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Ren Z, Yue L, Hu HY, Hou XL, Chen WQ, Tan Y, Dong Z, Zhang J. Identification of Novel NSD1 variations in four Pediatric cases with sotos Syndrome. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:116. [PMID: 38684994 PMCID: PMC11059674 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sotos syndrome (SOTOS) is an uncommon genetic condition that manifests itself with the following distinctive features: prenatal overgrowth, facial abnormalities, and intellectual disability. This disorder is often associated with haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor-binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1)gene. We investigated four pediatric cases characterized by early-onset overgrowth and developmental delay. The primary objective of this study was to achieve accurate genetic diagnoses. DESIGN&METHODS A sequential analysis approach comprising chromosomal karyotyping, whole exome sequencing, and microarray analysis was conducted. RESULTS All four cases exhibited variations in the NSD1 gene, with the identification of four previously unreported de novo variants, each specific to one case.Specifically, Case 1 carried the NSD1 (NM_022455): c.2686 C > T(p.Q896X) variant, Case 2 had the NSD1 (NM_022455): c.2858_2859delCT(p.S953X) variant, Case 3 displayed a chromosomal aberration, chr5: 5q35.2q35.3(176,516,604-176,639,249)×1, which encompassed the 5'-untranslated region of NSD1, and Case 4 harbored the NSD1 (NM_022455): c.6397T > G(p.C2133G) variant. CONCLUSION This study not only provided precise diagnoses for these cases but also supplied significant evidence to facilitate informed consultations. Furthermore, our findings expanded the spectrum of mutations associated with SOTOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Rehabilitation, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hua-Ying Hu
- Birth Defects Prevention and Control Technology Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Hou
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 16 Tangu-North Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Qi Chen
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 16 Tangu-North Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ya Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 16 Tangu-North Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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2
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Oka A, Inubushi T, Kani R, Yamashiro T. Orthodontic Management of Severe Hypodontia and Impacted Maxillary Second Molars in a Patient with Sotos Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023:10556656231201834. [PMID: 37735913 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231201834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by distinct craniofacial features, overgrowth in childhood, and impaired intellectual development. We herein report the successful orthodontic treatment of a 14-year-old boy with Sotos syndrome caused by a heterozygous mutation in the NSD1 gene. He showed severe hypodontia, impaction of the maxillary second molars and a skeletal Class III jaw-base relationship. Orthodontic management, including space control by protraction of the maxillary first molars and traction of the impacted molars, was performed using fixed appliances and miniscrews. As a result, acceptable occlusion was obtained without any discernible relapse 18 months postretention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Oka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Renshiro Kani
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Molecular Analysis and Reclassification of NSD1 Gene Variants in a Cohort of Patients with Clinical Suspicion of Sotos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020295. [PMID: 36833222 PMCID: PMC9956575 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 (nuclear receptor binding SET domain containing protein 1) gene. No clinical diagnostic consensus criteria are published yet, and molecular analysis reduces the clinical diagnostic uncertainty. We screened 1530 unrelated patients enrolled from 2003 to 2021 at Galliera Hospital and Gaslini Institute in Genoa. NSD1 variants were identified in 292 patients including nine partial gene deletions, 13 microdeletions of the entire NSD1 gene, and 115 novel intragenic variants never previously described. Thirty-two variants of uncertain significance (VUS) out of 115 identified were re-classified. Twenty-five missense NSD1 VUS (25/32, 78.1%) changed class to likely pathogenic or likely benign, showing a highly significant shift in class (p < 0.01). Apart from NSD1, we identified variants in additional genes (NFIX, PTEN, EZH2, TCF20, BRWD3, PPP2R5D) in nine patients analyzed by the NGS custom panel. We describe the evolution of diagnostic techniques in our laboratory to ascertain molecular diagnosis, the identification of 115 new variants, and the re-classification of 25 VUS in NSD1. We underline the utility of sharing variant classification and the need to improve communication between the laboratory staff and the referring physician.
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Macrae TA, Fothergill-Robinson J, Ramalho-Santos M. Regulation, functions and transmission of bivalent chromatin during mammalian development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:6-26. [PMID: 36028557 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells differentiate and progress through development guided by a dynamic chromatin landscape that mediates gene expression programmes. During development, mammalian cells display a paradoxical chromatin state: histone modifications associated with gene activation (trimethylated histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3)) and with gene repression (trimethylated H3 Lys27 (H3K27me3)) co-occur at promoters of developmental genes. This bivalent chromatin modification state is thought to poise important regulatory genes for expression or repression during cell-lineage specification. In this Review, we discuss recent work that has expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of bivalent chromatin and its contributions to mammalian development. We describe the factors that establish bivalency, especially histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2B (KMT2B) and Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and consider evidence indicating that PRC1 shapes bivalency and may contribute to its transmission between generations. We posit that bivalency is a key feature of germline and embryonic stem cells, as well as other types of stem and progenitor cells. Finally, we discuss the relevance of bivalent chromtin to human development and cancer, and outline avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Macrae
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Julie Fothergill-Robinson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miguel Ramalho-Santos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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Apgar TL, Sanders CR. Compendium of causative genes and their encoded proteins for common monogenic disorders. Protein Sci 2022; 31:75-91. [PMID: 34515378 PMCID: PMC8740837 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A compendium is presented of inherited monogenic disorders that have a prevalence of >1:20,000 in the human population, along with their causative genes and encoded proteins. "Simple" monogenic diseases are those for which the clinical features are caused by mutations impacting a single gene, usually in a manner that alters the sequence of the encoded protein. Of course, for a given "monogenic disorder", there is sometimes more than one potential disease gene, mutations in any one of which is sufficient to cause phenotypes of that disorder. Disease-causing mutations for monogenic disorders are usually passed on from generation to generation in a Mendelian fashion, and originate from spontaneous (de novo) germline founder mutations. In the past monogenic disorders have often been written off as targets for drug discovery because they sometimes are assumed to be rare disorders, for which the meager projected financial payoff of drug discovery and development has discouraged investment. However, not all monogenic diseases are rare. Here, we report that that currently available data identifies 72 disorders with a prevalence of at least 1 in 20,000 humans. For each, we tabulate the gene(s) for which mutations cause the spectrum of phenotypes associated with that disorder. We also identify the gene and protein that most commonly causes each disease. 34 of these disorders are caused exclusively by mutations in only a single gene and encoded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker L. Apgar
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural BiologyVanderbilt University School of Medicine Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural BiologyVanderbilt University School of Medicine Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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6
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Lenherr-Taube N, Young EJ, Furman M, Elia Y, Assor E, Chitayat D, Uster T, Kirwin S, Robbins K, Vinette KMB, Daneman A, Marshall CR, Collins C, Thummel K, Sochett E, Levine MA. Mild Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia-Part 1: Biochemical and Genetic Findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2915-2937. [PMID: 34125233 PMCID: PMC8475208 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH), an uncommon disorder characterized by elevated serum concentrations of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, may present with mild to severe hypercalcemia during the first months of life. Biallelic variants in the CYP24A1 or SLC34A1 genes are associated with severe IIH. Little is known about milder forms. OBJECTIVE This work aims to characterize the genetic associations and biochemical profile of mild IIH. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study including children between age 6 months and 17 years with IIH who were followed in the Calcium Clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Canada. Twenty children with mild IIH on calcium-restricted diets were evaluated. We performed a dietary assessment and analyzed biochemical measures including vitamin D metabolites and performed a stepwise molecular genetic analysis. Complementary biochemical assessments and renal ultrasounds were offered to first-degree family members of positive probands. RESULTS The median age was 16 months. Median serum levels of calcium (2.69 mmol/L), urinary calcium:creatinine ratio (0.72 mmol/mmol), and 1,25(OH)2D (209 pmol/L) were elevated, whereas intact PTH was low normal (22.5 ng/L). Mean 1,25(OH)2D/PTH and 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D ratios were increased by comparison to healthy controls. Eleven individuals (55%) had renal calcification. Genetic variants were common (65%), with the majority being heterozygous variants in SLC34A1 and SLC34A3, while a minority showed variants of CYP24A1 and other genes related to hypercalciuria. CONCLUSION The milder form of IIH has a distinctive vitamin D metabolite profile and is primarily associated with heterozygous SLC34A1 and SLC34A3 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lenherr-Taube
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin J Young
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Furman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yesmino Elia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esther Assor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tami Uster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Kirwin
- Nemours Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Children’s Health System, Wilmington, Delaware 19802, USA
| | - Katherine Robbins
- Nemours Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Children’s Health System, Wilmington, Delaware 19802, USA
| | - Kathleen M B Vinette
- Nemours Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Children’s Health System, Wilmington, Delaware 19802, USA
| | - Alan Daneman
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of General Radiology and Body Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Collins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Center for Bone Health, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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7
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Stafford CF, Ward C, Ward SLD, Sanchez-Lara PA. Characterization of sleep habits of children with Sotos syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2815-2820. [PMID: 33893755 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SS) is a genetic disorder characterized by accelerated growth in childhood, developmental deficits, and characteristic craniofacial features. While clinicians and parents have reported unusual sleep habits, only one study by Rutter and Cole in 1991 mentioned sleep complaints (Rutter and Cole, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1991, 33, 898-902). This study aimed to characterize the sleep habits of individuals with SS. We performed a cross-sectional study of individuals with a definite, probable, or possible diagnosis of Sotos syndrome. Participants were asked to complete the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CHSQ). We compared our data to historical data available from the literature. Subjects with SS showed more sleep disturbance than typically developing individuals (TD), although their sleep onset was less likely to be delayed and their sleep duration was longer. Participants with SS also showed different sleep patterns compared to children with other forms of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Individuals with SS exhibited early bed and rise times, frequently used transitional objects, displayed repetitive motion at sleep onset, and did not show a decrease in sleep duration with age. The majority of participants fell asleep at the same time each night, in their own bed, and within 20 min, and rarely showed signs of sleepwalking or night terrors. These results improve our understanding of sleep habits of individuals with SS and may be used to guide treatment and provide normalization for children with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Ward
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sally L D Ward
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Fortin O, Vincelette C, Khan AQ, Berrahmoune S, Dassi C, Karimi M, Scheffer IE, Lu J, Davis K, Myers KA. Seizures in Sotos syndrome: Phenotyping in 49 patients. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:425-430. [PMID: 34033256 PMCID: PMC8166795 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to describe the phenotypic spectrum of seizures in Sotos syndrome, a genetic condition involving overgrowth, macrocephaly, dysmorphic features, and learning disability, in which 60%‐90% have NSD1 pathogenic variants. Patients were recruited from clinics and referral from support groups. Those with seizures and a clinical diagnosis of Sotos syndrome were included. Phenotyping data were collected via structured clinical interview and chart review. Forty‐nine patients were included. Twenty had NSD1 testing results available; of these, 15 (75%) had NSD1 pathogenic variants. Seizure onset age ranged from 3 months to 12 years. Staring spells (absence or focal impaired awareness seizure) were the most frequently reported semiology (33/49; 67%), followed by febrile seizures (25/49; 51%) and afebrile bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures (25/49; 51%). Most patients (33/49; 67%) had multiple seizure types. The majority (33/49; 67%) had seizures controlled on a single antiseizure medication or no medication. Nine (18%) had drug‐resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy syndromes included febrile seizures plus, Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, childhood absence epilepsy, and generalized tonic‐clonic seizures alone. The seizure phenotype in Sotos syndrome most commonly involves staring spells, afebrile tonic‐clonic seizures or febrile convulsions; however, other seizure types may occur. Seizures are typically well‐controlled with medication, but drug‐resistant epilepsy occurs in a minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fortin
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Vincelette
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Afsheen Q Khan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saoussen Berrahmoune
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christelle Dassi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Karimi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Flemington, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Kellie Davis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Schwaibold EMC, Beygo J, Obeid K, Jauch A, Hinderhofer K, Moog U. A boy with Silver-Russell syndrome and Sotos syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:549-554. [PMID: 33191647 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiency. It is most often caused by hypomethylation of the paternal imprinting center 1 of chromosome 11p15.5. In contrast, Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome that results either from pathogenic NSD1 gene variants or copy number variations affecting the NSD1 gene. Here, we report on a 6 month-old boy with severe short stature, relative macrocephaly, severe feeding difficulties with underweight, muscular hypotonia, motor delay, medullary nephrocalcinosis, bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment and facial dysmorphisms. SNP array revealed a 2.1 Mb de novo interstitial deletion of 5q35.2q35.3 encompassing the NSD1 gene. As Sotos syndrome could not satisfactorily explain his symptoms, diagnostic testing for SRS was initiated. It demonstrated hypomethylation of the imprinting center 1 of chromosome 11p15.5 confirming the clinically suspected SRS. We compared the symptoms of our patient with the typical clinical features of individuals with SRS and Sotos syndrome, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the very unusual coincidence of both Sotos syndrome and SRS in the same patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Beygo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Obeid
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Watanabe H, Higashimoto K, Miyake N, Morita S, Horii T, Kimura M, Suzuki T, Maeda T, Hidaka H, Aoki S, Yatsuki H, Okamoto N, Uemura T, Hatada I, Matsumoto N, Soejima H. DNA methylation analysis of multiple imprinted DMRs in Sotos syndrome reveals IGF2-DMR0 as a DNA methylation-dependent, P0 promoter-specific enhancer. FASEB J 2019; 34:960-973. [PMID: 31914674 PMCID: PMC6973060 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of NSD1, which dimethylates histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36), causes Sotos syndrome (SoS), an overgrowth syndrome. DNMT3A and DNMT3B recognizes H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) through PWWP domain to exert de novo DNA methyltransferase activity and establish imprinted differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Since decrease of H3K36me3 and genome‐wide DNA hypomethylation in SoS were observed, hypomethylation of imprinted DMRs in SoS was suggested. We explored DNA methylation status of 28 imprinted DMRs in 31 SoS patients with NSD1 defect and found that hypomethylation of IGF2‐DMR0 and IG‐DMR in a substantial proportion of SoS patients. Luciferase assay revealed that IGF2‐DMR0 enhanced transcription from the IGF2 P0 promoter but not the P3 and P4 promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative PCR (ChIP‐qPCR) revealed active enhancer histone modifications at IGF2‐DMR0, with high enrichment of H3K4me1 and H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). CRISPR‐Cas9 epigenome editing revealed that specifically induced hypomethylation at IGF2‐DMR0 increased transcription from the P0 promoter but not the P3 and P4 promoters. NSD1 knockdown suggested that NSD1 targeted IGF2‐DMR0; however, IGF2‐DMR0 DNA methylation and IGF2 expression were unaltered. This study could elucidate the function of IGF2‐DMR0 as a DNA methylation dependent, P0 promoter‐specific enhancer. NSD1 may play a role in the establishment or maintenance of IGF2‐DMR0 methylation during the postimplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Watanabe
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Ken Higashimoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Morita
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takuro Horii
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mika Kimura
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hidenori Hidaka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Saori Aoki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yatsuki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Uemura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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11
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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12
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Identification of novel genomic imbalances in Saudi patients with congenital heart disease. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:9. [PMID: 29416564 PMCID: PMC5784682 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quick genetic diagnosis of a patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) is quite important for proper health care and management. Copy number variations (CNV), chromosomal imbalances and rearrangements have been frequently associated with CHD. Previously, due to limitations of microscope based standard karyotyping techniques copious CNVs and submicroscopic imbalances could not be detected in numerous CHD patients. The aim of our study is to identify cytogenetic abnormalities among the selected CHD cases (n = 17) of the cohort using high density oligo arrays. Results Our screening study indicated that six patients (~35%) have various cytogenetic abnormalities. Among the patients, only patient 2 had a duplication whereas the rest carried various deletions. The patients 1, 4 and 6 have only single large deletions throughout their genome; a 3.2 Mb deletion on chromosome 7, a 3.35 Mb deletion on chromosome 3, and a 2.78 Mb a deletion on chromosome 2, respectively. Patients 3 and 5 have two deletions on different chromosomes. Patient 3 has deletions on chromosome 2 (2q24.1; 249 kb) and 16 (16q22.2; 1.8 Mb). Patient 4 has a 3.35 Mb an interstitial deletion on chromosome 3 (3q13.2q13.31).Based on our search on the latest available literature, our study is the first inclusive array CGH evaluation on Saudi cohort of CHD patients. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of the arrays in genetic diagnosis of CHD. Based on our results the high resolution arrays should be utilized as first-tier diagnostic tool in clinical care as suggested before by others. Moreover, previously evaluated negative CHD cases (based on standard karyotyping methods) should be re-examined by microarray based cytogenetic methods.
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Yan J, Blair HT, Liu M, Li W, He S, Chen L, Dittmer KE, Garrick DJ, Biggs PJ, Dukkipati VS. Genome-wide detection of autosomal copy number variants in several sheep breeds using Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChips. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Sio CA, Jung K, Kim JH, Cheong HS, Shin E, Jang H, Yoon M, Jang H, Shin HD. Sotos syndrome associated with Hirschsprung's disease: a new case and exome-sequencing analysis. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:87-92. [PMID: 28399120 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSotos syndrome (SoS) is an overgrowth disorder with various congenital anomalies and is usually accompanied by other clinical problems. However, anorectal malformations have not been documented as part of the SoS entity. Our objective is to report on a case of SoS associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and subsequent genetic analysis.MethodsA 2-year-old boy with SoS experienced constipation since infancy and ultimately showed an aganglionic segment in the histopathologic examination, which was followed by exome-sequencing analysis.ResultsIn the genetic test for SoS diagnosis, two novel mutations of NDS1, c.2465C>A (p.Ser822Tyr) and c.4347T>A (p.Cys1449*), were observed and verified by resequencing in the patient and his parents. In further whole-exome-sequencing analysis using the patient's blood DNA, which was followed by a comparison analysis with the results of our previously reported genome-wide association study (GWAS) of HSCR, three genes (ZNF827, FGD2, and KCNJ12) with significance for HSCR from our previous GWAS were overlapped among the genes showing variants in the exome sequencing.ConclusionThis is the first reported patient with SoS and HSCR. Further studies are required to determine whether there is a genetic relationship between SoS and HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Ann Sio
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuwhan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Miok Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lu Y, Chong PF, Kira R, Seto T, Ondo Y, Shimojima K, Yamamoto T. Mutations in NSD1 and NFIX in Three Patients with Clinical Features of Sotos Syndrome and Malan Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:234-237. [PMID: 29142766 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear receptor SET domain-containing protein 1 gene ( NSD1 ) are related to Sotos syndrome, which is characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive features, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. On the other hand, mutations in the nuclear factor I/X gene ( NFIX ) can lead to Malan syndrome, also known as Sotos-like syndrome, or to the Marshall-Smith syndrome. In this study, using next generation sequencing (NGS), we identified de novo mutations in NSD1 and NFIX in three patients with developmental disabilities associated with overgrowth or macrocephaly. Overall, we confirmed that clinical entities of congenital malformation syndromes can be expanded by molecular diagnoses via NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Lu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pin Fee Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Seto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ondo
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimojima
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Han JY, Lee IG, Jang W, Shin S, Park J, Kim M. Identification of a novel de novo nonsense mutation of the NSD1 gene in monozygotic twins discordant for Sotos syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 470:31-35. [PMID: 28457852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sotos syndrome is a congenital overgrowth disorder characterized by facial gestalt, excessively rapid growth, acromegalic features and a non-progressive cerebral disorder with intellectual disability. METHODOLOGY The identical male twins showed somewhat different clinical, cognitive and behavioural phenotypes. Abnormal clinical manifestations including seizures, scoliosis, enlarged ventricles, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were found in the proband (first twin), but not in the sibling (second twin). We used diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) to identify a heterozygous de novo mutation of the NSD1 gene in monozygotic twins with Sotos syndrome. RESULTS DES revealed a novel nonsense mutation c.2596G>T (p.Glu866*) of the NSD1 gene in the proband, the first of monozygotic twins. Sanger sequencing analysis of the proband and his family members showed that this nonsense mutation was present in the proband and his sibling, but was absent in their parents, indicating that it occurred with de novo origin. CONCLUSION This finding expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with variable expression of the Sotos syndrome caused by NSD1 mutation, and it adds further support for postconceptual mutation, epigenetic change and/or an environmental factor involved in the cause of the Sotos syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Goo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abdalla E, Bartsch O, Galetzka D, Zechner U. Novel clinical findings in the first Egyptian case of Sotos syndrome caused by complete deletion of the NSD1 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1090-1093. [PMID: 28328121 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Abdalla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Laccetta G, Moscuzza F, Michelucci A, Guzzetta A, Lunardi S, Lorenzoni F, Ghirri P. A Novel Missense Mutation of the NSD1 Gene Associated with Overgrowth in Three Generations of an Italian Family: Case Report, Differential Diagnosis, and Review of Mutations of NSD1 Gene in Familial Sotos Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:236. [PMID: 29164086 PMCID: PMC5681921 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SoS) is characterized by overgrowth of prenatal onset, learning disability, and characteristic facial appearance; it is usually due to haploinsufficiency of NSD1 gene at chromosome 5q35. An Italian child was born at 37 weeks of gestation (weight 2,910 g, 25th-50th centiles; length 50 cm, 75th centile; head circumference 36 cm, 97th centile) showing cryptorchidism on the right side, hypertelorism, dolichocephaly, broad and prominent forehead, and narrow jaw; the pregnancy was worsened by maternal preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, and his mother had a previous history of four early miscarriages. The patient showed neonatal jaundice, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, frequent vomiting, and gastroesophageal reflux. After the age of 6 months, his weight, length, and head circumference were above the 97th centile; psychomotor development was delayed. At the age of 9 years, the patient showed also joint laxity and scoliosis. DNA sequence analysis of NSD1 gene detected a novel heterozygous mutation (c.521T>A, p.Val174Asp) in exon 2. The same mutant allele was also found in the mother and in the maternal grandfather of the proband; both the mother and the maternal grandfather of the proband showed isolated overgrowth with height above the 97th centile in absence of other features of SoS. At present 23 familial cases of SoS have been described (two cases with mutation in exon 2 of NSD1 gene); no familial cases of SoS with mutation of NSD1 gene and isolated overgrowth have been reported. Probably, point mutations of NSD1 gene, and particularly mutations between exon 20 and exon 23, are not likely to affect reproductive fitness. Epigenetic mechanisms and intrauterine environment may influence phenotypes, therefore genetic tests are not useful to predict the phenotype but they are indispensable for the diagnosis of SoS. This is the first Italian familial case of SoS with genetic confirmation and the third report in which a missense mutation of NSD1 gene is found in three generations of the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Laccetta
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Moscuzza
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Michelucci
- Division of Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Guzzetta
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lunardi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Lorenzoni
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghirri
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Chen R, Lau YL, Zhang Y, Yang W. SRinversion: a tool for detecting short inversions by splitting and re-aligning poorly mapped and unmapped sequencing reads. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:3559-3565. [PMID: 27503227 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Rapid development in sequencing technologies has dramatically improved our ability to detect genetic variants in human genome. However, current methods have variable sensitivities in detecting different types of genetic variants. One type of such genetic variants that is especially hard to detect is inversions. Analysis of public databases showed that few short inversions have been reported so far. Unlike reads that contain small insertions or deletions, which will be considered through gap alignment, reads carrying short inversions often have poor mapping quality or are unmapped, thus are often not further considered. As a result, the majority of short inversions might have been overlooked and require special algorithms for their detection. RESULTS Here, we introduce SRinversion, a framework to analyze poorly mapped or unmapped reads by splitting and re-aligning them for the purpose of inversion detection. SRinversion is very sensitive to small inversions and can detect those less than 10 bp in size. We applied SRinversion to both simulated data and high-coverage sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project and compared the results with those from Pindel, BreakDancer, DELLY, Gustaf and MID. A better performance of SRinversion was achieved for both datasets for the detection of small inversions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION SRinversion is implemented in Perl and is publicly available at http://paed.hku.hk/genome/software/SRinversion/index.html CONTACT: yangwl@hku.hkSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Chen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Steric Clash in the SET Domain of Histone Methyltransferase NSD1 as a Cause of Sotos Syndrome and Its Genetic Heterogeneity in a Brazilian Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110096. [PMID: 27834868 PMCID: PMC5126782 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most histone methyltransferases (HMTase) harbor a predicted Su(var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax (SET) domain, which transfers a methyl group to a lysine residue in their substrates. Mutations of the SET domains were reported to cause intellectual disability syndromes such as Sotos, Weaver, or Kabuki syndromes. Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome with intellectual disability caused by haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene, an HMTase at 5q35.2–35.3. Here, we analyzed NSD1 in 34 Brazilian Sotos patients and identified three novel and eight known mutations. Using protein modeling and bioinformatic approaches, we evaluated the effects of one novel (I2007F) and 21 previously reported missense mutations in the SET domain. For the I2007F mutation, we observed conformational change and loss of structural stability in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations which may lead to loss-of-function of the SET domain. For six mutations near the ligand-binding site we observed in simulations steric clashes with neighboring side chains near the substrate S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding site, which may disrupt the enzymatic activity of NSD1. These results point to a structural mechanism underlying the pathology of the NSD1 missense mutations in the SET domain in Sotos syndrome. NSD1 mutations were identified in only 32% of the Brazilian Sotos patients in our study cohort suggesting other genes (including unknown disease genes) underlie the molecular etiology for the majority of these patients. Our studies also found NSD1 expression to be profound in human fetal brain and cerebellum, accounting for prenatal onset and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis seen in Sotos syndrome.
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21
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Guo X, Delio M, Haque N, Castellanos R, Hestand MS, Vermeesch JR, Morrow BE, Zheng D. Variant discovery and breakpoint region prediction for studying the human 22q11.2 deletion using BAC clone and whole genome sequencing analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3754-3767. [PMID: 27436579 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome/22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by meiotic non-allelic homologous recombination events between flanking low copy repeats termed LCR22A and LCR22D, resulting in a 3 million base pair (Mb) deletion. Due to their complex structure, large size and high sequence identity, genetic variation within LCR22s among different individuals has not been well characterized. In this study, we sequenced 13 BAC clones derived from LCR22A/D and aligned them with 15 previously available BAC sequences to create a new genetic variation map. The thousands of variants identified by this analysis were not uniformly distributed in the two LCR22s. Moreover, shared single nucleotide variants between LCR22A and LCR22D were enriched in the Breakpoint Cluster Region pseudogene (BCRP) block, suggesting the existence of a possible recombination hotspot there. Interestingly, breakpoints for atypical 22q11.2 rearrangements have previously been located to BCRPs To further explore this finding, we carried out in-depth analyses of whole genome sequence (WGS) data from two unrelated probands harbouring a de novo 3Mb 22q11.2 deletion and their normal parents. By focusing primarily on WGS reads uniquely mapped to LCR22A, using the variation map from our BAC analysis to help resolve allele ambiguity, and by performing PCR analysis, we infer that the deletion breakpoints were most likely located near or within the BCRP module. In summary, we found a high degree of sequence variation in LCR22A and LCR22D and a potential recombination breakpoint near or within the BCRP block, providing a starting point for future breakpoint mapping using additional trios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Neurology .,Department of Genetics.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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22
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Carrasco Salas P, Palma Milla C, Lezana Rosales JM, Benito C, Franco Freire S, López Siles J. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in a patient with an intragenic NSD1 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:544-546. [PMID: 26487424 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen Benito
- Fetal-Maternal Hospital, Carlos Haya Regional University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Franco Freire
- Fetal-Maternal Hospital, Carlos Haya Regional University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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23
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Okumura A, Ozaki M, Niida Y. Development of a practical NF1 genetic testing method through the pilot analysis of five Japanese families with neurofibromatosis type 1. Brain Dev 2015; 37:677-89. [PMID: 25480383 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutation analysis of NF1, the responsible gene for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), is still difficult due to its large size, lack of mutational hotspots, the presence of many pseudogenes, and its wide spectrum of mutations. To develop a simple and inexpensive NF1 genetic testing for clinical use, we analyzed five Japanese families with NF1 as a pilot study. METHODS Our original method, CEL endonuclease mediated heteroduplex incision with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining (CHIPS) was optimized for NF1 mutation screening, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the effect of transcription. Also, we employed DNA microarray analysis to evaluate the break points of the large deletion. RESULTS A new nonsense mutation, p.Gln209(∗), was detected in family 1 and the splicing donor site mutation, c.2850+1G>T, was detected in family 2. In family 3, c.4402A>G was detected in exon 34 and the p.Ser1468Gly missense mutation was predicted. However mRNA analysis revealed that this substitution created an aberrant splicing acceptor site, thereby causing the p.Phe1457(∗) nonsense mutation. In the other two families, type-1 and unique NF1 microdeletions were detected by DNA microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the combination of CHIPS and RT-PCR effectively screen and characterize NF1 point mutations, and both DNA and RNA level analysis are required to understand the nature of the NF1 mutation. Our results also suggest the possibility of a higher incidence and unique profile of NF1 large deletions in the Japanese population as compared to previous studies performed in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ozaki
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Center for Medical Genetics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yo Niida
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Center for Medical Genetics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Japan.
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Vieira GH, Cook MM, Ferreira De Lima RL, Frigério Domingues CE, de Carvalho DR, Soares de Paiva I, Moretti-Ferreira D, Srivastava AK. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in brazilian patients with sotos syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:32-8. [PMID: 25852445 DOI: 10.1159/000370169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive facial features and variable degree of intellectual disability. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35.3, arising from 5q35 microdeletions, point mutations, and partial gene deletions, accounts for a majority of patients with SoS. Recently, mutations and possible pathogenetic rare CNVs, both affecting a few candidate genes for overgrowth, have been reported in patients with Sotos-like overgrowth features. To estimate the frequency of NSD1 defects in the Brazilian SoS population and possibly reveal other genes implicated in the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome, we collected a cohort of 21 Brazilian patients, who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SoS, and analyzed the NSD1 and PTEN genes by means of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and mutational screening analyses. We identified a classical NSD1 microdeletion, a novel missense mutation (p.C1593W), and 2 previously reported truncating mutations: p.R1984X and p.V1760Gfs*2. In addition, we identified a novel de novo PTEN gene mutation (p.D312Rfs*2) in a patient with a less severe presentation of SoS phenotype, which did not include pre- and postnatal overgrowth. For the first time, our study implies PTEN in the pathogenesis of SoS and further emphasizes the existence of ethno-geographical differences in NSD1 molecular alterations between patients with SoS from Europe/North America (70-93%) and those from South America (10-19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Vieira
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Cook
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA
| | | | | | - Daniel R de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isaias Soares de Paiva
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Anand K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C., USA
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25
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Nakamura Y, Takagi M, Yoshihashi H, Miura M, Narumi S, Hasegawa T, Miyake Y, Hasegawa Y. A case with neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: It is a characteristic complication of sotos syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1171-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshihashi
- Division of Medical Genetics; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaru Miura
- Division of Cardiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Pediatrics; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Genetic Research; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
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26
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Chen CP, Lin CJ, Chern SR, Liu YP, Kuo YL, Chen YN, Wu PS, Town DD, Chen LF, Yang CW, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a 1.07-Mb microdeletion at 5q35.2-q35.3 associated with NSD1 haploinsufficiency and Sotos syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 53:583-7. [PMID: 25510705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo 5q35 microdeletion associated with Sotos syndrome. METHODS This was the first pregnancy of a 29-year-old woman. The pregnancy was uneventful until 27 weeks of gestation when left ventriculomegaly was first noted. At 31 weeks of gestation, polyhydramnios, macrocephaly, and ventriculomegaly were prominent on ultrasound, and left pyelectasis and bilateral ventriculomegaly were diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging. The woman underwent amniocentesis and cordocentesis at 32 weeks of gestation. Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed using cultured amniocytes and cord blood lymphocytes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed on uncultured amniocytes and parental blood. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on cultured lymphocytes. RESULTS Conventional cytogenetics revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. aCGH on uncultured amniocytes revealed a de novo 1.07-Mb microdeletion at 5q35.2-q35.3 encompassing NSD1. Metaphase FISH analysis on the cord blood lymphocytes confirmed the deletion at 5q35.2. The postnatal phenotype was consistent with Sotos syndrome. CONCLUSION Fetuses with Sotos syndrome may present macrocephaly, polyhydramnios, ventriculomegaly, and pyelectasis in the third trimester. aCGH and metaphase FISH are useful for rapid diagnosis of 5q35 microdeletion associated with Sotos syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Dai-Dyi Town
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Van Rechem C, Whetstine JR. Examining the impact of gene variants on histone lysine methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:1463-76. [PMID: 24859469 PMCID: PMC4752941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a boom in the amount of genome-wide sequencing data that has uncovered important and unappreciated links between certain genes, families of genes and enzymatic processes and diseases such as cancer. Such studies have highlighted the impact that chromatin modifying enzymes could have in cancer and other genetic diseases. In this review, we summarize characterized mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and histones. We primarily focus on variants with strong disease correlations and discuss how they could impact histone lysine methylation dynamics and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Van Rechem
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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28
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Novara F, Stanzial F, Rossi E, Benedicenti F, Inzana F, Di Gregorio E, Brusco A, Graakjaer J, Fagerberg C, Belligni E, Silengo M, Zuffardi O, Ciccone R. Defining the phenotype associated with microduplication reciprocal to Sotos syndrome microdeletion. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2084-90. [PMID: 24819041 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NSD1 point mutations, submicroscopic deletions and intragenic deletions are the major cause of Sotos syndrome, characterized by pre-postnatal generalized overgrowth with advanced bone age, learning disability, seizures, distinctive facial phenotype. Reverse clinical phenotype due to 5q35 microduplication encompassing NSD1 gene has been reported so far in 27 cases presenting with delayed bone age, microcephaly, failure to thrive and seizures in some cases, further supporting a gene dosage effect of NSD1 on growth regulation and neurological functions. Here we depict the clinical presentation of three new cases with 5q35 microduplication outlining a novel syndrome characterized by microcephaly, short stature, developmental delay and in some cases delayed bone maturation, without any typical facial or osseous anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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29
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Peredo J, Quintero-Rivera F, Bradley JP, Tu M, Dipple KM. Cleft Lip and Palate in a Patient with 5q35.2-q35.3 Microdeletion: The Importance of Chromosomal Microarray Testing in the Craniofacial Clinic. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 50:618-22. [DOI: 10.1597/11-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a 3½-year-old African American female with a 1.63 Mb microdeletion in 5q35.2-q35.3. This deletion includes NSD1, the gene that causes Sotos syndrome. The patient has unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) status postrepair, an unrepaired alveolar cleft, speech delay, global developmental delay, macrocephaly, mild cerebral palsy, and a patent ductus arteriosus status postrepair. Dysmorphic features include a prominent forehead and midface hypoplasia. This is one of the first cases of CLP associated with Sotos syndrome and emphasizes the utility of chromosomal microarray analysis in patients with more than isolated CLP in the Craniofacial Clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Peredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital of UCLA
| | - Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Clinical and Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - James P. Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital of UCLA, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Marinda Tu
- UCLA Craniofacial Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital of UCLA
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- UCLA Craniofacial Clinic, Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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30
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Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Dafoulis V, Kalyva E, Vargiami E. Autism spectrum disorders: the quest for genetic syndromes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:327-66. [PMID: 23650212 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disabilities with various etiologies, but with a heritability estimate of more than 90%. Although the strong correlation between autism and genetic factors has been long established, the exact genetic background of ASD remains unclear. A number of genetic syndromes manifest ASD at higher than expected frequencies compared to the general population. These syndromes account for more than 10% of all ASD cases and include tuberous sclerosis, fragile X, Down, neurofibromatosis, Angelman, Prader-Willi, Williams, Duchenne, etc. Clinicians are increasingly required to recognize genetic disorders in individuals with ASD, in terms of providing proper care and prognosis to the patient, as well as genetic counseling to the family. Vice versa, it is equally essential to identify ASD in patients with genetic syndromes, in order to ensure correct management and appropriate educational placement. During investigation of genetic syndromes, a number of issues emerge: impact of intellectual disability in ASD diagnoses, identification of autistic subphenotypes and differences from idiopathic autism, validity of assessment tools designed for idiopathic autism, possible mechanisms for the association with ASD, etc. Findings from the study of genetic syndromes are incorporated into the ongoing research on autism etiology and pathogenesis; different syndromes converge upon common biological backgrounds (such as disrupted molecular pathways and brain circuitries), which probably account for their comorbidity with autism. This review paper critically examines the prevalence and characteristics of the main genetic syndromes, as well as the possible mechanisms for their association with ASD.
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31
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Lindgren AM, Hoyos T, Talkowski ME, Hanscom C, Blumenthal I, Chiang C, Ernst C, Pereira S, Ordulu Z, Clericuzio C, Drautz JM, Rosenfeld JA, Shaffer LG, Velsher L, Pynn T, Vermeesch J, Harris DJ, Gusella JF, Liao EC, Morton CC. Haploinsufficiency of KDM6A is associated with severe psychomotor retardation, global growth restriction, seizures and cleft palate. Hum Genet 2013; 132:537-52. [PMID: 23354975 PMCID: PMC3627823 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a female subject (DGAP100) with a 46,X,t(X;5)(p11.3;q35.3)inv(5)(q35.3q35.1)dn, severe psychomotor retardation with hypotonia, global postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, globally reduced cerebral volume, seizures, facial dysmorphia and cleft palate. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the X chromosome breakpoint disrupts KDM6A in the second intron. No genes were directly disrupted on chromosome 5. KDM6A is a histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase and a histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase. Expression of KDM6A is significantly reduced in DGAP100 lymphoblastoid cells compared to control samples. We identified nine additional cases with neurodevelopmental delay and various other features consistent with the DGAP100 phenotype with copy number variation encompassing KDM6A from microarray databases. We evaluated haploinsufficiency of kdm6a in a zebrafish model. kdm6a is expressed in the pharyngeal arches and ethmoid plate of the developing zebrafish, while a kdm6a morpholino knockdown exhibited craniofacial defects. We conclude KDM6A dosage regulation is associated with severe and diverse structural defects and developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Lindgren
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatiana Hoyos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Departments of Neurology and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zehra Ordulu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Clericuzio
- Department of Pediatrics/Genetics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joanne M. Drautz
- Department of Pediatrics/Genetics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Lea Velsher
- Northwestern Ontario Regional Genetics Program, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tania Pynn
- Northwestern Ontario Regional Genetics Program, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | - David J. Harris
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Departments of Neurology and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C. Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Room 160D, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Žilina O, Reimand T, Tammur P, Tillmann V, Kurg A, Õunap K. Patient with dup(5)(q35.2-q35.3) reciprocal to the common Sotos syndrome deletion and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:202-6. [PMID: 23369838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The recent implementation of array techniques in research and clinical practice has revealed the existence of recurrent reciprocal deletions and duplications in several genome loci. The most intriguing feature is that some reciprocal genomic events can result in opposite phenotypic outcome. One of such examples is 5q35.2-q35.3. Deletions in this locus lead to Sotos syndrome characterized by childhood overgrowth with advanced bone age, craniofacial dysmorphic features including macrocephaly, and learning difficulties; while duplications have been proposed to manifest in opposite phenotype related to growth. Here, we report a patient with 5q35.2-q35.3 duplication and compare her clinical phenotype with five previously described cases. Short stature since the birth, microcephaly, brachydactyly, delayed bone age, mild to moderate intellectual disability and mild facial dysmorphism seem to be characteristic features of 5q35.2-q35.3 duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Žilina
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
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33
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Castronovo C, Rusconi D, Crippa M, Giardino D, Gervasini C, Milani D, Cereda A, Larizza L, Selicorni A, Finelli P. A novel mosaicNSD1intragenic deletion in a patient with an atypical phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:611-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Zhang Y, Haraksingh R, Grubert F, Abyzov A, Gerstein M, Weissman S, Urban AE. Child development and structural variation in the human genome. Child Dev 2013; 84:34-48. [PMID: 23311762 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Structural variation of the human genome sequence is the insertion, deletion, or rearrangement of stretches of DNA sequence sized from around 1,000 to millions of base pairs. Over the past few years, structural variation has been shown to be far more common in human genomes than previously thought. Very little is currently known about the effects of structural variation on normal child development, but such effects could be of considerable significance. This review provides an overview of the phenomenon of structural variation in the human genome sequence, describing the novel genomics technologies that are revolutionizing the way structural variation is studied and giving examples of genomic structural variations that affect child development.
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35
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Rosenfeld JA, Kim KH, Angle B, Troxell R, Gorski JL, Westemeyer M, Frydman M, Senturias Y, Earl D, Torchia B, Schultz RA, Ellison JW, Tsuchiya K, Zimmerman S, Smolarek TA, Ballif BC, Shaffer LG. Further Evidence of Contrasting Phenotypes Caused by Reciprocal Deletions and Duplications: Duplication of NSD1 Causes Growth Retardation and Microcephaly. Mol Syndromol 2013; 3:247-54. [PMID: 23599694 DOI: 10.1159/000345578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microduplications of the Sotos syndrome region containing NSD1 on 5q35 have recently been proposed to cause a syndrome of microcephaly, short stature and developmental delay. To further characterize this emerging syndrome, we report the clinical details of 12 individuals from 8 families found to have interstitial duplications involving NSD1, ranging in size from 370 kb to 3.7 Mb. All individuals are microcephalic, and height and childhood weight range from below average to severely restricted. Mild-to-moderate learning disabilities and/or developmental delay are present in all individuals, including carrier family members of probands; dysmorphic features and digital anomalies are present in a majority. Craniosynostosis is present in the individual with the largest duplication, though the duplication does not include MSX2, mutations of which can cause craniosynostosis, on 5q35.2. A comparison of the smallest duplication in our cohort that includes the entire NSD1 gene to the individual with the largest duplication that only partially overlaps NSD1 suggests that whole-gene duplication of NSD1 in and of itself may be sufficient to cause the abnormal growth parameters seen in these patients. NSD1 duplications may therefore be added to a growing list of copy number variations for which deletion and duplication of specific genes have contrasting effects on body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rosenfeld
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, Wash., USA
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36
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Matsuo T, Ihara K, Ochiai M, Kinjo T, Yoshikawa Y, Kojima-Ishii K, Noda M, Mizumoto H, Misaki M, Minagawa K, Tominaga K, Hara T. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy in Sotos syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 161A:34-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Sohn YB, Lee CG, Ko JM, Yang JA, Yun JN, Jung EJ, Jin HS, Park SJ, Jeong SY. Clinical and genetic spectrum of 18 unrelated Korean patients with Sotos syndrome: frequent 5q35 microdeletion and identification of four novel NSD1 mutations. J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23190751 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome with characteristic facial dysmorphism, variable severity of learning disabilities and macrocephaly with overgrowth. Haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) gene located on 5q35 has been implicated as the cause of Sotos syndrome. This study was performed to investigate the mutation spectrum of NSD1 abnormalities and meaningful genotype-phenotype correlations in Korean patients with Sotos syndrome. Eighteen unrelated Korean patients with Sotos syndrome were enrolled for clinical and molecular analyses. Cytogenetic studies were performed to confirm 5q35 microdeletion, and NSD1 sequencing analysis was performed to identify intragenic mutations. NSD1 abnormalities were identified in 15 (83%) patients. Among them, eight patients (53%) had 5q35 microdeletions and the other seven patients (47%) had seven different NSD1 intragenic mutations including four novel mutations. The mutation spectrum of Korean patients with Sotos syndrome was similar to that of previous studies for Japanese patients. Height was significantly shorter and age of walking alone was significantly older in the microdeletion group compared with those in the intragenic mutation group. No significant differences were observed for other clinical characteristics between the microdeletion and intragenic mutation groups. Further studies with a larger number of patients will be necessary to draw conclusive genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
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Migdalska AM, van der Weyden L, Ismail O, Rust AG, Rashid M, White JK, Sánchez-Andrade G, Lupski JR, Logan DW, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Generation of the Sotos syndrome deletion in mice. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:749-57. [PMID: 22926222 PMCID: PMC3510424 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the human 5q35 region spanning the NSD1 gene results in a rare genomic disorder known as Sotos syndrome (Sotos), with patients displaying a variety of clinical features, including pre- and postnatal overgrowth, intellectual disability, and urinary/renal abnormalities. We used chromosome engineering to generate a segmental monosomy, i.e., mice carrying a heterozygous 1.5-Mb deletion of 36 genes on mouse chromosome 13 (4732471D19Rik-B4galt7), syntenic with 5q35.2–q35.3 in humans (Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice). Surprisingly Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice were significantly smaller for their gestational age and also showed decreased postnatal growth, in contrast to Sotos patients. Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice did, however, display deficits in long-term memory retention and dilation of the pelvicalyceal system, which in part may model the learning difficulties and renal abnormalities observed in Sotos patients. Thus, haploinsufficiency of genes within the mouse 4732471D19Rik–B4galt7 deletion interval play important roles in growth, memory retention, and the development of the renal pelvicalyceal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Migdalska
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
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Chen CP. Prenatal findings and the genetic diagnosis of fetal overgrowth disorders: Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Sotos syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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40
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Abe Y, Aoki Y, Kuriyama S, Kawame H, Okamoto N, Kurosawa K, Ohashi H, Mizuno S, Ogata T, Kure S, Niihori T, Matsubara Y. Prevalence and clinical features of Costello syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome in Japan: findings from a nationwide epidemiological survey. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1083-94. [PMID: 22495831 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome are congenital anomaly syndromes characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects, and intellectual disability. Germline mutations in HRAS cause Costello syndrome, and mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 (MEK1/2) cause CFC syndrome. Since the discovery of the causative genes, approximately 150 new patients with each syndrome have been reported. However, the clinico-epidemiological features of these disorders remain to be identified. In order to assess the prevalence, natural history, prognosis, and tumor incidence associated with these diseases, we conducted a nationwide prevalence study of patients with Costello and CFC syndromes in Japan. Based on the result of our survey, we estimated a total number of patients with either Costello syndrome or CFC syndrome in Japan of 99 (95% confidence interval, 77-120) and 157 (95% confidence interval, 86-229), respectively. The prevalences of Costello and CFC syndromes are estimated to be 1 in 1,290,000 and 1 in 810,000 individuals, respectively. An evaluation of 15 adult patients 18-32 years of age revealed that 12 had moderate to severe intellectual disability and most live at home without constant medical care. These results suggested that the number of adult patients is likely underestimated and our results represent a minimum prevalence. This is the first epidemiological study of Costello syndrome and CFC syndrome. Identifying patients older than 32 years of age and following up on the patients reported here is important to estimate the precise prevalence and the natural history of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes, although rare, are diagnosed more frequently lately. Major progress, such as the identification of genetic causes, has recently enhanced the delineation of the characteristic and noncharacteristic manifestations, phenotype-genotype correlations and knowledge of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review provides a summary of the most important overgrowth syndromes aiming to familiarize the treating physician with the cardinal clinical features involved in these syndromes that encompass overgrowth, but also have a variety of other clinical manifestations (neurologic, musculoskeletal, skin, and accompanying tumors).
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An evidence-based approach to establish the functional and clinical significance of copy number variants in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Genet Med 2012; 13:777-84. [PMID: 21844811 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31822c79f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Copy number variants have emerged as a major cause of human disease such as autism and intellectual disabilities. Because copy number variants are common in normal individuals, determining the functional and clinical significance of rare copy number variants in patients remains challenging. The adoption of whole-genome chromosomal microarray analysis as a first-tier diagnostic test for individuals with unexplained developmental disabilities provides a unique opportunity to obtain large copy number variant datasets generated through routine patient care. METHODS A consortium of diagnostic laboratories was established (the International Standards for Cytogenomic Arrays consortium) to share copy number variant and phenotypic data in a central, public database. We present the largest copy number variant case-control study to date comprising 15,749 International Standards for Cytogenomic Arrays cases and 10,118 published controls, focusing our initial analysis on recurrent deletions and duplications involving 14 copy number variant regions. RESULTS Compared with controls, 14 deletions and seven duplications were significantly overrepresented in cases, providing a clinical diagnosis as pathogenic. CONCLUSION Given the rapid expansion of clinical chromosomal microarray analysis testing, very large datasets will be available to determine the functional significance of increasingly rare copy number variants. This data will provide an evidence-based guide to clinicians across many disciplines involved in the diagnosis, management, and care of these patients and their families.
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Abstract
During the past decade, widespread use of microarray-based technologies, including oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays have dramatically changed our perspective on genome-wide structural variation. Submicroscopic genomic rearrangements or copy-number variation (CNV) have proven to be an important factor responsible for primate evolution, phenotypic differences between individuals and populations, and susceptibility to many diseases. The number of diseases caused by chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications, also referred to as genomic disorders, has been increasing at a rapid pace. Microdeletions and microduplications are found in patients with a wide variety of phenotypes, including Mendelian diseases as well as common complex traits, such as developmental delay/intellectual disability, autism, schizophrenia, obesity, and epilepsy. This chapter provides an overview of common microdeletion and microduplication syndromes and their clinical phenotypes, and discusses the genomic structures and molecular mechanisms of formation. In addition, an explanation for how these genomic rearrangements convey abnormal phenotypes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Riggs ER, Church DM, Hanson K, Horner VL, Kaminsky EB, Kuhn RM, Wain KE, Williams ES, Aradhya S, Kearney HM, Ledbetter DH, South ST, Thorland EC, Martin CL. Towards an evidence-based process for the clinical interpretation of copy number variation. Clin Genet 2011; 81:403-12. [PMID: 22097934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evidence-based review (EBR) process has been widely used to develop standards for medical decision-making and to explore complex clinical questions. This approach can be applied to genetic tests, such as chromosomal microarrays, in order to assist in the clinical interpretation of certain copy number variants (CNVs), particularly those that are rare, and guide array design for optimal clinical utility. To address these issues, the International Standards for Cytogenomic Arrays Consortium has established an EBR Work Group charged with building a framework to systematically assess the potential clinical relevance of CNVs throughout the genome. This group has developed a rating system enumerating the evidence supporting or refuting dosage sensitivity for individual genes and regions that considers the following criteria: number of causative mutations reported; patterns of inheritance; consistency of phenotype; evidence from large-scale case-control studies; mutational mechanisms; data from public genome variation databases; and expert consensus opinion. The system is designed to be dynamic in nature, with regions being reevaluated periodically to incorporate emerging evidence. The evidence collected will be displayed within a publically available database, and can be used in part to inform clinical laboratory CNV interpretations as well as to guide array design.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Riggs
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Fickie MR, Lapunzina P, Gentile JK, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Kroshinsky D, Galan E, Gean E, Martorell L, Romanelli V, Toral JF, Lin AE. Adults with Sotos syndrome: review of 21 adults with molecularly confirmed NSD1 alterations, including a detailed case report of the oldest person. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2105-11. [PMID: 21834047 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a well-described multiple anomaly syndrome characterized by overgrowth, distinctive craniofacial appearance, and variable learning disabilities. The diagnosis of Sotos syndrome relied solely on these clinical criteria until haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene was identified as causative. We describe a 63-year-old woman with classic features and a pathogenic NSD1 mutation, who we believe to be the oldest reported person with Sotos syndrome. She is notable for the diagnosis of Sotos syndrome late in life, mild cognitive limitation, and chronic kidney disease attributed to fibromuscular dysplasia for which she recently received a transplant. She has basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma for which her lifetime of sun exposure and fair cutaneous phototype are viewed as risk factors. We also reviewed previous literature reports (n = 11) for adults with Sotos syndrome, and studied patients ascertained in the Spanish Overgrowth Syndrome Registry (n = 15). Analysis was limited to 21/27 (78%) total patients who had molecular confirmation of Sotos syndrome (15 with a mutation, 6 with a microdeletion). With a mean age of 26 years, the most common features were learning disabilities (90%), scoliosis (52%), eye problems (43%), psychiatric issues (30%), and brain imaging anomalies (28%). Learning disabilities were more severe in patients with a microdeletion than in those with a point mutation. From this small study with heterogeneous ascertainment we suggest modest adjustments to the general healthcare monitoring of individuals with Sotos syndrome. Although this series includes neoplasia in four cases, this should not be interpreted as incidence. Age-appropriate cancer surveillance should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Fickie
- Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School Genetics Training Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Gillis RF, Rouleau GA. The ongoing dissection of the genetic architecture of autistic spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2011; 2:12. [PMID: 21740537 PMCID: PMC3156724 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of robust, non-hypothesis based case/control studies has led to a large push forward towards identifying common genetic variants that contribute to complex traits. However, despite many attempts, the search for common disease-predisposing variants in childhood developmental disorders has largely failed. Recently, a role for rare causal variants and de novo mutations is emerging in the genetic architecture of some of these disorders, particularly those that incur a large degree of selection against the phenotype. In this paper, we examine these data and use classic genetic epidemiological approaches to gain insights into the genetic architecture of ASD. Future studies using next generation sequencing should elucidate the precise role de novo mutations play in disorders traditionally thought to have resulted from polygenic or common disease, common variants inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob F Gillis
- Centre of Excellence in Neuromics of Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L 2W5, Canada.
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Novel missense mutation (L1917P) involving sac-domain of NSD1 gene in a patient with Sotos syndrome. J Genet 2011; 90:147-50. [PMID: 21677402 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang H, Lu X, Beasley J, Mulvihill JJ, Liu R, Li S, Lee JY. Reversed clinical phenotype due to a microduplication of Sotos syndrome region detected by array CGH: Microcephaly, developmental delay and delayed bone age. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1374-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nagao K, Fujii K, Saito K, Sugita K, Endo M, Motojima T, Hatsuse H, Miyashita T. Entire PTCH1 deletion is a common event in point mutation-negative cases with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in Japan. Clin Genet 2011; 79:196-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Theisen A, Shaffer LG. Disorders caused by chromosome abnormalities. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2010; 3:159-74. [PMID: 23776360 PMCID: PMC3681172 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s8884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many human genetic disorders result from unbalanced chromosome abnormalities, in which there is a net gain or loss of genetic material. Such imbalances often disrupt large numbers of dosage-sensitive, developmentally important genes and result in specific and complex phenotypes. Alternately, some chromosomal syndromes may be caused by a deletion or duplication of a single gene with pleiotropic effects. Traditionally, chromosome abnormalities were identified by visual inspection of the chromosomes under a microscope. The use of molecular cytogenetic technologies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and microarrays, has allowed for the identification of cryptic or submicroscopic imbalances, which are not visible under the light microscope. Microarrays have allowed for the identification of numerous new syndromes through a genotype-first approach in which patients with the same or overlapping genomic alterations are identified and then the phenotypes are described. Because many chromosomal alterations are large and encompass numerous genes, the ascertainment of individuals with overlapping deletions and varying clinical features may allow researchers to narrow the region in which to search for candidate genes.
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