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Fagan MM, Welch CB, Scheulin KM, Sneed SE, Jeon JH, Golan ME, Cheek SR, Barany DA, Oeltzschner G, Callaway TR, Zhao Q, Park HJ, Lourenco JM, Duberstein KJ, West FD. Fecal microbial transplantation limits neural injury severity and functional deficits in a pediatric piglet traumatic brain injury model. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1249539. [PMID: 37841685 PMCID: PMC10568032 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1249539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Due to bidirectional communication between the brain and gut microbial population, introduction of key gut bacteria may mitigate critical TBI-induced secondary injury cascades, thus lessening neural damage and improving functional outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a daily fecal microbial transplant (FMT) to alleviate neural injury severity, prevent gut dysbiosis, and improve functional recovery post TBI in a translational pediatric piglet model. Male piglets at 4-weeks of age were randomly assigned to Sham + saline, TBI + saline, or TBI + FMT treatment groups. A moderate/severe TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact and Sham pigs underwent craniectomy surgery only. FMT or saline were administered by oral gavage daily for 7 days. MRI was performed 1 day (1D) and 7 days (7D) post TBI. Fecal and cecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Ipsilateral brain and ileum tissue samples were collected for histological assessment. Gait and behavior testing were conducted at multiple timepoints. MRI showed that FMT treated animals demonstrated decreased lesion volume and hemorrhage volume at 7D post TBI as compared to 1D post TBI. Histological analysis revealed improved neuron and oligodendrocyte survival and restored ileum tissue morphology at 7D post TBI in FMT treated animals. Microbiome analysis indicated decreased dysbiosis in FMT treated animals with an increase in multiple probiotic Lactobacilli species, associated with anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects, in the cecum of the FMT treated animals, while non-treated TBI animals showed an increase in pathogenic bacteria, associated with inflammation and disease such in feces. FMT mediated enhanced cellular and tissue recovery resulted in improved motor function including stride and step length and voluntary motor activity in FMT treated animals. Here we report for the first time in a highly translatable pediatric piglet TBI model, the potential of FMT treatment to significantly limit cellular and tissue damage leading to improved functional outcomes following a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Christina B. Welch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sydney E. Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Julie H. Jeon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Morgane E. Golan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Savannah R. Cheek
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Barany
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kylee J. Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Lacto-Fermented and Unfermented Soybean Differently Modulate Serum Lipids, Blood Pressure and Gut Microbiota during Hypertension. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy consumption may reduce hypertension but the impact of food processing on the antihypertensive effect is unclear. Hence, we ascertained the effects of lacto-fermented (FSB) and unfermented soybean (USB) consumption on serum atherogenic lipids, hypertension and gut microbiota of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). FSB displayed a strong in vitro angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory ability of 70 ± 5% while USB inhibited 5 ± 3% of the enzyme activity. Consumption of USB reduced serum ACE activity by 19.8 ± 12.85 U while FSB reduced the enzyme activity by 47.6 ± 11.35 U, respectively. FSB significantly improved cholesterol levels and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures by 14 ± 3 mmHg and 10 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, while USB only had a marginal impact on blood pressure. Analysis of FSB showed the abundance of ACE inhibitory peptides EGEQPRPFPFP and AIPVNKP (which were absent in USB) and 30 phenolic compounds (only 12 were abundant in USB). Feeding SHR with FSB promoted the growth of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Intestinimonas, Phocaeicola, Lactobacillus and Prevotella (short chain fatty acid producers) while USB promoted only Prevotellamassilia, Prevotella and Intestimonas levels signifying the prebiotic ability of FSB. Our results show that, relative to USB, FSB are richer in bioactive compounds that reduce hypertension by inhibiting ACE, improving cholesterol levels and mitigating gut dysbiosis.
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Xue Y, Xu YF, Zhang B, Huang HB, Pan TX, Li JY, Tang Y, Shi CW, Wang N, Yang GL, Wang CF. Trichinella spiralis infection ameliorates the severity of Citrobacter rodentium-induced experimental colitis in mice. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108264. [PMID: 35523284 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harm to human health and the pig breeding industry. However, there are reports that Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection can treat autoimmune diseases, including enteritis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). However, research on the mechanism of T. spiralis infection in infectious enteritis has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this experiment used Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) to induce colitis in mouse models and explored its underlying mechanisms. In this experiment, a total of 72 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. Experimental mice in the TS and TS + CR groups were orally inoculated with individual T. spiralis larvae. At 21 days postinfection (dpi) with T. spiralis, experimental animals in the CR and TS + CR groups were inoculated by orogastric gavage with C. rodentium. The control group received PBS only. The results indicated that the weight loss and macroscopic and microscopic colon damage of mice in the TS + CR group were significantly decreased compared with those observed in the CR group. The results of flow cytometry showed that the expression levels of IL-4, IL-10 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were increased (P < 0.05), while the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 were decreased in the spleens and MLNs of the TS + CR experimental mice compared with the colitis model mice. ELISA results revealed that the TS + CR group not only elicited a strong IgG1 response (P < 0.01) but also a low level of IgG2a response (P < 0.05) relative to the CR group. The above results demonstrated that prior exposure of mice to T. spiralis infection ameliorated the severity of C. rodentium-induced infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian-Xu Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Boger-May A, Reed T, LaTorre D, Ruley-Haase K, Hoffman H, English L, Roncagli C, Overstreet AM, Boone D. Altered microbial biogeography in an innate model of colitis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2123677. [PMID: 36162004 PMCID: PMC9519015 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2123677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the spatial organization, or biogeography, of colonic microbes have been observed in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and mouse models of IBD. We have developed a mouse model of IBD that occurs spontaneously and consistently in the absence of adaptive immunity. Mice expressing tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) in intestinal epithelial cells (villin-TNFAIP3) develop colitis when interbred with Recombination Activating 1-deficient mice (RAG1<sup>-/-</sup>). The colitis in villin-TNFAIP3 × RAG1<sup>-/-</sup> (TRAG) mice is prevented by antibiotics, indicating a role for microbes in this innate colitis. We therefore explored the biogeography of microbes and responses to antibiotics in TRAG colitis. Laser capture microdissection and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed altered microbial populations across the transverse axis of the colon as the inner mucus layer of TRAG, but not RAG1<sup>-/-</sup>, mice was infiltrated by microbes, which included increased abundance of the classes Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Along the longitudinal axis differences in the efficacy of antibiotics to prevent colitis were evident. Neomycin was most effective for prevention of inflammation in the cecum, while ampicillin was most effective in the proximal and distal colon. RAG1<sup>-/-</sup>, but not TRAG, mice exhibited a structured pattern of bacterial abundance with decreased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria but increased Bacteroidetes along the proximal to distal axis of the gut. TRAG mice exhibited increased relative abundance of potential pathobionts including <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> along the longitudinal axis of the gut whereas others, like <i>Helicobacter hepaticus</i> were increased only in the cecum. Potential beneficial organisms including <i>Roseburia</i> were decreased in the proximal regions of the TRAG colon, while <i>Bifidobacterium pseudolongulum</i> was decreased in the TRAG distal colon. Thus, the innate immune system maintains a structured, spatially organized, gut microbiome along the transverse and longitudinal axis of the gut, and disruption of this biogeography is a feature of innate immune colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Boger-May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Theodore Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Diana LaTorre
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Katelyn Ruley-Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Hunter Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Lauren English
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Connor Roncagli
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Overstreet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - David Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Peng Y, Yan Y, Wan P, Chen C, Chen D, Zeng X, Cao Y. Prebiotic effects in vitro of anthocyanins from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murray on gut microbiota compositions of feces from healthy human and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Huang X, Tang M. Review of gut nanotoxicology in mammals: Exposure, transformation, distribution and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145078. [PMID: 33940715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly used in food processing, daily necessities and other fields due to their excellent properties, and increase the environmental contamination. Human beings will inevitably come into contact with these nanomaterials through multiple exposure routes especially oral exposure. The intestine is an important organ for nutrient absorption and physiologic barrier, which may be the main target of nanoparticles (NPs) exposure. However, for a long time, research on the toxicity of NPs has mainly focused on organs such as liver, kidney and brain. There are few assessment data over the intestinal safety. Recently, as reported, NPs can be translocated to the intestinal part in mammals and would be distributed in different substructures of intestines, thus causing damage to the structure and function of the intestine, in which the gut microbiota and its metabolites play important roles. In addition, due to the special physiological environment of gut, nanomaterials will undergo complex transformations that may cause different biological effects from their original form. Therefore, this review aims to assess the potential adverse effects of NPs on intestine and its possible mechanisms through the results of in vivo mammalian experiments. In addition, the exposure pathway, biodistribution and biotransformation of NPs in the intestine are also considered. We hope this review will arouse people's attention to the intestinal nanotoxicology and provide basic information for further related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Assessing the Beneficial Effects of the Immunomodulatory Glycan LNFPIII on Gut Microbiota and Health in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197081. [PMID: 32992640 PMCID: PMC7579323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota’s influence on host (patho) physiology has gained interest in the context of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic disorder featuring dysregulation of the gut–brain–immune axis. This study examined short- and long-term effects of GWI-related chemicals on gut health and fecal microbiota and the potential benefits of Lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFPIII) treatment in a GWI model. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 0.7 mg/kg) and permethrin (PM; 200 mg/kg) for 10 days with concurrent LNFPIII treatment (35 μg/mouse) in a short-term study (12 days total) and delayed LNFPIII treatment (2×/week) beginning 4 months after 10 days of PB/PM exposure in a long-term study (9 months total). Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on all samples post-LNFPIII treatment to assess microbiota effects of GWI chemicals and acute/delayed LNFPIII administration. Although PB/PM did not affect species composition on a global scale, it affected specific taxa in both short- and long-term settings. PB/PM elicited more prominent long-term effects, notably, on the abundances of bacteria belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families and the genus Allobaculum. LNFPIII improved a marker of gut health (i.e., decreased lipocalin-2) independent of GWI and, importantly, increased butyrate producers (e.g., Butyricoccus, Ruminococcous) in PB/PM-treated mice, indicating a positive selection pressure for these bacteria. Multiple operational taxonomic units correlated with aberrant behavior and lipocalin-2 in PB/PM samples; LNFPIII was modulatory. Overall, significant and lasting GWI effects occurred on specific microbiota and LNFPIII treatment was beneficial.
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8
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A critical review of antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109571. [PMID: 32846610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit upon the host. At present, probiotics are gaining popularity worldwide and are widely used in food and medicine. Consumption of probiotics is increasing with further in-depth research on the relationship between intestinal flora and host health. Most people pay more attention to the function of probiotics but ignore their potential risks, such as infection and antibiotic resistance transfer to pathogenic microbes. Physiological functions, effects and mechanisms of action of probiotics were covered in this review, as well as the antibiotic resistance phenotypes, mechanisms and genes found in probiotics. Typical cases of antibiotic resistance of probiotics were also highlighted, as well as the potential risks (including pathogenicity, infectivity and excessive immune response) and corresponding strategies (dosage, formulation, and administration route). This timely study provides an avenue for further research, development and application of probiotics.
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Toghi M, Bitarafan S, Kasmaei HD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Bifidobacteria: A probable missing puzzle piece in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101378. [PMID: 31487552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immunopathogenesis is not fully understood. In the recent years, the role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of this disorder has been highlighted. Bifidobacteria as a component of gut microbiome might also be involved in MS pathogenesis. Being emerged in early days after birth, bifidobacteria have a prominent role in immune system maturation and function. Some factors like mode of delivery, breast feeding, mother's blood group and her secretory state and also environmental factors could influence its level in the early infancy, which may remain throughout lifetime. In this review, we discussed possible immunopathogenic link between the bifidobacteria and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Toghi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Delavar Kasmaei
- Department of Neurology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mu W, Wang Y, Huang C, Fu Y, Li J, Wang H, Jia X, Ba Q. Effect of Long-Term Intake of Dietary Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Intestine Inflammation in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9382-9389. [PMID: 31361959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Early stage exposure of foodborne substances, such as brightening agent titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), can cause long-term effects in adulthood. We aimed to explore the potential adverse effect of long-term dietary intake of TiO2 NPs. After feeding for 2-3 months from weaning, TiO2 NPs-exposed mice showed lower body weight and induced intestinal inflammation. However, this phenomenon was not observed in gut microbiota-removed mice. TiO2 NPs exposure rarely affected the diversity of microbial communities, but significantly decreased the abundance of several probiotic taxa including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Additionally, TiO2 NPs aggravated DSS-induced chronic colitis and immune response in vivo, and reduced the population of CD4+T cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages in mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, dietary TiO2 NPs could interfere with the balance of immune system and dynamic of gut microbiome, which may result in low-grade intestinal inflammation and aggravated immunological response to external stimulus, thus introducing potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan Business Research Institute Company, Limited , Zhengzhou 450000 , P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , P. R. China
| | - Yijing Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Li
- School of Public Health , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , Beijing 100021 , P. R. China
| | - Qian Ba
- School of Public Health , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China
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Chen W, Zhang J, Li C, Pan Q, Wu J, Fan L, Chen C, Huang X, Teng F, Zhu J. Is dextran sulfate sodium a good inducer of acute experimental enteritis? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419843367. [PMID: 30968717 PMCID: PMC6458654 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419843367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models play critical roles in exploring the pathogenesis of human diseases and designing novel therapeutic schemes. Acute experimental colitis (AEC) models have been reported to be established in mice principally by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). However, little knowledge is known about whether DSS can be used to induce the acute experimental enteritis (AEE). In this study, different concentrations of DSS (0%, 2%, 3%, and 5%) were used to induce AEC and AEE models in two cohorts. After the establishment of these two models, the symptoms of the mice induced by DSS were noted, the length and average weight of each colon and small intestine were measured, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted for assessing the inflammatory infiltration in these models. Generally, the comparison of the inflammatory scoring between AEC and AEE models was analyzed. As a consequence, we found that, the mice with 2%-5% DSS administration in a week could develop into AEC models in two cohorts and AEE models in one cohort, followed by the signs of diarrhea, gross rectal bleeding, weight loss of the body, and shortened colon and intestine length, as compared with the control group. HE staining showed that the inflammatory scoring was dramatically increased by 3%-5% DSS in AEC models in two cohorts but slightly elevated in AEE models in one cohort. Meanwhile, as compared with the severe AEC models, the extent of inflammatory infiltration induced by 3%-5% DSS in AEE models was much milder. In conclusion, oral administration of 3%-5% DSS is a good inducer of AEC models, but not AEE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Pan
- 3 Department of Ultrasound, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Jingtong Wu
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lina Fan
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- 6 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- 7 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Teng
- 8 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshui Zhu
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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12
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Schmitz JM, Tonkonogy SL, Dogan B, Leblond A, Whitehead KJ, Kim SC, Simpson KW, Sartor RB. Murine Adherent and Invasive E. coli Induces Chronic Inflammation and Immune Responses in the Small and Large Intestines of Monoassociated IL-10-/- Mice Independent of Long Polar Fimbriae Adhesin A. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:875-885. [PMID: 30576451 PMCID: PMC6458545 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is preferentially associated with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). The role of AIEC in the development of inflammation and its regional tropism is unresolved. The presence of long polar fimbriae (LPF) in 71% of ileal CD AIEC suggests a role for LPF in the tropism and virulence of AIEC. The aim of our study is to determine if AIEC, with or without LpfA, induces intestinal inflammation in monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. METHODS We compared murine AIEC strains NC101 (phylogroup B2, LpfA-) and CUMT8 (phylogroup B1, LpfA+), and isogenic mutant CUMT8 lacking lpfA154, with a non-AIEC (E. coli K12), evaluating histologic inflammation, bacterial colonization, mucosal adherence and invasion, and immune activation. RESULTS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with AIEC (either CUMT8, CUMT8:ΔlpfA, or NC101) but not K12 developed diffuse small intestinal and colonic inflammation. There was no difference in the magnitude and distribution of inflammation in mice colonized with CUMT8:ΔlpfA compared with wild-type CUMT8. Bacterial colonization was similar for all E. coli strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed mucosal adherence and tissue invasion by AIEC but not K12. Production of the cytokines IL-12/23 p40 by the intestinal tissue and IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4 T cells correlated with inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with murine AIEC irrespective of LpfA expression developed chronic inflammation accompanied by IL-12/23 p40 production in the small and large intestines and IFN-γ/IL-17 production by CD4 T cells that model the interplay between enteric pathosymbionts, host susceptibility, and enhanced immune responses in people with IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Adhesion
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/pathology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/immunology
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/pathology
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schmitz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan L Tonkonogy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Belgin Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Anna Leblond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kristi J Whitehead
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sandra C Kim
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Britton GJ, Contijoch EJ, Mogno I, Vennaro OH, Llewellyn SR, Ng R, Li Z, Mortha A, Merad M, Das A, Gevers D, McGovern DPB, Singh N, Braun J, Jacobs JP, Clemente JC, Grinspan A, Sands BE, Colombel JF, Dubinsky MC, Faith JJ. Microbiotas from Humans with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alter the Balance of Gut Th17 and RORγt + Regulatory T Cells and Exacerbate Colitis in Mice. Immunity 2019; 50:212-224.e4. [PMID: 30650377 PMCID: PMC6512335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota are thought to influence the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but determining generalizable effects of microbiota on IBD etiology requires larger-scale functional analyses. We colonized germ-free mice with intestinal microbiotas from 30 healthy and IBD donors and determined the homeostatic intestinal T cell response to each microbiota. Compared to microbiotas from healthy donors, transfer of IBD microbiotas into germ-free mice increased numbers of intestinal Th17 cells and Th2 cells and decreased numbers of RORγt+ Treg cells. Colonization with IBD microbiotas exacerbated disease in a model where colitis is induced upon transfer of naive T cells into Rag1-/- mice. The proportions of Th17 and RORγt+ Treg cells induced by each microbiota were predictive of human disease status and accounted for disease severity in the Rag1-/- colitis model. Thus, an impact on intestinal Th17 and RORγt+ Treg cell compartments emerges as a unifying feature of IBD microbiotas, suggesting a general mechanism for microbial contribution to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Britton
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo J Contijoch
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia H Vennaro
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean R Llewellyn
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruby Ng
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Mortha
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anuk Das
- Janssen Human Microbiome Institute, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Dirk Gevers
- Janssen Human Microbiome Institute, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Namita Singh
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Grinspan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce E Sands
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Faith
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Casey KM, Johnson AL, Hunrath MN, Fraser JK, McCowan NC, Wasson K, Doty RA, Griffey SM, Imai DM. Proliferative Typhlocolitis With Multinucleated Giant Cells: A Nonspecific Enteropathy in Immunodeficient Sentinel Mice. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:157-168. [PMID: 30222063 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 2015, athymic nude sentinel mice from conventional, medium-, and high-security facilities presented to the Comparative Pathology Laboratory (CPL) with weight loss, diarrhea, and/or rectal prolapse. Regardless of whether clinical signs were present or absent, the gross observation of ceco-colonic thickening corresponded histologically to pleocellular typhlocolitis with mucosal hyperplasia and lamina proprial multinucleated cells. A subset of affected sentinels exhibited granulomatous serositis and hepatosplenic necrosis with multinucleated cells. Initial suspicion of mouse hepatitis virus infection was excluded by polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopy, and serology. Multinucleated giant cells were confirmed as macrophages by positive immunoreactivity to Mac-3 and Iba-1 and negative immunoreactivity to pancytokeratin. From conventional and medium-security facilities, Helicobacter species were identified in 40 of 143 (27.9%) mice, with H. hepaticus accounting for 72.5% of identified Helicobacter species. Other agents included opportunistic bacterial infection (41/145, 28.3%), murine norovirus (16/106, 15.1%), and pinworms (2/146, 1.4%). From high-security facilities, only Enterobacter cloacae was identified (2/13, 15.4%), and no evidence of Helicobacter sp., murine norovirus, or pinworms was present. No potentially infectious disease agent(s) was identified in 71 of 146 (48.6%) affected nude sentinels from conventional and medium-security facilities and 11 of 13 (84.6%) affected nude sentinels from high-security facilities. No statistically significant differences in histologic lesion scores were identified between Helicobacter-positive and Helicobacter-negative mice. Thus, proliferative typhlocolitis with multinucleated giant cells was considered a nonspecific histologic pattern associated with a variety of primary and opportunistic pathogens in athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerriann M Casey
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,2 Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melea N Hunrath
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jenelle K Fraser
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole C McCowan
- 3 Campus Veterinary Services, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Wasson
- 4 Office of Research and Economic Development, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen M Griffey
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Imai
- 1 Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Shi P, Qu H, Nian D, Chen Y, Liu X, Li Q, Li Q, Wang C, Ye M, Ma B. Treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome with Bifidobacterium infantis through regulation of T helper cells subsets. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:290-296. [PMID: 29908492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, autoimmune-mediated disease. The use of Bifidobacterium is reportedly effective in alleviating GBS since they act by regulating T helper (Th) cells. OBJECTIVES In this study, we explored the differentiation of T helper cell subsets in patients with GBS. We also evaluated the effect of GBS on Bifidobacterium levels in patients and the likely protective influence of this bacterium in alleviating the disease in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used flow cytometry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the T cell subsets differentiation among 30 GBS patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). The concentration of Bifidobacterium was assayed by real-time PCR. Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) animal model was established to support the protective role of Bifidobacterium in GBS. RESULTS The expression of Th cells, Th2 and Th17 in the patients was significantly higher than that in the HC, while Treg cells decreased substantially. Moreover, the levels of Bifidobacterium in the GBS patients were considerably lower than those in the HC, the concentration of Bifidobacterium correlating with Th2 and Th17 subsets negatively. Treatment with Bifidobacterium significantly reduced the levels of Th2 and Th17 and promoted the levels of Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS We concluded from this study that Bifidobacterium alleviated GBS by regulating Th cells, although in-depth studies might be required to fully understand the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Hongdang Qu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China.
| | - Di Nian
- Department of Medical Examination, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
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16
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Bumgardner SA, Zhang L, LaVoy AS, Andre B, Frank CB, Kajikawa A, Klaenhammer TR, Dean GA. Nod2 is required for antigen-specific humoral responses against antigens orally delivered using a recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine platform. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196950. [PMID: 29734365 PMCID: PMC5937747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficacious orally-delivered mucosal vaccine platforms are desperately needed to combat the plethora of mucosally transmitted pathogens. Lactobacillus spp. have emerged as attractive candidates to meet this need and are known to activate the host innate immune response in a species- and strain-specific manner. For selected bacterial isolates and mutants, we investigated the role of key innate immune pathways required for induction of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Co-culture of murine macrophages with L. gasseri (strain NCK1785), L. acidophilus (strain NCFM), or NCFM-derived mutants—NCK2025 and NCK2031—elicited an M2b-like phenotype associated with TH2 skewing and immune regulatory function. For NCFM, this M2b phenotype was dependent on expression of lipoteichoic acid and S layer proteins. Through the use of macrophage genetic knockouts, we identified Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), the cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) receptor, and the inflammasome-associated caspase-1 as contributors to macrophage activation, with NOD2 cooperating with caspase-1 to induce inflammasome derived interleukin (IL)-1β in a pyroptosis-independent fashion. Finally, utilizing an NCFM-based mucosal vaccine platform with surface expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag or membrane proximal external region (MPER), we demonstrated that NOD2 signaling is required for antigen-specific mucosal and systemic humoral responses. We show that lactobacilli differentially utilize innate immune pathways and highlight NOD2 as a key mediator of macrophage function and antigen-specific humoral responses to a Lactobacillus acidophilus mucosal vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Bumgardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alora S. LaVoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chad B. Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Todd R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rogala AR, Schoenborn AA, Fee BE, Cantillana VA, Joyce MJ, Gharaibeh RZ, Roy S, Fodor AA, Sartor RB, Taylor GA, Gulati AS. Environmental factors regulate Paneth cell phenotype and host susceptibility to intestinal inflammation in Irgm1-deficient mice. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031070. [PMID: 29361512 PMCID: PMC5894938 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) represents a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestinal tract. Several susceptibility genes have been linked to CD, though their precise role in the pathogenesis of this disorder remains unclear. Immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is an established risk allele in CD. We have shown previously that conventionally raised (CV) mice lacking the IRGM ortholog, Irgm1 exhibit abnormal Paneth cells (PCs) and increased susceptibility to intestinal injury. In the present study, we sought to utilize this model system to determine if environmental conditions impact these phenotypes, as is thought to be the case in human CD. To accomplish this, wild-type and Irgm1−/− mice were rederived into specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) conditions. We next assessed how these differential housing environments influenced intestinal injury patterns, and epithelial cell morphology and function in wild-type and Irgm1−/− mice. Remarkably, in contrast to CV mice, SPF Irgm1−/− mice showed only a slight increase in susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation. SPF Irgm1−/− mice also displayed minimal abnormalities in PC number and morphology, and in antimicrobial peptide expression. Goblet cell numbers and epithelial proliferation were also unaffected by Irgm1 in SPF conditions. No microbial differences were observed between wild-type and Irgm1−/− mice, but gut bacterial communities differed profoundly between CV and SPF mice. Specifically, Helicobacter sequences were significantly increased in CV mice; however, inoculating SPF Irgm1−/− mice with Helicobacter hepaticus was not sufficient to transmit a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In summary, our findings suggest the impact of Irgm1-deficiency on susceptibility to intestinal inflammation and epithelial function is critically dependent on environmental influences. This work establishes the importance of Irgm1−/− mice as a model to elucidate host-environment interactions that regulate mucosal homeostasis and intestinal inflammatory responses. Defining such interactions will be essential for developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies for human CD. Summary: In this study, we rederived conventionally raised Irgm1-deficient mice into specific pathogen-free and germ-free conditions. We show that these environments determine how Irgm1 regulates Paneth cell function and gut inflammation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Rogala
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexi A Schoenborn
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian E Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Viviana A Cantillana
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria J Joyce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Sayanty Roy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Liang J, Huang HI, Benzatti FP, Karlsson AB, Zhang JJ, Youssef N, Ma A, Hale LP, Hammer GE. Inflammatory Th1 and Th17 in the Intestine Are Each Driven by Functionally Specialized Dendritic Cells with Distinct Requirements for MyD88. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1330-1343. [PMID: 27783947 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal dynamics between microbiota and dendritic cells (DCs) support modest numbers of T cells, yet these do not cause inflammation. The DCs that induce inflammatory T cells and the signals that drive this process remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that small intestine DCs lacking the signaling attenuator A20 induce inflammatory T cells and that the signals perceived and antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions are unique for different DC subsets. Thus, although CD103+CD11b- DCs exclusively instruct IFNγ+ T cells, CD103+CD11b+ DCs exclusively instruct IL-17+ T cells. Surprisingly, APC functions of both DC subsets are upregulated in a MyD88-independent fashion. In contrast, CD103-CD11b+ DCs instruct both IFNγ+ and IL-17+ T cells, and only the IL-17-inducing APC functions require MyD88. In disease pathogenesis, both CD103-CD11b+ and CD103+CD11b+ DCs expand pathologic Th17 cells. Thus, in disease pathogenesis, specific DCs instruct specific inflammatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fernanda P Benzatti
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Physics, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Amelia B Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Junyi J Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nourhan Youssef
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gianna E Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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19
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Li X, Zhang Z, Li L, Gong W, Lazenby AJ, Swanson BJ, Herring LE, Asara JM, Singer JD, Wen H. Myeloid-derived cullin 3 promotes STAT3 phosphorylation by inhibiting OGT expression and protects against intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1093-1109. [PMID: 28280036 PMCID: PMC5379975 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Li et al. show that OGT-mediated STAT3 O-GlcNAcylation, which is modulated by CUL3-Nrf2 signaling, negatively regulates STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-10 production in macrophages and exacerbates experimental colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key mediator of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanism that modulates STAT3 phosphorylation and activation is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that modification of STAT3 with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on threonine 717 (T717) negatively regulates its phosphorylation and targets gene expression in macrophages. We further found that cullin 3 (CUL3), a cullin family E3 ubiquitin ligase, down-regulates the expression of the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and inhibits STAT3 O-GlcNAcylation. The inhibitory effect of CUL3 on OGT expression is dependent on nuclear factor E2–related factor-2 (Nrf2), which binds to the Ogt promoter region and increases gene transcription. Myeloid deletion of Cul3 led to defective STAT3 phosphorylation in colon macrophages, which was accompanied by exacerbated colonic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. Thus, this study identifies a new form of posttranslational modification of STAT3, modulating its phosphorylation, and suggests the importance of immunometabolism on colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Audrey J Lazenby
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Benjamin J Swanson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Laura E Herring
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 .,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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20
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Fecal Microbiota and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis: Relevance to Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2767-2787. [PMID: 27824648 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying the role of the intestinal microbiome and metabolome in IBD onset and its alteration during active treatment and recovery remain unknown. Animal models of chronic intestinal inflammation with similar microbial and metabolomic profiles would enable investigation of these mechanisms and development of more effective treatments. Recently, the Winnie mouse model of colitis closely representing the clinical symptoms and characteristics of human IBD has been developed. In this study, we have analyzed fecal microbial and metabolomic profiles in Winnie mice and discussed their relevance to human IBD. METHODS The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from fecal DNA of Winnie and C57BL/6 mice to define operational taxonomic units at ≥97% similarity threshold. Metabolomic profiling of the same fecal samples was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Composition of the dominant microbiota was disturbed, and prominent differences were evident at all levels of the intestinal microbiome in fecal samples from Winnie mice, similar to observations in patients with IBD. Metabolomic profiling revealed that chronic colitis in Winnie mice upregulated production of metabolites and altered several metabolic pathways, mostly affecting amino acid synthesis and breakdown of monosaccharides to short chain fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Significant dysbiosis in the Winnie mouse gut replicates many changes observed in patients with IBD. These results provide justification for the suitability of this model to investigate mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota and metabolome in the pathophysiology of IBD.
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21
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Bifidobacteria-Insight into clinical outcomes and mechanisms of its probiotic action. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:159-171. [PMID: 27664734 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of pathogens causes a disruption of the gut homeostasis. Innate immune responses and those triggered by endogenous microbiota form the first line of defence in our body. Pathogens often successfully overcome the resistances offered, calling for therapeutic intervention. Conventional strategy involving antibiotics might eradicate pathogens, but often leave the gut uncolonised and susceptible to recurrences. Probiotic supplements are useful alternatives. Bifidobacterium is one of widely studied probiotic genus, effective in restoring gut homeostasis. Mechanisms of probiotic action of bifidobacteria are several, often with strain-specificity. Analysis of streamlined literature reports reveal that although most studies report the probiotic aspect of bifidobacteria, sporadic documented contradictory results exist, challenging its therapeutic application and prompting studies to unambiguously establish the strain-associated probiotic activity and negate adverse effects prior to its clinical administration. Multi-strain/combinatorial therapy possibly relies on a combination of underlying operating mechanisms, each contributing towards enhanced probiotic efficacy, understanding which could help in developing customised formulations against targeted pathogens. Bifidogenic activity is also mediated by surface-associated structural components such as exopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids along with metabolites and bifidocins. This highlights scope for developing advanced structural therapeutic strategy which might be pivotal in replacing intact cell probiotics therapy.
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22
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Vong L, Pinnell LJ, Määttänen P, Yeung CW, Lurz E, Sherman PM. Selective enrichment of commensal gut bacteria protects against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G181-92. [PMID: 26067845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00053.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in shaping the host immune system. Perturbation of gut microbial composition, termed dysbiosis, is associated with an increased susceptibility to intestinal pathogens and is a hallmark of a number of inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases. The prospect of mining the commensal gut microbiota for bacterial strains that can impact immune function represents an attractive strategy to counteract dysbiosis and resulting disease. In this study, we show that selective enrichment of commensal gut lactobacilli protects against the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, a well-characterized model of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. The lactobacilli-enriched bacterial culture prevented the expansion of Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria and was associated with improved indexes of epithelial barrier function (dextran flux), transmissible crypt hyperplasia, and tissue inflammatory cytokine levels. Moreover, cultivation of gut bacteria from Citrobacter rodentium-infected mice reveals the differential capacity of bacterial subsets to mobilize neutrophil oxidative burst and initiate the formation of weblike neutrophil extracellular traps. Our findings highlight the beneficial effects of a lactobacilli-enriched commensal gut microenvironment and, in the context of an intestinal barrier breach, the ability of neutrophils to immobilize both commensal and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vong
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lee J Pinnell
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pekka Määttänen
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - C William Yeung
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Eberhard Lurz
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Abstract
The essential role of the gut microbiota for health has generated tremendous interest in modulating its composition and metabolic function. One of these strategies is prebiotics, which typically refer to selectively fermented nondigestible food ingredients or substances that specifically support the growth and/or activity of health-promoting bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract. In this Perspective, we argue that advances in our understanding of diet-microbiome-host interactions challenge important aspects of the current concept of prebiotics, and especially the requirement for effects to be 'selective' or 'specific'. We propose to revise this concept in an effort to shift the focus towards ecological and functional features of the microbiota more likely to be relevant for host physiology. This revision would provide a more rational basis for the identification of prebiotic compounds, and a framework by which the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota could be more fully materialized.
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24
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Leone VA, Cham CM, Chang EB. Diet, gut microbes, and genetics in immune function: can we leverage our current knowledge to achieve better outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases? Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:16-23. [PMID: 25214301 PMCID: PMC4253729 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are increasing at an alarming frequency. While the exact cause remains elusive, studies have examined how the immune system is shaped in the context of genetic susceptibility, gut microbes, and environmental pressures, including dietary intake. Shifts towards a Westernized high fat, high carbohydrate diet result in changes to gut microbiota structure and function that may aid in triggering and perpetuating autoimmunity by promoting the emergence of pathobionts leading to altered immune activation. This review summarizes our current understanding of dietary-induced changes in gut microbiota on autoimmunity in the context of IBD. We provide a framework for leveraging this knowledge to develop new dietary, microbial and immune-based modulation strategies for individualized risk assessment and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Leone
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, United States
| | - Candace M Cham
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, United States
| | - Eugene B Chang
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, United States.
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25
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Bringiotti R, Ierardi E, Lovero R, Losurdo G, Leo AD, Principi M. Intestinal microbiota: The explosive mixture at the origin of inflammatory bowel disease? World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2014; 5:550-559. [PMID: 25400998 PMCID: PMC4231519 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), namely Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong chronic disorders arising from interactions among genetic, immunological and environmental factors. Although the origin of IBDs is closely linked to immune response alterations, which governs most medical decision-making, recent findings suggest that gut microbiota may be involved in IBD pathogenesis. Epidemiologic evidence and several studies have shown that a dysregulation of gut microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) may trigger the onset of intestinal disorders such as IBDs. Animal and human investigations focusing on the microbiota-IBD relationship have suggested an altered balance of the intestinal microbial population in the active phase of IBD. Rigorous microbiota typing could, therefore, soon become part of a complete phenotypic analysis of IBD patients. Moreover, individual susceptibility and environmental triggers such as nutrition, medications, age or smoking could modify bacterial strains in the bowel habitat. Pharmacological manipulation of bowel microbiota is somewhat controversial. The employment of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has been widely addressed in the literature worldwide, with the aim of obtaining positive results in a number of IBD patient settings, and determining the appropriate timing and modality of this intervention. Recently, novel treatments for IBDs, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, when accepted by patients, have shown promising results. Controlled studies are being designed. In the near future, new therapeutic strategies can be expected, with non-pathogenic or modified food organisms that can be genetically modified to exert anti-inflammatory properties.
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26
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Tannock GW, Taylor C, Lawley B, Loach D, Gould M, Dunn AC, McLellan AD, Black MA, McNoe L, Dekker J, Gopal P, Collett MA. Altered transcription of murine genes induced in the small bowel by administration of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2851-9. [PMID: 24584241 PMCID: PMC3993288 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00336-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 is a probiotic strain reported to increase resistance to epithelium-adherent and -invasive intestinal pathogens in experimental animals. To increase understanding of the relationship between strain HN001 and the bowel, transcription of selected genes in the mucosa of the murine small bowel was measured. Mice previously naive to lactobacilli (Lactobacillus-free mice) were examined after daily exposure to HN001 in drinking water. Comparisons were made to results from matched Lactobacillus-free mice. Infant and adult mice were investigated to provide a temporal view of gene expression in response to exposure to HN001. Genes sgk1, angptl4, and hspa1b, associated with the apoptosis pathway, were selected for investigation by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR on the basis of a preliminary duodenal DNA microarray screen. Normalized to gapdh gene transcription, these three genes were upregulated after 6 to 10 days exposure of adult mice to HN001. Angptl4 was shown by immunofluorescence to be upregulated in duodenal epithelial cells of mucosal samples. Epithelial cell migration was faster in HN001-exposed mice than in the Lactobacillus-free controls. Transcriptional responses in infant mice differed according to bowel region and age. For example, sgk1 was upregulated in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa of mice less than 25 days old, whereas angptl4 and hspa1b were upregulated at 10 days in the duodenum but downregulated in the jejunal mucosa until mice were 25 days old. Overall, the results provide links between a probiotic strain, mucosal gene expression, and host phenotype, which may be useful in delineating mechanisms of probiotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Corinda Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Diane Loach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maree Gould
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amy C. Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander D. McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael A. Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Les McNoe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James Dekker
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pramod Gopal
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Shouval DS, Ouahed J, Biswas A, Goettel JA, Horwitz BH, Klein C, Muise AM, Snapper SB. Interleukin 10 receptor signaling: master regulator of intestinal mucosal homeostasis in mice and humans. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:177-210. [PMID: 24507158 PMCID: PMC4741283 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL10) is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that can inhibit proinflammatory responses of both innate and adaptive immune cells. An association between IL10 and intestinal mucosal homeostasis became clear with the discovery that IL10 and IL10 receptor (IL10R)-deficient mice develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation. Similarly, patients with deleterious mutations in IL10, IL10RA, or IL10RB present with severe enterocolitis within the first months of life. Here, we review recent findings on how IL10- and IL10R-dependent signaling modulates innate and adaptive immune responses in the murine gastrointestinal tract, with implications of their role in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, we discuss the impact of IL10 and IL10R signaling defects in humans and their relationship to very early-onset IBD (VEO-IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror S Shouval
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodie Ouahed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amlan Biswas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goettel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce H Horwitz
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Cell Biology at University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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28
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Increased proportions of Bifidobacterium and the Lactobacillus group and loss of butyrate-producing bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:398-406. [PMID: 24478468 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01500-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota of persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been described, but there are still varied reports on changes in the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus organisms in patients with IBD. The aim of this investigation was to compare the compositions of mucosa-associated and fecal bacteria in patients with IBD and in healthy controls (HCs). Fecal and biopsy samples from 21 HCs, 21 and 15 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and 34 and 29 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, respectively, were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial numbers were transformed into relative percentages for statistical analysis. The proportions of bacteria were uniformly distributed along the colon regardless of the disease state. Bifidobacterium was significantly increased in the biopsy specimens of active UC patients compared to those in the HCs (4.6% versus 2.1%, P = 0.001), and the proportion of Bifidobacterium was significantly higher in the biopsy specimens than in the fecal samples in active CD patients (2.7% versus 2.0%, P = 0.012). The Lactobacillus group was significantly increased in the biopsy specimens of active CD patients compared to those in the HCs (3.4% versus 2.3%, P = 0.036). Compared to the HCs, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was sharply decreased in both the fecal and biopsy specimens of the active CD patients (0.3% versus 14.0%, P < 0.0001 for fecal samples; 0.8% versus 11.4%, P < 0.0001 for biopsy specimens) and the active UC patients (4.3% versus 14.0%, P = 0.001 for fecal samples; 2.8% versus 11.4%, P < 0.0001 for biopsy specimens). In conclusion, Bifidobacterium and the Lactobacillus group were increased in active IBD patients and should be used more cautiously as probiotics during the active phase of IBD. Butyrate-producing bacteria might be important to gut homeostasis.
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29
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Diet, microbes, and host genetics: the perfect storm in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:315-21. [PMID: 23475322 PMCID: PMC3698420 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as well as other inflammatory conditions, has dramatically increased over the past half century. While many studies have shown that IBD exhibits a genetic component via genome-wide association studies, genetic drift alone cannot account for this increase, and other factors, such as those found in the environment must play a role, suggesting a "multiple hit" phenomenon that precipitates disease. One major environmental factor, dietary intake, has shifted to a high fat, high carbohydrate Western-type diet in developing nations, nearly in direct correlation with the increasing incidence of IBD. Recent evidence suggests that specific changes in dietary intake have led to a shift in the composite human gut microbiota, resulting in the emergence of pathobionts that can thrive under specific conditions. In the genetically susceptible host, the emerging pathobionts can lead to increasing incidence and severity of IBD and other inflammatory disorders. Since the gut microbiota is plastic and responds to dietary modulations, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and/or dietary alterations are all intriguing complementary therapeutic approaches to alleviate IBD symptoms. However, the interactions are complex and it is unlikely that a one-size-fits all approach can be utilized across all populations affected by IBD. Exploration into and thoroughly understanding the interactions between host and microbes, primarily in the genetically susceptible host, will help define strategies that can be tailored to an individual as we move towards an era of personalized medicine to treat IBD.
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30
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Kutikhin AG, Yuzhalin AE, Brusina EB. Organ Microbiota in Cancer Development: The Holy Grail of Biological Carcinogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5955-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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31
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Schoeb TR, Bullard DC. Microbial and histopathologic considerations in the use of mouse models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1558-65. [PMID: 22294506 PMCID: PMC3733552 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models provide powerful tools to investigate disease mechanisms and are widely used in inflammatory bowel disease research. However, it is common for reports of mouse model studies to lack potentially important information about the microbial status of the mice and the method used to evaluate disease expression for statistical analysis. For example, it is common practice to state that the mice were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions but provide no further information regarding the presence or absence of organisms such as Helicobacter spp. that are known or likely to affect disease expression, thus omitting information potentially important to the expected phenotype of the mice and their responses to experimental manipulation. We therefore encourage authors to use such terms as "conventional" and "specific pathogen-free" precisely, to state the agents from which the mice are represented to be free, and to provide a brief description of the health monitoring protocol. Descriptions of histopathologic methods used to evaluate colitis in mouse models also often do not include sufficient detail to allow readers to understand and evaluate the methods; in addition, the lesions commonly are shown in photomicrographs that are too small and of too low resolution to be interpreted. Inasmuch as such methods are often the major or only source of data upon which conclusions regarding genotype or experimental treatment effects are based, the method employed should be fully described, and photomicrographs should be of adequate size and resolution to allow independent assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton R. Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel C. Bullard
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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32
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Issazadeh-Navikas S, Teimer R, Bockermann R. Influence of dietary components on regulatory T cells. Mol Med 2012; 18:95-110. [PMID: 22113499 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common dietary components including vitamins A and D, omega-3 and probiotics are now widely accepted to be essential to protect against many diseases with an inflammatory nature. On the other hand, high-fat diets are documented to exert multiple deleterious effects, including fatty liver diseases. Here we discuss the effect of dietary components on regulatory T cell (Treg) homeostasis, a central element of the immune system to prevent chronic tissue inflammation. Accordingly, evidence on the impact of dietary components on diseases in which Tregs play an influential role will be discussed. We will review chronic tissue-specific autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and allergies among chronic diseases where dietary factors could have a direct influence via modulation of Tregs homeostasis and functions.
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33
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Vandenplas Y, Veereman-Wauters G, DE Greef E, Mahler T, Devreker T, Hauser B. Intestinal microbiota and health in childhood. Biosci Microflora 2011; 30:111-7. [PMID: 25045316 PMCID: PMC4103642 DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.30.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Western medicine has only recently discovered that the intestinal microbiota is a major
determinant of the well-being of the host. Although it would be oversimplifying to limit
the benefits of breastfeeding compared to cow milk based infant formula to differences in
gastrointestinal flora, the impact of the latter has been demonstrated beyond doubt. As a
consequence, gastro intestinal flora manipulation with pre- and probiotics added to infant
formula or food (mainly milk based products) and/or with food supplements have become a
priority area of high quality research. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be
manipulated with “biotics”: antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics. Commercialised pre-
and probiotic products differ in composition and dose. Major threats to the concept of
developing a major role for intestinal microbiota manipulation on health are the
commercialisation of products claiming health benefits that have not been validated.
Legislation of food supplements and medication differs substantially and allows
commercialisation of poor quality food supplements, what will result in negative
experiences. Medicinal products can only be advertised for which there is scientific proof
of benefit that has been demonstrated with “the same product with the same dose in the
same indication”. Specificity of prebiotics and probiotics strains and product specificity
are of importance, although high quality evidence for this assertion is missing.
Dose-efficacy studies are urgently needed. Probiotics are “generally regarded as safe”,
but side effects such as septicemia and fungemia have sometimes been reported in high-risk
situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Genevieve Veereman-Wauters
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth DE Greef
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tania Mahler
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Devreker
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Hauser
- Universitair Kinderziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Zhu Y, Luo TM, Jobin C, Young HA. Gut microbiota and probiotics in colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:119-27. [PMID: 21741763 PMCID: PMC3148272 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and abundant microbial community reaching as high as 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms in the colon. This endogenous microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with their eukaryotic host and this close partnership helps maintain homeostasis by performing essential and non-redundant tasks (e.g. nutrition/energy and, immune system balance, pathogen exclusion). Although this relationship is essential and beneficial to the host, various events (e.g. infection, diet, stress, inflammation) may impact microbial composition, leading to the formation of a dysbiotic microbiota, further impacting on health and disease states. For example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively termed inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), have been associated with the establishment of a dysbiotic microbiota. In addition, extra-intestinal disorders such as obesity and metabolic syndrome are also associated with the development of a dysbiotic microbiota. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in harnessing the power of the microbiome and modulating its composition as a means to alleviate intestinal pathologies/disorders and maintain health status. In this review, we will discuss the emerging relationship between the microbiota and development of colorectal cancer as well as present evidence that microbial manipulation (probiotic, prebiotic) impacts disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, Beijing University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Yin YN, Wang CL, Liu XW, Cui Y, Xie N, Yu QF, Li FJ, Lu FG. Gastric and duodenum microflora analysis after long-term Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian Gerbils. Helicobacter 2011; 16:389-97. [PMID: 21923685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection leads to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric malignancies. Indigenous microflora in alimentary tract maintains a colonization barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. This study is aimed to observe the gastric and duodenum microflora alteration after H. pylori infection in Mongolian Gerbils model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 18 Mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into two groups: control group and H. pylori group that were given H. pylori NCTC J99 strain intragastrically. After 12 weeks, H. pylori colonization was identified by rapid urease tests and bacterial culture. Indigenous microorganisms in stomach and duodenum were analyzed by culture method. Histopathologic examination of gastric and duodenum mucosa was also performed. RESULTS Three of eight gerbils had positive H. pylori colonization. After H. pylori infection, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus showed occurrences in stomach and duodenum. Lactobacillus spp. showed a down trend in stomach. The levels and localizations of Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., and total aerobes were also modified. Bacteroides spp. significantly increased in H. pylori positive gerbils. No Enterobacteriaceae were detected. Positive colonization gerbils showed a higher histopathologic score of gastritis and a similar score of duodenitis. CONCLUSIONS Long-term H. pylori colonization affected the distribution and numbers of indigenous microflora in stomach and duodenum. Successful colonization caused a more severe gastritis. Gastric microenvironment may be unfit for lactobacilli fertility after long-term H. pylori infection, while enterococci, S. aureus, bifidobacteria, and bacteroides showed their adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ni Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
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Sartor RB. Key questions to guide a better understanding of host-commensal microbiota interactions in intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:127-32. [PMID: 21248723 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Co-evolution with an extremely complex commensal enteric microbiota has helped shape mammalian mucosal immune responses. A yet incompletely defined subset of intestinal bacteria is required to stimulate chronic, immune-mediated intestinal inflammation, including human Crohn's disease, and intestinal microbiota composition is altered in a characteristic manner by the inflammatory response to create a dysbiotic relationship of protective vs. aggressive bacteria. We pose a number of questions regarding host interactions with the enteric microbiota, including influences of inflammation, host genetics, early environmental exposure, and diet on microbial composition and function, and conversely, the effect of bacterial metabolism, enteric fungi and viruses, and endogenous protective bacterial species on host immune and inflammatory responses. These questions are designed to stimulate research that will promote a better understanding of host-microbial interactions in the intestine and promote targeted novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sartor
- Department of Medicine/Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Kim SW, Kim HM, Yang KM, Kim SA, Kim SK, An MJ, Park JJ, Lee SK, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH. Bifidobacterium lactis inhibits NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells and prevents acute colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer in mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1514-25. [PMID: 20310012 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the antiinflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium lactis on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and on experimental acute murine colitis and its tumor prevention effects on colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mice. METHODS Human HT-29 cells were stimulated with IL-1beta, lipopolysaccharides, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha with and without B. lactis, and the effects of B. lactis on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling in IEC were examined. For in vivo study, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice were fed with and without B. lactis. Finally, we induced colonic tumors in mice by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS and evaluated the effects of B. lactis on tumor growth. RESULTS B. lactis significantly suppressed NF-kappaB activation, including NF-kappaB-binding activity and NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed IkappaB-alpha degradation, which correlated with the downregulation of NF-kappaB-dependent gene products. Moreover, B. lactis suppressed the development of acute colitis in mice. Compared with the DSS group, the severity of DSS-induced colitis as assessed by disease activity index, colon length, and histological score was reduced in the B. lactis-treated group. In the CAC model, the mean number and size of tumors in the B. lactis-treated group were significantly lower than those in the AOM group. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that B. lactis inhibits NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated genes in IEC and prevents acute colitis and CAC in mice. These results suggest that B. lactis could be a potential preventive agent for CAC as well as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tannock GW. The bowel microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:954051. [PMID: 21188223 PMCID: PMC3004003 DOI: 10.4061/2010/954051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bowel contains a large and biodiverse bacterial community known as the microbiota or microbiome. It seems likely that the microbiota, fractions of the microbiota, or specific species comprising the microbiota provide the antigenic fuel that drives the chronic immune inflammation of the bowel mucosa that is characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. At least twenty years of microbiological research have been expended on analysis of the composition of the bowel microbiota of inflammatory bowel disease patients in comparison to that of control subjects. Despite extensive speculations about the aetiological role of dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases, knowledge that can be easily translated into effective remedies for patients has not eventuated. The causes of this failure may be due to poorly defined and executed bacteriological studies, as well as the overwhelming complexity of a biome that contains hundreds of bacterial species and trillions of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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