1
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Mafra RP, Sabino VG, Rolim LSA, de Carvalho CHP, Nonaka CFW, Barboza CAG, de Souza LB, Pinto LP. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical and in vitro analysis. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 124:104722. [PMID: 34800515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) on the biological behavior and prognosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). METHODS Immunoexpression of PAI-1 was analyzed in 60 OTSCC specimens and classified as low-expression (≤50% of positive cells) or high-expression (>50%). In vitro effects of recombinant human PAI-1 (rhPAI-1) were assessed through functional assays on the OTSCC-derived cell line SCC-25. Three cell groups were evaluated: G0 (control), G10 (10 nM rhPAI-1), and G20 (20 nM rhPAI-1). RESULTS High membrane expression of PAI-1 was associated with tumor budding (p = 0.046) and high-risk cases (p = 0.043). Cytoplasmic and membrane expression of PAI-1 was not associated with patient survival. Cell viability (p = 0.020) and progression to the S-phase of the cell cycle (p = 0.024) were higher in G10 and G20 at 24 h. The percentages of apoptotic/necrotic cells were not affected by rhPAI-1. The presence of rhPAI-1 increased cell migration (p = 0.039) and invasion (p = 0.039) after 24 and 72 h, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the involvement of PAI-1 in the biological behavior of OTSCC, although its expression may not predict patient survival. The in vitro results suggest that PAI-1 stimulates cell proliferation, migration and invasion and may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Porpino Mafra
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Vladimir Galdino Sabino
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Santos Amaral Rolim
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Cassiano Francisco Weege Nonaka
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB 58429-500, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN 59056-000, Brazil.
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2
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Metrangolo V, Ploug M, Engelholm LH. The Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a "Trojan Horse" in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215376. [PMID: 34771541 PMCID: PMC8582577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Discovered more than three decades ago, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult. Multiple avenues are being explored in a preclinical setting, including the more innovative immune- or stroma targeting therapies. This review discusses the current state of these strategies, their potentialities, and challenges, along with future directions in the field of uPAR targeting. Abstract One of the largest challenges to the implementation of precision oncology is identifying and validating selective tumor-driving targets to enhance the therapeutic efficacy while limiting off-target toxicity. In this context, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has progressively emerged as a promising therapeutic target in the management of aggressive malignancies. By focalizing the plasminogen activation cascade and subsequent extracellular proteolysis on the cell surface of migrating cells, uPAR endows malignant cells with a high proteolytic and migratory potential to dissolve the restraining extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers and metastasize to distant sites. uPAR is also assumed to choreograph multiple other neoplastic stages via a complex molecular interplay with distinct cancer-associated signaling pathways. Accordingly, high uPAR expression is observed in virtually all human cancers and is frequently associated with poor patient prognosis and survival. The promising therapeutic potential unveiled by the pleiotropic nature of this receptor has prompted the development of distinct targeted intervention strategies. The present review will focus on recently emerged cytotoxic approaches emphasizing the novel technologies and related limits hindering their application in the clinical setting. Finally, future research directions and emerging opportunities in the field of uPAR targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Metrangolo
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-31-43-20-77
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3
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Amini S, Zargaran M, Moghimbeigi A. Comparative study of laminin332-γ2 chain expression in oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2021; 71:53-58. [PMID: 34636214 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classification of oral lichen planus (OLP) as a condition with malignant potential is still controversial. One of the major properties of malignancy is invasion. Ln332-γ2 chain plays a critical role in invasive activity of cancer cells. This study aims to compare Ln332-γ2 chain expression in OLP, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Ln332-γ2 expression was evaluated in 16 epithelial hyperplasia with no dysplasia (group A), 16 OLP (group B), 18 OED (group C) and 18 OSCC (group D) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Except in A group, Ln332-γ2 expression was detected in other groups. There was a significant difference in Ln332-γ2 expression among B, C and D groups as well as between B and D, C and D groups (P< 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between B and C groups (P= 0.999). CONCLUSIONS According to the findings of this study, the likelihood of similarity of OLP with premalignant dysplastic lesion can be suggested. This is not corroborating OLP definitive transformation to an OSCC. But it might be advisable that OLPs with >10% Ln332- γ2 expression may have a higher risk of cellular invasion occurrence and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Amini
- School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoumeh Zargaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran -
| | - Abbas Moghimbeigi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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4
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Fang R, Lu Q, Xu B. hsa‑miR‑5580‑3p inhibits oral cancer cell viability, proliferation and migration by suppressing LAMC2. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:453. [PMID: 33880581 PMCID: PMC8072311 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether and how microRNA-5580-3p (miR-5580-3p) affected oral cancer (OC) cell phenotypes via regulation of laminin subunit γ2 (LAMC2). Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify miR-5580-3p/LAMC2, a novel interactome that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been studied previously in OC. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-5580-3p and LAMC2 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, while the protein expression levels of LAMC2 were identified using western blotting. To determine the effects of miR-5580-3p and LAMC2 in OC, a number of experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine cell proliferation and wound healing migration assays, were performed using OC SCC-4 and Cal-27 cell lines. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays were employed to examine the interaction between miR-5580-3p and LAMC2 mRNA. The results demonstrated that miR-5580-3p expression was downregulated, while LAMC2 expression was upregulated in OC tissues and cell lines. In addition to the observation that miR-5580-3p promoted the malignant phenotypes of OC, it was also revealed that miR-5580-3p inhibited OC cell viability, proliferation and migration by suppressing LAMC2. Therefore, the present study suggested that miR-5580-3p and LAMC2 may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OC diagnosis and therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China
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5
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Potential Therapeutic Significance of Laminin in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081890. [PMID: 33920762 PMCID: PMC8071176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Head and neck cancers (HNC) account for approximately 500,000 new cases of tumors annually worldwide and are represented by upper aerodigestive tract malignant neoplasms, which particularly arise in oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx tissues. Thus, due to the biological diversity between the upper aerodigestive organs, and to the heterogeneity of risk factors associated with their malignant transformation, HNC behavior, and prognosis seem to strongly vary according to the tumor site. However, despite to the heterogeneity which characterizes head and neck tumors, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent the predominant histopathologic HNC subtype. In this sense, it has been reported that SCC tumor biology is strongly associated with deregulations within the extracellular matrix compartment. Accordingly, it has been shown that laminin plays a remarkable role in the regulation of crucial events associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) progression, which opens the possibility that laminin may represent a convergence point in HNSCC natural history. Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are among the most common and lethal tumors worldwide, occurring mostly in oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx tissues. The squamous epithelia homeostasis is supported by the extracellular matrix (ECM), and alterations in this compartment are crucial for cancer development and progression. Laminin is a fundamental component of ECM, where it represents one of the main components of basement membrane (BM), and data supporting its contribution to HNSCC genesis and progression has been vastly explored in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Laminin subtypes 111 (LN-111) and 332 (LN-332) are the main isoforms associated with malignant transformation, contributing to proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and metastasis, due to its involvement in the regulation of several pathways associated with HNSCC carcinogenesis, including the activation of the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, it draws attention to the possibility that laminin may represent a convergence point in HNSCC natural history, and an attractive potential therapeutic target for these tumors.
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6
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Morais PA, Maia FF, Solis-Calero C, Caetano EWS, Freire VN, Carvalho HF. The urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor: a quantum biochemistry description within an in/homogeneous dielectric function framework with application to uPA–uPAR peptide inhibitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3570-3583. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations using the MFCC fragment-based model considering a spatial-dependent dielectric function based on the Poisson–Boltzmann approximation were performed to describe the uPA–uPAR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Morais
- Instituto Federal de Educação
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará
- Campus Horizonte
- Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Francisco Franciné Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais
- Matemática e Estatística
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
- Mossoró
- Brazil
| | - Christian Solis-Calero
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional
- Instituto de Biologia
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional
- Instituto de Biologia
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
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7
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Arroyo-Solera I, Pavón MÁ, León X, López M, Gallardo A, Céspedes MV, Casanova I, Pallarès V, López-Pousa A, Mangues MA, Barnadas A, Quer M, Mangues R. Effect of serpinE1 overexpression on the primary tumor and lymph node, and lung metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2018; 41:429-439. [PMID: 30548470 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serpin Family E Member 1 (SerpinE1) overexpression associates with poor clinical outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. This study analyzed the role of serpinE1 in HNSCC dissemination. METHODS We studied the phenotypic characteristics and dissemination of HNSCC cells overexpressing serpinE1 using an orthotopic model and the association between serpinE1 overexpression and clinicopathological variables in patients included in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. RESULTS SerpinE1 overexpression increased proliferation, tumor budding, and the stromal component, while inhibiting apoptosis in primary tumors. It also enhanced the affectation and metastatic growth in lymph nodes, and the dispersion and growth of metastatic foci in the lung. High serpinE1 expression was associated with larger tumor size, undifferentiated tumors, lymph node metastasis, extracapsular spread, and the presence of perineural and angiolymphatic invasion. CONCLUSION SerpinE1 overexpression promotes tumor aggressiveness and metastatic dissemination to lymph nodes and lung consistently with its association with poor outcome in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Arroyo-Solera
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pavón
- Infection and Cancer Laboratory. Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL and CIBER-ONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier León
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat López
- Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Virtudes Céspedes
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Pallarès
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Pousa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Antonia Mangues
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Barnadas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Quer
- Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 in head and neck cancer: role in tumor resistance, metastasis, prognosis and therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57351-57366. [PMID: 27385000 PMCID: PMC5302994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence supporting the role of the plasminogen activator system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly of its uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) / uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) and SERPINE1 components. Overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 enhances tumor cell migration and invasion and plays a key role in metastasis development, conferring poor prognosis. The apparent paradox of uPA/uPAR and its inhibitor SERPINE1 producing similar effects is solved by the identification of SERPINE1 activated signaling pathways independent of uPA inhibition. Both uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 are directly linked to the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of stem cell properties and resistance to antitumor agents. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the deregulation of these proteins in all these processes. We also summarize their potential value as prognostic biomarkers or potential drug targets in HNSCC patients. Concomitant overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 is associated with a higher risk of metastasis and could be used to identify patients that would benefit from an adjuvant treatment. In the future, the specific inhibitors of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1, which are still under development, could be used to design new therapeutic strategies in HNSCCs.
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9
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Christensen A, Kiss K, Lelkaitis G, Juhl K, Persson M, Charabi BW, Mortensen J, Forman JL, Sørensen AL, Jensen DH, Kjaer A, von Buchwald C. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), tissue factor (TF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR): tumor expression patterns and prognostic value in oral cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:572. [PMID: 28841839 PMCID: PMC5574145 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-specific biomarkers are a prerequisite for the development of targeted imaging and therapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR), Tissue Factor (TF) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) are three biomarkers that exhibit enhanced expression in many types of cancers, and have been investigated as potential biomarkers for targeted strategies and prognostication. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression patterns of uPAR, TF and EGFR and their potential prognostic value in OSCC. Methods Immunohistochemical expression of uPAR, TF and EGFR in tumor resection specimens from 191 patients with primary OSCC was analyzed. Overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated. Associations between biomarker expression, clinicopathological factors and patient survival was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model for univariate and multivariate analysis, log rank and Kaplan-Meier statistics. Results uPAR and TF exhibited a highly tumor-specific expression pattern while EGFR also showed expression in normal tissues outside the tumor compartment. The overall positive expression rate of uPAR, TF and EGFR was 95%, 58% and 98%, respectively. High uPAR expression across the entire cohort was negatively associated with OS (p = 0.031, HR = 1.595 (95%CI 1.044–2.439)) in univariate analysis. The 5-year OS for high and low uPAR expression was 39% and 56%, respectively. The expression of TF and EGFR was not associated with survival outcome. Conclusions This study may suggest that uPAR and TF could potentially be attractive targets for molecular imaging and therapy in OSCC due to high positive expression rates and tumor-specific expression patterns. High uPAR expression was significantly associated with a reduced survival. uPAR seems to be a prognostic biomarker in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Christensen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katalin Kiss
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giedrius Lelkaitis
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Persson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Wittenborg Charabi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Lyngholm Sørensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Hebbelstrup Jensen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Prgomet Z, Andersson T, Lindberg P. Higher expression of WNT5A protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma compared with dysplasia and oral mucosa with a normal appearance. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:237-246. [PMID: 28603941 PMCID: PMC5519933 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WNT5A is a secreted signaling protein that promotes migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells through activation of non‐canonical WNT signaling. Here, we examined expression of WNT5A, β‐catenin, and E‐cadherin by immunohistochemistry in 21 human diagnostic incision biopsies that each had regions of oral mucosa with a normal appearance adjacent to the affected tissue, dysplasia, and OSCC. We also investigated the effect of recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A) on expression of the cell‐adhesion proteins E‐cadherin and β‐catenin by western blot analysis. No expression of WNT5A protein was present in oral mucosa with a normal appearance or in mild grade dysplasia. However, expression of WNT5A increased along with increasing grade of dysplasia, and the highest expression was detected in OSCCs. Expression of membranous β‐catenin and of E‐cadherin was lower, whereas expression of cytoplasmic β‐catenin was higher, in OSCCs than in non‐cancerous regions. However, there was no correlation between expression of WNT5A and expression of either β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Furthermore, treatment of OSCC cells with rWNT5A had no effect on the expression of β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Taken together with previous results, we conclude that WNT5A influences the progression of OSCC without affecting the canonical WNT/β‐catenin pathway and without down‐regulating E‐cadherin. WNT5A may have potential as a biological marker for malignant transformation of dysplasia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Prgomet
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Magnussen SN, Hadler-Olsen E, Costea DE, Berg E, Jacobsen CC, Mortensen B, Salo T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L, Svineng G. Cleavage of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) on oral cancer cells: regulation by transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF-β1) and potential effects on migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:350. [PMID: 28526008 PMCID: PMC5438506 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) is up-regulated at the invasive tumour front of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), indicating a role for uPAR in tumour progression. We previously observed elevated expression of uPAR at the tumour-stroma interface in a mouse model for OSCC, which was associated with increased proteolytic activity. The tumour microenvironment regulated uPAR expression, as well as its glycosylation and cleavage. Both full-length- and cleaved uPAR (uPAR (II-III)) are involved in highly regulated processes such as cell signalling, proliferation, migration, stem cell mobilization and invasion. The aim of the current study was to analyse tumour associated factors and their effect on uPAR cleavage, and the potential implications for cell proliferation, migration and invasion. METHODS Mouse uPAR was stably overexpressed in the mouse OSCC cell line AT84. The ratio of full-length versus cleaved uPAR as analysed by Western blotting and its regulation was assessed by addition of different protease inhibitors and transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF-β1). The role of uPAR cleavage in cell proliferation and migration was analysed using real-time cell analysis and invasion was assessed using the myoma invasion model. RESULTS We found that when uPAR was overexpressed a proportion of the receptor was cleaved, thus the cells presented both full-length uPAR and uPAR (II-III). Cleavage was mainly performed by serine proteases and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in particular. When the OSCC cells were stimulated with TGF-β1, the production of the uPA inhibitor PAI-1 was increased, resulting in a reduction of uPAR cleavage. By inhibiting cleavage of uPAR, cell migration was reduced, and by inhibiting uPA activity, invasion was reduced. We could also show that medium containing soluble uPAR (suPAR), and cleaved soluble uPAR (suPAR (II-III)), induced migration in OSCC cells with low endogenous levels of uPAR. CONCLUSIONS These results show that soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment, such as TGF-β1, PAI-1 and uPA, can influence the ratio of full length and uPAR (II-III) and thereby potentially effect cell migration and invasion. Resolving how uPAR cleavage is controlled is therefore vital for understanding how OSCC progresses and potentially provides new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnove Norvoll Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Diagnostic Clinic - Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eli Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cristiane Cavalcanti Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bente Mortensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Research Medicine Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, SP-13414-903, Brazil
| | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Diagnostic Clinic - Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjorg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Boonstra MC, Van Driel PBAA, Keereweer S, Prevoo HAJM, Stammes MA, Baart VM, Löwik CWGM, Mazar AP, van de Velde CJH, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Preclinical uPAR-targeted multimodal imaging of locoregional oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 66:1-8. [PMID: 28249642 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Establishing adequate resection margins and lymphatic mapping are crucial for the prognosis of oral cancer patients. Novel targeted imaging modalities are needed, enabling pre- and intraoperative detection of tumour cells, in combination with improved post-surgical examination by the pathologist. The urokinase-receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed in head and neck cancer, where it is associated with tumour progression and metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS To determine suitability of uPAR for molecular imaging of oral cancer surgery, human head and neck tumours were sectioned and stained for uPAR to evaluate the expression pattern compared to normal mucosa. Furthermore, metastatic oral squamous carcinoma cell line OSC-19 was used for targeting uPAR in in vivo mouse models. Using anti-uPAR antibody ATN-658, equipped with a multimodal label, the in vivo specificity was investigated and the optimal dose and time-window were evaluated. RESULTS All human oral cancer tissues expressed uPAR in epithelial and stromal cells. Hybrid ATN-658 clearly visualized tongue tumours in mice using either NIRF or SPECT imaging. Mean fluorescent TBRs over time were 4.3±0.7 with the specific tracer versus 1.7±0.1 with a control antibody. A significant difference in TBRs could be seen between 1nmol (150μg) and 0.34nmol (50μg) dose groups (n=4, p<0.05). Co-expression between BLI, GFP and the NIR fluorescent signals were seen in the tongue tumour, whereas human cytokeratin staining confirmed presence of malignant cells in the positive cervical lymph nodes. CONCLUSION This study shows the applicability of an uPAR specific multimodal tracer in an oral cancer model, combining SPECT with intraoperative guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P B A A Van Driel
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - H A J M Prevoo
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Percuros BV, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - V M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - C W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A P Mazar
- Monopar Therapeutics Inc, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - C J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Antibodies for Research Applications BV, Gouda, Netherlands.
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13
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Sigston EAW, Longano A, Strzelecki AT, Williams BRG. Surgical margins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Effect of heat artifact on immunohistochemistry as a future tool for assessment. Head Neck 2016; 38:1401-6. [PMID: 27043324 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Margins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are determined by morphological changes assessed via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Physiological changes may not be detected by this technique. The purpose of this study was to determine if a protein biomarker, laminin-332γ2, overexpressed in cancer cells at the invasive front in HNSCC, remains unaffected by heat produced during resection, supporting a role for immunohistochemistry assessment of margins. METHODS Archived tissue blocks from glottic squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) resected by CO2 laser likely to contain both cancer cells and artifact were identified; 129-paired slides were obtained. One slide of each pair was stained with hematoxylin-eosin; the second stained for laminin-332γ2. The presence of cancer cells, artifact, and positive laminin-332γ2 staining was recorded. Twenty-seven pairs met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry staining of laminin-332γ is preserved in presence of heat artifact. CONCLUSION This study supports use of immunohistochemistry to assess margins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1401-1406, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A W Sigston
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Monash Health (previously Southern Health), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Monash Medical Centre), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Longano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Monash Health (previously Southern Health), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneta T Strzelecki
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Pavón MA, Arroyo-Solera I, Téllez-Gabriel M, León X, Virós D, López M, Gallardo A, Céspedes MV, Casanova I, López-Pousa A, Mangues MA, Quer M, Barnadas A, Mangues R. Enhanced cell migration and apoptosis resistance may underlie the association between high SERPINE1 expression and poor outcome in head and neck carcinoma patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29016-33. [PMID: 26359694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High SERPINE1 expression is a common event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, whether it plays a role in determining clinical outcome remains still unknown. We studied SERPINE1 as a prognostic marker in two HNSCC patient cohorts. In a retrospective study (n = 80), high expression of SERPINE1 was associated with poor progression-free (p = 0.022) and cancer-specific (p = 0.040) survival. In a prospective study (n = 190), high SERPINE1 expression was associated with poor local recurrence-free (p = 0.022), progression-free (p = 0.002) and cancer-specific (p = 0.006) survival. SERPINE1 expression was identified as an independent risk factor for progression-free survival in patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy or radiotherapy (p = 0.043). In both patient cohorts, high SERPINE1 expression increased the risk of metastasis spread (p = 0.045; p = 0.029). The association between SERPINE1 expression and survival was confirmed using the HNSCC cohort included in The Cancer Genome Atlas project (n = 507). Once again, patients showing high expression had a poorer survival (p < 0.001). SERPINE1 over-expression in HNSCC cells reduced cell proliferation and enhanced migration. It also protected cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Downregulation of SERPINE1 expression had the opposite effect. We propose SERPINE1 expression as a prognostic marker that could be used to stratify HNSCC patients according to their risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Pavón
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Arroyo-Solera
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Téllez-Gabriel
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier León
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Virós
- Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital Moises Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Montserrat López
- Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Virtudes Céspedes
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Pousa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Quer
- Department of Otorrinolaryngology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Barnadas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomecidicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Hartmann S, Brisam M, Rauthe S, Driemel O, Brands RC, Rosenwald A, Kübler AC, Müller-Richter UDA. Contrary melanoma-associated antigen-A expression at the tumor front and center: A comparative analysis of stage I and IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2942-2947. [PMID: 27703530 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence indicating that several melanoma-associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) subgroups contribute to the malignancy of head and neck cancer. The present study retrospectively analyzed the expression of all known MAGE-A subgroups in the tumor front and center of 38 head and neck cancer patients (Union for International Cancer Control stage I or IV) by immunohistochemistry. MAGE-A1, -A6, -A8, -A9 and -A11 were expressed at significantly higher levels at the tumor front of stage IV specimens compared with the tumor front of stage I specimens. In stage I cancer, the tumor center and front ratio (C/F ratio) for each subgroup was >1.0. In stage IV cancer, the C/F ratio was <1.0 in 9/11 subgroups. The most significant change in the expression pattern was observed for MAGE-A11. These results indicated that there is a marked alteration and shift to the invasive front of almost all MAGE-A subgroups, but particularly MAGE-A11, during the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hartmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Muna Brisam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Rauthe
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Driemel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Roman C Brands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Kübler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Urs D A Müller-Richter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Teng Y, Wang Z, Ma L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Gu M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yue W. Prognostic significance of circulating laminin gamma2 for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4151-62. [PMID: 27462170 PMCID: PMC4939988 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminin gamma2 (Ln-γ2) chain, a distinctive subunit of heterotrimeric laminin-332, is frequently upregulated in carcinomas and is of great importance in cell migration and invasion. Despite this, the status of circulating Ln-γ2 in lung cancer patients is still uncertain. Patients and methods In this retrospective study, serum samples from 538 all-stage (stages I–IV) patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 94 age-matched healthy volunteers were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were statistically analyzed in combination with clinicopathological information. Results Circulating Ln-γ2 was markedly increased in NSCLC, even in stage I cases (P<0.01), reflecting the progression of lung cancer. Survival analysis on 370 eligible patients indicated that serum Ln-γ2-negative patients survived much longer compared with Ln-γ2-positive individuals (P=0.028), and it was especially the case for stage I (P<0.001), stage T1 (P=0.001), and stage N0 patients (P=0.038), all of whom represented early-stage cases. For the advanced patients, however, overall survivals were not significantly different among stages II–IV (P=0.830), stages T2–T4 (P=0.575), stages N1–N3 (P=0.669), and stage M1 (P=0.849). Cox analysis subsequently defined serum Ln-γ2 as an independent prognostic indicator of NSCLC, particularly for early-stage patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated the association of serum Ln-γ2 with smoking behavior, but its association with tumor progression and early prognostic significance were not altered in the nonsmoking cohort. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that elevation of circulating Ln-γ2 was an early-emerging event in NSCLC and was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC, especially for early-stage cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Samman M, Wood HM, Conway C, Stead L, Daly C, Chalkley R, Berri S, Senguven B, Ross L, Egan P, Chengot P, Ong TK, Pentenero M, Gandolfo S, Cassenti A, Cassoni P, Al Ajlan A, Samkari A, Barrett W, MacLennan K, High A, Rabbitts P. A novel genomic signature reclassifies an oral cancer subtype. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2364-73. [PMID: 26014678 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity (OVC) is considered a subtype of classical oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Diagnosis is problematic, and additional biomarkers are needed to better stratify patients. To investigate their molecular signature, we performed low-coverage copy number (CN) sequencing on 57 OVC and exome and RNA sequencing on a subset of these and compared the data to the same OSCC parameters. CN results showed that OVC lacked any of the classical OSCC patterns such as gain of 3q and loss of 3p and demonstrated considerably fewer genomic rearrangements compared to the OSCC cohort. OVC and OSCC samples could be clearly differentiated. Exome sequencing showed that OVC samples lacked mutations in genes commonly associated with OSCC (TP53, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, CDKN2A and FAT1). RNA sequencing identified genes that were differentially expressed between the groups. In silico functional analysis showed that the mutated and differentially expressed genes in OVC samples were involved in cell adhesion and keratinocyte proliferation, while those in the OSCC cohort were enriched for cell death and apoptosis pathways. This is the largest and most detailed genomic and transcriptomic analysis yet performed on this tumour type, which, as an example of non-metastatic cancer, may shed light on the nature of metastases. These three independent investigations consistently show substantial differences between the cohorts. Taken together, they lead to the conclusion that OVC is not a subtype of OSCC, but should be classified as a distinct entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Samman
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry M Wood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Conway
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Stead
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Daly
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Chalkley
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Berri
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Senguven
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Ross
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Egan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Preetha Chengot
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thian K Ong
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Pentenero
- Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Gandolfo
- Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Adele Cassenti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alaa Samkari
- National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kenneth MacLennan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alec High
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Rabbitts
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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WYGANOWSKA-ŞWIĄTKOWSKA MARZENA, JANKUN JERZY. Plasminogen activation system in oral cancer: Relevance in prognosis and therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:16-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Magnussen S, Hadler-Olsen E, Latysheva N, Pirila E, Steigen SE, Hanes R, Salo T, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L, Svineng G. Tumour microenvironments induce expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and concomitant activation of gelatinolytic enzymes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105929. [PMID: 25157856 PMCID: PMC4144900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and increased expression of uPAR is often found at the invasive tumour front. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of uPAR in invasion and metastasis of OSCC, and the effects of various tumour microenvironments in these processes. Furthermore, we wanted to study whether the cells’ expression level of uPAR affected the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes. Methods The Plaur gene was both overexpressed and knocked-down in the murine OSCC cell line AT84. Tongue and skin tumours were established in syngeneic mice, and cells were also studied in an ex vivo leiomyoma invasion model. Soluble factors derived from leiomyoma tissue, as well as purified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, were assessed for their ability to affect uPAR expression, glycosylation and cleavage. Activity of gelatinolytic enzymes in the tissues were assessed by in situ zymography. Results We found that increased levels of uPAR did not induce tumour invasion or metastasis. However, cells expressing low endogenous levels of uPAR in vitro up-regulated uPAR expression both in tongue, skin and leiomyoma tissue. Various ECM proteins had no effect on uPAR expression, while soluble factors originating from the leiomyoma tissue increased both the expression and glycosylation of uPAR, and possibly also affected the proteolytic processing of uPAR. Tumours with high levels of uPAR, as well as cells invading leiomyoma tissue with up-regulated uPAR expression, all displayed enhanced activity of gelatinolytic enzymes. Conclusions Although high levels of uPAR are not sufficient to induce invasion and metastasis, the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes was increased. Furthermore, several tumour microenvironments have the capacity to induce up-regulation of uPAR expression, and soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment may have an important role in the regulation of posttranslational modification of uPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nadezhda Latysheva
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Emma Pirila
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sonja E. Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Diagnostic Clinic - Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Robert Hanes
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Diagnostic Clinic - Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Otto B, Koenig AM, Tolstonog GV, Jeschke A, Klaetschke K, Vashist YK, Wicklein D, Wagener C, Izbicki JR, Streichert T. Molecular changes in pre-metastatic lymph nodes of esophageal cancer patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102552. [PMID: 25048826 PMCID: PMC4105535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis indicates poor prognosis in esophageal cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms, most studies so far focused on investigating the tumors themselves and/or invaded lymph nodes. However they neglected the potential events within the metastatic niche, which precede invasion. Here we report the first description of these regulations in patients on transcription level. We determined transcriptomic profiles of still metastasis-free regional lymph nodes for two patient groups: patients classified as pN1 (n = 9, metastatic nodes exist) or pN0 (n = 5, no metastatic nodes exist). All investigated lymph nodes, also those from pN1 patients, were still metastasis-free. The results show that regional lymph nodes of pN1 patients differ decisively from those of pN0 patients – even before metastasis has taken place. In the pN0 group distinct immune response patterns were observed. In contrast, lymph nodes of the pN1 group exhibited a clear profile of reduced immune response and reduced proliferation, but increased apoptosis, enhanced hypoplasia and morphological conversion processes. DKK1 was the most significant gene associated with the molecular mechanisms taking place in lymph nodes of patients suffering from metastasis (pN1). We assume that the two molecular profiles observed constitute different stages of a progressive disease. Finally we suggest that DKK1 might play an important role within the mechanisms leading to lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra M. Koenig
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Center for Surgical Sciences, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Genrich V. Tolstonog
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke Jeschke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Klaetschke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yogesh K. Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Center for Surgical Sciences, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R. Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Center for Surgical Sciences, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are potential predictive biomarkers in early stage oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101895. [PMID: 24999729 PMCID: PMC4084992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often associated with metastatic disease and a poor 5 year survival rate. Patients diagnosed with small tumours generally have a more favourable outcome, but some of these small tumours are aggressive and lead to early death. To avoid harmful overtreatment of patients with favourable prognosis, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can be used for treatment stratification. In this study we assessed the possibility to use components of the plasminogen activator (PA) system as prognostic markers for OSCC outcome and compared this to the commonly used biomarker Ki-67. A tissue-micro-array (TMA) based immunohistochemical analysis of primary tumour tissue obtained from a North Norwegian cohort of 115 patients diagnosed with OSCC was conducted. The expression of the biomarkers was compared with clinicopathological variables and disease specific death. The statistical analyses revealed that low expression of uPAR (p = 0.031) and PAI-1 (p = 0.021) in the tumour cells was significantly associated with low disease specific death in patients with small tumours and no lymph node metastasis (T1N0). The commonly used biomarker, Ki-67, was not associated with disease specific death in any of the groups of patients analysed. The conclusion is that uPAR and PAI-1 are potential predictive biomarkers in early stage tumours and that this warrants further studies on a larger cohort of patients.
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22
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Sharma M, Sah P, Sharma SS, Radhakrishnan R. Molecular changes in invasive front of oral cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 17:240-7. [PMID: 24250086 PMCID: PMC3830234 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.119740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment planning for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is based on the clinical TNM (Tumor, Node and Metastasis) classification. This system operates on the assumption that small tumours without clinical spread have a better prognosis than larger tumours with metastases. However, it is a well-known fact that some tumours with the same clinical staging show different growth patterns and clinical behaviour. This makes the prognosis for patients with OSCC difficult to predict on the basis of clinical staging alone. Although many histopathological characteristics of OSCC have been identified as prognostic factors, none is believed to be completely infallible. Therefore, a great need exists for more reliable prognostic markers, which will assist in treatment decisions. It is now well documented that several molecular events of significance for tumour spread, such as gain and loss of adhesion molecules, secretion of proteolytic enzymes, increased cell proliferation and initiation of angiogenesis occur at the tumour–host interface or invasive front, where the deepest and presumably most aggressive cells reside. This review describes the various molecular events and interactions, which take place in the invasive front of the OSCC, and elucidates their role as prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Reverse-phase protein array analysis to identify biomarker proteins in human pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:968-75. [PMID: 24248418 PMCID: PMC3995856 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The high mortality rate of patients with pancreatic cancer is primarily due to the difficulty of early diagnosis and a lack of effective therapies. There is an urgent need to discover novel molecular targets for early diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches to improve the clinical outcome of this deadly disease. AIM We utilized the reverse-phase protein assay (RPPA) to identify differentially expressed biomarker proteins in tumors and matched adjacent, normal-appearing tissue samples from 15 pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS The antibody panel used for the RPPA included 130 key proteins involved in various cancer-related pathways. The paired t test was used to determine the significant differences between matched pairs, and the false discovery rate-adjusted p values were calculated to take into account the effect of multiple comparisons. RESULTS After correcting for multiple comparisons, we found 19 proteins that had statistically significant differences in expression between matched pairs. However, only four (AKT, β-catenin, GAB2, and PAI-1) of them met the conservative criteria (both a q value <0.05 and a fold-change of ≥3/2 or ≤2/3) to be considered differentially expressed. Overexpression of AKT, β-catenin, and GAB2 in pancreatic cancer tissues identified by RPPA has also been further confirmed by western blot analysis. Further analysis identified several significantly associated canonical pathways and overrepresented network functions. CONCLUSION GAB2, a newly identified protein in pancreatic cancer, may provide additional insight into this cancer's pathogenesis. Future studies in a larger population are warranted to further confirm our results.
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24
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Mekkawy AH, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:918-56. [PMID: 24549574 DOI: 10.1002/med.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Laboratories, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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25
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Matrikine and matricellular regulators of EGF receptor signaling on cancer cell migration and invasion. J Transl Med 2014; 94:31-40. [PMID: 24247562 PMCID: PMC4038324 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer invasion is a complex process requiring, among other events, extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix including deposition of pro-migratory and pro-proliferative moieties. In recent years, it has been described that while invading through matrices cancer cells can change shape and adapt their migration strategies depending on the microenvironmental context. Although intracellular signaling pathways governing the mesenchymal to amoeboid migration shift and vice versa have been mostly elucidated, the extracellular signals promoting these shifts are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize findings that point to matrikines that bind specifically to the EGF receptor as matricellular molecules that enable cancer cell migrational plasticity and promote invasion.
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26
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Marangon Junior H, Rocha VN, Leite CF, de Aguiar MCF, Souza PEA, Horta MCR. Laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression is associated with intensity of tumor budding and density of stromal myofibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:199-204. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helvécio Marangon Junior
- Department of Dentistry; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Valéria Nazaré Rocha
- Department of Dentistry; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Leite
- Department of Dentistry; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Maria Cássia Ferreira de Aguiar
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology; School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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27
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Ma YY, Tao HQ. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:285-90. [PMID: 22702495 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Thus, further insights into tumor markers and subsequent development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. For decades the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells. Intervention with this proteolysis by targeting of uPA receptor (uPAR) has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in gastric cancer progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor also appears to mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. In this review, we discuss uPAR expression in gastric cancer, the relationship between uPAR and Helicobacter pylori, and recent insights into uPAR-signaling mechanisms. The role of uPAR as a cancer target in gastric cancer is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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28
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Lupu-Meiri M, Geras-Raaka E, Lupu R, Shapira H, Sandbank J, Segal L, Gershengorn MC, Oron Y. Knock-down of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 enhances expression of E-cadherin and promotes epithelial differentiation of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3621-8. [PMID: 22331587 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is produced by stromal, endothelial, and cancer cells and has multiple complex effects on cancers, correlate with poor cancer prognosis. To more definitively study the role of endogenously produced PAI-1 in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) PANC-1 cell line biology, we used anti-PAI-1 shRNA to create stable PAI-1 deficient cells (PD-PANC-1s). PD-PANC-1s exhibited a heterogeneous morphology. While the majority of cells exhibited a cuboidal shape similar to the parental PANC-1 or the vector-infected control cells, numerous large cells with long filopodia and a neuronal-like appearance were observed. Although both Vector-control cells and PD-PANC-1s expressed mRNAs that are characteristic of mesenchymal, neural, and epithelial phenotypes, epithelial marker RNAs were up-regulated (e.g., E-cadherin, 32-fold) whereas mesenchymal marker RNAs were down-regulated (e.g., Thy1, ninefold) in PD-PANC-1s, suggesting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Neural markers exhibited both up- and down-regulation. Immunocytochemistry indicated that epithelial-like PD-PANC-1s expressed E-cadherin and β-catenin in significantly more cells, while neural-like cells exhibited robust expression of organized β-3-tubulin. PAI-1 and E-cadherin were rarely co-expressed in the same cells. Indeed, examination of PAI-1 and E-cadherin mRNAs expression in additional cell lines yielded clear inverse correlation. Indeed, infection of Colo357 PAC cells (that exhibit high expression of E-cadherin) with PAI-1-expressing adenovirus led to a marked decrease in E-cadherin expression and to enhanced migration of cells from clusters. Our results suggest that endogenous PAI-1 suppresses expression of E-cadherin and differentiation in PAC cells in vitro, supporting its negative impact on tumor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lupu-Meiri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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29
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Lescaille G, Menashi S, Cavelier-Balloy B, Khayati F, Quemener C, Podgorniak MP, Naïmi B, Calvo F, Lebbe C, Mourah S. EMMPRIN/CD147 up-regulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator: implications in oral tumor progression. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:115. [PMID: 22443116 PMCID: PMC3342905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds An elevated level of EMMPRIN in cancer tissues have been correlated with tumor invasion in numerous cancers including oral cavity and larynx. Although EMMPRIN's effect has been generally attributed to its MMP inducing activity, we have previously demonstrated in breast cancer model that EMMPRIN can also enhance invasion by upregulating uPA. In this study, the role of EMMPRIN in regulating uPA and invasion was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression. Methods Precancerous and invasive oral tumoral tissues were used as well as the corresponding cell lines, DOK and SCC-9 respectively. The paracrine regulation of uPA by EMMPRIN was investigated by treating culture cells with EMMPRIN-enriched membrane vesicles. UPA expression was analyzed by qPCR and immunostaining and the consequence on the invasion capacity was studied using modified Boyden chamber assay, in the presence or absence of EMMPRIN blocking antibody, the uPA inhibitor amiloride or the MMP inhibitor marimastat. Results OSCC tumors were shown to express more EMMPRIN and uPA compared to dysplastic lesions. The corresponding cell models, SCC-9 and DOK cells, displayed similar expression pattern. In both cell types EMMPRIN upregulated the expression of uPA as well as that of MMP-2 and MMP-9. EMMPRIN treatment led to a significant increase in cell invasion both in the invasive SCC-9 and in the less invasive dysplastic DOK cells, in an MMP and uPA dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that the upregulation of uPA contributes to EMMPRIN's effect in promoting oral tumor invasion.
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30
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Mazzoccoli G, Pazienza V, Panza A, Valvano MR, Benegiamo G, Vinciguerra M, Andriulli A, Piepoli A. ARNTL2 and SERPINE1: potential biomarkers for tumor aggressiveness in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:501-11. [PMID: 22198637 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin and plasmin may favor cancer cell invasion degrading extracellular matrix. Plasmin formation from plasminogen is regulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). ARNTL2 activates the promoters of the PAI-1 gene, officially called SERPINE1, driving the circadian variation in circulating PAI-1 levels. METHODS We evaluated ARNTL2 and SERPINE1 expression in 50 colorectal cancer specimens and adjacent normal tissue and in colon cancer cell lines. RESULTS We found up-regulation of ARNTL2 (P = 0.004) and SERPINE1 (P = 0.002) in tumor tissue. A statistically significant association was found between high ARNTL2 mRNA levels and vascular invasion (P < 0.0001), and between high SERPINE1 mRNA levels and microsatellite instability (MSI-H and MSI-L, P = 0.025). Sorting the subjects into quartile groups, a statistically significant association was found between high ARNTL2 expression and lymph node involvement (P < 0.001), between high SERPINE1 expression and grading (P < 0.001) and between high SERPINE1 expression and MSI H-L (P < 0.0001). In SW480 cells, a more proliferative model compared to CaCo2 cells, there were higher mRNA levels of ARNTL2 (P < 0.001) and SERPINE1 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION ARNTL2 and SERPINE1 expression is increased in colorectal cancer and in a highly proliferative colon cancer cell line and is related to tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
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31
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Laerum OD, Ovrebo K, Skarstein A, Christensen IJ, Alpízar-Alpízar W, Helgeland L, Danø K, Nielsen BS, Illemann M. Prognosis in adenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and cardia evaluated by uPAR-immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:558-69. [PMID: 21866548 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and cardia in humans are highly invasive tumours with poor prognosis. The localisation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was determined in 66 patients; 60 with adenocarcinomas and six cases with Barrett's oesophagus. uPAR was expressed in nearly all cases of invasive adenocarcinomas by populations of cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at both the invasion front and the tumour core. In areas with high-grade dysplasia or with Barrett's metaplasia adjacent to the tumour tissue, no uPAR-immunoreactivity was found. High local expression of uPAR, therefore, appears to be a characteristic marker for invasive behaviour in this tumour, suggesting that uPAR's contribution to matrix degradation during invasive growth is a late event in carcinogenesis. Using a scoring system for semiquantitative estimation of uPAR-positivity on immmunohistochemically stained specimens, a significant association was found between poor overall survival and high uPAR-score for cancer cells in the tumour core and for macrophages peripherally at the tumour invasion zone. In multivariate analysis, these two uPAR-scores were confirmed as highly significant prognostic parameters independent of Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM)-stage and World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The proteolytic action of these malignant and nonmalignant accessory cells thus seemed to follow two main patterns: one dominated by uPAR positive cancer cells and one by uPAR-positive macrophages. Scoring of uPAR-positivity might be a useful parameter for onset of invasion and prognosis in these adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Didrik Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Gao S, Andreasen PA. DNA Methylation Profiles of Protease Nexin 1 (SERPINE2) Gene in Human Cell Lines. Chin J Cancer Res 2011; 23:92-8. [PMID: 23482841 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the variable expression of variable protease nexin1(PN-1) encoded by the SERPINE2 gene in different cell types. METHODS Working with 5 human cell lines, we determined the CpG methylation status within two CpG islands in the SERPINE2 gene by bisulphate sequencing and the PN-1 mRNA level by Q-RT PCR. RESULTS A CpG island spanning the transcription initiation site showed little methylation in 3 of the cell lines and substantial methylation in 2 of the cell lines. A CpG island covering the translation starting site showed full methylation in all investigated cell lines. Methylation within the CpG island was not randomly distributed, but showed accumulation at specific sites. However, we were not able to distinguish any patterns which related the methylation frequency to the gene expression level. Inhibition of CpG methylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine led to a several fold increase in PN-1 mRNA levels, but based on the results on CpG methylation in the CpG island spanning the transcript, the effect is most likely indirect. CONCLUSION We have carefully mapped the CpG methylation pattern in two CpG islands in the 5' part of the SERPINE2 gene without finding any obvious inverse correlation between methylation frequency and expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Shi Z, Liu Y, Johnson JJ, Stack MS. Urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) modulates oral cancer cell behavior with alteration in p130cas. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 357:151-61. [PMID: 21630091 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is among the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is clinically associated with more invasive tumors and enhanced lymph node metastasis. We seek to further elucidate the mechanism of by which uPAR promotes cell aggressiveness in the unique context of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The contribution of uPAR expression to aggressive cellular behavior of OSCC was examined using in vitro cellular models wherein the expression of uPAR was manipulated and in a human OSCC tissue microarray. Results show altered adhesion, motility, and invasion in cells that overexpress uPAR relative to vector control cells. Distinct alterations of focal adhesion protein expression and phosphorylation, including p130cas and paxillin were observed, suggestive of enhanced focal adhesion turnover. Immunohistochemical analysis of microarrayed human OSCC revealed a significant correlation between uPAR and p130cas expression. The non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase c-Src was responsible for the phosphorylation of p130cas in response to uPAR/α3β1/laminin-5 engagement. Further downstream, the Rho family GTPase Cdc42, but not Rac1, was activated, suggesting a pathway leading to actin reorganization, filopodial protrusion and enhanced motility in uPAR overexpressing oral cancer cells. These data shed light on a molecular mechanism whereby acquisition of uPAR expression may modulate OSCC invasive activity through alteration of focal adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggao Shi
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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34
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Zargaran M, Eshghyar N, Vaziri PB, Mortazavi H. Immunohistochemical evaluation of type IV collagen and laminin-332 γ2 chain expression in well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral verrucous carcinoma: a new recommended cut-off. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:167-73. [PMID: 21158930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion and metastasis are two characteristics of malignant tumors, which perform by proteolytic destruction of the components of basement membrane (BM) and cell migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of type IV collagen and laminin-332 γ2 (Ln-332 γ2) chain expression in well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), because these two lesions have same histopathologic findings whereas they have different biological behaviors. METHODS Destruction of BM and cell migration were evaluated by IHC in 15 cases of epithelial hyperplasia with no dysplasia (A group), 15 cases of OVC (B group) and 15 cases of well-differentiated OSCC (C group). RESULTS There was a significant difference in type IV collagen immunohistochemical staining between three groups, but there were no significant differences between B and C groups. Expression of Ln-332 γ2 chain was not detected in A group. Ln-332 γ2 chain labeling index had significantly difference between B and C groups. The number of Ln-332 γ2 chain immunostaining positive cells was less than 5% in B group and over than 5% in C group which there were significantly differences between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS Isolated immunohistochemical study of type IV collagen does not clearly define that a lesion is invasive or non-invasive and evaluation of Ln-332 γ2 chain expression (cut-off 5%) may be useful as a marker for description of biological differences and diagnosis of OVC from well-differentiated OSCC, especially in doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoumeh Zargaran
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Thode C, Jørgensen TG, Dabelsteen E, Mackenzie I, Dabelsteen S. Significance of myofibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:201-7. [PMID: 21342271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the tumor microenvironment makes significant contribution to tumor progression. Activated fibroblast endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and various extra cellular matrix components are parts of this microenvironment. Most of the activated fibroblasts are α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblast that often represent the majority of tumor stromal cells. Their production of growth factors chemokines and extracellular matrix facilitates tumor growth. Myofibroblast have been demonstrated in close to 50% of oral squamous cell carcinomas. In this review, we highlight the histological distribution of myofibroblast in oral squamous cell and the myofibroblast relation to tumor growth on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christenze Thode
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Gao S, Nielsen BS, Krogdahl A, Sørensen JA, Tagesen J, Dabelsteen S, Dabelsteen E, Andreasen PA. Epigenetic alterations of the SERPINE1 gene in oral squamous cell carcinomas and normal oral mucosa. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:526-38. [PMID: 20222049 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A high level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 or SERPINE1) in tumor extracts is a marker of a poor prognosis in human cancers, including oral carcinomas. However, the mechanisms responsible for the upregulation of PAI-1 in cancers remain unclear. Investigating specific PAI-1 expressing cells in oral carcinomas by immunohistochemistry, we found that PAI-1 was expressed in 18 of the 20 patients, mainly by cancer cells. Two showed PAI-1 positive stromal cells surrounding the tumor areas and five showed PAI-1 positive cells in tumor-adjacent normal epithelium. By real-time RT-PCR analysis, 17 of 20 patients with oral carcinoma were found to have between 2.5- and 50-fold increased tumor PAI-1 mRNA level, as compared with the matched tumor-adjacent normal tissues. The PAI-1 mRNA level in connective tissues from 15 healthy volunteers was similar to the level in tumor-adjacent normal tissues, but the level in epithelium was 5- to 10-fold lower. Analyzing DNA methylation of 25 CpG sites within 960 bp around the transcription initiation site of the SERPINE1 gene by bisulfite sequencing, we did the surprising observation that both tumors and tumor-adjacent normal tissue had a significant level of methylation, whereas there was very little methylation in tissue from healthy volunteers, suggesting that tumor-adjacent normal tissue already contains transformation-associated epigenetic changes. However, there was no general inverse correlation between PAI-1 mRNA levels and SERPINE1 gene methylation in all tissues, showing that CpG methylation is not the main determinant of the PAI-1 expression level in oral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Yang WCV, Chung HR, Wu JY, Yi C, Wang DJ, Lee SY. Potential biomarkers for the cytologic diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1991-7902(10)60010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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38
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Freytag J, Wilkins-Port CE, Higgins CE, Higgins SP, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. PAI-1 mediates the TGF-beta1+EGF-induced "scatter" response in transformed human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2179-90. [PMID: 20428185 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative interactions between growth factor signaling pathways are important elements in carcinoma progression. A model system combining transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and EGF was developed to investigate mechanisms underlying induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ras-transformed human (HaCaT II-4) keratinocytes. Dual stimulation with TGF-beta1+EGF resulted in keratinocyte "plasticity" and pronounced colony dispersal. The most highly expressed transcript, identified by mRNA profiling, encoded plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; SERPINE1). PAI-1 negatively regulates plasmin-dependent matrix degradation, preserving a stromal scaffold permissive for keratinocyte motility. Mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 signaling were required for maximal PAI-1 upregulation and TGF-beta1+EGF-stimulated cell locomotion, as pharmacologic disruption of MEK/p38 activity ablated both responses. Moreover, PAI-1 knockdown alone effectively inhibited TGF-beta1+EGF-dependent cell scattering, indicating a functional role for this SERPIN in the dual-growth factor model of induced motility. Moreover, EGFR signaling blockade or EGFR knockdown attenuated TGF-beta1-induced PAI-1 expression, implicating EGFR transactivation in TGF-beta1-stimulated PAI-1 expression, and reduced colony dispersal in TGF-beta1+EGF-treated cultures. Identification of such cooperative signaling networks and their effect on specific invasion-promoting target genes, such as PAI-1, may lead to the development of pathway-specific therapeutics that affect late-stage events in human tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Freytag
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Ghosh S, Koblinski J, Johnson J, Liu Y, Ericsson A, Davis JW, Shi Z, Ravosa MJ, Crawford S, Frazier S, Stack MS. Urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor/alpha 3 beta 1 integrin signaling, altered gene expression, and oral tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:145-58. [PMID: 20145038 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has 50% 5-year survival rate, highlighting our limited understanding of the molecular events that contribute to disease progression. Microarray analyses of primary oral tumors have identified urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) as key genes associated with human OSCC progression. The uPAR functions as both a proteinase receptor and an integrin ligand, modifying proteolysis, migration, integrin signaling, and cellular transcription. In the current study, uPAR expression levels were modified in OSCC cells followed by analysis of tumor growth in an in vivo orthotopic xenograft model and by transcriptional profiling. Overexpression of uPAR resulted in more infiltrative and less differentiated tumors, with ill-defined borders, cytologic atypia, and enhanced vascularity. Analysis of serial sections of both murine experimental tumors and microarrayed human OSCC showed a statistically significant association between uPAR and alpha(3) integrin colocalization in areas exhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, suggesting that uPAR/alpha(3) integrin interaction potentiates extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in vivo. This is supported by cDNA microarray analysis, which showed differential expression of 148 genes (113 upregulated and 35 downregulated). Validation of gene expression changes in human OSCC using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR showed increased growth factors, proteinases/inhibitors, and matrix components in uPAR-overexpressing tumors. Together, these results support a model wherein increased uPAR expression promotes alpha(3)beta(1) integrin association, resulting in increased mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and transcriptional activation, leading to the formation of more aggressive tongue tumors. This combined approach has efficacy to identify additional biomarkers and/or prognostic indicators associated with aggressive human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supurna Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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40
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Alpízar-Alpízar W, Nielsen BS, Sierra R, Illemann M, Ramírez JA, Arias A, Durán S, Skarstein A, Ovrebo K, Lund LR, Laerum OD. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is expressed in invasive cells in gastric carcinomas from high- and low-risk countries. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:405-15. [PMID: 19609941 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second cancer causing death worldwide. Both incidence and mortality rates vary according to geographical regions. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation by mediating cell surface associated plasminogen activation, and its presence on gastric cancer cells is linked to micro-metastasis and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analyses of a set of 44 gastric cancer lesions from Costa Rica showed expression of uPAR in cancer cells in both intestinal subtype (14 of 27) and diffuse subtype (10 of 17). We compared the expression pattern of uPAR in gastric cancers from a high-risk country (Costa Rica) with a low-risk country (Norway). We found uPAR on gastric cancer cells in 24 of 44 cases (54%) from Costa Rica and in 13 of 23 cases (56%) from Norway. uPAR was seen in macrophages and neutrophils in all cases. We also examined the nonneoplastic mucosa and found that uPAR was more frequently seen in epithelial cells located at the luminal edge of the crypts in cases with Helicobacter pylori infection than in similar epithelial cells in noninfected mucosa (p = 0.033; chi(2) = 4.54). In conclusion, the expression of uPAR in cancer cells in more than half of the gastric cancer cases suggests that their uPAR-positivity do not contribute to explain the different mortality rates between the 2 countries, however, the actual prevalence of uPAR-positive cancer cells in the gastric cancers may still provide prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
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Palwai NR, Zang XP, Harrison RG, Benbrook D, Pento JT. Selective growth inhibition of cancer cells by L-methioninase-containing fusion protein targeted to the urokinase receptor. Pharmacology 2009; 84:271-5. [PMID: 19797936 DOI: 10.1159/000242997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported the development of a novel fusion protein (FP) consisting of an amino-terminal fragment of urokinase linked to the amino terminus of the enzyme L-methioninase (L-M). The present study compared the effect of this novel FP on the proliferation of human ovarian, skin, breast endometrial and pancreatic cancer cell lines. METHODS The FP, L-M and a mutated FP, with reduced L-M activity, were produced by recombinant methods. The effect of treatment with FP, L-M and mutated FP on the proliferation of the cancer cells was measured in vitro using an MTS assay. RESULTS The inhibitory effect of the FP was found to be significantly greater than that of L-M alone or the mutated FP. In addition, the FP produced a greater inhibitory effect on an ovarian cancer cell line than on comparable normal, non-cancerous cells. Further, the FP produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION These results suggest that this FP is a potent and selective inhibitor of the proliferation of various cancer cell lines and has potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various methionine-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen R Palwai
- Bioengineering Center and School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73117, USA
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TGF-beta1-Induced Expression of the Poor Prognosis SERPINE1/PAI-1 Gene Requires EGFR Signaling: A New Target for Anti-EGFR Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:342391. [PMID: 19365582 PMCID: PMC2667932 DOI: 10.1155/2009/342391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification accompany the emergence of highly aggressive human carcinomas. Cooperative signaling between these two growth factor/receptor systems promotes cell migration and synthesis of stromal remodeling factors (i.e., proteases, protease inhibitors) that, in turn, regulate tumor invasion, neo-angiogenesis and inflammation. ranscript profiling of transformed human cells revealed that genes encoding wound healing, matrix remodeling and cell cycle proteins (i.e., the “tissue repair” transcriptome) are significantly up-regulated early after growth factor stimulation. The major inhibitor of plasmin generation, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), is among the most highly induced transcripts during the phenotypic transition initiated by TGF-β maximal expression requires EGFR signaling. PAI-1 induction occurs early in the progression of incipient epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is a significant indicator of poor prognosis in epithelial malignancies. Mouse modeling and molecular genetic analysis of complex systems indicates that PAI-1 regulates the temporal/spatial control of pericellular proteolysis, promotes epithelial plasticity, inhibits capillary regression and facilitates stromal invasion. Defining TGF-β1-initiated signaling events that cooperate with an activated EGFR to impact the protease-protease inhibitor balance in the tumor microenvironment is critical to the development of novel therapies for the clinical management of human cancers.
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Pettus JR, Johnson JJ, Shi Z, Davis JW, Koblinski J, Ghosh S, Liu Y, Ravosa MJ, Frazier S, Stack MS. Multiple kallikrein (KLK 5, 7, 8, and 10) expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Histol Histopathol 2009; 24:197-207. [PMID: 19085836 DOI: 10.14670/hh-24.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 3% of all cancer deaths in the U.S. and is ranked one of the top 10 cancers worldwide. The 5-year survival rate has remained at a low 50% for the past several decades, necessitating discovery of novel biomarkers of aggressive disease and therapeutic targets. As overexpression of urinary type plasminogen activator and receptor (uPA/R) in OSCC is associated with malignant progression and poor outcome, cell lines were generated with either overexpression (SCC25-uPAR+) or silencing (SCC25-uPAR-KD) of uPAR. As SCC25-uPAR+ tumors behaved more aggressively both in vitro and in vivo, comparative cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify additional genes that may be associated with aggressive tumors. Four members of the human tissue kallikrein family (KLK 5, 7, 8, and 10) were identified and real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) was used to verify and quantify gene expression. qPCR analysis revealed 2.8-, 5.3-, 4.0-, and 3.5-fold increases in gene expression for KLK5, 7, 8, and 10, respectively, in SCC25-uPAR+ versus SCC25-uPAR-KD. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated strong reactivity for KLKs 5, 7, 8 and 10 in both orthotopic murine tumors and human OSCC tissues. Control experiments show lack of reactivity against KLK3 (prostate specific antigen). These results demonstrate that kallikreins 5, 7, 8, and 10 are abundantly expressed in human OSCC and may be implicated in malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pettus
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Calogero RA, Quaglino E, Saviozzi S, Forni G, Cavallo F. Oncoantigens as anti-tumor vaccination targets: the chance of a lucky strike? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1685-94. [PMID: 18286283 PMCID: PMC11030840 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation is a multistage process and distinct gene products of specific cell regulatory pathways are involved at each stage. Identification of genes overexpressed at a specific stage provides an unprecedented opportunity to address the immune system against antigens with a driving role in tumor progression (oncoantigens). The ERBB2 oncogene is a prototype of deregulated oncogenic protein kinase membrane receptors. Mice transgenic for rat ERBB2 (BALB-neuT mice) were used in this study to identify an additional set of oncoantigens expressed at defined stages by most breast carcinomas to be used as alternatives to ERBB2-driven vaccination. To address this question, we integrated the transcription data generated by comparing preneoplastic lesions and neoplasia in BALB-neuT mice with a meta-analysis on transcription profiles generated from normal and breast tumor human specimens. Forty-six putative oncoantigens identified and prioritized according to their expression on the cell membrane or in the extra cellular space, cytoplasm and nucleus were chosen for preclinical investigation as vaccination targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/immunology
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Rats
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Saviozzi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Laerum OD, Illemann M, Skarstein A, Helgeland L, Ovrebø K, Danø K, Nielsen BS. Crohn's disease but not chronic ulcerative colitis induces the expression of PAI-1 in enteric neurons. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:2350-8. [PMID: 18844621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall is the common characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; disorders, which in some cases can be difficult to distinguish. The inflammation also affects the local neuronal plexuses of the enteric nervous system. It is known that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase receptor (uPAR) are upregulated in neurons after experimental peripheral nerve injury and have been linked to nerve regeneration. METHODS The expression of PAI-1 and uPAR in neuronal cells in lesions of the gastrointestinal tract was analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS PAI-1 was found in a subset of neurons primarily located in the submucosal plexus of the small and large intestine in 24 of 28 cases (86%) with Crohn's disease, but in none of 17 cases with chronic ulcerative colitis and other severe inflammatory conditions in the intestinal wall. The PAI-1 was seen in the perikarya of the neurons and a few proximal axons, whereas nerves were negative. uPAR was seen in nerves in all types of lesion varying from 21% to 88% of the cases, most frequent in colon adenocarcinomas. No uPAR-positive nerves were detected in normal colon. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1-positive neurons in inflammatory bowel disease are linked to chronic inflammation in Crohn's disease, implying PAI-1 as a potential parameter for the differential diagnosis between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The findings also suggest that PAI-1 in neurons is related to pain and that both PAI-1 and uPAR are involved in neuronal repair in the inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole D Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bacchiocchi R, Rubini C, Pierpaoli E, Borghetti G, Procacci P, Nocini PF, Santarelli A, Rocchetti R, Ciavarella D, Lo Muzio L, Fazioli F. Prognostic value analysis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:220. [PMID: 18673553 PMCID: PMC2527016 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the most common oral malignancy. Despite recent advances in therapy, up to 50% of the cases have relapse and/or metastasis. There is therefore a strong need for the identification of new biological markers able to predict the clinical behaviour of these lesions in order to improve quality of life and overall survival. Among tumour progression biomarkers, already known for their involvement in other neoplasia, a crucial role is ascribed to the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), which plays a multiple role in extracellular proteolysis, cell migration and tissue remodelling not only as a receptor for the zymogen pro-uPA but also as a component for cell adhesion and as a chemoattractant. The purpose of this study was to gain information on the expression of uPAR in OSCC and to verify whether this molecule can have a role as a prognostic/predictive marker for this neoplasia. Methods In a retrospective study, a cohort of 189 OSCC patients was investigated for uPAR expression and its cellular localization by immunohistochemistry. As standard controls, 8 normal oral mucosal tissues free of malignancy, obtained from patients with no evidence or history of oral cavity tumours, were similarly investigated. After grouping for uPAR expression, OSCCs were statistically analyzed for the variables age, gender, histological grading (G), tumour size, recurrence, TNM staging and overall survival rate. Results In our immunohistochemical study, 74 cases (39.1%) of OSCC showed a mostly cytoplasmic positivity for uPAR, whereas 115 were negative. uPAR expression correlated with tumour differentiation grade and prognosis: percentage of positive cases was the greatest in G3 (70.4%) and patients positives for uPAR expression had an expectation of life lower than those for uPAR negatives. Conclusion The results obtained in this study suggest a role of uPAR as a potential biomarker useful to identify higher risk subgroups of OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bacchiocchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy.
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Chen C, Méndez E, Houck J, Fan W, Lohavanichbutr P, Doody D, Yueh B, Futran ND, Upton M, Farwell DG, Schwartz SM, Zhao LP. Gene expression profiling identifies genes predictive of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2152-62. [PMID: 18669583 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. To identify potential biomarkers for the early detection of invasive OSCC, we compared the gene expressions of incident primary OSCC, oral dysplasia, and clinically normal oral tissue from surgical patients without head and neck cancer or preneoplastic oral lesions (controls), using Affymetrix U133 2.0 Plus arrays. We identified 131 differentially expressed probe sets using a training set of 119 OSCC patients and 35 controls. Forward and stepwise logistic regression analyses identified 10 successive combinations of genes which expression differentiated OSCC from controls. The best model included LAMC2, encoding laminin-gamma2 chain, and COL4A1, encoding collagen, type IV alpha1 chain. Subsequent modeling without these two markers showed that COL1A1, encoding collagen, type I alpha1 chain, and PADI1, encoding peptidyl arginine deiminase, type 1, could also distinguish OSCC from controls. We validated these two models using an internal independent testing set of 48 invasive OSCC and 10 controls and an external testing set of 42 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases and 14 controls (GEO GSE6791), with sensitivity and specificity above 95%. These two models were also able to distinguish dysplasia (n = 17) from control (n = 35) tissue. Differential expression of these four genes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. If confirmed in larger studies, the proposed models may hold promise for monitoring local recurrence at surgical margins and the development of second primary oral cancer in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, DEpartment of Epidemiology, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M5-C800 P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Seethala RR, Gooding WE, Handler PN, Collins B, Zhang Q, Siegfried JM, Grandis JR. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphotyrosine signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine signaling pathways in head and neck cancers and metastatic lymph nodes. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1303-9. [PMID: 18316548 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of tyrosine-phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) immunoexpression on survival in two independent cohorts of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to evaluate pSTAT3, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) expression in matched tumor and lymph node metastases in one of these cohorts. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE: Immunostaining for pSTAT3, TGF-alpha, EGFR, and GRPR was done in two SCCHN cohorts (cohort 1, 61 tumors; cohort 2, 69 paired primary tumors and lymph node metastases). Semiquantitative scores derived from the product of staining intensity (scale 0-3) score and percentage of positive tumor cells were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS Immunoexpression of pSTAT3 did not correlate with clinical outcome in either cohort (cohort 1, P = 0.914; cohort 2, P = 0.312). In cohort 2, TGF-alpha and EGFR expression in the primary tumors showed some association with decreased disease-free survival (P = 0.0306 and P = 0.0985, respectively). Both pSTAT3 and EGFR showed a correlation of expression between tumor and matched lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0046, respectively). In addition, the expression of EGFR and GRPR in the primary tumors correlated with TGF-alpha expression in paired nodal metastases (P = 0.0043 and P = 0.0268, respectively). In the nodal metastases, TGF-alpha expression correlated with EGFR expression (P = 0.0069). In primary tumors, GRPR expression correlated with TGF-alpha and EGFR expression (P = 0.0378 and P = 0.0026, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings support an autocrine signaling pathway involving TGF-alpha, EGFR, and pSTAT3 in metastatic SCCHN as well as transactivation of EGFR by GRPR via TGF-alpha, but fails to identify an independent prognostic role for pSTAT3 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja R Seethala
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Liang X, Yang X, Tang Y, Zhou H, Liu X, Xiao L, Gao J, Mao Z. RNAi-mediated downregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor inhibits proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion in oral cancer cells. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:1172-80. [PMID: 18486529 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as an effective method to target specific genes for silencing. Overexpression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been implicated in progression and metastasis of oral cancer. In our study, RNAi was introduced to downregulate the expression of uPAR in the highly malignant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Our data demonstrated that siRNA targeting of uPAR leads to the efficient and specific inhibition of endogenous uPAR mRNA and protein expression as determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, simultaneous silencing of uPAR resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell proliferation activity, adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro compared to the controls. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of uPAR in a variety of cancer key cellular events as a versatile signaling orchestrator, and suggest that RNAi-directed targeting of uPAR can be used as a potent and specific therapeutic tool for the treatment of oral cancer, especially in inhibiting and/or preventing cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Gao S, Krogdahl A, Sørensen JA, Kousted TM, Dabelsteen E, Andreasen PA. Overexpression of protease nexin-1 mRNA and protein in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:309-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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