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Xu Y, Yu B. Blood-borne viruses and neurological manifestations: An overview. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2552. [PMID: 38877365 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by blood-borne viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV), are systemic diseases that can lead to a wide range of pathological manifestations. Besides causing severe immune and hepatic disorders, these viral pathogens can also induce neurological dysfunctions via both direct and indirect mechanisms. Neurological dysfunctions are one of the most common manifestations caused by these viruses that can also serve as indicators of their infection, impacting the clinical presentation of the disease. The main neurological manifestations of these blood-borne viral pathogens consist of several central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) dysfunctions. The most common neurological manifestations of HIV, HTLV, HCV, and HBV include HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy (PN), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and HCV-/HBV-associated PN, respectively. Nonetheless, patients infected with these viruses may experience other neurological disorders, either associated with these conditions or manifesting in isolation, which can often go unnoticed or undiagnosed by physicians. The present review aims to provide an overview of the latest evidence on the relationship between blood-borne viruses and neurological disorders to highlight neurological conditions that may be somewhat overlooked by mainstream literature and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Musinguzi B, Obuku EA, Kinengyere AA, Ndagire R, Baguma A, Mwesigwa A, Itabangi H, Mboowa G, Sande OJ, Achan B. Prevalence of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis and distribution of Candida species among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4534730. [PMID: 38883750 PMCID: PMC11177986 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4534730/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background The incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Africa is on the rise. Oropharyngeal candidiasis is mainly caused by C.albicans; however, a shift in the etiology towards non-Candida albicans species is increasing. In addition, there are variations in the epidemiological distribution of Candida species causing oropharyngeal candidiasis among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Objective This review aimed to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the distribution of Candida species among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Materials and Methods This systematic review protocol was registered in the base PROSPERO database prior to its conduct (CRD42021254473). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol guidelines (PRISMA-P) were followed for this study. The PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE databases were searched to identify published studies published between 1st January 2000 and 8th October 2022. The eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis and analyzed using a random effects model. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool for prevalence studies. Results The database search yielded 370 titles from PubMed (n=192), EMBASE (n=162) and SCOPUS (n=16). Fourteen studies with a total of 3,863 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis was 49.0% (95% CI: 37% - 62%). A total of 2,688 Candida isolates were reported; approximately 76.6% (n=2,060) were C. albicans, and 21.7% (n=582) were non-C. albicans. Among the non-Candida albicans species, C. glabrata was the most common isolate (29.6%), followed by C. tropicalis (27.7%), C. krusei (17.0%), C. parapsilosis (8.1%) and C. dubliniensis (5.2%). Out of 14 studies, 7 (50.0%) had a low risk of bias, 5 (35.7%) had a moderate risk of bias, and 2 (14.3%) had a high risk of bias. Conclusion Almost half of people living with HIV in Africa have oropharyngeal candidiasis, and C. albicans remains the most frequent cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Musinguzi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Sir Albert Cook Medical Library, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda
| | - Regina Ndagire
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Baguma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Alex Mwesigwa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Herbert Itabangi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive, Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo James Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beatrice Achan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Logie CH, Okumu M, Admassu Z, Perez-Brumer A, Ahmed R, Luna ML, MacKenzie F, Kortenaar JL, Berry I, Hakiza R, Katisi B, Musoke DK, Nakitende A, Batte S, Kyambadde P, Taing L, Giordana G, Mbuagbaw L. HIV Vulnerabilities Associated with Water Insecurity, Food Insecurity, and Other COVID-19 Impacts Among Urban Refugee Youth in Kampala, Uganda: Multi-method Findings. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:507-523. [PMID: 38048017 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Food insecurity (FI) and water insecurity (WI) are linked with HIV vulnerabilities, yet how these resource insecurities shape HIV prevention needs is understudied. We assessed associations between FI and WI and HIV vulnerabilities among urban refugee youth aged 16-24 in Kampala, Uganda through individual in-depth interviews (IDI) (n = 24), focus groups (n = 4), and a cross-sectional survey (n = 340) with refugee youth, and IDI with key informants (n = 15). Quantitative data was analysed via multivariable logistic and linear regression to assess associations between FI and WI with: reduced pandemic sexual and reproductive health (SRH) access; past 3-month transactional sex (TS); unplanned pandemic pregnancy; condom self-efficacy; and sexual relationship power (SRP). We applied thematic analytic approaches to qualitative data. Among survey participants, FI and WI were commonplace (65% and 47%, respectively) and significantly associated with: reduced SRH access (WI: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-3.08; FI: aOR: 2.31. 95%CI: 1.36-3.93), unplanned pregnancy (WI: aOR: 2.77, 95%CI: 1.24-6.17; FI: aOR: 2.62, 95%CI: 1.03-6.66), and TS (WI: aOR: 3.09, 95%CI: 1.22-7.89; FI: aOR: 3.51, 95%CI: 1.15-10.73). WI participants reported lower condom self-efficacy (adjusted β= -3.98, 95%CI: -5.41, -2.55) and lower SRP (adjusted β= -2.58, 95%CI= -4.79, -0.37). Thematic analyses revealed: (1) contexts of TS, including survival needs and pandemic impacts; (2) intersectional HIV vulnerabilities; (3) reduced HIV prevention/care access; and (4) water insecurity as a co-occurring socio-economic stressor. Multi-method findings reveal FI and WI are linked with HIV vulnerabilities, underscoring the need for HIV prevention to address co-occurring resource insecurities with refugee youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Logie
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Room 504, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada.
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Moses Okumu
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zerihun Admassu
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Room 504, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada
| | - Amaya Perez-Brumer
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Room 504, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada
| | - Marianne Lahai Luna
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frannie MacKenzie
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Room 504, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Kortenaar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isha Berry
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Hakiza
- Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Katisi
- Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Shamilah Batte
- Organization for Gender Empowerment and Rights Advocacy (OGERA) Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Kyambadde
- National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Most At Risk Population Initiative Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lina Taing
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gio Giordana
- World Food Programme East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Muzenda T, Shoko R, Chimwanda P, Ndlovu J. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220695. [PMID: 37791061 PMCID: PMC10543704 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of the essential elements to the human body N, K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn of the fermented and non-fermented Fadogia ancylantha leaf samples were analysed to assess their nutritional value in two different areas in Zimbabwe: Mhangura (Mashonaland West, Province) and Alaska (Mashonaland West Province). Atomic absorption spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometry techniques were used to measure the concentrations of the minerals. The concentrations of manganese were significantly high (p < 0.05) in non-fermented treatments, with Mhangura samples having 0.447 mg/g and Alaska samples having 0.453 mg/g. Iron was high in fermented samples with Mhangura samples having 0.245 mg/g and Alaska samples having 0.270 mg/g. The concentrations of manganese and iron in Fadogia ancylantha can be used to supplement the recommended daily doses in pregnant, menstruating, and lactating women. The study, therefore, recommends that Fadogia ancylantha be used as a nutraceutical for the supplementation of iron and manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Muzenda
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Ryman Shoko
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Peter Chimwanda
- Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Joice Ndlovu
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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Ndlovu SMS, Ross A, Ndirangu J. Knowledge of HIV and/or AIDS and HIV testing services among young men in South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2023; 15:e1-e10. [PMID: 37526557 PMCID: PMC10476458 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The youth is at a heightened risk of immunodeficiency virus and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and/or AIDS) infection because of risk-taking behaviour. There remains a gap in understanding young men's knowledge of HIV and/or AIDS and HIV testing services (HTS) in hard-to-reach communities in South Africa. AIM This article aimed to explore young men's knowledge of HIV and/or AIDS, including HTS in Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). SETTING Rural and peri-urban areas around the town of Ladysmith. METHODS Employing a qualitative descriptive research design, 17 young men aged between 18 and 30 years were purposively and conveniently sampled and interviewed using WhatsApp and landline audio calls to collect their data, which was thematically analysed. RESULTS Young men had good knowledge of HIV and/or AIDS but lacked knowledge about HTS and HIV self-testing (HIVST). They obtained their information about HIV and/or AIDS and HTS from various sources and were aware of where to access HTS. They were generally unaware and supportive of HIVST. CONCLUSION Male-targeted HIV and/or AIDS knowledge and testing interventions are needed to encourage and support young men to test for HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus self-testing should be explored as an alternative to clinic-based service to encourage young men to know their status, specifically those with limited access to or are reluctant to attend clinics. Strengthening HIV and/or AIDS education could facilitate better decision-making towards HIV testing among young men.Contribution: This study contributes to an understanding of young adult men's knowledge of HIV and/or AIDS and HTS in underserved settings in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithembiso M S Ndlovu
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and Office of the Dean of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.
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Winters S, Sabasaba A, Fahey CA, Packel L, Katabaro E, Ndungile Y, Njau PF, McCoy SI. Increased prevalence of depression and anxiety among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shinyanga region, Tanzania. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:36. [PMID: 37301833 PMCID: PMC10256977 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns about the interconnected relationship between HIV and mental health were heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed whether there were temporal changes in the mental health status of people living with HIV presenting for care in Shinyanga region, Tanzania. Specifically, we compared the prevalence of depression and anxiety before and during COVID-19, with the goal of describing the changing needs, if any, to person-centered HIV services. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from two randomized controlled trials of adults initiating ART in Shinyanga region, Tanzania between April-December 2018 (pre-COVID-19 period, n = 530) and May 2021-March 2022 (COVID-19 period, n = 542), respectively. We compared three mental health indicators that were similarly measured in both surveys: loss of interest in things, hopelessness about the future, and uncontrolled worrying. We also examined depression and anxiety which were measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 in the pre-COVID-19 period and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 in the COVID-19 period, respectively, and classified as binary indicators per each scale's threshold. We estimated prevalence differences (PD) in adverse mental health status before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for underlying differences in the two study populations. RESULTS We found significant temporal increases in the prevalence of feeling 'a lot' and 'extreme' loss of interest in things ['a lot' PD: 38, CI 34,41; 'extreme' PD: 9, CI 8,12)], hopelessness about the future [' a lot' PD: 46, CI 43,49; 'extreme' PD: 4, CI 3,6], and uncontrolled worrying [' a lot' PD: 34, CI 31,37; 'extreme' PD: 2, CI 0,4] during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also found substantially higher prevalence of depression [PD: 38, CI 34,42] and anxiety [PD: 41, CI 37,45]. CONCLUSIONS After applying a quasi-experimental weighting approach, the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among those starting ART during COVID-19 was much higher than before the pandemic. Although depression and anxiety were measured using different, validated scales, the concurrent increases in similarly measured mental health indicators lends confidence to these findings and warrants further research to assess the possible influence of COVID-19 on mental health among adults living with HIV. Trial Registration NCT03351556, registered November 24, 2017; NCT04201353, registered December 17, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solis Winters
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94704, USA.
| | - Amon Sabasaba
- Health for a Prosperous Nation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Carolyn A Fahey
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Laura Packel
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94704, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sandra I McCoy
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94704, USA
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Kalula SZ, Blouws T, Ramathebane M, Sayed AR. HIV and AIDS prevention: knowledge, attitudes, practices and health literacy of older persons in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces, South Africa and in Lesotho. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:279. [PMID: 37158837 PMCID: PMC10166049 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population ageing and access to anti-retroviral therapies in South Africa have resulted in ageing of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which has implications for policy, planning and practice. Impactful interventions on HIV/AIDS for older persons require knowledge on effects of the pandemic on this population. A study was undertaken to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of HIV/AIDS, as well as health literacy (HL) level of a population aged ≥ 50 years. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted at three sites in South Africa and two sites in Lesotho with an educational intervention at the South African sites. At baseline, data were collected for assessment of KAP of HIV/AIDS and HL levels. The pre- and post-intervention comprised participants at South African sites being familiarised with the contents of a specially constructed HIV/AIDS educational booklet. Participants' KAP was reassessed six weeks later. A composite score of ≥ 75% was considered adequate KAP and an adequate HL level. RESULTS The baseline survey comprised 1163 participants. The median age was 63 years (range 50-98 years); 70% were female, and 69% had ≤ 8 years' education. HL was inadequate in 56% and the KAP score was inadequate in 64%. A high KAP score was associated with female gender (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.1), age < 65 years (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5-2.5) and education level (Primary school: AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4-3.4); (High school: AOR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.7-7.0); (University/college: AOR = 9.6; 95% CI = 4.7-19.7). HL was positively associated with education but no association with age or gender. The educational intervention comprised 614 (69%) participants. KAP scores increased post intervention: 65.2% of participants had adequate knowledge, versus 36% pre-intervention. Overall, younger age, being female and higher education level were associated with having adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, both pre- and post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS The study population had low HL, and KAP scores regarding HIV/AIDS were poor but improved following an educational intervention. A tailored educational programme can place older people centrally in the fight against the epidemic, even in the presence of low HL. Policy and educational programmes are indicated to meet the information needs of older persons, which are commensurate with the low HL level of a large section of that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiana Zimba Kalula
- The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tarryn Blouws
- The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maseabata Ramathebane
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Abdul-Rauf Sayed
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation (BMSF) Technical Assistance Programme, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kabir Sulaiman S, Sale Musa M, Isma'il Tsiga-Ahmed F, Muhammad Dayyab F, Kabir Sulaiman A, Dabo B, Idris Ahmad S, Abubakar Haruna S, Abdurrahman Zubair A, Hussein A, Usman S, Usman Wada J, Yekeen Ayodele A, Wulgo Ali M, Tijjani Makama B, Tijjani Bako A, Garba Ismail A, Tijjani Makama B, Dalhatu Abdulkadir A, Jamal Abdulnasir N, Zakar Gambo B, Usman Mustapha M, Mohammed M, Ibrahim G, Adamu Dogo H, Ishaq Abubakar F, kurugu Y, Auwal Yusufari G, Saleh S, Yakubu A, Sulaiman S, Tijjani Bako A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people living with HIV in a low-resource setting: A multi-center study of prevalence, correlates and reasons. Vaccine 2023; 41:2476-2484. [PMID: 36932032 PMCID: PMC9946883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccine may worsen the burden of COVID-19 among people living with HIV (PLHIV), who are at a higher risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death, compared to HIV non-infected individuals. Therefore, we evaluate the predictors and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated PLHIV in six antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics across northern Nigeria. METHODOLOGY In this cross-sectional study, conducted between October 2021 and February 2022 in six hospitals across two geopolitical regions of Nigeria, we utilized interviewer-administered questionnaires to assess COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among a convenience sample of 790 eligible adult PLHIV. Hesitancy was defined as answering 'no' or 'maybe' to a question asking participants their willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLHIV. RESULTS Of the total 660 unvaccinated participants included in the analysis (61.82% female, mean age [SD] of 39.76 [10.75]), 381 (57.72%) were hesitant to COVID-19 vaccine. Being 50 years and older (aOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.89), being unemployed (aOR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34-0.95), experiencing the adverse effects of ART (aOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.15-0.86), and perception of being at high risk of contracting COVID-19 (aOR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.13-0.37) were associated with significantly lower odds of hesitancy. Conversely, being female (aOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.02-2.61) and attending ART clinics at state administrative capital cities (IIDH Kano [aOR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.10-5.25], MMSH Kano [aOR: 5.59; 95% CI: 1.97-10.66], YSSH Damaturu [aOR: 9.88; 95% CI: 4.02-24.29] vs. GH Gashua) were associated with significantly higher odds of hesitancy. The most common reasons for hesitancy include fear of potential adverse effects, skepticism about vaccine efficacy, the rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccine, and the perceived lack of effort to develop a cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION Interventions aimed at combating misperceptions and misinformation regarding the COVID-19 vaccination program may reduce the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Sale Musa
- Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | | | - Farouq Muhammad Dayyab
- Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Kwanar Dawaki COVID-19 Isolation Center, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdulwahab Kabir Sulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Kwanar Dawaki COVID-19 Isolation Center, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Bashir Dabo
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saidu Idris Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Salisu Abubakar Haruna
- Department of Family Health, Kano State Primary Healthcare Management Board, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Aminu Hussein
- Department of Family Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Sadiya Usman
- HIV Clinic, General Hospital Gashua, Gashua Yobe State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bashir Zakar Gambo
- Department of Nursing, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | | | - Mustapha Mohammed
- Department of Nursing, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Gambo Ibrahim
- Department of Nursing, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Adamu Dogo
- Department of Nursing, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu kurugu
- Department of Nursing, General Hospital Geidam, Yobe State
| | | | | | - Abubakar Yakubu
- College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Saeed Sulaiman
- College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
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Lawal L, Aminu Bello M, Murwira T, Avoka C, Yusuf Ma'aruf S, Harrison Omonhinmin I, Maluleke P, Tsagkaris C, Onyeaka H. Low coverage of COVID-19 vaccines in Africa: current evidence and the way forward. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2034457. [PMID: 35240908 PMCID: PMC9009957 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2034457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage across the globe have uncovered inequities in global healthcare. While more than half of the population of the developed countries have been fully vaccinated, only a small percentage of the African population has received one vaccine dose so far, a far cry from the global vaccination targets. Furthermore, several low and middle income (LMICs) African countries lack the competence, infrastructure, logistics, and financial resources to mass-vaccinate their populations. This paper highlights the causes and implications of the low COVID-19 vaccine coverage on Africa and the global community, and discusses strategies for restructuring and strengthening COVID-19 vaccination in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman Lawal
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Munira Aminu Bello
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria.,College of Basic Medical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tonderai Murwira
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Clement Avoka
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria.,Akyemansa District Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | | | - Imoetin Harrison Omonhinmin
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.,Swansea Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Pamela Maluleke
- Academy of Public Health, West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Brazier E, Ajeh R, Maruri F, Musick B, Freeman A, Wester CW, Lee M, Shamu T, Crabtree Ramírez B, d'Almeida M, Wools‐Kaloustian K, Kumarasamy N, Althoff KN, Twizere C, Grinsztejn B, Tanser F, Messou E, Byakwaga H, Duda SN, Nash D. Service delivery challenges in HIV care during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a site assessment survey across the global IeDEA consortium. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e26036. [PMID: 36504431 PMCID: PMC9742047 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interruptions in treatment pose risks for people with HIV (PWH) and threaten progress in ending the HIV epidemic; however, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on HIV service delivery across diverse settings is not broadly documented. METHODS From September 2020 to March 2021, the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) research consortium surveyed 238 HIV care sites across seven geographic regions to document constraints in HIV service delivery during the first year of the pandemic and strategies for ensuring care continuity for PWH. Descriptive statistics were stratified by national HIV prevalence (<1%, 1-4.9% and ≥5%) and country income levels. RESULTS Questions about pandemic-related consequences for HIV care were completed by 225 (95%) sites in 42 countries with low (n = 82), medium (n = 86) and high (n = 57) HIV prevalence, including low- (n = 57), lower-middle (n = 79), upper-middle (n = 39) and high- (n = 50) income countries. Most sites reported being subject to pandemic-related restrictions on travel, service provision or other operations (75%), and experiencing negative impacts (76%) on clinic operations, including decreased hours/days, reduced provider availability, clinic reconfiguration for COVID-19 services, record-keeping interruptions and suspension of partner support. Almost all sites in low-prevalence and high-income countries reported increased use of telemedicine (85% and 100%, respectively), compared with less than half of sites in high-prevalence and lower-income settings. Few sites in high-prevalence settings (2%) reported suspending antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic services, and many reported adopting mitigation strategies to support adherence, including multi-month dispensing of ART (95%) and designating community ART pick-up points (44%). While few sites (5%) reported stockouts of first-line ART regimens, 10-11% reported stockouts of second- and third-line regimens, respectively, primarily in high-prevalence and lower-income settings. Interruptions in HIV viral load (VL) testing included suspension of testing (22%), longer turnaround times (41%) and supply/reagent stockouts (22%), but did not differ across settings. CONCLUSIONS While many sites in high HIV prevalence settings and lower-income countries reported introducing or expanding measures to support treatment adherence and continuity of care, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in disruptions to VL testing and ART supply chains that may negatively affect the quality of HIV care in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brazier
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population HealthCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health PolicyCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Rogers Ajeh
- Clinical Research Education Networking and ConsultancyYaoundéCameroon
| | - Fernanda Maruri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Beverly Musick
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data ScienceIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Aimee Freeman
- Department of EpidemiologyBloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - C. William Wester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Tinei Shamu
- Newlands ClinicHarareZimbabwe
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Brenda Crabtree Ramírez
- Departamento de InfectologíaInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y NutriciónMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Kara Wools‐Kaloustian
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data ScienceIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - N. Kumarasamy
- VHS Infectious Diseases Medical CentreVoluntary Health ServicesChennaiIndia
| | - Keri N. Althoff
- Department of EpidemiologyBloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD/AIDS (LAPCLIN‐AIDS)Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases‐Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/FIOCRUZ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Frank Tanser
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Eugène Messou
- ACONDA ‐ Centre de Prise en Charge, de Recherche et de Formation (CePReF)AbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Helen Byakwaga
- Mbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda
| | - Stephany N. Duda
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsVanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC)NashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchVanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC)NashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population HealthCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health PolicyCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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11
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Uwishema O, Abbass M, Rai A, Arab S, El Saleh R, Uweis L, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Onyeaka H. Hepatitis A virus outbreak in Lebanon: Is it a matter of concern? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104585. [PMID: 36148083 PMCID: PMC9486044 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lebanon has been grappling with hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks for 3 decades, to an extent that it has been now termed an endemic zone for HAV. However, the rise in cases above the annual average concerns a potential outbreak in the North, and the Bekaa governorates of Lebanon must be highlighted. Although the Lebanese health authorities have ordered a probe into the possible causes of the outbreak, it has been speculated that the immigration of Syrian refugees has overburdened public health services. Reduced seroprevalence of HAV immunoglobulin G has also led to an epidemiological shift from child to adult populations. The current economic crisis affecting Lebanese society is another significant problem that could have contributed to the rise in incidents. This article examines Lebanon's current HAV outbreak and epidemiological status, offering suggestions for the future. In the event of an outbreak, the infrastructure for water sanitation and sewage is known to allow HAV to spread via the faecal-oral pathway. Maintaining personal hygiene, early detection, and vaccination have all been recommended as significant regional and individual control measures.
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12
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Berjaoui C, Tabassum S, Sabuncu Ö, Al Tarawneh YJ, Naeem A, El Khoury C, Bacha IT, Wellington J, Uwishema O. Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104613. [PMID: 36124222 PMCID: PMC9482105 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measles, one of the most common infections in the world, accounts for more than over 100.000 deaths every year. Measles outbreaks are still ravaging the African continent, and the 2010 Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe is one to be noted, where more than 7754 infections and 517 deaths were reported, ultimately leading to the UN initiation of the vaccination program. COVID-19 could have been delaying the vaccination process in Africa. This article aims to shed the light on the current Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe and how global health organizations are taking measures to fight off this outbreak. Methodology Data was collected from online databases PubMed, Science Direct, and the Lancet, as well as news and conferences and press releases on the current measles outbreak. All articles and news related to the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe were taken into consideration. Results A measles outbreak was reported earlier in August of 2022, with more than 2000 confirmed cases out of which 157 were reported dead. Since the outbreak this year, cases of measles in Zimbabwe have been rapidly growing. The government in Zimbabwe started a massive vaccination campaign for children in and near the areas where the outbreak is present. Traditional and faith leaders are involved in the campaigns to encourage the public to volunteer to be vaccinated. Conclusion Efforts to control the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe are being mitigated by the government as well as the WHO and other global health organizations. With many people refusing the vaccination, this outbreak might not see an end, and more cases, as well as deaths, will increase by the end of the year.
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13
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Uwishema O, Wellington J, Berjaoui C, Muoka KO, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104599. [PMID: 36268453 PMCID: PMC9577510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Rai A, Uwishema O, Uweis L, El Saleh R, Arab S, Abbass M, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Patrick Onyeaka CV. Polio returns to the USA: An epidemiological alert. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104563. [PMID: 36268372 PMCID: PMC9577438 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
On July 21, 2022, the USA witnessed the first case of poliomyelitis after 3 decades of its eradication. Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease that results from infection with any one of the three related poliovirus types (referred to as types P1, P2, and P3), members of the enterovirus (picornavirus) family. The New York State Department of Health confirmed that a case of paralytic poliomyelitis was reported from a 20-year-old Hungarian traveller residing in Rockland County. The detected viral sequence has been found to have vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) suggesting an origin from the live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). Since immunisation remains the only preventable measure, this article explores suggestions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on reliable Inactivated (killed) polio vaccination in high-risk patients along with early case detection and treatment. In light of the above-mentioned findings, this research further details future recommendations like cessation of the OPV, encouragement of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in vaccination schedules, sensitive epidemiological surveillance system and appropriate training for healthcare providers. The affected countries have been further advised to have effective outbreak response strategy plans in place so that they can respond and stay prepared for such outbreaks in the future.
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15
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Uwishema O, Eneh SC, El Jurdi E, Olanrewaju OF, Abbass Z, Jolayemi MM, Mina N, Kseiry L, Adanur I, Onyeaka H, Wellington Fgms J. Poliovirus returns to the UK after nearly 40 years: current efforts and future recommendations. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:816-819. [PMID: 36126982 PMCID: PMC9613858 DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years. Although no cases of the disease or accompanying paralysis have been documented, the general public's risk is considered minimal. However, public health experts recommend that families are up to date on their polio vaccines to decrease the chance of harm. This article discusses the epidemiology of poliovirus by examining the aetiology of the disease and current mitigation policies implemented to prevent the spread of type 2 vaccine-deceived poliovirus in the UK. Finally, by examining the clinical features of polio, which range from mild gastroenteritis episodes, respiratory sickness, malaise and severe paralysis type, this article offers an advice on particular therapies and tactics to avoid poliovirus outbreaks and other future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda .,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Stanley Chinedu Eneh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Elissa El Jurdi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University Alumnus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omotayo Faith Olanrewaju
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Zahraa Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mubarak Mustapha Jolayemi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Nour Mina
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lea Kseiry
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack Wellington Fgms
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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The COVID-19 Vaccination Still Matters: Omicron Variant Is a Final Wake-Up Call for the Rich to Help the Poor. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071070. [PMID: 35891234 PMCID: PMC9322863 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By June 2022, COVID-19 vaccine coverage in low-income countries remained low, while the emergence of the highly-transmissible but less clinically-severe Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the assumption expressed outside the academic realm that Omicron may offer a natural solution to the pandemic. The present paper argues that this assumption is based on the false premise that this variant could be the final evolutionary step of SARS-CoV-2. There remains a risk of the emergence of novel viral subvariants and recombinants, and entirely novel lineages, the clinical consequences of which are hard to predict. This is particularly important for regions with a high share of immunocompromised individuals, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, in whom SARS-CoV-2 can persist for months and undergo selection pressure. The vaccination of the least-vaccinated regions should remain the integral strategy to control viral evolution and its potential global consequences in developed countries, some of which have decided to ease sanitary and testing measures in response to the rise and dominance of the Omicron variant. We argue that low-income countries require help in improving COVID-19 vaccine availability, decreasing vaccine hesitancy, and increasing the understanding of long-term vaccination goals during the circulation of a viral variant that causes milder disease.
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17
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Chaaya C, Devi Thambi V, Sabuncu Ö, Abedi R, Osman Ahmed Osman A, Uwishema O, Onyeaka H. Ukraine - Russia crisis and its impacts on the mental health of Ukrainian young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104033. [PMID: 35765517 PMCID: PMC9221679 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russia-Ukraine crisis has been at the center of international talks since early 2022. This conflict, bursting after the sanitary crisis of the covid 19 pandemic, creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and instability, which negatively impacts many aspects, including mental health. Young Ukrainians have been suffering from socio-political instability for decades, and the current war, together with the Covid 19 pandemic, shatters hopes of brighter days. This commentary covers the challenges facing the younger generation in Ukraine and the impact of this situation on their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chaaya
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vimala Devi Thambi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Özge Sabuncu
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reem Abedi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- NRC, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Awab Osman Ahmed Osman
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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18
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Onyeaka H, Tamasiga P, Agbara JO, Mokgwathi OA, Uwishema O. The use of Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: Panacea or enigma? CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 16:101074. [PMID: 35694631 PMCID: PMC9174099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has triggered unprecedented social, economic and health challenges. To control and reduce the infection rate, countries employed non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing, isolation, quarantine, and the use of masks, hand and surface sanitisation. Since 2021 a global race for COVID-19 vaccination ensued, mainly due to a lack of equitable vaccine production and distribution. To date, no treatments have been demonstrated to cure COVID-19. The scientific World is now considering the potential use of Ivermectin as a prophylactic and treatment for COVID-19. Against this background, the objective of this study is to review the literature to demystify the enigma or panacea in the use of Ivermectin. This paper intends to investigate literature which supports the existence or shows the nonexistence of a causal link between Ivermectin, COVID-19 mortality and recovery. There are inconsistent results on the effectiveness of Ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Some studies have asserted that in a bid to slow down the transmission of COVID-19, ivermectin can be used to inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2. The pre-existing health system burdens can be alleviated as patients treated prophylactically would reduce hospital admissions and stem the spread of COVID-19. On a global scale, Ivermectin is currently used by about 28% of the world's population, and its adoption is presently about 44% of countries. However, the full administration of this drug would require further tests to establish its clinical effectiveness and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Joy O Agbara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, NY, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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19
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Sun J, Uwishema O, Kassem H, Abbass M, Uweis L, Rai A, El Saleh R, Adanur I, Onyeaka H. Ebola virus outbreak returns to the Democratic Republic of Congo: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:103958. [PMID: 35757313 PMCID: PMC9218350 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On April 23, 2022, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo announced an EVD outbreak after discovering 2 confirmed cases and identifying 267 contacts. With collaboration from the WHO, the MoH are taking many interventions to prevent further expansion of this outbreak. Forty-six years ago, the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the DRC. Since then, 13 outbreaks of EVD have occurred in the DRC and, in 2020, it witnessed the second largest EVD outbreak in the world, resulting in 3481 cases and 2299 mortalities. This article discusses the epidemiology of the current DRC outbreak by examining the etiology of EVD, the number of affected cases, and the subsequent case index. Considering these data, this paper discusses measures taken by the MoH, WHO, CDC, and UNICEF to mitigate the Ebola outbreak, such as supporting local teams to provide essential care, training medical staff, and raising awareness for vaccination. Finally, by comparing the gravity of the situation to current measures, this article provides recommendations for individuals and governments to protect themselves and mitigate future outbreaks.
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20
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Prospect of acute hepatitis E virus outbreak in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: A contingency plan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104084. [PMID: 35784950 PMCID: PMC9233345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is transmitted by oral-faecal route via contaminated water or animal products, which is more pronounced in SSA, where inadequate hygiene measures, low socioeconomic situation, and frail healthcare system increase HEV susceptibility. During the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), numerous initiatives concerning viral hepatitis relief in SSA are implemented. However, national programs do not support most services and are neglected when national and local attention rests on the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, hepatitis E prevention and control programs were affected in low-income countries due to economic losses. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach should be adopted to mitigate HEV infections during COVID-19.
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21
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Uwishema O, Badri R, Onyeaka H, Okereke M, Akhtar S, Mhanna M, Zafar B, Zahabioun A, Said KA, Tovani-Palone MR. Fighting Tuberculosis in Africa: The Current Situation Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:1-3. [PMID: 35673793 PMCID: PMC9300973 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious causes of mortality, with around 4000 deaths daily. Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Africa, the region has experienced a lapse in responses directed at TB control, because the priority has shifted to interventions aimed at managing COVID-19. In addition to an unprecedented burden on the region's already overburdened health systems, another major public health concern is the clinical similarities between COVID-19 and TB, making TB diagnosis increasingly challenging, which may lead to poor prognosis, especially in people with TB and COVID-19 co-infection. A likely implication is that TB patients may stop attending health-care facilities due to fear of contracting or being diagnosed with COVID-19 or to avoid being stigmatized, invariably resulting in a disruption in their access to health-care services. Therefore, massive global support should be provided for TB endemic countries to respond synergistically and strongly to the thousands of TB cases as well as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rawa Badri
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Mycetoma Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| | - Melody Okereke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | - Melissa Mhanna
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bilal Zafar
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amirsaman Zahabioun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Khanafi A. Said
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Tanzania
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22
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Uwishema O, Sujanamulk B, Abbass M, Fawaz R, Javed A, Aboudib K, Mahmoud A, Oluyemisi A, Onyeaka H. Russia-Ukraine conflict and COVID-19: a double burden for Ukraine's healthcare system and a concern for global citizens. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:569-571. [PMID: 35654572 PMCID: PMC9340026 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The conflict between Ukraine and Russia significantly influences the healthcare sector. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict have badly devastated the established healthcare system. Only 36.08% of the Ukrainian population has received the COVID-19 vaccination, with the majority receiving two doses, and currently, Ukraine records the highest mortality rate in the world. In addition to the conflict injuries, increased susceptible deaths to COVID-19 can be found due to inadequate vaccination rates for the disease. To save their lives and for their well-being, many individuals have been relocating to the underground metro stations, other cities, nearby towns and countries. In these settings, social distancing, hand sanitation and wearing masks are not prioritised. In the current circumstances, the broken healthcare system needs to be rebuilt, and the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), doctors and all the front-line workers should extend their humanitarian support to the Ukrainian population. Conclusion: It is an arduous task for healthcare organisations to supply vaccines and medicines in this ‘armed conflict’ between Russia and Ukraine. This can only happen when both parties extend their support to rebuild the shattered healthcare infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda .,Department of General Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bhavana Sujanamulk
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DRS Sudha and Nageswararao Sidhhartha institute of Dental Sciences, Chinnoutpalli,Gannavaram, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Mortada Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Fawaz
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amaan Javed
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Khaled Aboudib
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ashraf Mahmoud
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Adekunbi Oluyemisi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Public and Allied Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Uwishema O, Elebesunu EE, Bouaddi O, Kapoor A, Akhtar S, Fortune E, Chaudhary A, Onyeaka H. Poliomyelitis amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Efforts, challenges and recommendations. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 16:101073. [PMID: 35664665 PMCID: PMC9148425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliomyelitis is the leading infectious cause of acute flaccid paralysis among children under five years of age, caused by the Wild Poliovirus, with no medical cure other than prevention through vaccination. The advent of mass vaccination campaigns against polio disease worldwide has greatly decreased the number of global cases and limited the rate of transmission. However, the emergence of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus due to genetic reversions in the live attenuated oral polio vaccine has posed a significant impediment to global polio eradication efforts. Therefore, There is a need to modify the vaccination regimen by utilizing more doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine or adopting the bivalent oral polio vaccine in order to eliminate the transmission of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus. In addition, collective efforts from governments, health policymakers, vaccination groups and health-related bodies are required to improve vaccine coverage and suppress the circulation of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus.
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24
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Uwishema O, Ayoub G, Badri R, Onyeaka H, Berjaoui C, Karabulut E, Anis H, Sammour C, Mohammed Yagoub FEA, Chalhoub E. Neurological disorders in HIV: Hope despite challenges. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e591. [PMID: 35146953 PMCID: PMC8926501 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes several diseases by attacking the human immune system. It is transmitted by contact with certain bodily fluids of an infected person, most commonly during unprotected sex, through sharing needles, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. The central nervous system is not spared from this virus, as HIV has been shown to induce several neurological disorders. However most neurological pathologies (such as dementia, infections, meningitis, and neuropathy) rarely show until late stages, in this case, after the patients develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This article aims to review the neurological disorders in the HIV population and the attempts initiated to limit the disease. Methodology Data were collected from medical journals published on PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct and Embase bibliographical databases with a predefined search strategy. All articles considering neurological disorders associated with HIV were considered. Results To date, the pathogenesis of HIV‐associated neurological complications remains poorly elucidated; thus, imposing a hindrance and limitations on the treatment options. Nevertheless, some studies have reported alterations in dendritic spine as the causative agent for developing brain damage. Conclusion HIV remains one of the most serious global health challenges, with neurological manifestations imposing a major concern among patients with HIV. Despite the availability and efficacy of antiretroviral therapies, yet, the risk of developing neurological complications remains relatively high among patients with HIV. Thus, the 2030 HIV vision must focus on further preventive measures to protect HIV patients from developing such neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Georges Ayoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawa Badri
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Mycetoma Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christin Berjaoui
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ece Karabulut
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Heeba Anis
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Medtech Innovator, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Christophe Sammour
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Fatima E A Mohammed Yagoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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25
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Uwishema O, Chalhoub E, Torbati T, David SC, Khoury C, Ribeiro LLPA, Nasrallah Y, Bekele BK, Onyeaka H. Rift Valley fever during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: A double burden for Africa's healthcare system. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e468. [PMID: 35024458 PMCID: PMC8733828 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new rising incidence of Rift Valley fever (RVF) among livestock and humans in the African continent during the COVID‐19 pandemic has become of increasing concern. We analyzed the different ways COVID‐19 has contributed to the increase in RVF cases and how it has impacted the interventions allocated to the disease by comparing it with the status of the disease before the pandemic. There is enough evidence to conclude that the COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted the efforts being taken to prevent outbreaks of RVF. Therefore, with no definitive treatment in place and inadequate preventive measures and disease control, RVF may potentially lead to a future epidemic unless addressed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University Research and Education New York New York USA.,Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Tania Torbati
- Department of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Success Chekwube David
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Enugu Nigeria
| | - Carlo Khoury
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | | | - Yves Nasrallah
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,School of Medicine & Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik Beirut Lebanon
| | - Bezawit Kassahun Bekele
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Addis Ababa University College of Health Science, School of Medicine Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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26
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Baluku JB. INTEREST 2021 conference: is Africa still hoping against hope in the fight against HIV? Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211061293. [PMID: 34881022 PMCID: PMC8646192 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Directorate of Programs, Mildmay Uganda, Wakiso, PO Box 26343, Kampala, Uganda.,Division of Pulmonology, Kiruddu National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
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