1
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Lim HY, Lee I. Subpopulations of neurons in the perirhinal cortex enable both modality-specific and modality-invariant recognition of objects. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002713. [PMID: 38924050 PMCID: PMC11233021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER) supports multimodal object recognition, but how multimodal information of objects is integrated within the PER remains unknown. Here, we recorded single units within the PER while rats performed a PER-dependent multimodal object-recognition task. In this task, audiovisual cues were presented simultaneously (multimodally) or separately (unimodally). We identified 2 types of object-selective neurons in the PER: crossmodal cells, showing constant firing patterns for an object irrespective of its modality, and unimodal cells, showing a preference for a specific modality. Unimodal cells further dissociated unimodal and multimodal versions of the object by modulating their firing rates according to the modality condition. A population-decoding analysis confirmed that the PER could perform both modality-invariant and modality-specific object decoding-the former for recognizing an object as the same in various conditions and the latter for remembering modality-specific experiences of the same object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Powell A, Hanna C, Sajjad M, Yao R, Blum K, Gold MS, Quattrin T, Thanos PK. Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats. J Pers Med 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38793082 PMCID: PMC11122626 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standard cocaine use disorder treatments have high dropout and recidivism rates. Physical exercise has been shown to attenuate addiction behavior as well as modulate brain activity. This study examined the differential effects of chronic cocaine use between exercised and sedentary rats. The effects of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) following chronic cocaine exposure were assessed using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Compared to sedentary animals, exercise decreased metabolism in the SIBF primary somatosensory cortex. Activation occurred in the amygdalopiriform and piriform cortex, trigeminothalamic tract, rhinal and perirhinal cortex, and visual cortex. BGluM changes may help ameliorate various aspects of cocaine abuse and reinstatement. Further investigation is needed into the underlying neuronal circuits involved in BGluM changes and their association with addiction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Powell
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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3
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Fiorilli J, Marchesi P, Ruikes T, Huis in ‘t Veld G, Buckton R, Quintero MD, Reiten I, Bjaalie JG, Pennartz CMA. Neural correlates of object identity and reward outcome in the sensory cortical-hippocampal hierarchy: coding of motivational information in perirhinal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae002. [PMID: 38314581 PMCID: PMC10847907 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits support behavioral adaptations by integrating sensory and motor information with reward and error-driven learning signals, but it remains poorly understood how these signals are distributed across different levels of the corticohippocampal hierarchy. We trained rats on a multisensory object-recognition task and compared visual and tactile responses of simultaneously recorded neuronal ensembles in somatosensory cortex, secondary visual cortex, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus. The sensory regions primarily represented unisensory information, whereas hippocampus was modulated by both vision and touch. Surprisingly, the sensory cortices and the hippocampus coded object-specific information, whereas the perirhinal cortex did not. Instead, perirhinal cortical neurons signaled trial outcome upon reward-based feedback. A majority of outcome-related perirhinal cells responded to a negative outcome (reward omission), whereas a minority of other cells coded positive outcome (reward delivery). Our results highlight a distributed neural coding of multisensory variables in the cortico-hippocampal hierarchy. Notably, the perirhinal cortex emerges as a crucial region for conveying motivational outcomes, whereas distinct functions related to object identity are observed in the sensory cortices and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fiorilli
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Marchesi
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Ruikes
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Huis in ‘t Veld
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhys Buckton
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana D Quintero
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Reiten
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Cerdó T, Ruiz-Rodríguez A, Acuña I, Torres-Espínola FJ, Menchén-Márquez S, Gámiz F, Gallo M, Jehmlich N, Haange SB, von Bergen M, Campoy C, Suárez A. Infant gut microbiota contributes to cognitive performance in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1974-1988.e4. [PMID: 38052208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been linked to infant neurodevelopment. Here, an association between infant composite cognition and gut microbiota composition is established as soon as 6 months. Higher diversity and evenness characterize microbial communities of infants with composite cognition above (Inf-aboveCC) versus below (Inf-belowCC) median values. Metaproteomic and metabolomic analyses establish an association between microbial histidine ammonia lyase and infant histidine metabolome with cognition. Fecal transplantation from Inf-aboveCC versus Inf-belowCC donors into germ-free mice shows that memory, assessed by a novel object recognition test, is a transmissible trait. Furthermore, Inf-aboveCC mice are enriched in species belonging to Phocaeicola, as well as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, previously linked to cognition. Finally, Inf-aboveCC mice show lower fecal histidine and urocanate:histidine and urocanate:glutamate ratios in the perirhinal cortex compared to Inf-belowCC mice. Overall, these findings reveal a causative role of gut microbiota on infant cognition, pointing at the modulation of histidine metabolite levels as a potential underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cerdó
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alicia Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute "José Mataix" (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute "José Mataix" (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Acuña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute "José Mataix" (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco José Torres-Espínola
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Menchén-Márquez
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Gámiz
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Milagros Gallo
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular System Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Molecular System Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular System Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18014 Granada, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute "José Mataix" (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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5
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Lee KH, Song JW, Kim CS, Seong H, Shin DM, Shon WJ. Taste receptor type 1 member 3 mediates diet-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Life Sci 2023; 334:122194. [PMID: 37865176 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Long-term consumption of a western diet (WD), which is characterized by high intake of saturated fats and sugary drinks, causes cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanism by which WD induces cognitive impairment remains unclear. Taste receptor type 1 member 3 (TAS1R3), activated by ligands of WD, is expressed in extra-oral tissues, including the brain, and particularly in the hippocampus. This study investigated whether TAS1R3 regulates WD-induced cognitive impairment in mice. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and Tas1r3 knock-out (KO) mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or WD for 18 weeks. Cognitive functions were assessed using novel object recognition and Barnes maze tests. The mechanisms underlying WD-induced cognitive impairment were assessed using RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. KEY FINDINGS Cognitive impairment was observed in WT mice fed WD (WT-WD) compared with WT-ND mice. Conversely, mice lacking TAS1R3 were not cognitively impaired even under long-term WD feeding. Hippocampal transcriptome analysis revealed upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and increased AMPK-targeted sirtuin 3 expression in KO-WD mice. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that response to oxidative stress was downregulated, whereas neurogenesis was upregulated in dentate gyrus of KO-WD mice. In vitro studies validated the findings, indicating that Tas1r3 knockdown directly upregulated decreased sirtuin 3 expression, its downstream genes-related to oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by WD condition in hippocampal neuron cells. SIGNIFICANCE TAS1R3 acts as a critical mediator of WD-induced cognitive impairment in mice, thereby offering potential as a novel therapeutic target to prevent WD-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon-Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Seong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Jeong Shon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Huang X, Schlesiger MI, Barriuso-Ortega I, Leibold C, MacLaren DAA, Bieber N, Monyer H. Distinct spatial maps and multiple object codes in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Neuron 2023; 111:3068-3083.e7. [PMID: 37478849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is a major cortical input area to the hippocampus, and it is crucial for associative object-place-context memories. An unresolved question is whether these associations are performed exclusively in the hippocampus or also upstream of it. Anatomical evidence suggests that the LEC processes both object and spatial information. We describe here a gradient of spatial selectivity along the antero-posterior axis of the LEC. We demonstrate that the LEC generates distinct spatial maps for different contexts that are independent of object coding and vice versa, thus providing evidence for pure spatial and pure object codes upstream of the hippocampus. While space and object coding occur by and large separately in the LEC, we identified neurons that encode for space and objects conjunctively. Together, these findings point to a scenario in which the LEC sustains both distinct space and object coding and associative space-object coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalene Isabell Schlesiger
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Barriuso-Ortega
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Leibold
- Institute Biology III & Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Duncan Archibald Allan MacLaren
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Bieber
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Soma S, Ohara S, Nonomura S, Suematsu N, Yoshida J, Pastalkova E, Sakai Y, Tsutsui KI, Isomura Y. Rat hippocampal CA1 region represents learning-related action and reward events with shorter latency than the lateral entorhinal cortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:584. [PMID: 37258700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are deeply involved in learning and memory. However, little is known how ongoing events are processed in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. By recording from head-fixed rats during action-reward learning, here we show that the action and reward events are represented differently in the hippocampal CA1 region and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Although diverse task-related activities developed after learning in both CA1 and LEC, phasic activities related to action and reward events differed in the timing of behavioral event representation. CA1 represented action and reward events almost instantaneously, whereas the superficial and deep layers of the LEC showed a delayed representation of the same events. Interestingly, we also found that ramping activity towards spontaneous action was correlated with waiting time in both regions and exceeded that in the motor cortex. Such functional activities observed in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits may play a crucial role for animals in utilizing ongoing information to dynamically optimize their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Pastalkova
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Danieli K, Guyon A, Bethus I. Episodic Memory formation: A review of complex Hippocampus input pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110757. [PMID: 37086812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Memories of everyday experiences involve the encoding of a rich and dynamic representation of present objects and their contextual features. Traditionally, the resulting mnemonic trace is referred to as Episodic Memory, i.e. the "what", "where" and "when" of a lived episode. The journey for such memory trace encoding begins with the perceptual data of an experienced episode handled in sensory brain regions. The information is then streamed to cortical areas located in the ventral Medio Temporal Lobe, which produces multi-modal representations concerning either the objects (in the Perirhinal cortex) or the spatial and contextual features (in the parahippocampal region) of the episode. Then, this high-level data is gated through the Entorhinal Cortex and forwarded to the Hippocampal Formation, where all the pieces get bound together. Eventually, the resulting encoded neural pattern is relayed back to the Neocortex for a stable consolidation. This review will detail these different stages and provide a systematic overview of the major cortical streams toward the Hippocampus relevant for Episodic Memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Guyon
- Université Cote d'Azur, Neuromod Institute, France; Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Ingrid Bethus
- Université Cote d'Azur, Neuromod Institute, France; Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
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9
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Zhang K, Chen L, Li Y, Paez AG, Miao X, Cao D, Gu C, Pekar JJ, van Zijl PCM, Hua J, Bakker A. Differential Laminar Activation Dissociates Encoding and Retrieval in the Human Medial and Lateral Entorhinal Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2874-2884. [PMID: 36948584 PMCID: PMC10124959 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1488-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hierarchically organized structures of the medial temporal lobe are critically important for episodic memory function. Accumulating evidence suggests dissociable information processing pathways are maintained throughout these structures including in the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex. Cortical layers provide an additional dimension of dissociation as the primary input to the hippocampus derives from layer 2 neurons in the entorhinal cortex, whereas the deeper layers primarily receive output from the hippocampus. Here, novel high-resolution T2-prepared functional MRI methods were successfully used to mitigate susceptibility artifacts typically affecting MRI signals in this region providing uniform sensitivity across the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex. During the performance of a memory task, healthy human subjects (age 25-33 years, mean age 28.2 ± 3.3 years, 4 female) showed differential functional activation in the superficial and deep layers of the entorhinal cortex associated with task-related encoding and retrieval conditions, respectively. The methods provided here offer an approach to probe layer-specific activation in normal cognition and conditions contributing to memory impairment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides new evidence for differential neuronal activation in the superficial versus deep layers of the entorhinal cortex associated with encoding and retrieval memory processes, respectively, in cognitively normal adults. The study further shows that this dissociation can be observed in both the medial and the lateral entorhinal cortex. The study was achieved by using a novel functional MRI method allowing us to measure robust functional MRI signals in both the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex that was not possible in previous studies. The methodology established here in healthy human subjects lays a solid foundation for subsequent studies investigating layer-specific and region-specific changes in the entorhinal cortex associated with memory impairment in various conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Liuyi Chen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Yinghao Li
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
- Biomedical Engineering
| | - Adrian G Paez
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Xinyuan Miao
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Di Cao
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
- Biomedical Engineering
| | - Chunming Gu
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
- Biomedical Engineering
| | - James J Pekar
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Jun Hua
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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10
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Tang Y, Yan Y, Mao J, Ni J, Qing H. The hippocampus associated GABAergic neural network impairment in early-stage of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101865. [PMID: 36716975 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest neurodegenerative disease with slow progression. Pieces of evidence suggest that the GABAergic system is impaired in the early stage of AD, leading to hippocampal neuron over-activity and further leading to memory and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. However, the precise impairment mechanism of the GABAergic system on the pathogenesis of AD is still unclear. The impairment of neural networks associated with the GABAergic system is tightly associated with AD. Therefore, we describe the roles played by hippocampus-related GABAergic circuits and their impairments in AD neuropathology. In addition, we give our understand on the process from GABAergic circuit impairment to cognitive and memory impairment, since recent studies on astrocyte in AD plays an important role behind cognition dysfunction caused by GABAergic circuit impairment, which helps better understand the GABAergic system and could open up innovative AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China.
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11
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Wang C, Lee H, Rao G, Doreswamy Y, Savelli F, Knierim JJ. Superficial-layer versus deep-layer lateral entorhinal cortex: Coding of allocentric space, egocentric space, speed, boundaries, and corners. Hippocampus 2023; 33:448-464. [PMID: 36965194 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Entorhinal cortex is the major gateway between the neocortex and the hippocampus and thus plays an essential role in subserving episodic memory and spatial navigation. It can be divided into the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), which are commonly theorized to be critical for spatial (context) and non-spatial (content) inputs, respectively. Consistent with this theory, LEC neurons are found to carry little information about allocentric self-location, even in cue-rich environments, but they exhibit egocentric spatial information about external items in the environment. The superficial and deep layers of LEC are believed to mediate the input to and output from the hippocampus, respectively. As earlier studies mainly examined the spatial firing properties of superficial-layer LEC neurons, here we characterized the deep-layer LEC neurons and made direct comparisons with their superficial counterparts in single unit recordings from behaving rats. Because deep-layer LEC cells received inputs from hippocampal regions, which have strong selectivity for self-location, we hypothesized that deep-layer LEC neurons would be more informative about allocentric position than superficial-layer LEC neurons. We found that deep-layer LEC cells showed only slightly more allocentric spatial information and higher spatial consistency than superficial-layer LEC cells. Egocentric coding properties were comparable between these two subregions. In addition, LEC neurons demonstrated preferential firing at lower speeds, as well as at the boundary or corners of the environment. These results suggest that allocentric spatial outputs from the hippocampus are transformed in deep-layer LEC into the egocentric coding dimensions of LEC, rather than maintaining the allocentric spatial tuning of the CA1 place fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heekyung Lee
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geeta Rao
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoganarasimha Doreswamy
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco Savelli
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Scleidorovich P, Fellous JM, Weitzenfeld A. Adapting hippocampus multi-scale place field distributions in cluttered environments optimizes spatial navigation and learning. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:1039822. [PMID: 36578316 PMCID: PMC9792172 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.1039822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies in rodents show that place cells in the hippocampus have firing patterns that are highly correlated with the animal's location in the environment and are organized in layers of increasing field sizes or scales along its dorsoventral axis. In this study, we use a spatial cognition model to show that different field sizes could be exploited to adapt the place cell representation to different environments according to their size and complexity. Specifically, we provide an in-depth analysis of how to distribute place cell fields according to the obstacles in cluttered environments to optimize learning time and path optimality during goal-oriented spatial navigation tasks. The analysis uses a reinforcement learning (RL) model that assumes that place cells allow encoding the state. While previous studies have suggested exploiting different field sizes to represent areas requiring different spatial resolutions, our work analyzes specific distributions that adapt the representation to the environment, activating larger fields in open areas and smaller fields near goals and subgoals (e.g., obstacle corners). In addition to assessing how the multi-scale representation may be exploited in spatial navigation tasks, our analysis and results suggest place cell representations that can impact the robotics field by reducing the total number of cells for path planning without compromising the quality of the paths learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Scleidorovich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Pablo Scleidorovich
| | - Jean-Marc Fellous
- Department of Psychology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Alfredo Weitzenfeld
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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13
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Castegnaro A, Howett D, Li A, Harding E, Chan D, Burgess N, King J. Assessing mild cognitive impairment using object-location memory in immersive virtual environments. Hippocampus 2022; 32:660-678. [PMID: 35916343 PMCID: PMC9543035 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are found in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging. The earliest pathological accumulation of tau colocalizes with the areas of the MTL involved in object processing as part of a wider anterolateral network. Here, we sought to assess the diagnostic potential of memory for object locations in iVR environments in individuals at high risk of AD dementia (amnestic mild cognitive impairment [aMCI] n = 23) as compared to age-related cognitive decline. Consistent with our primary hypothesis that early AD would be associated with impaired object location, aMCI patients exhibited impaired spatial feature binding. Compared to both older (n = 24) and younger (n = 53) controls, aMCI patients, recalled object locations with significantly less accuracy (p < .001), with a trend toward an impaired identification of the object's correct context (p = .05). Importantly, these findings were not explained by deficits in object recognition (p = .6). These deficits differentiated aMCI from controls with greater accuracy (AUC = 0.89) than the standard neuropsychological tests. Within the aMCI group, 16 had CSF biomarkers indicative of their likely AD status (MCI+ n = 9 vs. MCI- n = 7). MCI+ showed lower accuracy in the object-context association than MCI- (p = .03) suggesting a selective deficit in object-context binding postulated to be associated with anterior-temporal areas. MRI volumetric analysis across healthy older participants and aMCI revealed that test performance positively correlates with lateral entorhinal cortex volumes (p < .05) and hippocampus volumes (p < .01), consistent with their hypothesized role in binding contextual and spatial information with object identity. Our results indicate that tests relying on the anterolateral object processing stream, and in particular requiring successful binding of an object with spatial information, may aid detection of pre-dementia AD due to the underlying early spread of tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castegnaro
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - David Howett
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Adrienne Li
- Department of PsychologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Elizabeth Harding
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dennis Chan
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - John King
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Persson BM, Ambrozova V, Duncan S, Wood ER, O’Connor AR, Ainge JA. Lateral entorhinal cortex lesions impair odor-context associative memory in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1030-1046. [PMID: 35187710 PMCID: PMC9302644 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) has been hypothesized to process nonspatial, item information that is combined with spatial information from medial entorhinal cortex to form episodic memories within the hippocampus. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that LEC has a role in integrating features of episodic memory prior to the hippocampus. While the precise role of LEC is still unclear, anatomical studies show that LEC is ideally placed to be a hub integrating multisensory information. The current study tests whether the role of LEC in integrating information extends to long-term multimodal item-context associations. In Experiment 1, male rats were trained on a context-dependent odor discrimination task, where two different contexts served as the cue to the correct odor. Rats were pretrained on the task and then received either bilateral excitotoxic LEC or sham lesions. Following surgery, rats were tested on the previously learned odor-context associations. Control rats showed good memory for the previously learned association but rats with LEC lesions showed significantly impaired performance relative to both their own presurgery performance and to control rats. Experiment 2 went on to test whether impairments in Experiment 1 were the result of LEC lesions impairing either odor or context memory retention alone. Male rats were trained on simple odor and context discrimination tasks that did not require integration of features to solve. Following surgery, both LEC and control rats showed good memory for previously learned odors and contexts. These data show that LEC is critical for long-term odor-context associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn M. Persson
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | - Stephen Duncan
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Akira R. O’Connor
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - James A. Ainge
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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15
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Jiang C, Wu X, Wang J, Li C, Luo G. Activation of CB1 pathway in the perirhinal cortex is necessary but not sufficient for destabilization of contextual fear memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113573. [PMID: 34499934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
According to the reconsolidation theory, memories can be modified through the destabilization-reconsolidation process. The rodent perirhinal cortex (PER; Brodmann areas 35 and 36) critically participates in the process of fear conditioning. Previous studies showed that some of the parahippocampal regions are critical for contextual fear memory reconsolidation. In our research, through a three-day paradigm of CFC, we showed that protein synthesis in PER of rats is required for memory reconsolidation, and activation of CB1 pathway is necessary but not sufficient in inducing memory destabilization. This result underlines parahippocampal regions in destabilization and reconsolidation process of fear memory besides amygdala and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaona Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoquan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Park SB, Lim HY, Lee EY, Yoo SW, Jung HS, Lee E, Sun W, Lee I. The fasciola cinereum subregion of the hippocampus is important for the acquisition of visual contextual memory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102217. [PMID: 34999186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fasciola cinereum (FC) is a subregion of the hippocampus that has received relatively little attention compared with other hippocampal subregions with respect to anatomical characteristics and functional significance. Here, we show that the FC exhibits clear anatomical borders with the distalmost region of the CA1. Principal neurons in the FC resemble the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, adult neurogenesis was not found unlike in the DG. The FC receives inputs mostly from the lateral entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex while projecting exclusively to the crest of the DG within the hippocampus. Neurotoxic lesions in the FC using colchicine impaired the acquisition, but not retrieval, of visual contextual memory in rats. FC lesions also impaired place recognition and object-in-place memory. As the rat performed the contextual memory task on the T-maze, place cells in the FC exhibited robust place fields and were indiscriminable from those in CA1 with respect to the basic firing properties. However, place cells in the FC fired only transiently in their place fields on the maze compared with those in CA1. Our findings suggest that the episodic firing pattern of the place cells in the FC may play critical roles in learning a novel contextual environment by facilitating temoporally structured contextual pattern separation in the DG of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Vandrey B, Armstrong J, Brown CM, Garden DLF, Nolan MF. Fan cells in lateral entorhinal cortex directly influence medial entorhinal cortex through synaptic connections in layer 1. eLife 2022; 11:83008. [PMID: 36562467 PMCID: PMC9822265 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard models for spatial and episodic memory suggest that the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) send parallel independent inputs to the hippocampus, each carrying different types of information. Here, we evaluate the possibility that information is integrated between divisions of the entorhinal cortex prior to reaching the hippocampus. We demonstrate that, in mice, fan cells in layer 2 (L2) of LEC that receive neocortical inputs, and that project to the hippocampal dentate gyrus, also send axon collaterals to layer 1 (L1) of the MEC. Activation of inputs from fan cells evokes monosynaptic glutamatergic excitation of stellate and pyramidal cells in L2 of the MEC, typically followed by inhibition that contains fast and slow components mediated by GABAA and GABAB receptors, respectively. Inputs from fan cells also directly activate interneurons in L1 and L2 of MEC, with synaptic connections from L1 interneurons accounting for slow feedforward inhibition of L2 principal cell populations. The relative strength of excitation and inhibition following fan cell activation differs substantially between neurons and is largely independent of anatomical location. Our results demonstrate that the LEC, in addition to directly influencing the hippocampus, can activate or inhibit major hippocampal inputs arising from the MEC. Thus, local circuits in the superficial MEC may combine spatial information with sensory and higher order signals from the LEC, providing a substrate for integration of 'what' and 'where' components of episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Vandrey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Jack Armstrong
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Christina M Brown
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Derek LF Garden
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew F Nolan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom,Centre for Statistics, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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18
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Tran TT, Speck CL, Gallagher M, Bakker A. Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 112:151-160. [PMID: 35182842 PMCID: PMC8976714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex is the site of some of the earliest pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease, including neuronal, synaptic and volumetric loss. Specifically, the lateral entorhinal cortex shows significant accumulation of tau neurofibrillary tangles in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) phase of Alzheimer's disease. Although decreased entorhinal cortex activation has been observed in patients with aMCI in the context of impaired memory function, it remains unclear if functional changes in the entorhinal cortex can be localized to the lateral or medial entorhinal cortex. To assess subregion specific changes in the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, patients with aMCI and healthy aged-matched control participants underwent high-resolution structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced volume, and decreased activation localized to the lateral entorhinal cortex but not the medial entorhinal cortex. These results show that structural and functional changes associated with impaired memory function differentially engage the lateral entorhinal cortex in patients with aMCI, consistent with the locus of early disease related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Tran
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline L Speck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Arkell D, Groves I, Wood ER, Hardt O. The Black Box effect: sensory stimulation after learning interferes with the retention of long-term object location memory in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:390-399. [PMID: 34526383 PMCID: PMC8456983 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053256.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sensory experiences during the period that immediately follows learning improves long-term memory retention in healthy humans, and even preserves memory in patients with amnesia. To date, it is entirely unclear why this is the case, and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this effect requires suitable animal models, which are currently lacking. Here, we describe a straightforward experimental procedure in rats that future studies can use to directly address this issue. Using this method, we replicated the central findings on quiet wakefulness obtained in humans: We show that rats that spent 1 h alone in a familiar dark and quiet chamber (the Black Box) after exploring two objects in an open field expressed long-term memory for the object locations 6 h later, while rats that instead directly went back into their home cage with their cage mates did not. We discovered that both visual stimulation and being together with conspecifics contributed to the memory loss in the home cage, as exposing rats either to light or to a cage mate in the Black Box was sufficient to disrupt memory for object locations. Our results suggest that in both rats and humans, everyday sensory experiences that normally follow learning in natural settings can interfere with processes that promote long-term memory retention, thereby causing forgetting in form of retroactive interference. The processes involved in this effect are not sleep-dependent because we prevented sleep in periods of reduced sensory experience. Our findings, which also have implications for research practices, describe a potentially useful method to study the neurobiological mechanisms that might explain why normal sensory processing after learning impairs memory both in healthy humans and in patients suffering from amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Arkell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Groves
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
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20
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Oulé M, Atucha E, Wells TM, Macharadze T, Sauvage MM, Kreutz MR, Lopez-Rojas J. Dendritic Kv4.2 potassium channels selectively mediate spatial pattern separation in the dentate gyrus. iScience 2021; 24:102876. [PMID: 34386734 PMCID: PMC8346659 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to distinguish comparable experiences is fundamental for the recall of similar memories and has been proposed to require pattern separation in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, the cellular mechanisms by which mature granule cells (GCs) of the DG accomplish this function are poorly characterized. Here, we show that Kv4.2 channels selectively modulate the excitability of medial dendrites of dentate GCs. These dendrites are targeted by the medial entorhinal cortex, the main source of spatial inputs to the DG. Accordingly, we found that the spatial pattern separation capability of animals lacking the Kv4.2 channel is significantly impaired. This points to the role of intrinsic excitability in supporting the mnemonic function of the dentate and to the Kv4.2 channel as a candidate substrate promoting spatial pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Oulé
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erika Atucha
- Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tenyse M. Wells
- Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tamar Macharadze
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena M. Sauvage
- Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto von Guericke University, Medical Faculty, Functional Neuroplasticity Department, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Lopez-Rojas
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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21
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Poitreau J, Buttet M, Manrique C, Poucet B, Sargolini F, Save E. Navigation using global or local reference frames in rats with medial and lateral entorhinal cortex lesions. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113448. [PMID: 34246711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medial (MEC) and the lateral (LEC) regions of the entorhinal cortex send a major input to the hippocampus and have been proposed to play a foremost role in combining spatial and non-spatial attributes of episodic memory. In addition, it has been recently suggested that the MEC is involved in the processing of information in a global reference frame and the LEC in the processing of information in a local reference frame. Whether these putative functions could be generalized to navigation contexts has not been established yet. To address this hypothesis, rats with MEC or LEC NMDA-induced lesions were trained in two versions of a navigation task in the water maze, a global cue condition in which they had to use distal room cues and a local cue condition in which they had to use 3 objects placed in the pool. In the global cue condition, MEC-lesioned rats exhibited slower acquisition and were not able to precisely locate the submerged platform during the probe trial. In contrast LEC-lesioned rats exhibited control-like performance. In the local cue condition, navigational abilities were spared in both lesion groups. In addition when the 3 different objects were replaced by 3 identical objects, all groups maintained their navigation accuracy suggesting that the identity of objects is not crucial for place navigation. Overall, the results indicate that the MEC is necessary for place navigation using a global reference frame. In contrast, navigation using a local reference frame does not require the LEC nor the MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon Buttet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Poucet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | | | - Etienne Save
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France.
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22
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Tran T, Tobin KE, Block SH, Puliyadi V, Gallagher M, Bakker A. Effect of aging differs for memory of object identity and object position within a spatial context. Learn Mem 2021; 28:239-247. [PMID: 34131055 PMCID: PMC8212778 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053181.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable focus on investigating age-related memory changes in cognitively healthy older adults, in the absence of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have reported age-related domain-specific changes in older adults, showing increased difficulty encoding and processing object information but minimal to no impairment in processing spatial information compared with younger adults. However, few of these studies have examined age-related changes in the encoding of concurrently presented object and spatial stimuli, specifically the integration of both spatial and nonspatial (object) information. To more closely resemble real-life memory encoding and the integration of both spatial and nonspatial information, the current study developed a new experimental paradigm with novel environments that allowed for the placement of different objects in different positions within the environment. The results show that older adults have decreased performance in recognizing changes of the object position within the spatial context but no significant differences in recognizing changes in the identity of the object within the spatial context compared with younger adults. These findings suggest there may be potential age-related differences in the mechanisms underlying the representations of complex environments and furthermore, the integration of spatial and nonspatial information may be differentially processed relative to independent and isolated representations of object and spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Tran
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Tobin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Sophia H. Block
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Vyash Puliyadi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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23
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Fiorilli J, Bos JJ, Grande X, Lim J, Düzel E, Pennartz CMA. Reconciling the object and spatial processing views of the perirhinal cortex through task-relevant unitization. Hippocampus 2021; 31:737-755. [PMID: 33523577 PMCID: PMC8359385 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex is situated on the border between sensory association cortex and the hippocampal formation. It serves an important function as a transition area between the sensory neocortex and the medial temporal lobe. While the perirhinal cortex has traditionally been associated with object coding and the "what" pathway of the temporal lobe, current evidence suggests a broader function of the perirhinal cortex in solving feature ambiguity and processing complex stimuli. Besides fulfilling functions in object coding, recent neurophysiological findings in freely moving rodents indicate that the perirhinal cortex also contributes to spatial and contextual processing beyond individual sensory modalities. Here, we address how these two opposing views on perirhinal cortex-the object-centered and spatial-contextual processing hypotheses-may be reconciled. The perirhinal cortex is consistently recruited when different features can be merged perceptually or conceptually into a single entity. Features that are unitized in these entities include object information from multiple sensory domains, reward associations, semantic features and spatial/contextual associations. We propose that the same perirhinal network circuits can be flexibly deployed for multiple cognitive functions, such that the perirhinal cortex performs similar unitization operations on different types of information, depending on behavioral demands and ranging from the object-related domain to spatial, contextual and semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fiorilli
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. Bos
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorRadboud University and Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Xenia Grande
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
| | - Judith Lim
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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24
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Meier AM, Wang Q, Ji W, Ganachaud J, Burkhalter A. Modular Network between Postrhinal Visual Cortex, Amygdala, and Entorhinal Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4809-4825. [PMID: 33849948 PMCID: PMC8260166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2185-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The postrhinal area (POR) is a known center for integrating spatial with nonspatial visual information and a possible hub for influencing landmark navigation by affective input from the amygdala. This may involve specific circuits within muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 (M2)-positive (M2+) or M2- modules of POR that associate inputs from the thalamus, cortex, and amygdala, and send outputs to the entorhinal cortex. Using anterograde and retrograde labeling with conventional and viral tracers in male and female mice, we found that all higher visual areas of the ventral cortical stream project to the amygdala, while such inputs are absent from primary visual cortex and dorsal stream areas. Unexpectedly for the presumed salt-and-pepper organization of mouse extrastriate cortex, tracing results show that inputs from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral posterior nucleus were spatially clustered in layer 1 (L1) and overlapped with M2+ patches of POR. In contrast, input from the amygdala to L1 of POR terminated in M2- interpatches. Importantly, the amygdalocortical input to M2- interpatches in L1 overlapped preferentially with spatially clustered apical dendrites of POR neurons projecting to amygdala and entorhinal area lateral, medial (ENTm). The results suggest that subnetworks in POR, used to build spatial maps for navigation, do not receive direct thalamocortical M2+ patch-targeting inputs. Instead, they involve local networks of M2- interpatches, which are influenced by affective information from the amygdala and project to ENTm, whose cells respond to visual landmark cues for navigation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A central purpose of visual object recognition is identifying the salience of objects and approaching or avoiding them. However, it is not currently known how the visual cortex integrates the multiple streams of information, including affective and navigational cues, which are required to accomplish this task. We find that in a higher visual area, the postrhinal cortex, the cortical sheet is divided into interdigitating modules receiving distinct inputs from visual and emotion-related sources. One of these modules is preferentially connected with the amygdala and provides outputs to entorhinal cortex, constituting a processing stream that may assign emotional salience to objects and landmarks for the guidance of goal-directed navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jehan Ganachaud
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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25
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Vandrey B, Duncan S, Ainge JA. Object and object-memory representations across the proximodistal axis of CA1. Hippocampus 2021; 31:881-896. [PMID: 33942429 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory requires information about objects to be integrated into a spatial framework. Place cells in the hippocampus encode spatial representations of objects that could be generated through signaling from the entorhinal cortex. Projections from lateral (LEC) and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to the hippocampus terminate in distal and proximal CA1, respectively. We recorded place cells in distal and proximal CA1 as rats explored an environment that contained objects. Place cells in distal CA1 demonstrated higher measures of spatial tuning, stability, and closer proximity of place fields to objects. Furthermore, remapping to object displacement was modulated by place field proximity to objects in distal, but not proximal CA1. Finally, representations of previous object locations were closer to those locations in distal CA1 than proximal CA1. Our data suggest that in cue-rich environments, LEC inputs to the hippocampus support spatial representations with higher spatial tuning, closer proximity to objects, and greater stability than those receiving inputs from MEC. This is consistent with functional segregation in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits underlying object-place memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Vandrey
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephen Duncan
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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26
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Salaj M, Barinka F, Kubová H, Druga R. Differences in expression of calcium binding proteins in the perirhinal and retrosplenial cortex of the rat. Physiol Res 2021; 70:273-285. [PMID: 33992048 PMCID: PMC8820584 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim was to describe interneuronal population expressing calcium binding proteins calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) in the perirhinal (PRC) and retrosplenial (RSC) cortex of the rat. These two cortical areas differ strikingly in their connectivity and function, which could be caused also by different structure of the interneuronal populations. Having a precise knowledge of the cellular composition of any cerebral area forms one of the basic input parameters and tenets for computational modelling of neuronal networks and for understanding some pathological conditions, like generating and spreading of epileptic activity. PRC possesses higher absolute and relative densities of CR+ and PV+ neurons than RSC, but the CR : PV ratio is higher in the RSC, which is similar to the neocortex. The bipolar/bitufted neurons are most common type of CR+ population, while the majority of PV+ neurons show multipolar morphology. Current results indicate that main difference between analysed areas is in density of CR+ neurons, which was significantly higher in the PRC. Our results coupled with works of other authors show that there are significant differences in the interneuronal composition and distribution of heretofore seemingly similar transitional cortical areas. These results may contribute to the better understanding of the mechanism of function of this cortical region in normal and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salaj
- Department of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic.
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27
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Ameen-Ali KE, Sivakumaran MH, Eacott MJ, O'Connor AR, Ainge JA, Easton A. Perirhinal cortex and the recognition of relative familiarity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107439. [PMID: 33862223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous object recognition (SOR) is a widely used task of recognition memory in rodents which relies on their propensity to explore novel (or relatively novel) objects. Network models typically define perirhinal cortex as a region required for recognition of previously seen objects largely based on findings that lesions or inactivations of this area produce SOR deficits. However, relatively little is understood about the relationship between the activity of cells in the perirhinal cortex that signal novelty and familiarity and the behavioural responses of animals in the SOR task. Previous studies have used objects that are either highly familiar or absolutely novel, but everyday memory is for objects that sit on a spectrum of familiarity which includes objects that have been seen only a few times, or objects that are similar to objects which have been previously experienced. We present two studies that explore cellular activity (through c-fos imaging) within perirhinal cortex of rats performing SOR where the familiarity of objects has been manipulated. Despite robust recognition memory performance, we show no significant changes in perirhinal activity related to the level of familiarity of the objects. Reasons for this lack of familiarity-related modulation in perirhinal cortex activity are discussed. The current findings support emerging evidence that perirhinal responses to novelty are complex and that task demands are critical to the involvement of perirhinal cortex in the control of object recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar E Ameen-Ali
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK; Department of Psychology, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Madeline J Eacott
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Akira R O'Connor
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Alexander Easton
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK; Centre for Learning and Memory Processes, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK
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28
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Lee SM, Jin SW, Park SB, Park EH, Lee CH, Lee HW, Lim HY, Yoo SW, Ahn JR, Shin J, Lee SA, Lee I. Goal-directed interaction of stimulus and task demand in the parahippocampal region. Hippocampus 2021; 31:717-736. [PMID: 33394547 PMCID: PMC8359334 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus and parahippocampal region are essential for representing episodic memories involving various spatial locations and objects, and for using those memories for future adaptive behavior. The “dual‐stream model” was initially formulated based on anatomical characteristics of the medial temporal lobe, dividing the parahippocampal region into two streams that separately process and relay spatial and nonspatial information to the hippocampus. Despite its significance, the dual‐stream model in its original form cannot explain recent experimental results, and many researchers have recognized the need for a modification of the model. Here, we argue that dividing the parahippocampal region into spatial and nonspatial streams a priori may be too simplistic, particularly in light of ambiguous situations in which a sensory cue alone (e.g., visual scene) may not allow such a definitive categorization. Upon reviewing evidence, including our own, that reveals the importance of goal‐directed behavioral responses in determining the relative involvement of the parahippocampal processing streams, we propose the Goal‐directed Interaction of Stimulus and Task‐demand (GIST) model. In the GIST model, input stimuli such as visual scenes and objects are first processed by both the postrhinal and perirhinal cortices—the postrhinal cortex more heavily involved with visual scenes and perirhinal cortex with objects—with relatively little dependence on behavioral task demand. However, once perceptual ambiguities are resolved and the scenes and objects are identified and recognized, the information is then processed through the medial or lateral entorhinal cortex, depending on whether it is used to fulfill navigational or non‐navigational goals, respectively. As complex sensory stimuli are utilized for both navigational and non‐navigational purposes in an intermixed fashion in naturalistic settings, the hippocampus may be required to then put together these experiences into a coherent map to allow flexible cognitive operations for adaptive behavior to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Hee Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jae Rong Ahn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jhoseph Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Kajiwara R, Tominaga T. Perirhinal cortex area 35 controls the functional link between the perirhinal and entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry: D-type potassium channel-mediated gating of neural propagation from the perirhinal cortex to the entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000084. [PMID: 33236360 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In several experimental conditions, neuronal excitation at the perirhinal cortex (PC) does not propagate to the entorhinal cortex (EC) due to a "wall" of inhibition, which may help to create functional coupling and un-coupling of the PC and EC in the medial temporal lobe. However, little is known regarding the coupling control process. Herein, we propose that the deep layer of area 35 in the PC plays a pivotal role in opening the gate for coupling, thus allowing the activity in the PC to propagate to the EC. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging for the brain slices of rodents, we show that a slowly inactivating potassium conductance in this area is essential to induce excitation overtaking the inhibitory control. This coupling between the distinct neural circuits persists for at least 1 h. We elucidate further implications of this network-level plastic behavior and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Kajiwara
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Systems, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
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30
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Ahuja N, Lobellová V, Stuchlík A, Kelemen E. Navigation in a Space With Moving Objects: Rats Can Avoid Specific Locations Defined With Respect to a Moving Robot. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:576350. [PMID: 33281571 PMCID: PMC7689095 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.576350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can organize their behavior with respect to other moving animals or objects; when hunting or escaping a predator, when migrating in groups or during various social interactions. In rats, we aimed to characterize spatial behaviors relative to moving objects and to explore the cognitive mechanisms controlling these behaviors. Three groups of animals were trained to avoid a mild foot-shock delivered in one of three positions: either in front, on the left side, or on the right side of a moving robot. We showed the rats can recognize and avoid these specific areas. The avoidance behavior specific for the left or right side of the robot demonstrated animals not only react to "simple" stimuli such as increasing noise level or growing retinal image of an approaching object, but they process their spatial position relative to the object. Using an all-white robot without prominent visual patterns that would distinguish its different sides, we showed that the behavior does not depend on responses to prominent visual patterns, but that the rats can guide their navigation according to geometrical spatial relationship relative to the moving object. Rats' competence for navigation in space defined by a moving object resembles navigation abilities in stationary space. Recording of hippocampal single unit activity during rat's interaction with the robot proved feasibility of the task to uncover neuronal mechanism of this type of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ahuja
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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31
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Sethumadhavan N, Hoang TH, Strauch C, Manahan-Vaughan D. Involvement of the Postrhinal and Perirhinal Cortices in Microscale and Macroscale Visuospatial Information Encoding. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:556645. [PMID: 33192363 PMCID: PMC7584114 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.556645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the postrhinal cortex (POR) is a critical center for the integration of egocentric and allocentric spatial information, the perirhinal cortex (PRC) plays an important role in the encoding of objects that supports spatial learning. The POR and PRC send afferents to the hippocampus, a structure that builds complex associative memories from the spatial experience. Hippocampal encoding of item-place experience is accompanied by the nuclear expression of immediate early gene (IEGs). Subfields of the Cornus ammonius and subregions of the hippocampus exhibit differentiated and distinct encoding responses, depending on whether the spatial location and relationships of large highly visible items (macroscale encoding) or small partially concealed items (microscale encoding), is learned. But to what extent the PRC and POR support hippocampal processing of different kinds of item-place representations is unclear. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we examined the effect of macroscale (overt, landmark) and microscale (subtle, discrete) item-place learning on the nuclear expression of the IEG, Arc. We observed an increase in Arc mRNA in the caudal part of PRC area 35 and the caudal part of the POR after macroscale, but not microscale item-place learning. The caudal part of PRC area 36, the rostral and middle parts of PRC areas 35 and 36, as well as the middle part of the POR responded to neither type of item. These results suggest that macroscale items may contain a strong identity component that is processed by specific compartments of the PRC and POR. In contrast small, microscale items are not encoded by the POR or PRC, indicating that item dimensions may play a role in the involvement of these structures in item processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Sethumadhavan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thu-Huong Hoang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Strauch
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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32
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de Lima MAX, Baldo MVC, Canteras NS. Revealing a Cortical Circuit Responsive to Predatory Threats and Mediating Contextual Fear Memory. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3074-3090. [PMID: 30085040 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral part of the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMv) receives substantial inputs from hypothalamic sites that are highly responsive to a live predator or its odor trace and represents an important thalamic hub for conveying predatory threat information to the cerebral cortex. In the present study, we begin by examining the cortico-amygdalar-hippocampal projections of the main AMv cortical targets, namely, the caudal prelimbic, rostral anterior cingulate, and medial visual areas, as well as the rostral part of the ventral retrosplenial area, one of the main targets of the anterior cingulate area. We observed that these areas form a clear cortical network. Next, we revealed that in animals exposed to a live cat, all of the elements of this circuit presented a differential increase in Fos, supporting the idea of a predator threat-responsive cortical network. Finally, we showed that bilateral cytotoxic lesions in each element of this cortical network did not change innate fear responses but drastically reduced contextual conditioning to the predator-associated environment. Overall, the present findings suggest that predator threat has an extensive representation in the cerebral cortex and revealed a cortical network that is responsive to predatory threats and exerts a critical role in processing fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Vinicius C Baldo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Newton Sabino Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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33
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Melzer S, Monyer H. Diversity and function of corticopetal and corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:499-515. [PMID: 32747763 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is still widely thought that cortical projections to distant brain areas derive by and large from glutamatergic neurons. However, an increasing number of reports provide evidence that cortical GABAergic neurons comprise a smaller population of 'projection neurons' in addition to the well-known and much-studied interneurons. GABAergic long-range axons that derive from, or project to, cortical areas are thought to entrain distant brain areas for efficient information transfer and processing. Research conducted over the past 10 years has revealed that cortical GABAergic projection neurons are highly diverse in terms of molecular marker expression, synaptic targeting (identity of targeted cell types), activity pattern during distinct behavioural states and precise temporal recruitment relative to ongoing neuronal network oscillations. As GABAergic projection neurons connect many cortical areas unidirectionally or bidirectionally, it is safe to assume that they participate in the modulation of a whole series of behavioural and cognitive functions. We expect future research to examine how long-range GABAergic projections fine-tune activity in distinct distant networks and how their recruitment alters the behaviours that are supported by these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Melzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Kuruvilla MV, Wilson DIG, Ainge JA. Lateral entorhinal cortex lesions impair both egocentric and allocentric object-place associations. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820939463. [PMID: 32954005 PMCID: PMC7479866 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820939463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During navigation, landmark processing is critical either for generating
an allocentric-based cognitive map or in facilitating egocentric-based
strategies. Increasing evidence from manipulation and single-unit
recording studies has highlighted the role of the entorhinal cortex in
processing landmarks. In particular, the lateral (LEC) and medial
(MEC) sub-regions of the entorhinal cortex have been shown to attend
to proximal and distal landmarks, respectively. Recent studies have
identified a further dissociation in cue processing between the LEC
and MEC based on spatial frames of reference. Neurons in the LEC
preferentially encode egocentric cues while those in the MEC encode
allocentric cues. In this study, we assessed the impact of disrupting
the LEC on landmark-based spatial memory in both egocentric and
allocentric reference frames. Animals that received excitotoxic
lesions of the LEC were significantly impaired, relative to controls,
on both egocentric and allocentric versions of an object–place
association task. Notably, LEC lesioned animals performed at chance on
the egocentric version but above chance on the allocentric version.
There was no significant difference in performance between the two
groups on an object recognition and spatial T-maze task. Taken
together, these results indicate that the LEC plays a role in feature
integration more broadly and in specifically processing spatial
information within an egocentric reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh V Kuruvilla
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - David I G Wilson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Sun Y, Jin S, Lin X, Chen L, Qiao X, Jiang L, Zhou P, Johnston KG, Golshani P, Nie Q, Holmes TC, Nitz DA, Xu X. CA1-projecting subiculum neurons facilitate object-place learning. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1857-1870. [PMID: 31548723 PMCID: PMC6819262 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent anatomical evidence suggests a functionally significant back-projection pathway from the subiculum to the CA1. Here we show that the afferent circuitry of CA1-projecting subicular neurons is biased by inputs from CA1 inhibitory neurons and the visual cortex, but lacks input from the entorhinal cortex. Efferents of the CA1-projecting subiculum neurons also target the perirhinal cortex, an area strongly implicated in object-place learning. We identify a critical role for CA1-projecting subicular neurons in object-location learning and memory, and show that this projection modulates place-specific activity of CA1 neurons and their responses to displaced objects. Together, these experiments reveal a novel pathway by which cortical inputs, particularly those from the visual cortex, reach the hippocampal output region CA1. Our findings also implicate this circuitry in the formation of complex spatial representations and learning of object-place associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Suoqin Jin
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Statistics and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Nitz
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Nilssen ES, Doan TP, Nigro MJ, Ohara S, Witter MP. Neurons and networks in the entorhinal cortex: A reappraisal of the lateral and medial entorhinal subdivisions mediating parallel cortical pathways. Hippocampus 2019; 29:1238-1254. [PMID: 31408260 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to reappraise the organization of intrinsic and extrinsic networks of the entorhinal cortex with a focus on the concept of parallel cortical connectivity streams. The concept of two entorhinal areas, the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, belonging to two parallel input-output streams mediating the encoding and storage of respectively what and where information hinges on the claim that a major component of their cortical connections is with the perirhinal cortex and postrhinal or parahippocampal cortex in, respectively, rodents or primates. In this scenario, the lateral entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex are connectionally associated and likewise the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex and the medial entorhinal cortex are partners. In contrast, here we argue that the connectivity matrix emphasizes the potential of substantial integration of cortical information through interactions between the two entorhinal subdivisions and between the perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices, but most importantly through a new observation that the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex projects to both lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. We suggest that entorhinal inputs provide the hippocampus with high-order complex representations of the external environment, its stability, as well as apparent changes either as an inherent feature of a biological environment or as the result of navigating the environment. This thus indicates that the current connectional model of the parahippocampal region as part of the medial temporal lobe memory system needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik S Nilssen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maximiliano J Nigro
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Dannenberg H, Alexander AS, Robinson JC, Hasselmo ME. The Role of Hierarchical Dynamical Functions in Coding for Episodic Memory and Cognition. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1271-1289. [PMID: 31251890 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral research in human verbal memory function led to the initial definition of episodic memory and semantic memory. A complete model of the neural mechanisms of episodic memory must include the capacity to encode and mentally reconstruct everything that humans can recall from their experience. This article proposes new model features necessary to address the complexity of episodic memory encoding and recall in the context of broader cognition and the functional properties of neurons that could contribute to this broader scope of memory. Many episodic memory models represent individual snapshots of the world with a sequence of vectors, but a full model must represent complex functions encoding and retrieving the relations between multiple stimulus features across space and time on multiple hierarchical scales. Episodic memory involves not only the space and time of an agent experiencing events within an episode but also features shown in neurophysiological data such as coding of speed, direction, boundaries, and objects. Episodic memory includes not only a spatio-temporal trajectory of a single agent but also segments of spatio-temporal trajectories for other agents and objects encountered in the environment consistent with data on encoding the position and angle of sensory features of objects and boundaries. We will discuss potential interactions of episodic memory circuits in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex with distributed neocortical circuits that must represent all features of human cognition.
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Suter EE, Weiss C, Disterhoft JF. Differential responsivity of neurons in perirhinal cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, and dentate gyrus during time-bridging learning. Hippocampus 2019; 29:511-526. [PMID: 30311282 PMCID: PMC6615905 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on the function of hippocampal region CA1 as a critical site for associative memory, but much less is known about changes in the afferents to CA1. Here we report the activity of multiple single neurons from perirhinal and entorhinal cortex and from dentate gyrus during trace eyeblink conditioning as well as consolidated recall, and in pseudo-conditioned control rabbits. We also report an analysis of theta activity filtered from the local field potential (LFP). Our results show early associative changes in single-neuron firing rate as well as theta oscillations in lateral entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate gyrus (DG), and increases in the number of responsive neurons in perirhinal cortex. In both EC and DG, a subset of neurons from conditioned animals exhibited an elevated baseline firing rate and large responses to the conditioned stimulus and trace period. A similar population of cells has been seen in DG and in medial, but not lateral, EC during spatial tasks, suggesting that lateral EC contains cells responsive to a temporal associative task. In contrast to recent studies in our laboratory that found significant CA1 contributions to long-term memory, the activity profiles of neurons within EC and DG were similar for conditioned and pseudoconditioned rabbits during post-consolidation sessions. Collectively these results demonstrate that individual subregions of medial temporal lobe differentially support new and remotely acquired memories. Neuron firing profiles were similar on training trials when conditioned responses were and were not exhibited, demonstrating that these temporal lobe regions represent the CS-US association and do not control the behavioral response. The analysis of theta activity revealed that theta power was modulated by the conditioning stimuli in both the conditioned and pseudoconditioned groups and that although both groups exhibited a resetting of phase to the corneal airpuff, only the conditioned group exhibited a resetting of phase to the whisker conditioned stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie E Suter
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig Weiss
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Yeung LK, Olsen RK, Hong B, Mihajlovic V, D'Angelo MC, Kacollja A, Ryan JD, Barense MD. Object-in-place Memory Predicted by Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex Volume in Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:711-729. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral portion of the entorhinal cortex is one of the first brain regions affected by tau pathology, an important biomarker for Alzheimer disease. Improving our understanding of this region's cognitive role may help identify better cognitive tests for early detection of Alzheimer disease. Based on its functional connections, we tested the idea that the human anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) may play a role in integrating spatial information into object representations. We recently demonstrated that the volume of the alERC was related to processing the spatial relationships of the features within an object [Yeung, L. K., Olsen, R. K., Bild-Enkin, H. E. P., D'Angelo, M. C., Kacollja, A., McQuiggan, D. A., et al. Anterolateral entorhinal cortex volume predicted by altered intra-item configural processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 5527–5538, 2017]. In this study, we investigated whether the human alERC might also play a role in processing the spatial relationships between an object and its environment using an eye-tracking task that assessed visual fixations to a critical object within a scene. Guided by rodent work, we measured both object-in-place memory, the association of an object with a given context [Wilson, D. I., Langston, R. F., Schlesiger, M. I., Wagner, M., Watanabe, S., & Ainge, J. A. Lateral entorhinal cortex is critical for novel object-context recognition. Hippocampus, 23, 352–366, 2013], and object-trace memory, the memory for the former location of objects [Tsao, A., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. Traces of experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Current Biology, 23, 399–405, 2013]. In a group of older adults with varying stages of brain atrophy and cognitive decline, we found that the volume of the alERC and the volume of the parahippocampal cortex selectively predicted object-in-place memory, but not object-trace memory. These results provide support for the notion that the alERC may integrate spatial information into object representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | | | | | | | - Arber Kacollja
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
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Høydal ØA, Skytøen ER, Andersson SO, Moser MB, Moser EI. Object-vector coding in the medial entorhinal cortex. Nature 2019; 568:400-404. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Rhythmic Pruning of Perceptual Noise for Object Representation in the Hippocampus and Perirhinal Cortex in Rats. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2362-2376.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Baruchin LJ, Ranson A, Good M, Crunelli V. Absence of Neuronal Response Modulation with Familiarity in Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 394:23-29. [PMID: 30342199 PMCID: PMC6280024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LFP responses to images could be observed in the mouse PRH – which can be used to translate to human studies. Under passive head-restrained viewing condition no familiarity response modulation could be observed in the PRH. When many novel complex images are presented familiarity modulation could be observed as upstream as V1.
The perirhinal cortex (PRH) is considered a crucial cortical area for familiarity memory and electrophysiological studies have reported the presence of visual familiarity encoding neurons in PRH. However, recent evidence has questioned the existence of these neurons. Here, we used a visual task in which head-restrained mice were passively exposed to oriented gratings or natural images. Evoked potentials and single-unit recordings showed evoked responses to novelty in V1 under some conditions. However, the PRH showed no response modulation with respect to familiarity under a variety of different conditions or retention delays. These results indicate that the PRH does not contribute to familiarity/novelty encoding using passively exposed visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad J Baruchin
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Adam Ranson
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark Good
- Department of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Malta University, Msida, Malta.
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43
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Newell AJ, Lalitsasivimol D, Willing J, Gonzales K, Waters EM, Milner TA, McEwen BS, Wagner CK. Progesterone receptor expression in cajal-retzius cells of the developing rat dentate gyrus: Potential role in hippocampus-dependent memory. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2285-2300. [PMID: 30069875 PMCID: PMC6193812 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of medial temporal lobe circuits is critical for subsequent learning and memory functions later in life. The present study reports the expression of progesterone receptor (PR), a powerful transcription factor of the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily, in Cajal-Retzius cells of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats. PR was transiently expressed from the day of birth through postnatal day 21, but was absent thereafter. Although PR immunoreactive (PR-ir) cells did not clearly express typical markers of mature neurons, they possessed an ultrastructural morphology consistent with neurons. PRir cells did not express markers for GABAergic neurons, neuronal precursor cells, nor radial glia. However, virtually all PR cells co-expressed the calcium binding protein, calretinin, and the glycoprotein, reelin, both reliable markers for Cajal-Retzius neurons, a transient population of developmentally critical pioneer neurons that guide synaptogenesis of perforant path afferents and histogenesis of the dentate gyrus. Indeed, inhibition of PR activity during the first two weeks of life impaired adult performance on both the novel object recognition and object placement memory tasks, two behavioral tasks hypothesized to describe facets of episodic-like memory in rodents. These findings suggest that PR plays an unexplored and important role in the development of hippocampal circuitry and adult memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Newell
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Research’, 1400 Washington Ave., University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Diana Lalitsasivimol
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Research’, 1400 Washington Ave., University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, 603 E Daniel St., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Keith Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Research’, 1400 Washington Ave., University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Elizabeth M. Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61, St New York, NY 1006521
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Christine K. Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Research’, 1400 Washington Ave., University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222
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Burke SN, Gaynor LS, Barnes CA, Bauer RM, Bizon JL, Roberson ED, Ryan L. Shared Functions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices: Implications for Cognitive Aging. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:349-359. [PMID: 29555181 PMCID: PMC5970964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A predominant view of perirhinal cortex (PRC) and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex (POR/PHC) function contends that these structures are tuned to represent objects and spatial information, respectively. However, known anatomical connectivity, together with recent electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data, indicate that both brain areas participate in spatial and nonspatial processing. Instead of content-based organization, the PRC and PHC/POR may participate in two computationally distinct cortical-hippocampal networks: one network that is tuned to process coarse information quickly, forming gist-like representations of scenes/environments, and a second network tuned to process information about the specific sensory details that are necessary for discrimination across sensory modalities. The available data suggest that the latter network may be more vulnerable in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Leslie S Gaynor
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Neural Systems Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Ahn JR, Lee I. Neural Correlates of Both Perception and Memory for Objects in the Rodent Perirhinal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3856-3868. [PMID: 28444371 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its anatomical positioning as an interface between the perceptual and memory systems, the perirhinal cortex (PER) has long been considered dedicated for object recognition memory. Whether the PER is also involved in object perception has been intensely debated in recent studies, but physiological evidence has been lacking. We recorded single units from the PER while the rat made categorical responses immediately after sampling a visual object as the originally learned objects were ambiguously morphed to varying degrees. Some neurons in the PER changed their firing rates monotonically following the gradual changes across the morphed objects as if they coded perceptual changes of the object stimuli. However, other neurons abruptly changed their firing rates according to the response categories associated with the morphed objects, seemingly responding to the learned relationships between the stimulus and its associated choice response. The gradual and abrupt changes in object-tuning properties were also found at the neural population level. Furthermore, the object-associated tuning characteristics of neurons in the PER were more readily observable in correct trials than in error trials. Our findings suggest that neurons in the PER represent perceptual details of an object in addition to its mnemonic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Rong Ahn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Ben Mimouna S, Chemek M, Boughammoura S, Haouas Z, Messaoudi I. Protective role of zinc against the neurotoxicity induced by exposure to cadmium during gestation and lactation periods on hippocampal volume of pups tested in early adulthood. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 41:424-433. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1461901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Ben Mimouna
- LR11ES41: Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Chemek
- LR11ES41: Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sana Boughammoura
- LR11ES41: Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zohra Haouas
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, Cytologie et Génétique (02/UR/08-03), Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie Environnementale, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
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Miranda M, Bekinschtein P. Plasticity Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 370:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Connor CE, Knierim JJ. Integration of objects and space in perception and memory. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1493-1503. [PMID: 29073645 PMCID: PMC5920781 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Distinct processing of objects and space has been an organizing principle for studying higher-level vision and medial temporal lobe memory. Here, however, we discuss how object and spatial information are in fact closely integrated in vision and memory. The ventral, object-processing visual pathway carries precise spatial information, transformed from retinotopic coordinates into relative dimensions. At the final stages of the ventral pathway, including the dorsal anterior temporal lobe (TEd), object-sensitive neurons are intermixed with neurons that process large-scale environmental space. TEd projects primarily to perirhinal cortex (PRC), which in turn projects to lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). PRC and LEC also combine object and spatial information. For example, PRC and LEC neurons exhibit place fields that are evoked by landmark objects or the remembered locations of objects. Thus, spatial information, on both local and global scales, is deeply integrated into the ventral (temporal) object-processing pathway in vision and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Connor
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Postnatal development of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 63:27-37. [PMID: 28859888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human neuropsychiatric disorders, there are functional and anatomical abnormalities of GABAergic interneurons in each temporal cortex subregion. Furthermore, accumulation of amyloid-β is observed in the temporal cortex in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Each subregion of the temporal cortex has an important role in coordinating the input and output of the hippocampus. When subregions of the temporal cortex are impaired, memory and learning ability decrease. GABAergic interneurons control excitatory neurons, forming the cortico-cortical and cortico-hippocampal networks. However, in temporal cortex subregions, details of the distribution and developmental processes of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) have not been elucidated. Here we examined the development of GABAergic interneurons and PNNs in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Results indicate that temporal cortex GABAergic interneurons have developmental stages different to those of the primary sensory cortex. In addition, the density of PNNs in the temporal cortex is lower than that in the sensory cortex. Furthermore, we found that the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-reactive extracellular matrix molecule is present in the upper level of layer 1 of the temporal cortex. These results support the idea that mouse temporal cortex subregions develop differently from other cortical regions and have region-specific characteristics after maturation. The present study results suggested that the structure of the temporal cortex is significantly different from the sensory cortex and that temporal cortex may be highly vulnerable to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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Attenuated Activity across Multiple Cell Types and Reduced Monosynaptic Connectivity in the Aged Perirhinal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8965-8974. [PMID: 28821661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0531-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER), which is critical for associative memory and stimulus discrimination, has been described as a wall of inhibition between the neocortex and hippocampus. With advanced age, rats show deficits on PER-dependent behavioral tasks and fewer PER principal neurons are activated by stimuli, but the role of PER interneurons in these altered circuit properties in old age has not been characterized. In the present study, PER neurons were recorded while rats traversed a circular track bidirectionally in which the track was either empty or contained eight novel objects evenly spaced around the track. Putative interneurons were discriminated from principal cells based on the autocorrelogram, waveform parameters, and firing rate. While object modulation of interneuron firing was observed in both young and aged rats, PER interneurons recorded from old animals had lower firing rates compared with those from young animals. This difference could not be accounted for by differences in running speed, as the firing rates of PER interneurons did not show significant velocity modulation. Finally, in the aged rats, relative to young rats, there was a significant reduction in detected excitatory and inhibitory monosynaptic connections. Together these data suggest that with advanced age there may be reduced afferent drive from excitatory cells onto interneurons that may compromise the wall of inhibition between the hippocampus and cortex. This circuit dysfunction could erode the function of temporal lobe networks and ultimately contribute to cognitive aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that lower firing rates observed in aged perirhinal cortical principal cells are associated with weaker interneuron activity and reduced monosynaptic coupling between excitatory and inhibitory cells. This is likely to affect feedforward inhibition from the perirhinal to the entorhinal cortex that gates the flow of information to the hippocampus. This is significant because cognitive dysfunction in normative and pathological aging has been linked to hyperexcitability in the aged CA3 subregion of the hippocampus in rats, monkeys, and humans. The reduced inhibition in the perirhinal cortex reported here could contribute to this circuit imbalance, and may be a key point to consider for therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring network function to optimize cognition.
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