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Martínez-Cenalmor P, Martínez AE, Moneo-Corcuera D, González-Jiménez P, Pérez-Sala D. Oxidative stress elicits the remodeling of vimentin filaments into biomolecular condensates. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103282. [PMID: 39079387 PMCID: PMC11338992 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein vimentin performs an essential role in cytoskeletal interplay and dynamics, mechanosensing and cellular stress responses. In pathology, vimentin is a key player in tumorigenesis, fibrosis and infection. Vimentin filaments undergo distinct and versatile reorganizations, and behave as redox sensors. The vimentin monomer possesses a central α-helical rod domain flanked by N- and C-terminal low complexity domains. Interactions between this type of domains play an important function in the formation of phase-separated biomolecular condensates, which in turn are critical for the organization of cellular components. Here we show that several oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide and diamide, elicit the remodeling of vimentin filaments into small particles. Oxidative stress elicited by diamide induces a fast dissociation of filaments into circular, motile dots, which requires the presence of the single vimentin cysteine residue, C328. This effect is reversible, and filament reassembly can occur within minutes of oxidant removal. Diamide-elicited vimentin droplets recover fluorescence after photobleaching. Moreover, fusion of cells expressing differentially tagged vimentin allows the detection of dots positive for both tags, indicating that vimentin dots merge upon cell fusion. The aliphatic alcohol 1,6-hexanediol, known to alter interactions between low complexity domains, readily dissolves diamide-elicited vimentin dots at low concentrations, in a C328 dependent manner, and hampers reassembly. Taken together, these results indicate that vimentin oxidation promotes a fast and reversible filament remodeling into biomolecular condensate-like structures, and provide primary evidence of its regulated phase separation. Moreover, we hypothesize that filament to droplet transition could play a protective role against irreversible damage of the vimentin network by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Cenalmor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma E Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo-Corcuera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Coelho-Rato LS, Parvanian S, Andrs Salajkova S, Medalia O, Eriksson JE. Intermediate filaments at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261386. [PMID: 39206824 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) comprise a large family of versatile cytoskeletal proteins, divided into six subtypes with tissue-specific expression patterns. IFs have a wide repertoire of cellular functions, including providing structural support to cells, as well as active roles in mechanical support and signaling pathways. Consequently, defects in IFs are associated with more than 100 diseases. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we discuss the established classes of IFs and their general features, their functions beyond structural support, and recent advances in the field. We also highlight their involvement in disease and potential use as clinical markers of pathological conditions. Finally, we provide our view on current knowledge gaps and the future directions of the IF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila S Coelho-Rato
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sepideh Parvanian
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarka Andrs Salajkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Euro-Bioimaging ERIC, 20520 Turku, Finland
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3
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Ruiz WG, Clayton DR, Parakala-Jain T, Dalghi MG, Franks J, Apodaca G. The umbrella cell keratin network: organization as a tile-like mesh, formation of a girded layer in response to bladder filling, and dependence on the plectin cytolinker. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598498. [PMID: 38915686 PMCID: PMC11195278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The keratin cytoskeleton and associated desmosomes contribute to the mechanical stability of epithelial tissues, but their organization in bladder umbrella cells and their responses to bladder filling are poorly understood. Using super-resolution confocal microscopy, along with 3D image reconstruction and platinum replica electron microscopy, we observed that the apical keratin network of umbrella cells was organized as a dense tile-like mesh comprised of tesserae bordered on their edges by cortical actin filaments, filled with woven keratin filaments, and crosslinked by plectin. A band of keratin was also observed at the cell periphery that was linked to the junction-associated actin ring by plectin. During bladder filling, the junction-localized desmosomal necklace expanded, and a subjacent girded layer was formed that linked the keratin network to desmosomes, including those at the umbrella cell-intermediate cell interface. Disruption of plectin led to focal keratin network dissolution, loss of the junction-associated band of keratin, perturbation of tight junction continuity, and loss of cell-cell cohesion. Our studies reveal a novel tile-like organization of the umbrella cell keratin cytoskeleton that is dependent on plectin, that reorganizes in response to bladder filling, and that likely serves to maintain umbrella cell continuity in the face of mechanical distension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wily G. Ruiz
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis R. Clayton
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanmay Parakala-Jain
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marianela G. Dalghi
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Renganathan B, Moore A, Yeo WH, Petruncio A, Ackerman D, Wiegel A, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Serpinskaya AS, Zhang HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Gelfand VI. Transport and Organization of Individual Vimentin Filaments Within Dense Networks Revealed by Single Particle Tracking and 3D FIB-SEM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598346. [PMID: 38915582 PMCID: PMC11195130 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle tracking demonstrates that individual filaments in bundles of vimentin intermediate filaments are transported in the cytoplasm by motor proteins along microtubules. Furthermore, using 3D FIB-SEM the authors showed that vimentin filament bundles are loosely packed and coaligned with microtubules. Vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) form complex, tight-packed networks; due to this density, traditional ensemble labeling and imaging approaches cannot accurately discern single filament behavior. To address this, we introduce a sparse vimentin-SunTag labeling strategy to unambiguously visualize individual filament dynamics. This technique confirmed known long-range dynein and kinesin transport of peripheral VIFs and uncovered extensive bidirectional VIF motion within the perinuclear vimentin network, a region we had thought too densely bundled to permit such motility. To examine the nanoscale organization of perinuclear vimentin, we acquired high-resolution electron microscopy volumes of a vitreously frozen cell and reconstructed VIFs and microtubules within a ~50 μm3 window. Of 583 VIFs identified, most were integrated into long, semi-coherent bundles that fluctuated in width and filament packing density. Unexpectedly, VIFs displayed minimal local co-alignment with microtubules, save for sporadic cross-over sites that we predict facilitate cytoskeletal crosstalk. Overall, this work demonstrates single VIF dynamics and organization in the cellular milieu for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanasundar Renganathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew Moore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Alyson Petruncio
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Ackerman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aubrey Wiegel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - The CellMap Team
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - C. Shan Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Harald F. Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Anna S Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | | | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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5
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Eibauer M, Weber MS, Kronenberg-Tenga R, Beales CT, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Turgay Y, Sivagurunathan S, Kraxner J, Köster S, Goldman RD, Medalia O. Vimentin filaments integrate low-complexity domains in a complex helical structure. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:939-949. [PMID: 38632361 PMCID: PMC11189308 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are integral components of the cytoskeleton. They provide cells with tissue-specific mechanical properties and are involved in numerous cellular processes. Due to their intricate architecture, a 3D structure of IFs has remained elusive. Here we use cryo-focused ion-beam milling, cryo-electron microscopy and tomography to obtain a 3D structure of vimentin IFs (VIFs). VIFs assemble into a modular, intertwined and flexible helical structure of 40 α-helices in cross-section, organized into five protofibrils. Surprisingly, the intrinsically disordered head domains form a fiber in the lumen of VIFs, while the intrinsically disordered tails form lateral connections between the protofibrils. Our findings demonstrate how protein domains of low sequence complexity can complement well-folded protein domains to construct a biopolymer with striking mechanical strength and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miriam S Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlie T Beales
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yagmur Turgay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julia Kraxner
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- MDC Berlin-Buch, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Politano L. Is Cardiac Transplantation Still a Contraindication in Patients with Muscular Dystrophy-Related End-Stage Dilated Cardiomyopathy? A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5289. [PMID: 38791328 PMCID: PMC11121328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited muscular diseases (MDs) are genetic degenerative disorders typically caused by mutations in a single gene that affect striated muscle and result in progressive weakness and wasting in affected individuals. Cardiac muscle can also be involved with some variability that depends on the genetic basis of the MD (Muscular Dystrophy) phenotype. Heart involvement can manifest with two main clinical pictures: left ventricular systolic dysfunction with evolution towards dilated cardiomyopathy and refractory heart failure, or the presence of conduction system defects and serious life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The two pictures can coexist. In these cases, heart transplantation (HTx) is considered the most appropriate option in patients who are not responders to the optimized standard therapeutic protocols. However, cardiac transplant is still considered a relative contraindication in patients with inherited muscle disorders and end-stage cardiomyopathies. High operative risk related to muscle impairment and potential graft involvement secondary to the underlying myopathy have been the two main reasons implicated in the generalized reluctance to consider cardiac transplant as a viable option. We report an overview of cardiac involvement in MDs and its possible association with the underlying molecular defect, as well as a systematic review of HTx outcomes in patients with MD-related end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy, published so far in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Politano
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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7
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Pradeau-Phélut L, Etienne-Manneville S. Cytoskeletal crosstalk: A focus on intermediate filaments. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 87:102325. [PMID: 38359728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, comprising actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, is crucial for cell motility and tissue integrity. While prior studies largely focused on individual cytoskeletal networks, recent research underscores the interconnected nature of these systems in fundamental cellular functions like adhesion, migration, and division. Understanding the coordination of these distinct networks in both time and space is essential. This review synthesizes current findings on the intricate interplay between these networks, emphasizing the pivotal role of intermediate filaments. Notably, these filaments engage in extensive crosstalk with microfilaments and microtubules through direct molecular interactions, cytoskeletal linkers, and molecular motors that form molecular bridges, as well as via more complex regulation of intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pradeau-Phélut
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS UMR 3691, Université Paris-Cité, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2023, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS UMR 3691, Université Paris-Cité, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2023, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
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8
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Hernandez-Nicols BF, Robledo-Pulido JJ, Alvarado-Navarro A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:348-415. [PMID: 38240030 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2302823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Fernanda Hernandez-Nicols
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan José Robledo-Pulido
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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9
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Liu Y, Zhu P, Ji C, Dong L, Yi W. Fusion expression, purification, and characterization of cytokeratin 19 fragments in E. coli for enhanced stability in diagnostic applications. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106410. [PMID: 38040273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) serves as a crucial tumor marker in the context of lung cancer patients, playing a pivotal role as a calibrator in the realm of in vitro diagnostics. Nevertheless, during practical application, it has come to light that the recombinantly synthesized full-length CYFRA21-1 antigen exhibits suboptimal stability at the requisite concentration, while the utilization of natural antigens incurs a substantial cost. To address this issue, our investigation harnessed a strategic approach whereby the soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 (Aa244-400) was integrated into the pET32a vector, subsequently being expressed within E. coli through a fusion with the TrxA protein. This process involved induction of protein expression through 0.2 mM IPTG at 16 °C for a duration of 16 h. After induction, the target protein was purified through Ni affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Subsequent characterization of the targeted protein was executed through the SEC-HPLC technique. The attained CYFRA21-1 antigen, as generated within this study, was effectively incorporated into a chemiluminescence-based in vitro diagnostic detection kit. The results indicate that the fusion protein exhibited commendable reactivity and stability, manifesting a deviation of less than 10 % following incubation at 37 °C for 7 days. Importantly, the production yield achieved a notable magnitude of 300 mg/L, thus rendering it a cost-effective and scalable alternative to natural antigens for clinical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Zybio Inc, Chongqing, 400082, China.
| | - Pan Zhu
- Zybio Inc, Chongqing, 400082, China
| | | | - Lichun Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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10
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Claeyssen C, Bulangalire N, Bastide B, Agbulut O, Cieniewski-Bernard C. Desmin and its molecular chaperone, the αB-crystallin: How post-translational modifications modulate their functions in heart and skeletal muscles? Biochimie 2024; 216:137-159. [PMID: 37827485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of the highly organized striated muscle tissue requires a cell-wide dynamic network through protein-protein interactions providing an effective mechanochemical integrator of morphology and function. Through a continuous and complex trans-cytoplasmic network, desmin intermediate filaments ensure this essential role in heart and in skeletal muscle. Besides their role in the maintenance of cell shape and architecture (permitting contractile activity efficiency and conferring resistance towards mechanical stress), desmin intermediate filaments are also key actors of cell and tissue homeostasis. Desmin participates to several cellular processes such as differentiation, apoptosis, intracellular signalisation, mechanotransduction, vesicle trafficking, organelle biogenesis and/or positioning, calcium homeostasis, protein homeostasis, cell adhesion, metabolism and gene expression. Desmin intermediate filaments assembly requires αB-crystallin, a small heat shock protein. Over its chaperone activity, αB-crystallin is involved in several cellular functions such as cell integrity, cytoskeleton stabilization, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, mitochondria function or aggresome formation. Importantly, both proteins are known to be strongly associated to the aetiology of several cardiac and skeletal muscles pathologies related to desmin filaments disorganization and a strong disturbance of desmin interactome. Note that these key proteins of cytoskeleton architecture are extensively modified by post-translational modifications that could affect their functional properties. Therefore, we reviewed in the herein paper the impact of post-translational modifications on the modulation of cellular functions of desmin and its molecular chaperone, the αB-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Claeyssen
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathan Bulangalire
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Bastide
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Cieniewski-Bernard
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France.
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11
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Chen Y, Tai Z, Zhu C, Yu Q, Zhu Q, Chen Z. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A VEGFA Inhibition: An Effective Treatment Strategy for Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:59. [PMID: 38203230 PMCID: PMC10778864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by an inflammatory ring, also known as an epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME). The interaction between the epithelial tissue of the skin and the immune system has a crucial role in the immune cycle of psoriasis. Although the formation of new blood vessels in skin lesions provides energy support for the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, the role of angiogenesis in psoriasis has not been extensively studied. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a key regulator of angiogenesis that has an important role in the development of psoriasis. VEGFA promotes angiogenesis and directly stimulates epidermal keratinocytes and infiltrating immune cells, thus contributing to the progression of psoriasis. Measuring VEGFA levels to identify angiogenic characteristics in psoriasis patients may be a predictive biomarker for disease severity and response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Clinical data have shown that anti-angiogenic therapy can improve skin lesions in psoriasis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover the underestimated role of blood vessels in psoriasis, explore the relationship between VEGFA and keratinocytes in the EIME, and inspire innovative drug therapies for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; (Y.C.); (Z.T.); (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; (Y.C.); (Z.T.); (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
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12
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Rölleke U, Kumari P, Meyer R, Köster S. The unique biomechanics of intermediate filaments - From single filaments to cells and tissues. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102263. [PMID: 37871499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Together with actin filaments and microtubules, intermediate filaments (IFs) constitute the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and each of the three filament types contributes very distinct mechanical properties to this intracellular biopolymer network. IFs assemble hierarchically, rather than polymerizing from nuclei of a small number of monomers or dimers, as is the case with actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. This pathway leads to a molecular architecture specific to IFs and intriguing mechanical and dynamic properties: they are the most flexible cytoskeletal filaments and extremely extensible. Moreover, IFs are very stable against disassembly. Thus, they contribute important properties to cell mechanics, which recently have been investigated with state-of-the-art experimental and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Rölleke
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pallavi Kumari
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Meyer
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Ibáñez-Cortés M, Martín-Piedra MÁ, Blanco-Elices C, García-García ÓD, España-López A, Fernández-Valadés R, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Alaminos M, Chato-Astrain J, Garzón I. Histological characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1712-1724. [PMID: 37650503 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histology of human oral mucosa is closely related with its function and anatomical location, and a proper characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa could be very useful in periodontal pathology. OBJECTIVE In the present work, we have carried out a comprehensive study in order to determine the main histological features of parakeratinized (POM) and orthokeratinized (OOM) masticatory human oral mucosa using light and electron microscopy. METHODS To perform this, we have used several histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to detect key markets at the epithelial, basement membrane and connective tissue levels. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that POM and OOM share many histological similarities, as expected. However, important differences were observed at the epithelial layer of POM, that was significantly thicker than the epithelial layer found in OOM, especially due to a higher number of cells at the stratum spinosum. The expression pattern of CK10 and filaggrin revealed intense signal expression in OOM as compared to POM. Collagen and proteoglycans were more abundant in OOM stroma than in POM. No differences were found for blood vessels and basement membrane. CONCLUSION These results may contribute to a better understanding of the pathological conditions affecting the human masticatory oral mucosa. In addition, these findings could be useful for the generation of different types of oral mucosa by tissue engineering techniques. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Microscopical features of parakeratinized and orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa showed important differences at both, epithelial and stromal levels. Parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exert thicker epithelial layer, especially, at the stratum spinosum in comparison to orthokeratinized human oral mucosa. Cytokeratin 10 and filaggrin human epithelial markers were intensively expressed in orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa in comparison to parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa. At the stromal level, orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exhibit higher levels of collagen and proteoglycans than parakeratinized masticatory oral mucosa. The deep knowledge of histological features of masticatory oral mucosa could lead to a better understanding of oral mucosa pathology and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ibáñez-Cortés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín-Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio España-López
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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14
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Li P, Qi J, Zhong Y, Ding A, Xiao H. Proteomic profiling reveals KRT6C as a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9: New insights into re-classifying epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c) as a group of genetic cutaneous disorders. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104971. [PMID: 37467889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK), a highly penetrant autosomal dominant genodermatosis, is characterized by diffuse keratoses on palmplantar epidermis. The keratin 9 gene (KRT9) is responsible for EPPK. To date, phenotypic therapy is the primary treatment for EPPK. Because KRT9 pairs with a type II keratin-binding partner to function in epidermis, identifying the interaction partner is an essential first step in revealing EPPK pathogenesis and its fundamental treatment. In this study, we proved that keratin 6C (KRT6C) is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9. In silico model for KRT6C/KRT9 shows a typical coiled-coil structure in their 2B domains. Proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating cytoskeleton organization and keratinization. This study shows that co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis provide a sensitive approach, which compensates for inevitable inadequacies of anti-keratin 6C antibody and helps discover the probable hereterodimer partner KRT6C for KRT9. The acknowledgement of KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise relationship may help re-classify EPPK and PC-K6c (a milder form of pachyonychia congenita, caused by KRT6C) as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for deciphering the keratin network contributing to EPPK and PC-K6c. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: What is already known about this topic? KRT9 and KRT6C are disease-causing factors for epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c), respectively. EPPK and PC-K6c have some symptom similarities. Keratins are the major structural proteins in epithelial cells. Each of the type I keratin is matched by a particular type II keratin to assemble a coiled-coil heterodimer. The hereterodimer partner for KRT9 is unknown. What does this study add? We discovered and proved that KRT6C is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9 in palmplantar epidermis in a native endogenous environment by using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis, etc. The proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 keratin pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating intermediate filament-based cytoskeleton organization and keratinization processes. What are the implications of this work? The new understanding of probable KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise correlation may help re-classify the genetic cutaneous disorders EPPK and PC-K6c as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for pathogenic mechanism research in EPPK and PC-K6c. The densely related network components derived from the proteomic data using Metascape in the study and pairwise regulation fashion of specific keratin pairs should attract more attention in the further explorations when investigators concern the physiological functions of keratins and the pathogenesis of related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Qi
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoli Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Kraxner J, Köster S. Influence of phosphorylation on intermediate filaments. Biol Chem 2023; 404:821-827. [PMID: 37074314 PMCID: PMC10506380 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes consists of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments (IF). IFs, in particular, are prone to pronounced phosphorylation, leading to additional charges on the affected amino acids. In recent years, a variety of experiments employing either reconstituted protein systems or living cells have revealed that these altered charge patterns form the basis for a number of very diverse cellular functions and processes, including reversible filament assembly, filament softening, network remodeling, cell migration, interactions with other protein structures, and biochemical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kraxner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- University of Göttingen, Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Sun J, Li P, Gui H, Rittié L, Lombard DB, Rietscher K, Magin TM, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. Deacetylation via SIRT2 prevents keratin-mutation-associated injury and keratin aggregation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166314. [PMID: 37485877 PMCID: PMC10443796 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) and other intermediate filament (IF) protein mutations at conserved arginines disrupt keratin filaments into aggregates and cause human epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS; K14-R125C) or predispose to mouse liver injury (K18-R90C). The challenge for more than 70 IF-associated diseases is the lack of clinically utilized IF-targeted therapies. We used high-throughput drug screening to identify compounds that normalized mutation-triggered keratin filament disruption. Parthenolide, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, dramatically reversed keratin filament disruption and protected cells and mice expressing K18-R90C from apoptosis. K18-R90C became hyperacetylated compared with K18-WT and treatment with parthenolide normalized K18 acetylation. Parthenolide upregulated the NAD-dependent SIRT2, and increased SIRT2-keratin association. SIRT2 knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition blocked the parthenolide effect, while site-specific Lys-to-Arg mutation of keratin acetylation sites normalized K18-R90C filaments. Treatment of K18-R90C-expressing cells and mice with nicotinamide mononucleotide had a parthenolide-like protective effect. In 2 human K18 variants that associate with human fatal drug-induced liver injury, parthenolide protected K18-D89H- but not K8-K393R-induced filament disruption and cell death. Importantly, parthenolide normalized K14-R125C-mediated filament disruption in keratinocytes and inhibited dispase-triggered keratinocyte sheet fragmentation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, keratin acetylation may provide a novel therapeutic target for some keratin-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Honglian Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David B. Lombard
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrin Rietscher
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Ahn J, Jo I, Jeong S, Lee J, Ha NC. Lamin Filament Assembly Derived from the Atomic Structure of the Antiparallel Four-Helix Bundle. Mol Cells 2023; 46:309-318. [PMID: 37170772 PMCID: PMC10183791 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoskeletal protein lamin is primarily responsible for the mechanical stability of the nucleus. The lamin assembly process requires the A11, A22, and ACN binding modes of the coiled-coil dimers. Although X-ray crystallography and chemical cross-linking analysis of lamin A/C have provided snapshots of A11 and ACN binding modes, the assembly mechanism of the entire filament remains to be explained. Here, we report a crystal structure of a coil 2 fragment, revealing the A22 interaction at the atomic resolution. The structure showed detailed structural features, indicating that two coiled-coil dimers of the coil 2 subdomain are separated and then re-organized into the antiparallel-four-helix bundle. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the ACN binding mode between coil 1a and the C-terminal part of coil 2 when the A11 tetramers are arranged by the A22 interactions. We propose a full assembly model of lamin A/C with the curvature around the linkers, reconciling the discrepancy between the in situ and in vitro observations. Our model accounts for the balanced elasticity and stiffness of the nuclear envelopes, which is essential in protecting the cellular nucleus from external pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Present address: Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Inseong Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Present address: Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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18
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Jahnke L, Zandi S, Elhelbawi A, Conedera FM, Enzmann V. Characterization of Macroglia Response during Tissue Repair in a Laser-Induced Model of Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119172. [PMID: 37298126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is a hallmark of chronic degenerative diseases of the retina. As gliosis involves macroglia, we investigated their gliotic response to determine the role of S100β and intermediate filaments (IFs) GFAP, vimentin, and nestin during tissue repair in a laser-induced model of retinal degeneration. We validated the results with human retinal donor samples. Experiments were performed in zebrafish and mice using an argon laser (532 nm) to induce focal lesions in the outer retina. At different time points following injury induction, the kinetics of retinal degeneration and regeneration were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate Müller cell (GS) and astrocyte (GFAP) injury response and to distinguish between both cell types. Additionally, staining was performed in human retinal sections containing drusen. Focal laser treatment elevated the expression of gliotic markers in the area of the damage, which was associated with increased expression of S100β, GFAP, vimentin, and nestin in mice and humans. In zebrafish, we detected S100β at the first time point, but not GFAP or nestin. Double-positive cells with the selected glia markers were detected in all models. However, in zebrafish, no double-positive GFAP/GS cells were found on days 10 and 17, nor were S100β/GS double-positive cells found on day 12. Macroglia cells showed a different pattern in the expression of IFs in degenerative and regenerative models. In particular, S100β may prove to be a target for suppressing chronic gliosis in retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Elhelbawi
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Banner L, Cohen A, McGrath L, Nikbakht N, South AP. A novel KRT14 null mutation leads to autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:431-433. [PMID: 36757906 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel homozygous KRT14 (also known as K14) mutation detected in a patient with a relatively mild form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Our patient harbours loss of function of both alleles of the KRT14 gene. This is the 16th reported mutation of recessive EBS in KRT14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Banner
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexa Cohen
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren McGrath
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neda Nikbakht
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Tantry MSA, Santhakumar K. Insights on the Role of α- and β-Tubulin Isotypes in Early Brain Development. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3803-3823. [PMID: 36943622 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are the highly conserved subunit of microtubules which involve in various fundamental functions including brain development. Microtubules help in neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation, cargo transport along the axons, synapse formation, and many more. Tubulin gene family consisting of multiple isotypes, their differential expression and varied post translational modifications create a whole new level of complexity and diversity in accomplishing manifold neuronal functions. The studies on the relation between tubulin genes and brain development opened a new avenue to understand the role of each tubulin isotype in neurodevelopment. Mutations in tubulin genes are reported to cause brain development defects especially cortical malformations, referred as tubulinopathies. There is an increased need to understand the molecular correlation between various tubulin mutations and the associated brain pathology. Recently, mutations in tubulin isotypes (TUBA1A, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBG1) have been linked to cause various neurodevelopmental defects like lissencephaly, microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular heterotopia, corpus callosum agenesis, and cerebellar hypoplasia. This review summarizes on the microtubule dynamics, their role in neurodevelopment, tubulin isotypes, post translational modifications, and the role of tubulin mutations in causing specific neurodevelopmental defects. A comprehensive list containing all the reported tubulin pathogenic variants associated with brain developmental defects has been prepared to give a bird's eye view on the broad range of tubulin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ananthakrishna Tantry
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
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21
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Sithole MN, Mndlovu H, du Toit LC, Choonara YE. Advances in Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Review Towards Improving Structural Design for 3D Printing. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3187-3205. [PMID: 37779402 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128246888230920060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of polymeric hydrogels render them attractive for the development of 3D printed prototypes for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Significant effort has been made to design hydrogels with desirable attributes that facilitate 3D printability. In addition, there is significant interest in exploring stimuli-responsive hydrogels to support automated 3D printing into more structurally organised prototypes such as customizable bio-scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Synthesizing stimuli-responsive hydrogels is dependent on the type of design and modulation of various polymeric materials to open novel opportunities for applications in biomedicine and bio-engineering. In this review, the salient advances made in the design of stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels for 3D printing in tissue engineering are discussed with a specific focus on the different methods of manipulation to develop 3D printed stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels. Polymeric functionalisation, nano-enabling and crosslinking are amongst the most common manipulative attributes that affect the assembly and structure of 3D printed bio-scaffolds and their stimuli- responsiveness. The review also provides a concise incursion into the various applications of stimuli to enhance the automated production of structurally organized 3D printed medical prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mduduzi Nkosinathi Sithole
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Hillary Mndlovu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya Essop Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
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22
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Rietscher K, Jahnke HG, Rübsam M, Lin EW, Has C, Omary MB, Niessen CM, Magin TM. Kinase Inhibition by PKC412 Prevents Epithelial Sheet Damage in Autosomal Dominant Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex through Keratin and Cell Contact Stabilization. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3282-3293. [PMID: 35691363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a severe and potentially life-threatening disorder for which no adequate therapy exists. Most cases are caused by dominant sequence variations in keratin genes K5 or K14, leading to the formation of cytoplasmic keratin aggregates, profound keratinocyte fragility, and cytolysis. We hypothesized that pharmacological reduction of keratin aggregates, which compromise keratinocyte integrity, represents a viable strategy for the treatment of EBS. In this study, we show that the multikinase inhibitor PKC412, which is currently in clinical use for acute myeloid leukemia and advanced systemic mastocytosis, reduced keratin aggregation by 40% in patient-derived K14.R125C EBS-associated keratinocytes. Using a combination of epithelial shear stress assay and real-time impedance spectroscopy, we show that PKC412 restored intercellular adhesion. Molecularly, global phosphoproteomic analysis together with immunoblots using phosphoepitope-specific antibodies revealed that PKC412 treatment altered phosphorylated sites on keratins and desmoplakin. Thus, our data provide a proof of concept to repurpose existing drugs for the targeted treatment of EBS and showcase how one broad-range kinase inhibitor reduced keratin filament aggregation in patient-derived EBS keratinocytes and the fragility of EBS cell monolayers. Our study paves the way for a clinical trial using PKC412 for systemic or local application in patients with EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rietscher
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübsam
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department Cell Biology of the Skin, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric W Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department Cell Biology of the Skin, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Kuburich NA, den Hollander P, Pietz JT, Mani SA. Vimentin and cytokeratin: Good alone, bad together. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:816-826. [PMID: 34953942 PMCID: PMC9213573 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays an integral role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells primarily employ cytokeratin in their cytoskeleton, whereas mesenchymal cells use vimentin. During the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells begin to express vimentin. EMT induces stem cell properties and drives metastasis, chemoresistance, and tumor relapse. Most studies of the functions of cytokeratin and vimentin have relied on the use of either epithelial or mesenchymal cell types. However, it is important to understand how these two cytoskeleton intermediate filaments function when co-expressed in cells undergoing EMT. Here, we discuss the individual and shared functions of cytokeratin and vimentin that coalesce during EMT and how alterations in intermediate filament expression influence carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Kuburich
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jordan T Pietz
- Department of Creative Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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24
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Speciation Analysis Highlights the Interactions of Auranofin with the Cytoskeleton Proteins of Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101285. [PMID: 36297397 PMCID: PMC9610265 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of lung cells (epithelial cancer lung cells, A-549 and lung fibroblasts MRC-5) were exposed to the clinically established gold drug auranofin at concentrations close to the half-maximal inhibitory drug concentrations (IC50). Collected cells were subjected to speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Auranofin showed better affinity toward proteins than DNA, RNA, and hydrophilic small molecular weight compounds. It can bind to proteins that vary in size (~20 kDa, ~75 kDa, and ≥200 kDa) and pI. However, the possibility of dimerization and protein–protein complex formation should also be taken into account. µRPLC/CZE-ESI-MS/MS studies on trypsinized proteins allowed the indication of 76 peptides for which signal intensity was influenced by auranofin presence in cells. Based on it, identity was proposed for 20 proteins. Except for thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which is directly targeted by gold complex, the proteins were found to be transformed. Five indicated proteins: myosin, plectin, talin, two annexins, and kinase M3K5, are responsible for cell–cell, cell–protein interactions, and cell motility. A wound healing test confirmed their regulation by auranofin as cell migration decreased by 40% while the cell cycle was not interrupted.
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25
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Bchetnia M, Dionne Gagné R, Powell J, Morin C, McCuaig C, Dupérée A, Germain L, Tremblay JP, Laprise C. Allele-Specific Inactivation of an Autosomal Dominant Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Mutation Using CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR J 2022; 5:586-597. [PMID: 35862015 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare mechanobullous disease caused by dominant-negative mutations in either keratin 5 (KRT5) or keratin 14 (KRT14) genes. Until now, there is no cure for EBS and the care is primarily palliative. The discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system raised hope for the treatment of EBS and many other autosomal dominant diseases by mutant allele-specific gene disruption. In this study, we aim to disrupt the mutant allele for the heterozygous EBS pathogenic variation c.449T>C (p.Leu150Pro) within KRT5. This mutation generates, naturally, a novel protospacer-adjacent motif for the endonuclease Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9. Thus, we designed a single-guide RNA that guides the Cas9 to introduce a DNA cleavage of the mutant allele in patient's keratinocytes. Then, transfected cells were single-cell cloned and analyzed by deep sequencing. The expression of KRT5 and KRT14 was quantified, and the keratin intermediate filament stability was assessed. Results showed successful stringent mutant allele-specific knockout. An absence of synthesis of mutant transcript was further confirmed indicating permanent mutant allele-specific inactivation. Edited EBS patient keratinocytes produced a lower amount of K5 and K14 proteins compared with nonedited EBS cells, and no disturbance of cellular properties was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbarka Bchetnia
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada.,Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada
| | - Rebecca Dionne Gagné
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada
| | - Julie Powell
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles Morin
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Canada
| | | | - Audrey Dupérée
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada.,Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada
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26
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Epidermolysis Bullosa—A Different Genetic Approach in Correlation with Genetic Heterogeneity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061325. [PMID: 35741135 PMCID: PMC9222206 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa is a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders characterized by mucocutaneous fragility and blister formation after minor friction or trauma. There are four major epidermolysis bullosa types based on the ultrastructural level of tissue cleavage: simplex, junctional, dystrophic, and Kindler epidermolysis bullosa. They are caused by mutations in genes that encode the proteins that are part of the hemidesmosomes and focal adhesion complex. Some of these disorders can be associated with extracutaneous manifestations, which are sometimes fatal. They are inherited in an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant manner. This review is focused on the phenomena of heterogeneity (locus, allelic, mutational, and clinical) in epidermolysis bullosa, and on the correlation genotype–phenotype.
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27
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Huang TL, Chou CC. Effect of mutations on the hydrophobic interactions of the hierarchical molecular structure and mechanical properties of epithelial keratin 1/10. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:442-450. [PMID: 35623459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human epithelial keratin is an intermediate filament protein that serves as a backbone to maintain the stability of the cell nucleus and mechanical stability of the whole cells. The present study focused on two point mutations, F231L and S233L, of the 1B domain of keratin K 1/10 related to the rare genetic skin disease palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). We used molecular dynamics simulation to study the effects of the mutations on various hierarchical structures, including heterodimers, tetramers, and octamers of the K1/10 1B domain at the atomic scale. The initial results demonstrated that the wild type and mutant proteins were highly similar at the dimer level but had different microstructures and mechanics at a higher-level assembly. A decrease in the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds at the terminus resulted in weakened mechanical properties of the tetramer and octamer of the F231L mutant. The asymmetrical structure of the S233L tetramer with an uneven distribution of the hydrogen bonds decreased its mechanical properties. However, the S233L mutation provided extra hydrophobic interactions between these mutated amino acid residues in the octamer, leading to improved mechanical properties. The results of the present study provided a deeper understanding of how the differences in point mutations induced the changes in the configuration and mechanical properties at the molecular scale. The differences in these properties may influence keratin assembly at the microscopic scale and ultimately cause diseases at the macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lun Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chou
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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28
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Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105594. [PMID: 35628404 PMCID: PMC9145010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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29
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Rezania MA, Eghtedari A, Taha MF, Ardekani AM, Javeri A. A novel role for aspirin in enhancing the reprogramming function of miR-302/367 cluster and breast tumor suppression. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1077-1090. [PMID: 35535453 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence for tumor suppressive function of the embryonic stem cell-specific miR-302/367 cluster through induction of a reprogramming process. Aspirin has been found to induce reprogramming factors of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in breast cancer cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether overexpression of miR-302/367 cluster and aspirin treatment cooperate in the induction of reprogramming and tumor suppression in breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell lines were transfected with a miR-302/367 expressing vector and treated with aspirin. The cells were evaluated for indices of apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. In both cell lines, treatment of miR-302/367-transfected cells with aspirin upregulated expression of some main pluripotency factors such as OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and KLF4, and downregulated expression of some invasion and angiogenesis markers at gene and protein levels. Aspirin increased the apoptotic rate in both cell lines transfected with miR-302/367. Both miR-302/367 and aspirin upregulated the expression of FOXD3 protein which is a known inducer of OCT4 and NANOG. Our results demonstrate that aspirin can enhance miR-302/367-induced reprogramming of breast cancer cells possibly through upregulation of FOXD3 expression. This can further augment the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibits migration, invasion, and angiogenic signaling in breast cancer cells reprogrammed by miR-302/367. Therefore, aspirin may serve as a useful adjuvant for reprogramming of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rezania
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Eghtedari
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh F Taha
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Javeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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30
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Sen S, Lagas S, Roy A, Kumar H. Cytoskeleton saga: Its regulation in normal physiology and modulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:175001. [PMID: 35525310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells are fundamental units of life. To ensure the maintenance of homeostasis, integrity of structural and functional counterparts is needed to be essentially balanced. The cytoskeleton plays a vital role in regulating the cellular morphology, signalling and other factors involved in pathological conditions. Microtubules, actin (microfilaments), intermediate filaments (IF) and their interactions are required for these activities. Various proteins associated with these components are primary requirements for directing their functions. Disruption of this organization due to faulty genetics, oxidative stress or impaired transport mechanisms are the major causes of dysregulated signalling cascades leading to various pathological conditions like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) or any traumatic injury like spinal cord injury (SCI). Novel or conventional therapeutic approaches may be specific or non-specific, targeting either three basic components of the cytoskeleton or various cascades that serve as a cue to numerous pathways like ROCK signalling or the GSK-3β pathway. An enormous number of drugs have been redirected for modulating the cytoskeletal dynamics and thereby may pave the way for inhibiting the progression of these diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santimoy Sen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Lagas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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31
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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32
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Kural Mangit E, Boustanabadimaralan Düz N, Dinçer P. A cytoplasmic escapee: desmin is going nuclear. Turk J Biol 2022; 45:711-719. [PMID: 35068951 PMCID: PMC8733954 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2107-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been a long time since researchers have focused on the cytoskeletal proteins' unconventional functions in the nucleus. Subcellular localization of a protein not only affects its functions but also determines the accessibility for cellular processes. Desmin is a muscle-specific, cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein, the cytoplasmic roles of which are defined. Yet, there is some evidence pointing out nuclear functions for desmin. In silico and wet lab analysis shows that desmin can enter and function in the nucleus. Furthermore, the candidate nuclear partners of desmin support the notion that desmin can serve as a transcriptional regulator inside the nucleus. Uncovering the nuclear functions and partners of desmin will provide a new insight into the biological significance of desmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kural Mangit
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey.,Laboratory Animals Research and Application Centre, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Pervin Dinçer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
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33
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Gouveia M, Sorčan T, Zemljič-Jokhadar Š, Travasso RDM, Liović M. A mathematical model for the dependence of keratin aggregate formation on the quantity of mutant keratin expressed in EGFP-K14 R125P keratinocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261227. [PMID: 34962936 PMCID: PMC8714116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined keratin aggregate formation and the possible mechanisms involved. With this aim, we observed the effect that different ratios between mutant and wild-type keratins expressed in cultured keratinocytes may have on aggregate formation in vitro, as well as how keratin aggregate formation affects the mechanical properties of cells at the cell cortex. To this end we prepared clones with expression rates as close as possible to 25%, 50% and 100% of the EGFP-K14 proteins (either WT or R125P and V270M mutants). Our results showed that only in the case of the 25% EGFP-K14 R125P mutant significant differences could be seen. Namely, we observed in this case the largest accumulation of keratin aggregates and a significant reduction in cell stiffness. To gain insight into the possible mechanisms behind this observation, we extended our previous mathematical model of keratin dynamics by implementing a more complex reaction network that considers the coexistence of wild-type and mutant keratins in the cell. The new model, consisting of a set of coupled, non-linear, ordinary differential equations, allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the relative amounts of intermediate filaments and aggregates in cells, and suggested that aggregate formation by asymmetric binding between wild-type and mutant keratins could explain the data obtained on cells grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gouveia
- Department of Physics, CFisUC, Center of Physics of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
| | | | - Špela Zemljič-Jokhadar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rui D. M. Travasso
- Department of Physics, CFisUC, Center of Physics of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
| | - Mirjana Liović
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MG); (RDMT); (ML)
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34
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Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212446. [PMID: 34830328 PMCID: PMC8624175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-α signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arkadii K. Beilin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadya G. Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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35
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Hsp90 Inhibition: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for ARSACS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111722. [PMID: 34769152 PMCID: PMC8584178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SACS gene, encoding the 520 kDa modular protein sacsin, which comprises multiple functional sequence domains that suggest a role either as a scaffold in protein folding or in proteostasis. Cells from patients with ARSACS display a distinct phenotype including altered organisation of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and a hyperfused mitochondrial network where mitochondrial respiration is compromised. Here, we used vimentin bundling as a biomarker of sacsin function to test the therapeutic potential of Hsp90 inhibition with the C-terminal-domain-targeted compound KU-32, which has demonstrated mitochondrial activity. This study shows that ARSACS patient cells have significantly increased vimentin bundling compared to control, and this was also present in ARSACS carriers despite them being asymptomatic. We found that KU-32 treatment significantly reduced vimentin bundling in carrier and patient cells. We also found that cells from patients with ARSACS were unable to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential upon challenge with mitotoxins, and that the electron transport chain function was restored upon KU-32 treatment. Our preliminary findings presented here suggest that targeting the heat-shock response by Hsp90 inhibition alleviates vimentin bundling and may represent a promising area for the development of therapeutics for ARSACS.
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Yu B, Kong D, Cheng C, Xiang D, Cao L, Liu Y, He Y. Assembly and recognition of keratins: A structural perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:80-89. [PMID: 34654627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are one of the major components of cytoskeletal network and assemble into fibrous structures named intermediate filaments (IFs), which are important for maintaining the mechanical properties of cells and tissues. Over the past decades, evidence has shown that the functions of keratins go beyond providing mechanical support for cells, they interact with multiple cellular components and are widely involved in the pathways of cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death. However, the structural details of keratins and IFs are largely missing and many questions remain regarding the mechanisms of keratin assembly and recognition. Here we briefly review the current structural models and assembly of keratins as well as the interactions of keratins with the binding partners, which may provide a structural view for understanding the mechanisms of keratins in the biological activities and the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longxing Cao
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Paduano F, Colao E, Grillone T, Vismara MFM, Amato R, Nisticò S, Mignogna C, Dastoli S, Fabiani F, Zucco R, Trapasso F, Perrotti N, Iuliano R. A Familial Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Associated with a Pathogenic Variant in KRT5. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101503. [PMID: 34680898 PMCID: PMC8535670 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is a disease that belongs to a group of genodermatoses characterised by the formation of superficial bullous lesions caused by minor mechanical trauma to the skin. The skin fragility observed in the EBS is mainly caused by pathogenic variants in the KRT5 and KRT14 genes that compromise the mechanical stability of epithelial cells. By performing DNA sequencing in a female patient with EBS, we found the pathogenic variant c.967G>A (p.Val323Met) in the KRT5 gene. This variant co-segregated with EBS in the family pedigree and was transmitted in an autosomal dominant inheritance manner. This is the first report showing a familial form of EBS due to this pathogenic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paduano
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
- Tecnologica Research Institute and Marrelli Health, Biomedical Section, Stem Cells and Medical Genetics Units, 88900 Crotone, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (R.I.)
| | - Emma Colao
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Teresa Grillone
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Marco Flavio Michele Vismara
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Rosario Amato
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Steven Nisticò
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Stefano Dastoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Rossella Zucco
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (T.G.); (M.F.M.V.); (R.A.); (F.F.); (F.T.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus S. Venuta, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.N.); (C.M.); (S.D.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (R.I.)
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Zhang W, Liu M, Dupont RL, Huang K, Yu L, Liu S, Wang X, Wang C. Conservation and Identity Selection of Cationic Residues Flanking the Hydrophobic Regions in Intermediate Filament Superfamily. Front Chem 2021; 9:752630. [PMID: 34540811 PMCID: PMC8443778 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.752630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the hydrophobic interactions generated by the nonpolar region and the proximal functional groups within nanometers of the nonpolar region offers a promising strategy to manipulate the intermolecular hydrophobic attractions in an artificial molecule system, but the outcomes of such modulations in the building of a native protein architecture remain unclear. Here we focus on the intermediate filament (IF) coiled-coil superfamily to assess the conservation of positively charged residue identity via a biostatistical approach. By screening the disease-correlated mutations throughout the IF superfamily, 10 distinct hotspots where a cation-to-cation substitution is associated with a pathogenic syndrome have been identified. The analysis of the local chemical context surrounding the hotspots revealed that the cationic diversity depends on their separation distance to the hydrophobic domain. The nearby cationic residues flanking the hydrophobic domain of a helix (separation <1 nm) are relatively conserved in evolution. In contrast, the cationic residues that are not adjacent to the hydrophobic domain (separation >1 nm) tolerate higher levels of variation and replaceability. We attribute this bias in the conservation degree of the cationic residue identity to reflect the interplay between the proximal cations and the hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robert L Dupont
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lanlan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Civil Aviation School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vermeire PJ, Stalmans G, Lilina AV, Fiala J, Novak P, Herrmann H, Strelkov SV. Molecular Interactions Driving Intermediate Filament Assembly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092457. [PMID: 34572105 PMCID: PMC8466517 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the role of intermediate filaments (IFs) in normal cell physiology and scores of IF-linked diseases, the importance of understanding their molecular structure is beyond doubt. Research into the IF structure was initiated more than 30 years ago, and some important advances have been made. Using crystallography and other methods, the central coiled-coil domain of the elementary dimer and also the structural basis of the soluble tetramer formation have been studied to atomic precision. However, the molecular interactions driving later stages of the filament assembly are still not fully understood. For cytoplasmic IFs, much of the currently available insight is due to chemical cross-linking experiments that date back to the 1990s. This technique has since been radically improved, and several groups have utilized it recently to obtain data on lamin filament assembly. Here, we will summarize these findings and reflect on the remaining open questions and challenges of IF structure. We argue that, in addition to X-ray crystallography, chemical cross-linking and cryoelectron microscopy are the techniques that should enable major new advances in the field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Vermeire
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Giel Stalmans
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Anastasia V. Lilina
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Jan Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Sergei V. Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1633-0845
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Pan CY, Chou CC. Molecular origin of the effects of mutation on the structure and mechanical properties of human epithelial keratin K5/K14. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104798. [PMID: 34509171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial keratin, a type of intermediate filament (IF) protein, is one of the key components in maintaining the stability of the cell nucleus in the epidermis of the skin, the largest organ in the human body. It absorbs water and withstands external pressure, affecting the structural stability and mechanical properties of the skin. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic skin disease related to genetic mutations in epithelial keratin K5/K14. The resulting structural defects can cause keratinocytes in the basal layer to become fragile and rupture when subjected to mechanical stress. Its pathological feature is that the skin and mucous membranes are extremely fragile, and wounds and blisters occur under even slight external force. In this study, we focused on the amino acid sequence of the wild-type human keratin K5/K14 and sequences with point mutations, beginning with a full atomistic model of the K5/K14 heterodimer and proceeding to the higher hierarchical structure of the tetramer model. For the heterodimer, the structures of the wild type and the mutants share a high degree of similarity, and the helical structure is preserved. Then, based on the heterodimer model, we considered the keratin tetramer model with the ID1 contact from previous experimental observations. Our results suggested that in the wild-type tetramer, the hydrogen bonds formed in the middle and contact regions provide extra stability to tetramer 2B-2B interactions during IF assembly. The probabilities of hydrogen bond formation are lower in the mutant tetramers than in the wild-type tetramer in the contact region; the point mutations do not necessarily affect the structure for dimer formation, but changes in the interactions of amino acids may affect the higher-order assembly of IFs. We observed that the structures of the tetramers with point mutations were loosely stacked, and the mechanical properties were weaker than those of the wild-type tetramer. We further compared our results with the latest experimental measurements and discussed the relationship between the genotype of EBS disease and the atomic-level mutated structures. The atomistic model allowed us to study point mutations at the molecular level. The results can be further applied to reveal the effect of point mutations on EBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Pan
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chou
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Bend, Push, Stretch: Remarkable Structure and Mechanics of Single Intermediate Filaments and Meshworks. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081960. [PMID: 34440729 PMCID: PMC8394331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell provides a structural and functional scaffold enabling biochemical and cellular functions. While actin and microtubules form the main framework of the cell, intermediate filament networks provide unique mechanical properties that increase the resilience of both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, thereby maintaining cellular function while under mechanical pressure. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are imperative to a plethora of regulatory and signaling functions in mechanotransduction. Mutations in all types of IF proteins are known to affect the architectural integrity and function of cellular processes, leading to debilitating diseases. The basic building block of all IFs are elongated α-helical coiled-coils that assemble hierarchically into complex meshworks. A remarkable mechanical feature of IFs is the capability of coiled-coils to metamorphize into β-sheets under stress, making them one of the strongest and most resilient mechanical entities in nature. Here, we discuss structural and mechanical aspects of IFs with a focus on nuclear lamins and vimentin.
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42
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Weber MS, Eibauer M, Sivagurunathan S, Magin TM, Goldman RD, Medalia O. Structural heterogeneity of cellular K5/K14 filaments as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. eLife 2021; 10:70307. [PMID: 34323216 PMCID: PMC8360650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments are an essential and major component of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells. They form a stable yet dynamic filamentous network extending from the nucleus to the cell periphery, which provides resistance to mechanical stresses. Mutations in keratin genes are related to a variety of epithelial tissue diseases. Despite their importance, the molecular structure of keratin filaments remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the structure of keratin 5/keratin 14 filaments within ghost mouse keratinocytes by cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. By averaging a large number of keratin segments, we have gained insights into the helical architecture of the filaments. Two-dimensional classification revealed profound variations in the diameter of keratin filaments and their subunit organization. Computational reconstitution of filaments of substantial length uncovered a high degree of internal heterogeneity along single filaments, which can contain regions of helical symmetry, regions with less symmetry and regions with significant diameter fluctuations. Cross-section views of filaments revealed that keratins form hollow cylinders consisting of multiple protofilaments, with an electron dense core located in the center of the filament. These findings shed light on the complex and remarkable heterogenic architecture of keratin filaments, suggesting that they are highly flexible, dynamic cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vermeer MC, Bolling MC, Bliley JM, Gomez KFA, Pavez-Giani MG, Kramer D, Romero-Herrera PH, Westenbrink BD, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, Feinberg AW, Silljé HH, van der Meer P. Gain-of-function mutation in ubiquitin-ligase KLHL24 causes desmin degradation and dilatation in hiPSC-derived engineered heart tissues. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140615. [PMID: 34292882 PMCID: PMC8409593 DOI: 10.1172/jci140615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The start codon c.1A>G mutation in KLHL24, encoding ubiquitin-ligase KLHL24, results in the loss of 28 N-terminal amino acids (KLHL24-ΔN28) by skipping the initial start codon. In skin, KLHL24-ΔN28 leads to gain of function, excessively targeting intermediate filament keratin-14 for proteasomal degradation, ultimately causing epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). The majority of these EBS-patients are also diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the pathological mechanism in the heart is unknown. As desmin is the cardiac homologue of keratin-14, we hypothesized that KLHL24-ΔN28 leads to excessive degradation of desmin, resulting in DCM. Dynamically loaded engineered heart tissues (dyn-EHTs) were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from two patients and three (non)familial controls. Ten-fold lower desmin protein levels were observed in patient-derived dyn-EHTs, in line with diminished desmin levels detected in patients' explanted heart. This was accompanied by tissue dilatation, impaired mitochondrial function, decreased force values and increased cardiomyocyte stress. HEK293 transfection studies confirmed KLHL24-mediated desmin degradation. KLHL24 RNA interference or direct desmin overexpression recovered desmin protein levels, restoring morphology and function in patient-derived dyn-EHTs. To conclude, presence of KLHL24-ΔN28 in cardiomyocytes leads to excessive degradation of desmin, affecting tissue morphology and function, that can be prevented by restoring desmin protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria C. Bolling
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Bliley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Duco Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gilles F.H. Diercks
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam W. Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lipreri da Silva JC, Coelho-Silva JL, Lima K, Vicari HP, Lazarini M, Costa-Lotufo LV, Traina F, Machado-Neto JA. Comprehensive analysis of cytoskeleton regulatory genes identifies ezrin as a prognostic marker and molecular target in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1105-1117. [PMID: 34196912 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite great advances that have been made in the understanding of the molecular complexity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), very little has been translated into new therapies. Here, we set out to investigate the impact of cytoskeleton regulatory genes on clinical outcomes and their potential as therapeutic targets in AML. METHODS Gene expression and clinical data were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) AML study and used for survival and functional genomics analyses. For pharmacological tests, AML cells were exposed to ezrin (EZR) inhibitors and submitted to several cellular and molecular assays. RESULTS High EZR expression was identified as an independent marker of worse outcomes in AML patients from the TCGA cohort (p < 0.05). Functional genomics analyses suggested that EZR contributes to responses to stimuli and signal transduction pathways in leukemia cells. EZR pharmacological inhibition with NSC305787 and NSC668394 reduced viability, proliferation, autonomous clonal growth, and cell cycle progression in AML cells (p < 0.05). NSC305787 had a greater potency and efficiency than NSC668394 in leukemia models. At the molecular level, EZR inhibitors reduced EZR, S6 ribosomal protein and 4EBP1 phosphorylation, and induced PARP1 cleavage in AML cells. NSC305787, but not NSC668394, favored a gene network involving cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Kasumi 1 AML cells. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that EZR expression may serve as a prognostic factor in AML. Our preclinical findings indicate that ezrin inhibitors may be employed as a putative novel class of AML targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlos Lipreri da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan Luiz Coelho-Silva
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Keli Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Passos Vicari
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lazarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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45
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Multiscale mechanics and temporal evolution of vimentin intermediate filament networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102026118. [PMID: 34187892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102026118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, an intricate network of protein filaments, motor proteins, and cross-linkers, largely determines the mechanical properties of cells. Among the three filamentous components, F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs), the IF network is by far the most extensible and resilient to stress. We present a multiscale approach to disentangle the three main contributions to vimentin IF network mechanics-single-filament mechanics, filament length, and interactions between filaments-including their temporal evolution. Combining particle tracking, quadruple optical trapping, and computational modeling, we derive quantitative information on the strength and kinetics of filament interactions. Specifically, we find that hydrophobic contributions to network mechanics enter mostly via filament-elongation kinetics, whereas electrostatics have a direct influence on filament-filament interactions.
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Wu TT, Eldirany SA, Bunick CG, Teng JMC. Genotype-structurotype-phenotype correlations in pachyonychia congenita patients. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2876-2884.e4. [PMID: 34116063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a genetic disorder of keratin that presents with nail dystrophy, painful palmoplantar keratoderma, and other clinical manifestations. We investigated genotype-structurotype-phenotype correlations seen with mutations in keratin genes (KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT16, KRT17) and utilized protein structure modeling of high frequency mutations to examine the functional importance of keratin structural domains in PC pathogenesis. Participants of the International PC Research Registry underwent genetic testing and completed a standardized survey on their symptoms. Our results support prior reports associating oral leukokeratosis with KRT6A mutations, and cutaneous cysts, follicular hyperkeratosis, and natal teeth with KRT17 mutations. Painful keratoderma was prominent with KRT6A and KRT16 mutations. Nail involvement was most common in KRT6A and least common in KRT6C patients. Across keratin subtypes, patients with coil 2B mutations had greatest impairment in ambulation, and patients with coil 1A mutations reported more emotional issues. Molecular modeling demonstrated that hotspot missense mutations in PC largely disrupted hydrophobic interactions or surface charge. The former may destabilize keratin dimers/tetramers, while the latter likely interferes with higher-order keratin filament formation. Understanding pathologic alterations in keratin structure improves our knowledge of how PC genotype correlates with clinical phenotype, advancing insight into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | | | - Joyce M C Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
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Heindl LM, Platzl C, Wolfmeier H, Herwig-Carl MC, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Schroedl F. Choroidal melanocytes: subpopulations of different origin? Ann Anat 2021; 238:151775. [PMID: 34082079 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human choroid derives from the mesectoderm, except the melanocytes originating from the neuroectoderm. To date, it is unclear whether all choroidal melanocytes share the same origin or might have different origins. The purpose of this study was to screen immunohistochemically for mesenchymal elements in the adult healthy human choroid, in the malignant melanoma of the choroid, as well as in the developing human fetal choroid. METHODS Human choroids were obtained from cornea donors and prepared as flat whole mounts for paraffin- and cryoembedding. Globes enucleated for choroidal melanoma and eyes from human fetuses between 11 and 20 weeks of gestation were also embedded in paraffin. Sections were processed for immunohistochemistry of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, the melanocyte marker Melan-A, and the macrophage marker CD68, followed by light-, fluorescence-, and confocal laser scanning-microscopy. RESULTS The normal choroid contained 499 ± 139 vimentin, 384 ± 78 Melan-A, and 129 ± 57 CD68 immunoreactive cells/mm2. The vimentin immunopositive cell density was significantly higher than the density of Melan-A and CD68 immunopositive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). By confocal microscopy, 24 ± 8% of all choroidal melanocytes displayed vimentin immunoreactivity. In choroidal melanomas, numerous melanoma cells of the epithelioid and spindle cell type revealed immunopositivity for both vimentin and Melan-A. The intratumoral density of vimentin immunoreactive cells was 1758 ± 106 cells/mm2, significantly higher than the density of Melan-A and CD68 immunopositive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). Comparing to healthy choroidal tissue, the choroidal melanomas revealed significantly higher densities of vimentin, Melan-A, and CD68 immunoreactive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). In the developing human fetal choroid, numerous vimentin and Melan-A immunopositive cells were detected not before the 16th week of gestation, with some of them showing colocalization of vimentin and Melan-A. CONCLUSIONS The adult healthy human choroid is endowed with a significant number of vimentin immunopositive mesenchymal structures, including a subpopulation of vimentin immunoreactive choroidal melanocytes. These vimentin immunopositive melanocytic cells are also present in choroidal melanomas as well as in the developing human fetal choroid. Therefore, different embryologic origins can be considered for choroidal melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig M Heindl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christian Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Heidi Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martina C Herwig-Carl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Harjama L, Karvonen V, Kettunen K, Elomaa O, Einarsdottir E, Heikkilä H, Kivirikko S, Ellonen P, Saarela J, Ranki A, Kere J, Hannula-Jouppi K. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma - phenotypes and mutations in 64 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1874-1880. [PMID: 33914963 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas (PPK) represent a heterogeneous group of rare skin disorders with epidermal hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, with occasional additional manifestations in other tissues. Mutations in at least 69 genes have been implicated in PPK, but further novel candidate genes and mutations are still to be found. OBJECTIVES To identify mutations underlying PPK in a cohort of 64 patients. METHODS DNA of 48 patients was analysed on a custom-designed in-house panel for 35 PPK genes, and 16 patients were investigated by a diagnostic genetic laboratory either by whole-exome sequencing, gene panels or targeted single-gene sequencing. RESULTS Of the 64 PPK patients, 32 had diffuse (50%), 19 focal (30%) and 13 punctate (20%) PPK. None had striate PPK. Pathogenic mutations in altogether five genes were identified in 31 of 64 (48%) patients, the majority (22/31) with diffuse PPK. Of them, 11 had a mutation in AQP5, five in SERPINB7, four in KRT9 and two in SLURP1. AAGAB mutations were found in nine punctate PPK patients. New mutations were identified in KRT9 and AAGAB. No pathogenic mutations were detected in focal PPK. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in PPK-associated and other genes were observed in 21 patients that might explain their PPK. No suggestive pathogenic variants were found for 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS Diffuse PPK was the most common (50%) and striate PPK was not observed. We identified pathogenic mutations in 48% of our PPK patients, mainly in five genes: AQP5, AAGAB, KRT9, SERPINB7 and SLURP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harjama
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, ERN-Skin center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Karvonen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, ERN-Skin center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Kettunen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Elomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center and Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Research Center and Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Heikkilä
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, ERN-Skin center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Kivirikko
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Norwegian Centre for Molecular Medicine (NCMM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, ERN-Skin center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center and Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Hannula-Jouppi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, ERN-Skin center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center and Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Cell morphology, architecture and dynamics primarily rely on intracellular cytoskeletal networks, which in metazoans are mainly composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments (IFs). The diameter size of 10 nm - intermediate between the diameters of actin microfilaments and microtubules - initially gave IFs their name. However, the structure, dynamics, mechanical properties and functions of IFs are not intermediate but set them apart from actin and microtubules. Because of their nucleotide-independent assembly, the lack of intrinsic polarity, their relative stability and their complex composition, IFs had long been overlooked by cell biologists. Now, the numerous human diseases identified to be associated with IF gene mutations and the accumulating evidence of IF functions in cell and tissue integrity explain the growing attention that is being given to the structural characteristics, dynamics and functions of these filaments. In this Primer, we highlight the growing evidence that has revealed a role for IFs as a key element of the cytoskeleton, providing versatile, tunable, cell-type-specific filamentous networks with unique cytoplasmic and nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Dutour-Provenzano
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Perego E, Köster S. Exploring early time points of vimentin assembly in flow by fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:735-745. [PMID: 33491697 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00985g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance for cellular processes, the dynamics of molecular assembly, especially on fast time scales, is not yet fully understood. To this end, we present a multi-layer microfluidic device and combine it with fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. We apply this innovative combination of methods to investigate the early steps in assembly of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs). These filaments, together with actin filaments and microtubules, constitute the cytoskeleton of cells of mesenchymal origin and greatly influence their mechanical properties. We are able to directly follow the two-step assembly process of vimentin IFs and quantify the time scale of the first lateral step to tens of ms with a lag time of below 3 ms. Although demonstrated for a specific biomolecular system here, our method may potentially be employed for a wide range of fast molecular reactions in biological or, more generally, soft matter systems, as it allows for a precise quantification of the kinetics underlying the aggregation and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perego
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
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