes in expression of c-Fos and NeuN in hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 2018; 1700:181-189. [PMID: 30201258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is the result of the interaction of multiple variables, including the excessive increase of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. Diets aimed to treat obesity have suggested the use of artificial sweeteners. However, recent evidence has shown several health deficits after intake of artificial sweeteners, including effects in neuronal activity. Therefore, the influence of artificial sweeteners consumption such as Splenda, on the expression of c-Fos and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in hypothalamus and hippocampus remains to be determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects on c-Fos or NeuN expression in hypothalamus and hippocampus of Splenda-treated rats. METHODS Splenda was diluted in water (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL) and orally given to rats during 2 weeks ad libitum. Next, animals were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were collected for analysis of c-Fos or NeuN immunoreactivity. RESULTS Consumption of Splenda provoked an inverted U-shaped dose-effect in c-Fos expression in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus while similar findings were observed in dentate gyrus of hippocampus. In addition, NeuN immunoreactivity was enhanced in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus at 25 or 75 mg/100 mL of Splenda intake whereas an opposite effect was observed at 250 mg/100 mL of artificial sweetener consumption. Lastly, NeuN positive neurons were increased in CA2/CA3 fields of hippocampus from Splenda-treated rats (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL). CONCLUSION Consuming Splenda induced effects in neuronal biomarkers expression. To our knowledge, this study is the first description of the impact of intake Splenda on c-Fos and NeuN immunoreactivity in hypothalamus and hippocampus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriel de-la-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Diana Millán-Aldaco
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - René Drucker-Colín
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.
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10
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Ku SP, Nakamura NH, Maingret N, Mahnke L, Yoshida M, Sauvage MM. Regional Specific Evidence for Memory-Load Dependent Activity in the Dorsal Subiculum and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:51. [PMID: 28790897 PMCID: PMC5524887 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subiculum and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) are the main output areas of the hippocampus which contribute to spatial and non-spatial memory. The proximal part of the subiculum (bordering CA1) receives heavy projections from the perirhinal cortex and the distal part of CA1 (bordering the subiculum), both known for their ties to object recognition memory. However, the extent to which the proximal subiculum contributes to non-spatial memory is still unclear. Comparatively, the involvement of the LEC in non-spatial information processing is quite well known. However, very few studies have investigated its role within the frame of memory function. Thus, it is not known whether its contribution depends on memory load. In addition, the deep layers of the EC have been shown to be predictive of subsequent memory performance, but not its superficial layers. Hence, here we tested the extent to which the proximal part of the subiculum and the superficial and deep layers of the LEC contribute to non-spatial memory, and whether this contribution depends on the memory load of the task. To do so, we imaged brain activity at cellular resolution in these areas in rats performing a delayed nonmatch to sample task based on odors with two different memory loads (5 or 10 odors). This imaging technique is based on the detection of the RNA of the immediate-early gene Arc, which is especially tied to synaptic plasticity and behavioral demands, and is commonly used to map activity in the medial temporal lobe. We report for the first time that the proximal part of the subiculum is recruited in a memory-load dependent manner and the deep layers of the LEC engaged under high memory load conditions during the retrieval of non-spatial memory, thus shedding light on the specific networks contributing to non-spatial memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pi Ku
- Department of Functional Architecture of Memory, Leibniz-Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Nozomu H Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of MedicineNishinomiya, Japan.,Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany
| | - Nicolas Maingret
- Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany
| | - Liv Mahnke
- Department of Functional Architecture of Memory, Leibniz-Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Science, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Department of Functional Architecture of Memory, Leibniz-Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Cognitive Neurophysiology LaboratoryMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Sauvage
- Department of Functional Architecture of Memory, Leibniz-Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Department of Functional Neuroplasticity, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
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11
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Balaraman S, Idrus NM, Miranda RC, Thomas JD. Postnatal choline supplementation selectively attenuates hippocampal microRNA alterations associated with developmental alcohol exposure. Alcohol 2017; 60:159-167. [PMID: 28433422 PMCID: PMC5559286 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in a range of physical, neuropathological, and behavioral alterations, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). We have shown that supplementation with the nutrient choline reduces the severity of developmental alcohol-associated deficits in hippocampal-dependent behaviors and normalizes some aspects of hippocampal cholinergic development and DNA methylation patterns. Alcohol's developmental effects may also be mediated, in part, by altering microRNAs (miRNAs) that serve as negative regulators of gene translation. To determine whether choline supplementation alters ethanol's long-lasting effects on miRNAs, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 5.25 g/kg/day ethanol from postnatal days (PD) 4-9 via intubation; controls received sham intubations. Subjects were treated with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline vehicle subcutaneously (s.c.) from PD 4-21. On PD 22, subjects were sacrificed, and RNA was isolated from the hippocampus. MiRNA expression was assessed with TaqMan Human MicroRNA Panel Low-Density Arrays. Ethanol significantly increased miRNA expression variance, an effect that was attenuated with choline supplementation. Cluster analysis of stably expressed miRNAs that exceeded an ANOVA p < 0.05 criterion indicated that for both male and female offspring, control and ethanol-exposed groups were most dissimilar from each other, with choline-supplemented groups in between. MiRNAs that expressed an average 2-fold change due to ethanol exposure were further analyzed to identify which ethanol-sensitive miRNAs were protected by choline supplementation. We found that at a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted criterion of p < 0.05, miR-200c was induced by ethanol exposure and that choline prevented this effect. Collectively, our data show that choline supplementation can normalize disturbances in miRNA expression following developmental alcohol exposure and can protect specific miRNAs from induction by ethanol. These findings have important implications for the mechanisms by which choline may serve as a potential treatment for FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Balaraman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nirelia M Idrus
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jennifer D Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
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Mulder CK, Gerkema MP, Van der Zee EA. Role of Aging and Hippocampus in Time-Place Learning: Link to Episodic-Like Memory? Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:362. [PMID: 26834595 PMCID: PMC4717310 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With time-place learning (TPL), animals link an event with the spatial location and the time of day (TOD). The what-where-when TPL components make the task putatively episodic-like in nature. Animals use an internal sense of time to master TPL, which is circadian system based. Finding indications for a role of the hippocampus and (early) aging-sensitivity in TPL would strengthen the episodic-like memory nature of the paradigm. METHODS Previously, we used C57Bl/6 mice for our TPL research. Here, we used CD1 mice which are less hippocampal-driven and age faster compared to C57Bl/6 mice. To demonstrate the low degree of hippocampal-driven performance in CD1 mice, a cross maze was used. The spontaneous alternation test was used to score spatial working memory in CD1 mice at four different age categories (young (3-6 months), middle-aged (7-11 months), aged (12-18 months) and old (>19 months). TPL performance of middle-aged and aged CD1 mice was tested in a setup with either two or three time points per day (2-arm or 3-arm TPL task). Immunostainings were applied on brains of young and middle-aged C57Bl/6 mice that had successfully mastered the 3-arm TPL task. RESULTS In contrast to C57Bl/6 mice, middle-aged and aged CD1 mice were less hippocampus-driven and failed to master the 3-arm TPL task. They could, however, master the 2-arm TPL task primarily via an ordinal (non-circadian) timing system. c-Fos, CRY2, vasopressin (AVP), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) were investigated. We found no differences at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN; circadian master clock), whereas CRY2 expression was increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The most pronounced difference between TPL trained and control mice was found in c-Fos expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, a circadian system relay station. CONCLUSIONS These results further indicate a key role of CRY proteins in TPL and confirm the limited role of the SCN in TPL. Based on the poor TPL performance of CD1 mice, the results suggest age-sensitivity and hippocampal involvement in TPL. We suspect that TPL reflects an episodic-like memory task, but due to its functional nature, also entail the translation of experienced episodes into semantic rules acquired by training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Mulder
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands; Department of Chronobiology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - M P Gerkema
- Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E A Van der Zee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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Kelliher KR, Munger SD. Chemostimuli for guanylyl cyclase-D-expressing olfactory sensory neurons promote the acquisition of preferences for foods adulterated with the rodenticide warfarin. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:262. [PMID: 26283902 PMCID: PMC4516872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals have the ability to acquire food preferences from conspecifics via social signals. For example, the coincident detection of a food odor by canonical olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and agonists of the specialized OSNs expressing the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D (GC-D+ OSNs) will promote a preference in recipient rodents for similarly odored foods. It has been hypothesized that these preferences are acquired and maintained regardless of the palatability or quality of the food. We assessed whether mice could acquire and maintain preferences for food that had been adulterated with the anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin. After olfactory investigation of a saline droplet containing either cocoa (2%, w/w) or cinnamon (1%, w/w) along with a GC-D+ OSN-specific chemostimulus (either of the guanylin-family peptides uroguanylin and guanylin; 1–50 nM), C57BL/6J mice exhibited robust preferences for unadulterated food containing the demonstrated odor. The peptide-dependent preference was observed even when the food contained warfarin (0.025% w/w). Repeated ingestion of warfarin-containing food over four days did not disrupt the preference, even though mice were not re-exposed to the peptide stimulus. Surprisingly, mice continued to prefer warfarin-adulterated food containing the demonstrated odor when presented with a choice of warfarin-free food containing a novel odor. Our results indicate that olfactory-mediated food preferences can be acquired and maintained for warfarin-containing foods and suggest that guanylin peptides may be effective stimuli for promoting the ingestion of foods or other edibles with low palatability or potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Kelliher
- College of Chiropractic, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kinnavane L, Albasser MM, Aggleton JP. Advances in the behavioural testing and network imaging of rodent recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2015; 285:67-78. [PMID: 25106740 PMCID: PMC4383364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research into object recognition memory has been galvanised by the introduction of spontaneous preference tests for rodents. The standard task, however, contains a number of inherent shortcomings that reduce its power. Particular issues include the problem that individual trials are time consuming, so limiting the total number of trials in any condition. In addition, the spontaneous nature of the behaviour and the variability between test objects add unwanted noise. To combat these issues, the 'bow-tie maze' was introduced. Although still based on the spontaneous preference of novel over familiar stimuli, the ability to give multiple trials within a session without handling the rodents, as well as using the same objects as both novel and familiar samples on different trials, overcomes key limitations in the standard task. Giving multiple trials within a single session also creates new opportunities for functional imaging of object recognition memory. A series of studies are described that examine the expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos. Object recognition memory is associated with increases in perirhinal cortex and area Te2 c-fos activity. When rats explore novel objects the pathway from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex, and then to the dentate gyrus and CA3, is engaged. In contrast, when familiar objects are explored the pathway from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex, and then to CA1, takes precedence. The switch to the perforant pathway (novel stimuli) from the temporoammonic pathway (familiar stimuli) may assist the enhanced associative learning promoted by novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kinnavane
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mathieu M Albasser
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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Herold C, Coppola VJ, Bingman VP. The maturation of research into the avian hippocampal formation: Recent discoveries from one of the nature's foremost navigators. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1193-211. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Herold
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute of Brain Research, University of Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Vincent J. Coppola
- Department of Psychology; J. P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green Ohio
| | - Verner P. Bingman
- Department of Psychology; J. P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green Ohio
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Coppola VJ, Spencer JM, Peterson RM, Bingman VP. Hippocampal lesions in homing pigeons do not impair feature-quality or feature-quantity discrimination. Behav Brain Res 2014; 260:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Shi Z, Chen L, Li S, Chen S, Sun X, Sun L, Li Y, Zeng J, He Y, Liu X. Chronic scopolamine-injection-induced cognitive deficit on reward-directed instrumental learning in rat is associated with CREB signaling activity in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:245-60. [PMID: 23722831 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, has been used in experimental animal models of dementia. It has been demonstrated to disrupt performances in a battery of behavioral tests. However, no attempt has been made to determine how scopolamine-treated animals would respond to a series of reward-directed instrumental learning (RDIL) tasks. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine in Wistar rats on RDIL, as well as on the expression of memory-related molecules in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and cerebral cortex (CCx). METHODS The effects of the pretraining injection of scopolamine on the acquisition of instrumental response (experiment 1) were first investigated. Then, the effects of post-training manipulation on the maintenance of instrumental response and the responses to changes in contingency degradation and signal discrimination were assessed (experiment 2). Finally, the expression of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the DH and CCx were examined using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The acquisition of instrumental conditioning is more vulnerable than its maintenance. The 3.0-mg/kg dose of scopolamine rendered rats unable to make adaptive changes in facing contingency degradation and correct responses in signal discrimination tasks. Furthermore, CREB signaling was inactivated by pretraining scopolamine treatment in both the DH and CCx. Nevertheless, this pathway was selectively suppressed by post-training treatment only in the CCx during memory reconsolidation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits on RDIL are related to the distinguishing alteration of CREB signaling in the DH and CCx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Malianwa North Road No. 151, Beijing, 100193, China
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Insights into food preference in hybrid F1 of Siniperca chuatsi (♀) × Siniperca scherzeri (♂) mandarin fish through transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:601. [PMID: 24007400 PMCID: PMC3846499 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As economically relevant traits, feeding behavior and food preference domestication determine production cost and profitability. Although there are intensive research efforts on feeding behavior and food intake, little is known about food preference. Mandarin fish accept only live prey fish and refuse dead prey fish or artificial diets. Very little is currently known about the genes regulating this unique food preference. RESULTS Using transcriptome sequencing and digital gene expression profiling, we identified 1,986 and 4,526 differentially expressed genes in feeders and nonfeeders of dead prey fish, respectively. Up-regulation of Crbp, Rgr and Rdh8, and down-regulation of Gc expression, consistent with greater visual ability in feeders, could promote positive phototaxis. Altered expressions of period, casein kinase and Rev-erbα might reset circadian phase. Down-regulation of orexigenic and up-regulation of anorexigenic genes in feeders were associated with lower appetite. The mRNA levels of Creb, c-fos, C/EBP, zif268, Bdnf and Syt were dramatically decreased in feeders, which might result in significant deficiency in memory retention of its natural food preference (live prey fish). There were roughly 100 times more potential SNPs in feeders than in nonfeeders. CONCLUSIONS In summary, differential expression in the genes identified shed new light on why mandarin fish only feed on live prey fish, with pathways regulating retinal photosensitivity, circadian rhythm, appetite control, learning and memory involved. We also found dramatic difference in SNP abundance in feeders vs nonfeeders. These differences together might account for the different food preferences. Elucidating the genes regulating the unique food preference (live prey fish) in mandarin fish could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms controlling food preference in animals, including mammals.
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Kathirvelu B, East BS, Hill AR, Smith CA, Colombo PJ. Lentivirus-mediated chronic expression of dominant-negative CREB in the dorsal hippocampus impairs memory for place learning and contextual fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 99:10-6. [PMID: 23110949 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that the transcription factor CREB has an important role during memory formation. In the present study, we tested a new method for chronic, stable expression of a dominant-negative form of CREB (mCREB) in the dorsal hippocampus using lentiviral vectors. In specific, we tested whether lentivirus-mediated chronic expression of mutant CREB impairs memory for two hippocampus-dependent tasks - place training in the water maze and contextual fear conditioning. Two weeks following intra-hippocampal infusion, experimental (mCREB) and control (LacZ and saline) rats were trained for 30 trials in one session on a place task in a water plus-maze and tested for an additional 30 trials on day 2 and on day 7. On day 8, all rats were trained on a contextual fear conditioning task and tested 24h later. For place learning, there was no difference between treatment groups on day 1, indicating that treatment with the lentiviral vectors did not alter performance or acquisition of the task. In comparisons with controls, mCREB-treated rats were not significantly impaired on day 2, overall, but they showed significant impairment on day 7. Contextual fear memory was impaired in mCREB-infused rats in comparison with controls. At the end of the experiment, total CREB and phosphorylated CREB protein were measured by western blot. Levels of total CREB were increased by approximately 40% among mCREB-treated rats in comparisons with controls, whereas levels of pCREB did not differ between groups, suggesting that the treatment caused significant expression of mCREB. In addition, mCREB infused rats showed a significant reduction in the pCREB to CREB ratio in comparison with controls, suggesting that the memory deficit seen in mCREB rats is most likely due to disruption of gene regulation caused by expression of mutant CREB. Taken together, the present results show that lentivirus expressing mCREB can be used to effectively alter CREB function within the hippocampus and that the treatment impairs memory for hippocampus-dependent tasks.
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20
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Dumont JR, Amin E, Poirier GL, Albasser MM, Aggleton JP. Anterior thalamic nuclei lesions in rats disrupt markers of neural plasticity in distal limbic brain regions. Neuroscience 2012; 224:81-101. [PMID: 22917615 PMCID: PMC3480641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In two related experiments, neurotoxic lesions were placed in the anterior thalamic nuclei of adult rats. The rats were then trained on behavioral tasks, immediately followed by the immunohistochemical measurement of molecules linked to neural plasticity. These measurements were made in limbic sites including the retrosplenial cortex, the hippocampal formation, and parahippocampal areas. In Experiment 1, rats with unilateral anterior thalamic lesions explored either novel or familiar objects prior to analysis of the immediate-early gene zif268. The lesions reduced zif268 activity in the granular retrosplenial cortex and postsubiculum. Exploring novel objects resulted in local changes of hippocampal zif268, but this change was not moderated by anterior thalamic lesions. In Experiment 2, rats that had received either bilateral anterior thalamic lesions or control surgeries were exposed to novel room cues while running in the arms of a radial maze. In addition to zif268, measurements of c-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), and growth associated protein43 (GAP-43) were made. As before, anterior thalamic lesions reduced zif268 in retrosplenial cortex and postsubiculum, but there were also reductions of pCREB in granular retrosplenial cortex. Again, the hippocampus did not show lesion-induced changes in zif268, but there were differential effects on CREB and pCREB consistent with reduced levels of hippocampal CREB phosphorylation following anterior thalamic damage. No changes in GAP-43 were detected. The results not only point to changes in several limbic sites (retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus) following anterior thalamic damage, but also indicate that these changes include decreased levels of pCREB. As pCREB is required for neuronal plasticity, partly because of its regulation of immediate early-gene expression, the present findings reinforce the concept of an 'extended hippocampal system' in which hippocampal function is dependent on distal sites such as the anterior thalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dumont
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
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Guerra GP, Mello CF, Bochi GV, Pazini AM, Rosa MM, Ferreira J, Rubin MA. Spermidine-induced improvement of memory involves a cross-talk between protein kinases C and A. J Neurochem 2012; 122:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Aggleton JP, Brown MW, Albasser MM. Contrasting brain activity patterns for item recognition memory and associative recognition memory: insights from immediate-early gene functional imaging. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3141-55. [PMID: 22634248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory, the discrimination of a novel from a familiar event, can be classified into item recognition and associative recognition. Item recognition concerns the identification of novel individual stimuli, while associative recognition concerns the detection of novelty that arises when familiar items are reconfigured in a novel manner. Experiments in rodents that have mapped the expression of immediate-early genes, e.g., c-fos, highlight key differences between these two forms of recognition memory. Visual item novelty is consistently linked to increased c-fos activity in just two brain sites, the perirhinal cortex and the adjacent visual association area Te2. Typically there are no hippocampal c-fos changes. In contrast, visual associative recognition is consistently linked to c-fos activity changes in the hippocampus, but not the perirhinal cortex. The lack of a c-fos perirhinal change with associative recognition presumably reflects the fact that the individual items in an array remain familiar, even though their combinations are unique. Those exceptions, when item recognition is associated with hippocampal c-fos changes, occur when rats actively explore novel objects. The increased engagement with objects will involve multisensory stimulus processing and potentially create conditions in which rats can readily learn stimulus attributes such as object location or object order, i.e., attributes involved in associative recognition. Correlations based on levels of immediate-early gene expression in the temporal lobe indicate that actively exploring novel stimuli switches patterns of entorhinal-hippocampal functional connectivity to emphasise direct entorhinal-dentate gyrus processing. These gene activity findings help to distinguish models of medial temporal lobe function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.
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Choleris E, Clipperton-Allen AE, Phan A, Valsecchi P, Kavaliers M. Estrogenic involvement in social learning, social recognition and pathogen avoidance. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:140-59. [PMID: 22369749 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sociality comes with specific cognitive skills that allow the proper processing of information about others (social recognition), as well as of information originating from others (social learning). Because sociality and social interactions can also facilitate the spread of infection among individuals the ability to recognize and avoid pathogen threat is also essential. We review here various studies primarily from the rodent literature supporting estrogenic involvement in the regulation of social recognition, social learning (socially acquired food preferences and mate choice copying) and the recognition and avoidance of infected and potentially infected individuals. We consider both genomic and rapid estrogenic effects involving estrogen receptors α and β, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1, along with their interactions with neuropeptide systems in the processing of social stimuli and the regulation and expression of these various socially relevant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Tsai YW, Yang YR, Wang PS, Wang RY. Intermittent hypoxia after transient focal ischemia induces hippocampal neurogenesis and c-Fos expression and reverses spatial memory deficits in rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24001. [PMID: 21887361 PMCID: PMC3161088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairment is a frequent complication of brain ischemia. Neurogenesis is implicated in learning and memory and is regulated by the transcription factor c-Fos. Preconditioning intermittent hypoxia (IH) attenuates ischemia-related memory impairments, but it is not known whether post-ischemia IH intervention has a similar effect. We investigated the effects of post-ischemia IH on hippocampal neurogenesis and c-Fos expression as well as spatial learning and memory in rats. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in some rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), while other rats received sham MCAO surgery. Beginning a week later, half of the rats of each group received IH interventions (12% oxygen concentration, 4 hrs/d, for 7 d) and half received sham IH sessions. An additional group of rats received MCAO, IH, and injections of the neurogenesis-impairing agent 3'-AZT. Spatial learning and memory was measured in the Morris water maze, and hippocampal neurogenesis and c-Fos expression were examined. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) were considered as possible mediators of IH-induced changes in neurogenesis and c-Fos expression. IH intervention following MCAO resulted in recovered spatial memory, increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and increased expression of c-Fos in newborn hippocampal cells. These effects were blocked by 3'-AZT. IH intervention following MCAO also was associated with increased hippocampal pMAPK and HIF-1α expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE IH intervention following MCAO rescued ischemia-induced spatial learning and memory impairments, likely by inducing hippocampal neurogenesis and c-Fos expression through mediators including pMAPK and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tsai
- Department and Institute of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department and Institute of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paulus S. Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department and Institute of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Smith KS, Morrell JI. Behavioral differences between late preweanling and adult female Sprague-Dawley rat exploration of animate and inanimate stimuli and food. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:326-36. [PMID: 21056059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The late preweanling rat has potential as a preclinical model for disorders initially manifested in early childhood that are characterized by dysfunctional interactions with specific stimuli (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism). No reports, however, of specific-stimulus exploration in the late preweanling rat are found in the literature. We examined the behavioral responses of normal late preweanling (PND 18-19) and adult rats when presented with exemplars of categorically-varied stimuli, including inanimate objects systematically varied in size and interactive properties, biological stimuli, and food. Preweanlings were faster to initiate specific stimulus exploration and were more interactive with most specific stimuli than adults; the magnitude of these preweanling-adult quantitative differences ranged from fairly small to very large depending upon the stimulus. In contrast, preweanlings were adult-like in their interaction with food and prey. Preweanling response to some stimuli, for example to live pups, was qualitatively different from that of adults; the preweanling behavioral repertoire was characterized by pup-seeking while the adult response was characterized by pup-avoidance. The specific stimulus interactions of preweanlings were less impacted than those of adults by the time of day of testing and placement of a stimulus in an anxiety-provoking location. The impact of novelty was stimulus dependent. The differences in interactions of preweanlings versus adults with specific stimuli suggests that CNS systems underlying these behavior patterns are at different stages of immaturity at PND 18 such that there may be an array of developmental trajectories for various categories of specific stimuli. These data provide a basis for the use of the preweanling as a preclinical model for understanding and medicating human disorders during development that are characterized by dysfunctional interactions with specific stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Choleris E, Clipperton-Allen AE, Phan A, Kavaliers M. Neuroendocrinology of social information processing in rats and mice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:442-459. [PMID: 19442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed oxytocin (OT), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and gonadal hormone involvement in various modes of social information processing in mice and rats. Gonadal hormones regulate OT and AVP mediation of social recognition and social learning. Estrogens foster OT-mediated social recognition and the recognition and avoidance of parasitized conspecifics via estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta. Testosterone and its metabolites, including estrogens, regulate social recognition in males predominantly via the AVP V1a receptor. Both OT and AVP are involved in the social transmission of food preferences and ERalpha has inhibitory, while ERbeta has enhancing, roles. OT also enhances mate copying by females. ERalpha mediates the sexual, and ERbeta the recognition, aspects of the risk-taking enhancing effects of females on males. Thus, androgens and estrogens control social information processing by regulating OT and AVP. This control is finely tuned for different forms of social information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | | | - Anna Phan
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2
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Intracranial self-stimulation to the lateral hypothalamus, a memory improving treatment, results in hippocampal changes in gene expression. Neuroscience 2009; 162:359-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Carballo-Márquez A, Vale-Martínez A, Guillazo-Blanch G, Martí-Nicolovius M. Muscarinic receptor blockade in ventral hippocampus and prelimbic cortex impairs memory for socially transmitted food preference. Hippocampus 2009; 19:446-55. [PMID: 19004013 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory and, particularly, in olfactory tasks, but reports on its specific role in consolidation processes are somewhat controversial. The present experiment sought to determine the effects of blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and the prelimbic cortex (PLC) on the consolidation of social transmission of food preference, an odor-guided relational task that depends on such brain areas. Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally infused with scopolamine (20 microg/site) immediately after social training and showed impairment, relative to vehicle-injected controls, in the expression of the task measured 24 h after learning. Results indicated that scopolamine in the PLC completely abolished memory, suggesting that muscarinic transmission in this cortical region is crucial for consolidation of recent socially acquired information. Muscarinic receptors in the vHPC contribute in some way to task consolidation, as the rats injected with scopolamine in the vHPC showed significantly lower trained food preference than control rats, but higher than both chance level and that of the PLC-injected rats. Behavioral measures such as social interaction, motivation to eat, neophobia, or exploration did not differ between rats infused with scopolamine or vehicle. Such data suggest a possible differential role of muscarinic receptors in the PLC and the vHPC in the initial consolidation of a naturalistic form of nonspatial relational memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carballo-Márquez
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Snyder JS, Radik R, Wojtowicz JM, Cameron HA. Anatomical gradients of adult neurogenesis and activity: young neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus are activated by water maze training. Hippocampus 2009; 19:360-70. [PMID: 19004012 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal function varies in a subregion-specific fashion: spatial processing is thought to rely on the dorsal hippocampus, whereas anxiety-related behavior relies more on the ventral hippocampus. During development, neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) proceeds along ventral to dorsal as well as suprapyramidal to infrapyramidal gradients, but it is unclear whether regional differences in neurogenesis are maintained in adulthood. Moreover, it is unknown whether young neurons in the adult exhibit subregion-specific patterns of activation. We therefore examined the magnitude of neurogenesis and the activation of young and mature granule cells in DG subregions in adult rats that learned a spatial water maze task, swam with no platform, or were left untouched. We found that both adult neurogenesis and granule cell activation, as defined by c-fos expression in the granule cell population as a whole, were higher in the dorsal than the ventral DG. In contrast, c-fos expression in adult-born granule cells, identified by PSA-NCAM or location in the subgranular zone, occurred at a higher rate in the opposite subregion, the ventral DG. Interestingly, c-fos expression in the entire granule cell population was equivalent in water maze-trained rats and swim control rats, but was increased in the young granule cells only in the learning condition. These results provide new evidence that hippocampally-relevant experience activates young and mature neurons in different DG subregions and with different experiential specificity, and suggest that adult-born neurons may play a specific role in anxiety-related behavior or other nonspatial aspects of hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Snyder
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Transcription is a molecular requisite for long-term synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Thus, in the last several years, one main interest of molecular neuroscience has been the identification of families of transcription factors that are involved in both of these processes. Transcription is a highly regulated process that involves the combined interaction and function of chromatin and many other proteins, some of which are essential for the basal process of transcription, while others control the selective activation or repression of specific genes. These regulated interactions ultimately allow a sophisticated response to multiple environmental conditions, as well as control of spatial and temporal differences in gene expression. Evidence based on correlative changes in expression, genetic mutations, and targeted molecular inhibition of gene expression have shed light on the function of transcription in both synaptic plasticity and memory formation. This review provides a brief overview of experimental work showing that several families of transcription factors, including CREB, C/EBP, Egr, AP-1, and Rel, have essential functions in both processes. The results of this work suggest that patterns of transcription regulation represent the molecular signatures of long-term synaptic changes and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Porte Y, Buhot MC, Mons NE. Spatial memory in the Morris water maze and activation of cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) protein within the mouse hippocampus. Learn Mem 2008; 15:885-94. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1094208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Sanders JD, Happe HK, Bylund DB, Murrin LC. Differential effects of neonatal norepinephrine lesions on immediate early gene expression in developing and adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2008; 157:821-32. [PMID: 18938224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activity regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc), c-fos and zif268 are immediate early genes (IEGs) important for adult brain plasticity. We examined developmental expression of these IEGs and the effect of neonatal noradrenergic lesion on their expression in developing and mature brain. N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4), a specific noradrenergic neurotoxin, was administered to rats on postnatal day (PND) 3 and in situ hybridization was used to assay Arc, c-fos and zif268 mRNA on PND 13, 25 and 60. In contrast to decreases in Arc, c-fos and zif268 expression produced by noradrenergic lesions of mature brain, lesions on PND 3 yield a strikingly different effect. Neonatal lesions produce increases in c-fos and zif268 expression in specific frontal cortical layers on PND 13, while Arc shows no change. These lesions lead to increases in zif268 expression in frontal cortical layers on PND 25, with no changes in c-fos or Arc expression, and on PND 60 they produce a significant increase in c-fos expression in hippocampus with no significant changes in Arc or zif268 expression. 2-[2-(2-Methoxy-1,4-benzodioxanyl)]imidazoline hydrochloride (RX821002), an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (A2AR) antagonist, administered to control PND 60 animals produces elevations of Arc, zif268 and c-fos mRNAs. This response was eliminated in animals lesioned with DSP-4 on PND 3. These data indicate that norepinephrine regulation of IEG expression differs in developing and mature brain and that loss of developmental norepinephrine leads to abnormally high postnatal IEG expression. Previous studies have shown an important role for norepinephrine in brain development. Our data support the idea that norepinephrine plays an important role during CNS development and that changes in noradrenergic signaling during development may have long lasting effects, potentially on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Sanders
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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Canal CE, Chang Q, Gold PE. Intra-amygdala injections of CREB antisense impair inhibitory avoidance memory: role of norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Learn Mem 2008; 15:677-86. [PMID: 18772255 PMCID: PMC2632786 DOI: 10.1101/lm.904308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infusions of CREB antisense into the amygdala prior to training impair memory for aversive tasks, suggesting that the antisense may interfere with CRE-mediated gene transcription and protein synthesis important for the formation of new memories within the amygdala. However, the amygdala also appears to modulate memory formation in distributed brain sites, through mechanisms that include the release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine within the amygdala. Thus, CREB antisense injections may affect memory by interfering with mechanisms of modulation, rather than storage, of memory. In the present experiment, rats received bilateral intra-amygdala infusions of CREB antisense (2 nmol/1 microL) 6 h prior to inhibitory avoidance training. In vivo microdialysis samples were collected from the right amygdala before, during, and following training. CREB antisense produced amnesia tested at 48 h after training. In addition, CREB antisense infusions dampened the training-related release of norepinephrine, and to a lesser extent of acetylcholine, in the amygdala. Furthermore, intra-amygdala infusions of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol administered immediately after training attenuated memory impairments induced by intra-amygdala injections of CREB antisense. These findings suggest that intra-amygdala treatment with CREB antisense may affect processes involved in modulation of memory in part through interference with norepinephrine and acetylcholine neurotransmission in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton E. Canal
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Paul E. Gold
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Palomo T. Cognitive symptoms facilitatory for diagnoses in neuropsychiatric disorders: Executive functions and locus of control. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:205-25. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The molecular cascades of long-term potentiation underlie memory consolidation of one-trial avoidance in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala or the neocortex. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:273-94. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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The molecules of social recognition memory: implications for social cognition, extended mind, and neuroethics. Conscious Cogn 2008; 17:468-74. [PMID: 18448362 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and neuroethics have reached a synthesis of late, but some troubling features are present. The neuroscience that currently dominates the study of social cognition is exclusively cognitive neuroscience, as contrasted with the cellular and increasingly molecular emphasis that has gripped mainstream neuroscience over the past three decades. Furthermore, the recent field of molecular and cellular cognition has begun to unravel some molecular mechanisms involved in social cognition, especially pertaining to the consolidation of memories of particular conspecific organisms. Some new experimental techniques for positive interventions into these hypothesized mechanisms offer opportunities for establishing direct causal linkages between intra-neuronal molecular events and the behaviors used to measure social cognitive phenomena. Predicted results from an experiment described below also cast doubt on the application of the "extended mind" approach from recent cognitive science to ground the neuroscience of social cognition. Since neuroethics relies heavily on our best neuroscience of social cognition, that field may soon need to extend its attention beyond cognitive neuroscience, and into neuroscience's cellular and molecular mainstream.
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Sim YJ, Kim H, Shin MS, Chang HK, Shin MC, Ko IG, Kim KJ, Kim TS, Kim BK, Rhim YT, Kim S, Park HY, Yi JW, Lee SJ, Kim CJ. Effect of postnatal treadmill exercise on c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rat pups born from the alcohol-intoxicated mothers. Brain Dev 2008; 30:118-25. [PMID: 17723286 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal alcohol-intoxication during pregnancy exerts detrimental effects on fetal development and is known to influence learning ability and memory capability by altering neuronal activity in the hippocampus. c-Fos expression represents neuronal activity and plays a crucial role in the brain development. Physical exercise is known to enhance neuronal plasticity and activity. In the present study, we investigated the influence of postnatal treadmill running on the c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rat pups born from the alcohol-intoxicated mothers. The results obtained show that maternal alcohol-intoxication suppressed c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rat pups and that postnatal treadmill exercise enhanced c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of these rat pups. The present study suggests that exercise should be considered as a therapeutic means of countering the effects of maternal alcohol-intoxication, and that it may provide a useful strategy for enhancing the neuronal activity of children born from the mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Je Sim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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38
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Countryman RA, Gold PE. Rapid forgetting of social transmission of food preferences in aged rats: relationship to hippocampal CREB activation. Learn Mem 2007; 14:350-8. [PMID: 17522026 PMCID: PMC1876759 DOI: 10.1101/lm.524907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A major characteristic of age-related changes in memory in rodents is an increase in the rate of forgetting of new information, even when tests given soon after training reveal intact memory. Interference with CREB functions similarly results in rapid decay of memory. Using quantitative immunocytochemistry, the present experiment examined the number of CREB- and pCREB-immunoreactive neurons in three regions of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus (dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1) as a function of age and training. Rats were trained in a social transmission of food preference task. Using different food pairings, memory was tested in each rat immediately and 1, 2, 3, and 7 d later. Both young and old rats had intact and comparable memory scores at the immediate and 24-h tests, but old rats exhibited more rapid forgetting thereafter relative to that of young rats. The main findings were that training resulted in large increases in the number of pCREB-immunoreactive cells throughout the hippocampus in both young and aged rats. However, particularly in the ventral hippocampus, the training-elicited increase in pCREB-positive neurons was significantly lower in old than in young rats. Based on Western blot analyses in a separate set of rats, CREB levels were not responsive to training but were lower in the ventral hippocampus of old rats than of young rats. The present findings suggest that lower activation of CREB after training may contribute to the rapid forgetting seen in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A. Countryman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Paul E. Gold
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (217) 244-5876
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Smith CA, Countryman RA, Sahuque LL, Colombo PJ. Time-courses of Fos expression in rat hippocampus and neocortex following acquisition and recall of a socially transmitted food preference. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:65-74. [PMID: 17448703 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined expression of the immediate-early gene, c-Fos, following acquisition, 48-h (recent) recall, and 1-week (remote) recall of a socially transmitted food preference (STFP) in multiple brain regions implicated in learning and memory. In comparisons with controls, trained Long-Evans rats had increased Fos immunoreactivity in the ventral hippocampus following acquisition and recent recall. In the parahippocampal cortices, Fos was increased in the lateral entorhinal cortex after acquisition. In the orbitofrontal cortex, increased Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral orbital cortex following both recent and remote recall and in the ventral orbital cortex following remote recall, indicating a role for the orbitofrontal cortex in the remote recall of STFP memory. In contrast, in the medial prefrontal cortex, increased Fos-ir was found following acquisition in the prelimbic cortex and following recent recall in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. No differences in Fos expression were found between trained rats and controls in the dorsal hippocampus, posterior parietal cortex, or amygdala. The present findings support a time-limited role of the hippocampus in the acquisition and recall of STFP memory and implicate neocortical regions involved in STFP acquisition, recent, and remote recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton A Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Kesler SR, Simensen RJ, Voeller K, Abidi F, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Reiss AL. Altered neurodevelopment associated with mutations of RSK2: a morphometric MRI study of Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Neurogenetics 2007; 8:143-7. [PMID: 17318637 PMCID: PMC3055244 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare form of X-linked mental retardation caused by mutations of the RSK2 gene, associated with cognitive impairment and skeletal malformations. We conducted the first morphometric study of CLS brain morphology by comparing brain volumes from two CLS families with healthy controls. Individuals with CLS consistently showed markedly reduced total brain volume. Cerebellum and hippocampus volumes were particularly impacted by CLS and may be associated with specific interfamilial RSK2 mutations. We provide preliminary evidence that the magnitude of hippocampus volume deviation from that of controls may predict general cognitive outcome in CLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R Kesler
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, MC5795, Stanford, CA 94305-5795, USA.
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Boix-Trelis N, Vale-Martínez A, Guillazo-Blanch G, Costa-Miserachs D, Martí-Nicolovius M. Effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis stimulation on a socially transmitted food preference and c-Fos expression. Learn Mem 2006; 13:783-93. [PMID: 17101878 PMCID: PMC1783633 DOI: 10.1101/lm.305306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experiment 1 examined the effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on a relational odor-association task--the social transmission of food preference (STFP). Rats were stimulated unilaterally in the NBM for 20 min (100 microA, 1 Hz) immediately before the social training. They were tested on their ability to remember preference for the trained food either immediately or following a 24-h delay. Stimulation of NBM improved retention regardless of delay, and additional behavioral measures (social interaction, motor activity, or exploration) did not account for such effects. Experiment 2 investigated brain regions activated after NBM electrical stimulation by examining the induction of c-Fos. This treatment led to bilateral increased c-Fos expression in prefrontal regions, such as orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices, and some hippocampal subregions (dorsal CA and ventral dentate gyrus). In contrast, no differences between groups in c-Fos expression were found in basolateral amygdala, dorsal dentate gyrus, ventral CA, or ventral subiculum. Present findings indicate that pretraining NBM electrical stimulation facilitates the acquisition of STFP, supporting a role of NBM in the early stages of memory formation, and suggest that the treatment might cause such effects by inducing neural changes, related to transcription factors such as c-Fos, in the prefrontal cortex or the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Boix-Trelis
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Vale-Martínez
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Gemma Guillazo-Blanch
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - David Costa-Miserachs
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Margarita Martí-Nicolovius
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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42
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Ross RS, Eichenbaum H. Dynamics of hippocampal and cortical activation during consolidation of a nonspatial memory. J Neurosci 2006; 26:4852-9. [PMID: 16672659 PMCID: PMC6674163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0659-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations of temporally graded retrograde amnesia after hippocampal damage suggest that the hippocampal region plays a critical, time-limited role in memory consolidation. However, these observations do not indicate where permanent memory is stored, nor do they clarify whether the hippocampus normally remains involved in a nonessential way. Evidence from multiple neural imaging studies indicate the time-limited role of the hippocampus and suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex is a critical storage site of different types of long-term memory. However, each of the previous studies examined spatial memory, leaving open the question of whether different cortical areas support long-term memory for other types of material. We characterized the course of involvement of cortical and hippocampal areas in animals trained in an explicitly nonspatial task. First, we confirmed previous findings that hippocampal damage produces temporally graded retrograde amnesia for the social transmission of a food preference (STFP) within our experimental protocol. Damage to the hippocampal region 1 d, but not 21 d, after training impaired subsequent recall of STFP. Then, we characterized the anatomical patterns of activation of the immediate early gene c-fos during retrieval of STFP immediately and 1, 2, and 21 d after training. The ventral subiculum was activated during retrieval shortly after learning, but the level of activation declined at successive times. In contrast, olfactory recipient regions including piriform, entorhinal, and orbitofrontal cortex showed the opposite pattern, increasingly greater activation in successively later retrieval tests. These findings support the view that different cortical networks support long-term memory for different types of information.
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43
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Jenkins TA, Amin E, Brown MW, Aggleton JP. Changes in immediate early gene expression in the rat brain after unilateral lesions of the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2006; 137:747-59. [PMID: 16298079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the immediate early genes c-fos and zif268 was compared across hemispheres in rats with unilateral, excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus (dentate gyrus and CA fields 1-4). Counts of the protein products of these genes were made shortly after rats performed a test of spatial working memory in the radial-arm maze, a task that is sensitive to bilateral lesions of the hippocampus. Unilateral hippocampal lesions produced evidence of widespread hypoactivity. Significant reductions in immediate early gene counts were observed within all three anterior thalamic nuclei, as well as the entorhinal, perirhinal, and postrhinal cortices, and much of the subicular complex. In contrast, no observable changes were detected in the anterior cingulate, infralimbic or prelimbic cortices, as well as several amygdala nuclei, even though many of these regions receive projections from the subiculum. Instead, the immediate early gene changes were closely linked to sites that are thought to be required for successful task performance, with both immediate early genes giving similar patterns of results. The findings support the notion that the anterior thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and parahippocampal cortices form the key components of an interdependent neuronal network involved in spatial mnemonic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Jenkins
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3YG, UK
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Olariu A, Cleaver KM, Shore LE, Brewer MD, Cameron HA. A natural form of learning can increase and decrease the survival of new neurons in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 2005; 15:750-62. [PMID: 16010660 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Granule cells born in the adult dentate gyrus undergo a 4-week developmental period characterized by high susceptibility to cell death. Two forms of hippocampus-dependent learning have been shown to rescue many of the new neurons during this critical period. Here, we show that a natural form of associative learning, social transmission of food preference (STFP), can either increase or decrease the survival of young granule cells in adult rats. Increased numbers of pyknotic as well as phospho-Akt-expressing BrdU-labeled cells were seen 1 day after STFP training, indicating that training rapidly induces both cell death and active suppression of cell death in different subsets. A single day of training for STFP increased the survival of 8-day-old BrdU-labeled cells when examined 1 week later. In contrast, 2 days of training decreased the survival of BrdU-labeled cells and the density of immature neurons, identified with crmp-4. This change from increased to decreased survival could not be accounted for by the ages of the cells. Instead, we propose that training may initially increase young granule cell survival, then, if continued, cause them to die. This complex regulation of cell death could potentially serve to maintain granule cells that are actively involved in memory consolidation, while rapidly using and discarding young granule cells whose training is complete to make space for new naïve neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olariu
- Unit on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Countryman RA, Kaban NL, Colombo PJ. Hippocampal c-fos is necessary for long-term memory of a socially transmitted food preference. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2005; 84:175-83. [PMID: 16122949 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present article examined the requirement of hippocampal c-Fos for learning a socially transmitted food preference (STFP). We reported previously that expression of the c-Fos protein is increased in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus of rats trained on the STFP (Countryman, Orlowski, Brightwell, Oskowitz, & Colombo, 2005). Pretraining intrahippocampal antisense to the immediate early gene c-fos was administered to adult male Long-Evans rats to determine if c-fos expression is necessary for either short- or long-term memory for STFP. Guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were administered unilaterally either 6.5, 8.5, 10.5, or 12.5 h prior to STFP training while either sense ODNs or saline were infused into the opposite hemisphere. Immunocytochemistry was performed, and cells showing c-Fos immunoreactivity (ir) were counted from the antisense-treated hemisphere and compared to cell counts from the control hemisphere. The results indicated significant suppression of learning-induced c-Fos protein at the 8.5 and 10.5 infusion-train intervals. Additional rats were implanted with cannulae into the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, and antisense ODNs, sense ODNs, or saline were administered bilaterally 8.5h prior to training. Rats were tested immediately and 14 days after training. Rats in all groups showed a significant preference for the demonstrated food at the short-term memory test. At the long-term memory test, however, rats infused with c-fos antisense showed no preference for the demonstrated food whereas rats infused with either sense or saline maintained their preference. The present findings suggest that c-fos is necessary for consolidation of non-spatial hippocampal-dependent memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Countryman
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Percival Stern, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Colombo PJ. Learning-induced activation of transcription factors among multiple memory systems. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2005; 82:268-77. [PMID: 15464409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence for multiple memory systems grew initially from reports that integrity of the medial temporal lobes is necessary for some, but not all, types of memory formation. A primary inference from many studies of multiple memory systems is that they operate independently during encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. An accumulation of recent evidence, however, suggests that multiple memory systems may interact under some conditions. At the cellular level of analysis, it is accepted widely that protein synthesis is necessary for the formation of long-term memory and recent efforts have focused on the mechanisms by which learning-induced gene transcription and translation are regulated. The present review examines learning-induced activation of transcription factors among multiple memory systems. The results indicate that studies of transcriptional regulation, in conjunction with other experimental approaches, can provide complementary lines of evidence to further understanding of the extent to which multiple memory systems are independent or interactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Colombo
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 6823 Saint Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Brightwell JJ, Smith CA, Countryman RA, Neve RL, Colombo PJ. Hippocampal overexpression of mutant creb blocks long-term, but not short-term memory for a socially transmitted food preference. Learn Mem 2005; 12:12-7. [PMID: 15687228 PMCID: PMC548490 DOI: 10.1101/lm.85005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB on Ser133 is implicated in the establishment of long-term memory for hippocampus-dependent tasks, including spatial learning and contextual fear conditioning. We reported previously that training on a hippocampus-dependent social transmission of food preference (STFP) task increases CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus of trained rats in comparisons with controls. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that CREB function is necessary for long-term memory for STFP using herpes simplex viral (HSV) vector-mediated gene transfer. Rats received intrahippocampal infusions of HSV-mCREB (a mutant form of CREB, in which Ser133 has been replaced with Ala), HSV-LacZ, or saline, and were trained 3 d later. Rats were tested for food preference (demonstrated vs. novel foods) immediately (short-term test) and 11 d (long-term test) after training. Rats in all treatment groups showed a significant preference for the demonstrated food at the short-term memory test. At the long-term memory test, however, the percentage of demonstrated food eaten by mCREB-treated rats was significantly less than that eaten by the LacZ- or saline-treated rats. Quantitative Western blotting confirmed that mCREB-infused rats had significantly more hippocampal CREB protein than controls during training. The present results show that hippocampal CREB function is necessary for long-term, but not short-term memory for STFP.
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