1
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Tan H, Gong Y, Liu Y, Long J, Luo Q, Faleti OD, Lyu X. Advancing therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies through lytic reactivation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114916. [PMID: 37229802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread human herpes virus associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. It establishes two separate infection phases, latent and lytic, in the host. Upon infection of a new host cell, the virus activates several pathways, to induce the expression of lytic EBV antigens and the production of infectious virus particles. Although the carcinogenic role of latent EBV infection has been established, recent research suggests that lytic reactivation also plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of EBV reactivation and recent findings about the role of viral lytic antigens in tumor formation. In addition, we discuss the treatment of EBV-associated tumors with lytic activators and the targets that may be therapeutically effective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yibing Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qingshuang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999000, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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3
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The lytic phase of Epstein-Barr virus plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Virus Genes 2023; 59:1-12. [PMID: 36242711 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a recognized oncogenic virus that is related to the occurrence of lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and approximately 10% of gastric cancer (GC). EBV is a herpesvirus, and like other herpesviruses, EBV has a biphasic infection mode made up of latent and lytic infections. It has been established that latent infection promotes tumorigenesis in previous research, but in recent years, there has been new evidence that suggests that the lytic infection mode could also promote tumorigenesis. In this review, we mainly discuss the contribution of the EBV lytic phase to tumorigenesis, and graphically illustrate their relationship in detail. In addition, we described the relationship between the lytic cycle of EBV and autophagy. Finally, we also preliminarily explored the influence of the tumorigenesis effect of the EBV lytic phase on the future treatment of EBV-associated tumors.
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Li W, Yang C, Zhao F, Li J, Li Z, Ouyang P, Yuan X, Wu S, Yuan Y, Cui L, Feng H, Lin D, Chen Z, Lu J, Peng X, Chen J. Combination of smoking and Epstein-Barr virus DNA is a predictor of poor prognosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a long-term follow-up retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1262. [PMID: 36471255 PMCID: PMC9720998 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective study was performed to determine the prognostic potential of smoking and its combination with pre-treatment plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS Medical records of 1080 non-metastatic NPC patients who received intensity-modulated radiotherapy were reviewed. Male patients were categorized as never and ever smokers, and the smoking amount, duration, and cumulative consumption were used to evaluate dose-dependent effects. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Propensity score matching (PSM) was constructed. RESULTS The 5-year overall survival (OS) was worse for ever smokers than never smokers, and significantly decreased with the increase of smoking amount, duration, and cumulative consumption. Compared with never smokers, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of death was higher in ever smokers (HR = 1.361, P = 0.049), those smoked ≥20 cigarettes/day (HR = 1.473, P = 0.017), those smoked for ≥30 years (HR = 1.523, P = 0.023), and those cumulative smoked for ≥30 pack-years (HR = 1.649, P = 0.005). The poor prognostic effects of smoking was also confirmed in the PSM analysis. The combination of cumulative smoking consumption and pre-treatment EBV DNA levels was proven to be an independent poor prognostic factor for male NPC, and the risk of death, progression, and distant metastases gradually increased with both factors (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Combination of smoking and pre-treatment EBV DNA levels as a predictor of poor prognosis could further improve the risk stratification and prognostication for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Li
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Chao Yang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Feipeng Zhao
- grid.440164.30000 0004 1757 8829Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan China
| | - Junzheng Li
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510220 Guangdong China
| | - Zonghua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, 942 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Yinchuan, 750001 Ningxia China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaofei Yuan
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Shuting Wu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Yue Yuan
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Linchong Cui
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Huiru Feng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Danfan Lin
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Zilu Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Juan Lu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
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Functional Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235780. [PMID: 36497262 PMCID: PMC9740547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of tumors of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV displays a bipartite life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Current dogma indicates that the latent genes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers, while the lytic genes are primarily responsible for viral transmission. In recent years, evidence has emerged to show that the EBV lytic phase also plays an important role in EBV tumorigenesis, and the expression of EBV lytic genes is frequently detected in tumor tissues and cell lines. The advent of next generation sequencing has allowed the comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression, and this has revealed the consistent expression of several lytic genes across various types of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional implications of EBV lytic gene expression to the oncogenic process and discuss possible avenues for future investigations.
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Wu CC, Lee TY, Cheng YJ, Cho DY, Chen JY. The Dietary Flavonol Kaempferol Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238158. [PMID: 36500249 PMCID: PMC9736733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol (KP, 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a dietary flavonol, has anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic functions. However, it is unknown whether kaempferol possesses anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activity. Previously, we demonstrated that inhibition of EBV reactivation represses nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumourigenesis, suggesting the importance of identifying EBV inhibitors. In this study, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and virion detection showed that kaempferol repressed EBV lytic gene protein expression and subsequent virion production. Specifically, kaempferol was found to inhibit the promoter activities of Zta and Rta (Zp and Rp) under various conditions. A survey of the mutated Zp constructs revealed that Sp1 binding regions are critical for kaempferol inhibition. Kaempferol treatment repressed Sp1 expression and decreased the activity of the Sp1 promoter, suggesting that Sp1 expression was inhibited. In conclusion, kaempferol efficiently inhibits EBV reactivation and provides a novel choice for anti-EBV therapy and cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Ting-Ying Lee
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.)
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7
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Liu X, Deng Y, Huang Y, Ye J, Xie S, He Q, Chen Y, Lin Y, Liang R, Wei J, Li Y, Zhang J. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression: Accumulating Genomic Instability and Persistent Epstein–Barr Virus Infection. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6035-6052. [PMID: 36135044 PMCID: PMC9498130 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29090475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability facilitates the evolution of cells, tissues, organs, and species. The progression of human malignancies can be regarded as the accumulation of genomic instability, which confers a high evolutionary potential for tumor cells to adapt to continuous changes in the tumor microenvironment. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma closely associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. NPC progression is driven by a combination of accumulated genomic instability and persistent EBV infection. Here, we present a review of the key characteristics of genomic instability in NPC and the profound implications of EBV infection. We further discuss the significance of profiling genomic instability for the assessment of disease progression and treatment efficacy, as well as the opportunities and challenges of targeted therapies for NPC based on its unique genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yayan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Sifang Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
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8
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Malat P, Ekalaksananan T, Heawchaiyaphum C, Suebsasana S, Roytrakul S, Yingchutrakul Y, Pientong C. Andrographolide Inhibits Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Reactivation in EBV-Positive Cancer Cell Lines through the Modulation of Epigenetic-Related Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144666. [PMID: 35889536 PMCID: PMC9316603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with EBV-associated malignancies and is considered to be a benefit target for treatment. Andrographolide is claimed to have antiviral and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of andrographolide on the inhibition of EBV lytic reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of andrographolide was firstly evaluated in EBV-positive cancer cells; P3HR1, AGS-EBV and HONE1-EBV cells, using an MTT assay. Herein, the spontaneous expression of EBV lytic genes; BALF5, BRLF1 and BZLF1, was significantly inhibited in andrographolide-treated cells. Accordingly, andrographolide inhibited the expression of Zta and viral production in sodium butyrate (NaB)-induced EBV lytic reactivation. Additionally, proteomics and bioinformatics analysis revealed the differentially expressed proteins that inhibit EBV lytic reactivation in all treated cell lines were functionally related with the histone modifications and chromatin organization, such as histone H3-K9 modification and histone H3-K27 methylation. Taken together, andrographolide inhibits EBV reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells by inhibiting EBV lytic genes, probably, through the histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praphatson Malat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Center, Thammasart University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Supawadee Suebsasana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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9
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Li M, Chen WJ, Yang J, Charvat H, Xie SH, Li T, Ling W, Lu YQ, Liu Q, Hong MH, Cao SM. Association between solid fuel use and seropositivity against Epstein-Barr virus in a high-risk area for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119184. [PMID: 35341821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and understanding the modifiable risk factors of EBV activation is crucial in the prevention of NPC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between solid fuel use and EBV seropositivity in a high-risk area of NPC. Our study was based on the baseline findings from an ongoing population-based prospective cohort in Sihui county in Southern China. We explored the association between current use of solid fuel in cooking and EBV seropositivity, and NPC-related EBV activation, using logistic regression models. Stratification analyses were further conducted to assess potential effect modifiers. We also examined the impact of frequency and duration of solid fuel use, and switch in fuel types, on EBV seropositivity among ever users. Of the 12,579 participants included in our analysis, 4088 (32.5%) were EBV seropositive and 421 (3.3%) were high risk for NPC-related EBV activation. Solid fuel use was associated with a higher risk of EBV seropositivity and NPC-related EBV activation, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.33 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.76) and 1.81 (95%CI: 1.03, 3.18), respectively. Higher risk of EBV seropositivity was observed for those who did not use ventilation apparatus and those who consumed salted food. Among ever users, OR was highest for participants with more than 40 years of solid fuel exposure (1.17, 95%CI: 1.00-1.37) and who have been constantly using solid fuel (1.30, 95%CI: 0.96-1.75). We did not find a statistically significant impact of cooking frequency on EBV seropositivity. The identification of solid fuel as a risk factor for EBV activation is of great value for understanding the etiology of NPC. Our findings also have important public health implications given the fact that a third of the global population still lack access to clean cooking, especially in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hadrien Charvat
- Division of International Collaborative Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, China
| | | | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Huang Hong
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Chen Y, Chang ET, Liu Q, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Chen G, Huang QH, Xie SH, Cao SM, Jia WH, Zheng Y, Li Y, Lin L, Ernberg I, Huang G, Zeng YX, Adami HO, Ye W. Environmental factors for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in a high-risk area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac128. [PMID: 35450082 PMCID: PMC9017372 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation from latent to lytic infection has been considered as a key step in nasopharyngeal carcinoma oncogenesis. However, epidemiological evidence regarding environmental risk factors for EBV reactivation on a population level remains largely lacking. Methods We enrolled 1916 randomly selected adults from the general population of Guangdong and Guangxi, China, from 2010 to 2014. Information on environmental factors was collected via a structured interview. Serum immunoglobulin A antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen and nuclear antigen 1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate EBV reactivation status. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of EBV reactivation with various environmental factors. Results No associations were observed between EBV reactivation and extensive environmental factors, including alcohol or tea drinking, a history of chronic ear/nose/throat diseases, use of medications or herbs, consumption of salted fish or preserved foods, oral hygiene, sibship structure, and various residential and occupational exposures. Only cigarette smoking was associated with EBV reactivation (current smokers vs never smokers; OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.02–1.83), with positive exposure-response trends with increasing intensity, duration, and pack-years of smoking. Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, we found an association between cigarette smoking and EBV reactivation. Other examined exposures were not associated with EBV reactivation. These null results could suggest either more complex interactions between exposures and EBV reactivation or a predominant role of host and/or viral genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglin Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
- Wuzhou Health System Key Laboratory for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology and Molecular Mechanism, Wuzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Guomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
- Wuzhou Health System Key Laboratory for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology and Molecular Mechanism, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Li
- Cangwu Institute for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Control and Prevention, Wuzhou, China
| | - Longde Lin
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China & Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Malat P, Ekalaksananan T, Heawchaiyaphum C, Suebsasana S, Roytrakul S, Yingchutrakul Y, Pientong C. Andrographolide Inhibits Lytic Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus by Modulating Transcription Factors in Gastric Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122561. [PMID: 34946164 PMCID: PMC8708910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide is the principal bioactive chemical constituent of Andrographis paniculata and exhibits activity against several viruses, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). However, the particular mechanism by which andrographolide exerts an anti-EBV effect in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) cells remains unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which andrographolide inhibits lytic reactivation of EBV in EBVaGC cells (AGS-EBV cell line) using proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. An andrographolide treatment altered EBV protein-expression patterns in AGS-EBV cells by suppressing the expression of EBV lytic protein. Interestingly cellular transcription factors (TFs), activators for EBV lytic reactivation, such as MEF2D and SP1, were significantly abolished in AGS-EBV cells treated with andrographolide and sodium butyrate (NaB) compared with NaB-treated cells. In contrast, the suppressors of EBV lytic reactivation, such as EZH2 and HDAC6, were significantly up-regulated in cells treated with both andrographolide and NaB compared with NaB treatment alone. In addition, bioinformatics predicted that HDAC6 could interact directly with MEF2D and SP1. Furthermore, andrographolide significantly induced cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis of AGS-EBV cells by induction of apoptosis-related protein expression. Our results suggest that andrographolide inhibits EBV lytic reactivation by inhibition of host TFs, partially through the interaction of HDAC6 with TFs, and induces apoptosis of EBVaGC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praphatson Malat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Suebsasana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Technology Research Unit, Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Genome Technology Research Unit, Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lin M, Zhang XL, You R, Yang Q, Zou X, Yu K, Liu YP, Zou RH, Hua YJ, Huang PY, Wang J, Zhao Q, Jiang XB, Tang J, Gu YK, Yu T, He GP, Xie YL, Wang ZQ, Liu T, Chen SY, Zuo ZX, Chen MY. Neoantigen landscape in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Theranostics 2021; 11:6427-6444. [PMID: 33995666 PMCID: PMC8120206 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reportedly, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with MHC I Class aberration are prone to poor survival outcomes, which indicates that the deficiency of tumor neoantigens might represent a mechanism of immune surveillance escape in NPC. Methods: To clearly delineate the landscape of neoantigens in NPC, we performed DNA and RNA sequencing on paired primary tumor, regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis samples from 26 patients. Neoantigens were predicted using pVACseq pipeline. Subtype prediction model was built using random forest algorithm. Results: Portraying the landscape of neoantigens in NPC for the first time, we found that the neoantigen load of NPC was above average compared to that of other cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas program. While the quantity and quality of neoantigens were similar among primary tumor, regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis samples, neoantigen depletion was more severe in metastatic sites than in primary tumors. Upon tracking the clonality change of neoantigens, we found that neoantigen reduction occurred during metastasis. Building a subtype prediction model based on reported data, we observed that subtype I lacked T cells and suffered from severe neoantigen depletion, subtype II highly expressed immune checkpoint molecules and suffered from the least neoantigen depletion, and subtype III was heterogenous. Conclusions: These results indicate that neoantigens are conducive to the guidance of clinical treatment, and personalized therapeutic vaccines for NPC deserve deeper basic and clinical investigations to make them feasible in the future.
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13
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The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
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14
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Epstein-Barr Virus: How Its Lytic Phase Contributes to Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111824. [PMID: 33228078 PMCID: PMC7699388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) contributes to the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. While EBV’s latent phase is more commonly associated with EBV-associated malignancies, there is increasing evidence that EBV’s lytic phase plays a role in EBV-mediated oncogenesis. The lytic phase contributes to oncogenesis primarily in two ways: (1) the production of infectious particles to infect more cells, and (2) the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways, both cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously. The production of infectious particles requires the completion of the lytic phase. However, the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways can be mediated by an incomplete (abortive) lytic phase, in which early lytic gene products contribute substantially, whereas late lytic products are largely dispensable. In this review, we discuss the evidence of EBV’s lytic phase contributing to oncogenesis and the role it plays in tumor formation and progression, as well as summarize known mechanisms by which EBV lytic products regulate oncogenic pathways. Understanding the contribution of EBV’s lytic phase to oncogenesis will help design ways to target it to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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15
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Hristova DB, Lauer KB, Ferguson BJ. Viral interactions with non-homologous end-joining: a game of hide-and-seek. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1133-1144. [PMID: 32735206 PMCID: PMC7879558 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are extensive interactions between viruses and the host DNA damage response (DDR) machinery. The outcome of these interactions includes not only direct effects on viral nucleic acids and genome replication, but also the activation of host stress response signalling pathways that can have further, indirect effects on viral life cycles. The non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is responsible for the rapid and imprecise repair of DNA double-stranded breaks in the nucleus that would otherwise be highly toxic. Whilst directly repairing DNA, components of the NHEJ machinery, in particular the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), can activate a raft of downstream signalling events that activate antiviral, cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis pathways. This combination of possible outcomes results in NHEJ being pro- or antiviral depending on the infection. In this review we will describe the broad range of interactions between NHEJ components and viruses and their consequences for both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana B. Hristova
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katharina B. Lauer
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: ELIXIR Hub, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian J. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Fiches GN, Zhou D, Kong W, Biswas A, Ahmed EH, Baiocchi RA, Zhu J, Santoso N. Profiling of immune related genes silenced in EBV-positive gastric carcinoma identified novel restriction factors of human gammaherpesviruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008778. [PMID: 32841292 PMCID: PMC7473590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is characterized by high frequency of DNA methylation. In this study, we investigated how epigenetic alteration of host genome contributes to pathogenesis of EBVaGC through the analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets from NIH TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) consortium. We identified that immune related genes (IRGs) is a group of host genes preferentially silenced in EBV-positive gastric cancers through DNA hypermethylation. Further functional characterizations of selected IRGs reveal their novel antiviral activity against not only EBV but also KSHV. In particular, we showed that metallothionein-1 (MT1) and homeobox A (HOXA) gene clusters are down-regulated via EBV-driven DNA hypermethylation. Several MT1 isoforms suppress EBV lytic replication and release of progeny virions as well as KSHV lytic reactivation, suggesting functional redundancy of these genes. In addition, single HOXA10 isoform exerts antiviral activity against both EBV and KSHV. We also confirmed the antiviral effect of other dysregulated IRGs, such as IRAK2 and MAL, in scenario of EBV and KSHV lytic reactivation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that epigenetic silencing of IRGs is a viral strategy to escape immune surveillance and promote viral propagation, which is overall beneficial to viral oncogenesis of human gamma-herpesviruses (EBV and KSHV), considering that these IRGs possess antiviral activities against these oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elshafa H. Ahmed
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Netty Santoso
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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17
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Conserved Herpesvirus Kinase ORF36 Activates B2 Retrotransposons during Murine Gammaherpesvirus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00262-20. [PMID: 32404524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00262-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII)-transcribed, retrotransposable noncoding RNA (ncRNA) elements ubiquitously spread throughout mammalian genomes. While normally silenced in healthy somatic tissue, SINEs can be induced during infection with DNA viruses, including the model murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying MHV68 activation of SINE ncRNAs. We demonstrate that lytic MHV68 infection of B cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts leads to robust activation of the B2 family of SINEs in a cell-autonomous manner. B2 ncRNA induction requires neither host innate immune signaling factors nor involvement of the RNAPIII master regulator Maf1. However, we identified MHV68 ORF36, the conserved herpesviral kinase, as playing a key role in B2 induction during lytic infection. SINE activation is linked to ORF36 kinase activity and can also be induced by inhibition of histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HCAC 1/2), which is one of the known ORF36 functions. Collectively, our data suggest that ORF36-mediated changes in chromatin modification contribute to B2 activation during MHV68 infection and that this activity is conserved in other herpesviral protein kinase homologs.IMPORTANCE Viral infection dramatically changes the levels of many types of RNA in a cell. In particular, certain oncogenic viruses activate expression of repetitive genes called retrotransposons, which are normally silenced due to their ability to copy and spread throughout the genome. Here, we established that infection with the gammaherpesvirus MHV68 leads to a dramatic induction of a class of noncoding retrotransposons called B2 SINEs in multiple cell types. We then explored how MHV68 activates B2 SINEs, revealing a role for the conserved herpesviral protein kinase ORF36. Both ORF36 kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions contribute to B2 induction, perhaps through ORF36 targeting of proteins involved in controlling the accessibility of chromatin surrounding SINE loci. Understanding the features underlying induction of these elements following MHV68 infection should provide insight into core elements of SINE regulation, as well as disregulation of SINE elements associated with disease.
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18
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Oncogenic Properties of the EBV ZEBRA Protein. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061479. [PMID: 32517128 PMCID: PMC7352903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the most common human herpesviruses. After primary infection, it can persist in the host throughout their lifetime in a latent form, from which it can reactivate following specific stimuli. EBV reactivation is triggered by transcriptional transactivator proteins ZEBRA (also known as Z, EB-1, Zta or BZLF1) and RTA (also known as BRLF1). Here we discuss the structural and functional features of ZEBRA, its role in oncogenesis and its possible implication as a prognostic or diagnostic marker. Modulation of host gene expression by ZEBRA can deregulate the immune surveillance, allow the immune escape, and favor tumor progression. It also interacts with host proteins, thereby modifying their functions. ZEBRA is released into the bloodstream by infected cells and can potentially penetrate any cell through its cell-penetrating domain; therefore, it can also change the fate of non-infected cells. The features of ZEBRA described in this review outline its importance in EBV-related malignancies.
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19
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Epstein-Barr virus co-opts TFIIH component XPB to specifically activate essential viral lytic promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13044-13055. [PMID: 32434920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000625117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with epithelial and lymphoid malignancies, establishes latent infection in memory B cells, and intermittently produces infectious virions through lytic replication. Released virions play a key role in latent reservoir maintenance and transmission. Lytic EBV transcription differs from cellular transcription in requiring a virus-encoded preinitiation complex that binds to TATT motifs unique to EBV late lytic promoters. Expression of 15 late lytic genes that are important for virion production and infectivity is particularly dependent on the EBV SM protein, a nuclear protein expressed early during lytic reactivation that binds to viral RNAs and enhances RNA stability. We recently discovered that spironolactone blocks EBV virion production by inhibiting EBV SM function. Since spironolactone causes degradation of xeroderma pigmentosum group B-complementing protein (XPB), a component of human transcription factor TFIIH, in both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, we hypothesized that SM utilizes XPB to specifically activate transcription of SM target promoters. While EBV SM has been thought to act posttranscriptionally, we provide evidence that SM also facilitates EBV gene transcription. We demonstrate that SM binds and recruits XPB to EBV promoters during lytic replication. Depletion of XPB protein, by spironolactone treatment or by siRNA transfection, inhibits SM-dependent late lytic gene transcription but not transcription of other EBV genes or cellular genes. These data indicate that SM acts as a transcriptional activator that has co-opted XPB to specifically target 15 EBV promoters that have uniquely evolved to require XPB for activity, providing an additional mechanism to differentially regulate EBV gene expression.
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20
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Hau PM, Lung HL, Wu M, Tsang CM, Wong KL, Mak NK, Lo KW. Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:600. [PMID: 32528868 PMCID: PMC7247807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in regions in which it is endemic, including Southern China and Southeast Asia. The high mortality rates of NPC patients with advanced and recurrent disease highlight the urgent need for effective treatments. While recent genomic studies have revealed few druggable targets, the unique interaction between the EBV infection and host cells in NPC strongly implies that targeting EBV may be an efficient approach to cure this virus-associated cancer. Key features of EBV-associated NPC are the persistence of an episomal EBV genome and the requirement for multiple viral latent gene products to enable malignant transformation. Many translational studies have been conducted to exploit these unique features to develop pharmaceutical agents and therapeutic strategies that target EBV latent proteins and induce lytic reactivation in NPC. In particular, inhibitors of the EBV latent protein EBNA1 have been intensively explored, because of this protein's essential roles in maintaining EBV latency and viral genome replication in NPC cells. In addition, recent advances in chemical bioengineering are driving the development of therapeutic agents targeting the critical functional regions of EBNA1. Promising therapeutic effects of the resulting EBNA1-specific inhibitors have been shown in EBV-positive NPC tumors. The efficacy of multiple classes of EBV lytic inducers for NPC cytolytic therapy has also been long investigated. However, the lytic-induction efficiency of these compounds varies among different EBV-positive NPC models in a cell-context-dependent manner. In each tumor, NPC cells can evolve and acquire somatic changes to maintain EBV latency during cancer progression. Unfortunately, the poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms regulating EBV latency-to-lytic switching in NPC cells limits the clinical application of EBV cytolytic treatment. In this review, we discuss the potential approaches for improvement of the above-mentioned EBV-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Wu CC, Chen MS, Cheng YJ, Ko YC, Lin SF, Chiu IM, Chen JY. Emodin Inhibits EBV Reactivation and Represses NPC Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111795. [PMID: 31731581 PMCID: PMC6896023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique malignancy derived from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. Despite great advances in the development of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, relapse and metastasis in NPC patients remain major causes of mortality. Evidence accumulated over recent years indicates that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPC and inhibition of EBV reactivation is now being considered as a goal for the therapy of EBV-associated cancers. With this in mind, a panel of dietary compounds was screened and emodin was found to have potential anti-EBV activity. Through Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric analysis, we show that emodin inhibits the expression of EBV lytic proteins and blocks virion production in EBV- positive epithelial cell lines. In investigating the underlying mechanism, reporter assays indicated that emodin represses Zta promoter (Zp) and Rta promoter (Rp) activities, triggered by various inducers. Mapping of the Zp construct reveals that the SP1 binding region is important for emodin-triggered repression and emodin is shown to be able to inhibit SP1 expression, suggesting that it likely inhibits EBV reactivation by suppression of SP1 expression. Moreover, we also show that emodin inhibits the tumorigenic properties induced by repeated EBV reactivation, including micronucleus formation, cell proliferation, migration, and matrigel invasiveness. Emodin administration also represses the tumor growth in mice which is induced by EBV activation. Taken together, our results provide a potential chemopreventive agent in restricting EBV reactivation and NPC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 31718) (C.-C.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35123) (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Shu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Ko
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 31718) (C.-C.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35123) (J.-Y.C.)
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22
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He YQ, Liao XY, Xue WQ, Xu YF, Xu FH, Li FF, Li XZ, Zhang JB, Wang TM, Wang F, Yu HL, Feng QS, Chen LZ, Cao SM, Liu Q, Mu J, Jia WH. Association Between Environmental Factors and Oral Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Loads: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study in China. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:400-409. [PMID: 30307559 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status reflects host EBV activity and potentially links to EBV-associated diseases, however, factors influencing oral EBV loads or reactivation, such as environmental exposures or host factors, are not fully understood. Methods A 2-stage, multicenter, cross-sectional study of 6558 subjects from 21 administrative cities of southern China and 3 populations from representative geographical areas in China (referred to as the south, north, and northeastern populations) was performed. The relationships between demographical factors and environmental exposures to EBV loads were analyzed by logistic regression models. Results Current smoking, with a dose-response effect, was found to be strongly associated with higher oral EBV loads in the pooled data, with an odds ratio of 1.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-1.79), as well as in each of the separate populations. The odds ratio increased to 3.06 when current smokers in southern China were compared to never smokers in northern China. Additionally, higher oral EBV loads tended to be detected in older participants, male participants, and participants in southern China. Conclusions This study provided evidence linking the effect of host-environmental factors, particularly smoking, to oral EBV activity. It could strengthen our understanding of the possible causal roles of EBV-related diseases, which may help to prevent or mitigate EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiao He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Xiao-Yu Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Ya-Fei Xu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng-Hua Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Jiang-Bo Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Tong-Min Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Fang Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Huan-Lin Yu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Li-Zhen Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Qing Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
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23
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Wang M, Gu B, Chen X, Wang Y, Li P, Wang K. The Function and Therapeutic Potential of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:657-668. [PMID: 31400608 PMCID: PMC6698931 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the global population. EBV is considered a contributory factor in a variety of malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Notably, EBV was the first virus found to encode microRNAs (miRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that EBV-encoded miRNAs contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of EBV-associated malignancies. EBV miRNAs have been shown to inhibit the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and immune signaling pathways. Therefore, EBV miRNAs perform a significant function in the complex host-virus interaction and EBV-driven carcinogenesis. However, the integrated mechanisms underlying the roles of EBV miRNAs in carcinogenesis remain to be further explored. In this review, we describe recent advances regarding the involvement of EBV miRNAs in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies and discuss their potential utility as cancer biomarkers. An in-depth investigation into the pro-carcinogenic role of EBV miRNAs will expand our knowledge of the biological processes associated with virus-driven tumors and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Bianli Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China.
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24
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Jiang X, Wu J, Wang J, Huang R. Tobacco and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of carcinogenic pathways. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:29. [PMID: 31582940 PMCID: PMC6752112 DOI: 10.18332/tid/105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for premature death globally. More than 60 toxic chemicals in tobacco can invade the body’s various systems. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a pathological type of oral cancer, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers. A vast quantity of scientific, clinical and epidemiological data shows that tobacco is associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and its carcinogenic pathways may be complicated. METHODS We conducted a thorough electronic search by Cochrane, EMBASE and PubMed to identify relevant studies. Studies published up to the end of October 2018 were included. After assessing and selecting articles based on eligibility criteria, studies were classified and elaborated according to the pathogenesis. RESULTS Tobacco as an important risk factor can cause epigenetic alteration of oral epithelial cells, inhibit multiple systemic immune functions of the host, and its toxic metabolites can cause oxidative stress on tissues and induce OSCC. In addition, some specific viruses such as EBV and HPV are thought to play a role in the development of OSCC. CONCLUSIONS Oral cancer ranks eighth among the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and tobacco is one the most important carcinogenic factors of OSCC. This review of the literature attempts to provide directions and ideas for future related research, and emphasizes the need for efforts to reduce tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiexue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Hu T, Lin CY, Xie SH, Chen GH, Lu YQ, Ling W, Huang QH, Liu Q, Cao SM. Smoking can increase nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by repeatedly reactivating Epstein-Barr Virus: An analysis of a prospective study in southern China. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2561-2571. [PMID: 30843658 PMCID: PMC6536979 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between smoking and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to validate smoking effect on NPC and explore if smoking can induce NPC by persistently reactivating EBV in long‐term based on a prospective cohort design. Methods A NPC screening cohort with 10 181 eligible residents in Sihui city, southern China was conducted from 2008 to 2015. The smoking habit was investigated through the trained interviewers and EBV antibodies (VCA‐IgA, EBNA1‐IgA) as screening markers were tested periodically. New NPC cases were identified through local cancer registry. Cox's regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of smoking on NPC incidence. In the non‐NPC participants, the associations between smoking and EBV seropositivity in different periods were assessed by logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results With a median of 7.54 years, 71 NPCs were diagnosed ≥1 year after recruitment. Compared with never smokers, the aHRs of developing NPC among ever smokers were 3.00 (95%CI: 1.46‐6.16). Stratified by sex, the HRs of ever smoking were 2.59 (95%CI: 1.07‐6.23) for male and 3.75 (95%CI: 1.25‐11.20) for female, respectively. Among the non‐NPC individuals, ever smoking was not only associated with EBV seropositivity at baseline, but also in the 3‐5 years of follow up, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 1.68 (95%CI: 1.29‐2.18) for VCA‐IgA and 1.92 (95%CI: 1.42‐2.59) for EBNA1‐IgA. Among the smokers who were tested EBV antibodies at least twice, the similar results were obtained using GEE. Conclusion Smoking could significantly increase the long‐term risk of NPC in southern China, partly by persistently reactivating EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Yang Lin
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng-Hang Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Lu
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ling
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Hong Huang
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang B, Cui B, Du J, Shen X, Wang K, Chen J, Xiao L, Sun C, Li Y. ATR activated by EB virus facilitates chemotherapy resistance to cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:573-585. [PMID: 30666155 PMCID: PMC6331066 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s187099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and increases the chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells. Although the mechanism by which EBV manipulates ataxia telangiectasia mutation (ATM)-mediated DNA damage response in NPC has been extensively studied, the relationship between ATR (ATM and Rad-3 related) and EBV infection is largely unexplored, and also the role of ATR in chemotherapy resistance in EBV-positive NPC has not been specifically reported. Materials and methods Levels of γ-H2AX, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and EBV-encoded RNA in clinical NPC and nasopharyngeal inflammation (NPI) specimens were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The effects of EBV infection, chemotherapy drugs cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment, and ATR silencing were assessed in NPC cells in vitro using immunofluorescence, Western blot, and flow cytometry. Results A notable increase of γ-H2AX expression was examined in the EBV-positive NPC clinical specimens. Additionally, we observed that the phosphorylation of ATR/checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway protein was gradually activated along with the duration of EBV exposure in NPC cell lines, which was obviously inhibited after ATR depletion. Moreover, EBV infection promoted the resistance of NPC cells to CDDP and 5-FU, whereas the chemosensitivity of cells was significantly enhanced following ATR knockdown. Furthermore, ATR depletion caused both S-phase cell arrest and apoptosis, enhanced p53 phosphorylation, and impaired the formation of Rad51. Conclusion Our data suggest that EBV activation of ATR-mediated DNA damage response might result in chemotherapy resistance to CDDP and 5-FU in NPC. Accordingly, ATR knockdown may serve as an effective treatment strategy for chemotherapy-resistant, EBV-positive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Jintao Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Liying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Chongkui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, ;
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27
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Natural Variations in BRLF1 Promoter Contribute to the Elevated Reactivation Level of Epstein-Barr Virus in Endemic Areas of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:101-109. [PMID: 30420297 PMCID: PMC6286269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a crucial risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the mechanism for its elevated activation level in NPC endemic areas remains unclear. This study aims to identify the EBV natural variations contributed to the different reactivation potential between NPC endemic and non-endemic areas. Methods 1030 subjects were recruited in China, including 303 healthy individuals from two NPC non-endemic areas, 483 healthy people from three endemic areas and 244 NPC patients. Among which, saliva DNA samples from 244 participants were sequenced for the EBV immediate early (IE) genes of BRLF1 and BZLF1, their promoters were included; the rest 786 subjects were used for the validation of significant variations among three different populations. Haplotype and population structure analysis were conducted. Dual-luciferase assay was used to detect the promoter activity. Results A total of 246 distinct variations were detected, 29 showed significant difference in the frequencies between healthy people from NPC endemic area and non-endemic area. Population structure analysis clustered EBV strains into 9 subgroups mostly in accordance with the geographical origin of samples. Interestingly, two EBV genotypes, Rp-V1 and Rp-V2, were identified according to the linkage relationship of the variations in BRLF1 promoter (Rp). Rp-V1 has higher frequency in NPC endemic areas than in non-endemic areas (52.38% vs 18.15%, P = 2.07 × 10−14), and was associated with higher oral EBV DNA levels (adjusted OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.21–2.24, P = .002), suggesting a more powerful activation ability of Rp-V1 than that of the prototype Rp-of the EBV strain; On the contrary, Rp-V2 has higher frequency in NPC non-endemic areas than in endemic areas (18.48% vs 0.38%, P = 1.17 × 10−7), might represent a reduced activation potential of EBV. Further dual-luciferase assay showed Rp-V1 has higher promoter activity while compared with Rp-V2 (P < .0001). Notably, Rp-V1 impaired the transcription repression effect of YY1 while Rp-V2 strengthened the transcription repression effect of EBF1 on Rp. In addition, significant differences of Rta 393–407 CTL epitope which may influence the recognition of Rta by CD8+ T cells were detected between healthy people from NPC endemic area and non-endemic area. Conclusions This study identified natural variations in cis-acting elements (YY1 and EBF1) of EBV Rp altering Rp transcription activities, which may contribute to the elevated EBV activation level in NPC endemic areas than non-endemic areas.
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28
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Li H, Hu J, Luo X, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Therapies based on targeting Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication for EBV-associated malignancies. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2101-2108. [PMID: 29751367 PMCID: PMC6029825 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection has been shown to significantly contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, therapies aimed at targeting the EBV lytic cycle have been developed as novel strategies for treatment of EBV‐associated malignancies. In this review, focusing on the viral lytic proteins, we describe recent advances regarding the involvement of the EBV lytic cycle in carcinogenesis. Moreover, we further discuss 2 distinct EBV lytic cycle‐targeted therapeutic strategies against EBV‐induced malignancies. One of the strategies involves inhibition of the EBV lytic cycle by natural compounds known to have anti‐EBV properties; another is to intentionally induce EBV lytic replication in combination with nucleotide analogues. Recent advances in EBV lytic‐based strategies are beginning to show promise in the treatment and/or prevention of EBV‐related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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29
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Wu CC, Fang CY, Huang SY, Chiu SH, Lee CH, Chen JY. Perspective: Contribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Reactivation to the Carcinogenicity of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040120. [PMID: 29673164 PMCID: PMC5923375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma derived from the epithelium of the post-nasal cavity, with a unique geographic and ethnic distribution. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological agent of NPC, but how it contributes to carcinogenesis is not completely clear. Although it is thought that EBV latency participates in the development of NPC, increasing evidence reveals that the lytic cycle also plays an important role in the carcinogenic process. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on how EBV reactivation causes genomic instability and accelerates tumorigenesis in epithelial cells. The roles of three lytic genes, namely, BRLF1, BGLF5 and BALF3, in this process are also introduced. Moreover, blocking EBV reactivation using natural compounds may help delay the progression of NPC tumorigenesis. These studies provide a new insight into NPC carcinogenesis and raise the possibility that inhibition of EBV reactivation may be a novel approach to prevent the relapse of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hsin Chiu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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30
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, Lo KW. Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0270. [PMID: 28893937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple types of human cancer, including lymphoid and epithelial cancers. The closest association with EBV infection is seen in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is endemic in the southern Chinese population. A strong association between NPC risk and the HLA locus at chromosome 6p has been identified, indicating a link between the presentation of EBV antigens to host immune cells and NPC risk. EBV infection in NPC is clonal in origin, strongly suggesting that NPC develops from the clonal expansion of a single EBV-infected cell. In epithelial cells, the default program of EBV infection is lytic replication. However, latent infection is the predominant mode of EBV infection in NPC. The establishment of latent EBV infection in pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelium is believed to be an early stage of NPC pathogenesis. Recent genomic study of NPC has identified multiple somatic mutations in the upstream negative regulators of NF-κB signalling. Dysregulated NF-κB signalling may contribute to the establishment of latent EBV infection in NPC. Stable EBV infection and the expression of latent EBV genes are postulated to drive the transformation of pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelial cells to cancer cells through multiple pathways.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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31
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Zhang X, Zeng X, Liu L, Lan X, Huang J, Zeng H, Li R, Luo K, Wu W, Zhou M, Li S. Correlation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with rare earth elements and the Epstein-Barr virus. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541176 PMCID: PMC5835927 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were measured to investigate connections with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. There were 30 patients with NPC who met the criteria for inclusion in the present study. The EBV copy number, as well as the concentration and distribution of REE, was analyzed. EBV was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, with the concentrations of REE in NPC tissues measured using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean values were used when comparing concentrations of REE in NPC tissues as the standard deviation of this parameter was the lowest. Light REE had the highest concentrations, followed by medium, and then heavy REE. The concentrations of REE decreased with increasing tumor size and with the presence of lymph node metastasis. The concentrations of REE gradually increased between stage II and IVa, but markedly decreased thereafter. The elements that exhibited the greatest decreases were terbium, holmium and ytterbium. Furthermore, the concentrations of REE in NPC were not associated with sex (r=0.301, P=0.106) or age (r=−0.011, P=0.955), and were negatively associated with EBV (r=−0.744, P<0.001). By contrast, the EBV copy number increased alongside advancements in clinical stage. Changes in the concentrations of REE in NPC were more prominent for medium and heavy elements. Additionally, alterations in the concentrations of heavy REE may affect the occurrence and development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfu Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Lianbin Liu
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Lan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Hongxue Zeng
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Keqing Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Maohua Zhou
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Shaojin Li
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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He YQ, Xue WQ, Xu FH, Xu YF, Zhang JB, Yu HL, Feng QS, Chen LZ, Cao SM, Liu Q, Mu J, Zeng YX, Jia WH. The Relationship Between Environmental Factors and the Profile of Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies in the Lytic and Latent Infection Periods in Healthy Populations from Endemic and Non-Endemic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Areas in China. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:184-191. [PMID: 29606628 PMCID: PMC5952216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that smoking was associated with an elevated level of the antibody against VCA in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic phase, which was an important predictive marker of the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It remained unknown whether environmental factors were associated with the levels of other EBV antibodies, such as Zta-IgA, EA-IgA, EBNA1-IgA, and LMP1-IgA, in the lytic and latent infection periods. We aimed to investigate the possible environmental inducers that could affect EBV antibody levels in two independent healthy male populations from endemic NPC areas in South China (N=1498) and non-endemic NPC areas in North China (N=1961). We performed ELISA and immunoenzymatic assays to test the levels of antibodies specific to the EBV antigens. The seropositive rates of antibodies against the antigens expressed in both the EBV latent and lytic infection periods, namely, LMP1-IgA, EBNA1-IgA, and Zta-IgA, in endemic areas (28.65%, 5.43% and 14.49%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in non-endemic areas (14.43%, 1.07% and 6.32%, respectively). Smoking was associated with higher seropositivity for EBNA1-IgA (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.12-1.93) and Zta-IgA (OR=1.28, 95% CI=0.99-1.66), with dose-response effects, while not associated with the levels of LMP1-IgA. In conclusion, smoking was an important environmental factor, which associated with increased levels of EBNA1-IgA, and Zta-IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Feng-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ya-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Huan-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Li-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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33
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Tsai MH, Lin X, Shumilov A, Bernhardt K, Feederle R, Poirey R, Kopp-Schneider A, Pereira B, Almeida R, Delecluse HJ. The biological properties of different Epstein-Barr virus strains explain their association with various types of cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10238-10254. [PMID: 28052012 PMCID: PMC5354655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically associated with the development of multiple types of tumors, but it is unclear whether this diversity is due to infection with different EBV strains. We report a comparative characterization of SNU719, GP202, and YCCEL1, three EBV strains that were isolated from gastric carcinomas, M81, a virus isolated in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma and several well-characterized laboratory type A strains. We found that B95-8, Akata and GP202 induced cell growth more efficiently than YCCEL1, SNU719 and M81 and this correlated positively with the expression levels of the viral BHRF1 miRNAs. In infected B cells, all strains except Akata and B95-8 induced lytic replication, a risk factor for carcinoma development, although less efficiently than M81. The panel of viruses induced tumors in immunocompromised mice with variable speed and efficacy that did not strictly mirror their in vitro characteristics, suggesting that additional parameters play an important role. We found that YCCEL1 and M81 infected primary epithelial cells, gastric carcinoma cells and gastric spheroids more efficiently than Akata or B95-8. Reciprocally, Akata and B95-8 had a stronger tropism for B cells than YCCEL1 or M81. These data suggest that different EBV strains will induce the development of lymphoid tumors with variable efficacy in immunocompromised patients and that there is a parallel between the cell tropism of the viral strains and the lineage of the tumors they induce. Thus, EBV strains can be endowed with properties that will influence their transforming abilities and the type of tumor they induce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Shumilov
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bernhardt
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesitas, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Remy Poirey
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, IPATIMUP, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Almeida
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, IPATIMUP, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Inserm unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Yao Y, Xu M, Liang L, Zhang H, Xu R, Feng Q, Feng L, Luo B, Zeng YX. Genome-wide analysis of Epstein-Barr virus identifies variants and genes associated with gastric carcinoma and population structure. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317714195. [PMID: 29034771 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317714195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus is a ubiquitous virus and is associated with several human malignances, including the significant subset of gastric carcinoma, Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Some Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases are uniquely prevalent in populations with different geographic origins. However, the features of the disease and geographically associated Epstein-Barr virus genetic variation as well as the roles that the variation plays in carcinogenesis and evolution remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we sequenced 95 geographically distinct Epstein-Barr virus isolates from Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma biopsies and saliva of healthy donors to detect variants and genes associated with gastric carcinoma and population structure from a genome-wide spectrum. We demonstrated that Epstein-Barr virus revealed the population structure between North China and South China. In addition, we observed population stratification between Epstein-Barr virus strains from gastric carcinoma and healthy controls, indicating that certain Epstein-Barr virus subtypes are associated with different gastric carcinoma risks. We identified that the BRLF1, BBRF3, and BBLF2/BBLF3 genes had significant associations with gastric carcinoma. LMP1 and BNLF2a genes were strongly geographically associated genes in Epstein-Barr virus. Our study provides insights into the genetic basis of oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus for gastric carcinoma, and the genetic variants associated with gastric carcinoma can serve as biomarkers for oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyuan Yao
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Xu
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Liang
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haojiong Zhang
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua Xu
- 3 Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Feng
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Luo
- 4 Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- 1 Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Bortezomib promotes KHSV and EBV lytic cycle by activating JNK and autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13052. [PMID: 29026157 PMCID: PMC5638868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KSHV and EBV are gammaherpesviruses strictly linked to human cancers. Even if the majority of cancer cells harbor a latent infection, the few cells that undergo viral replication may contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of the virus-associated malignancies. Cytotoxic drugs used for the therapies of cancers harboring virus-infection often have, as side effect, the activation of viral lytic cycle. Therefore it is important to investigate whether they affect viral reactivation and understand the underlying mechanisms involved. In this study, we found that proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, a cytotoxic drug that efficiently target gammaherpesvirus-associated B cell lymphomas, triggered KSHV or EBV viral lytic cycle by activating JNK, in the course of ER stress, and inducing autophagy. These results suggest that the manipulation of these pathways could limit viral spread and improve the outcome of bortezomib treatment in patients affected by gammaherpesvirus-associated lymphomas.
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36
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Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 induces genomic instability and progressive malignancy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78948-78964. [PMID: 29108278 PMCID: PMC5668011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a serious health problem in China and Southeast Asia. Relapse is the major cause of mortality, but mechanisms of relapse are mysterious. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and host genomic instability (GI) have correlated with NPC development. Previously, we reported that lytic early genes DNase and BALF3 induce genetic alterations and progressive malignancy in NPC cells, implying lytic proteins may be required for NPC relapse. In this study, we show that immediate early gene BRLF1 induces chromosome mis-segregation and genomic instability in the NPC cells. Similar phenomenon was also demonstrated in 293 and zebrafish embryonic cells. BRLF1 nuclear localization signal (NLS) mutant still induced genomic instability and inhibitor experiments revealed that BRLF1 interferes with chromosome segregation and induces genomic instability by activating Erk signaling. Furthermore, the chromosome aberrations and tumorigenic features of NPC cells were significantly increased with the rounds of BRLF1 expression, and these cells developed into larger tumor nodules in mice. Therefore, BRLF1 may be the important factor contributing to NPC relapse and targeting BRLF1 may benefit patients.
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37
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Shioda S, Kasai F, Ozawa M, Hirayama N, Satoh M, Kameoka Y, Watanabe K, Shimizu N, Tang H, Mori Y, Kohara A. The human vascular endothelial cell line HUV-EC-C harbors the integrated HHV-6B genome which remains stable in long term culture. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:141-152. [PMID: 28755030 PMCID: PMC5809643 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is a common human pathogen that is most often detected in hematopoietic cells. Although human cells harboring chromosomally integrated HHV-6 can be generated in vitro, the availability of such cell lines originating from in vivo tissues is limited. In this study, chromosomally integrated HHV-6B has been identified in a human vascular endothelial cell line, HUV-EC-C (IFO50271), derived from normal umbilical cord tissue. Sequence analysis revealed that the viral genome was similar to the HHV-6B HST strain. FISH analysis using a HHV-6 DNA probe showed one signal in each cell, detected at the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 9. This was consistent with a digital PCR assay, validating one copy of the viral DNA. Because exposure of HUV-EC-C to chemicals did not cause viral reactivation, long term cell culture of HUV-EC-C was carried out to assess the stability of viral integration. The growth rate was altered depending on passage numbers, and morphology also changed during culture. SNP microarray profiles showed some differences between low and high passages, implying that the HUV-EC-C genome had changed during culture. However, no detectable change was observed in chromosome 9, where HHV-6B integration and the viral copy number remained unchanged. Our results suggest that integrated HHV-6B is stable in HUV-EC-C despite genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Shioda
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Fumio Kasai
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
| | - Midori Ozawa
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Noriko Hirayama
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Motonobu Satoh
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huamin Tang
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kohara
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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Hu J, Li H, Luo X, Li Y, Bode A, Cao Y. The role of oxidative stress in EBV lytic reactivation, radioresistance and the potential preventive and therapeutic implications. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1722-1729. [PMID: 28571118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Ann Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota; Austin MN 55912
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
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39
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Epstein-Barr virus-induced up-regulation of TCAB1 is involved in the DNA damage response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3218. [PMID: 28607398 PMCID: PMC5468285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase Cajal body protein 1 (TCAB1), which is involved in Cajal body maintenance, telomere elongation and ribonucleoprotein biogenesis, has been linked to cancer predisposition, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), due to its oncogenic properties. However, there are no specific reports to date on the functional relevance of TCAB1 and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which is considered to be a risk factor for NPC. In this study, we first examined NPC clinical tissues and found a notable overexpression of TCAB1 in EBV-positive specimens. Secondly, on a cellular level, we also observed that TCAB1 expression rose gradually along with the increased duration of EBV exposure in NPC cell lines. Additionally, EBV infection promoted cell proliferation and telomerase activity, but the activation was significantly inhibited after TCAB1 knockdown. Moreover, depletion of TCAB1 caused both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and suppressed the activation of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR) induced by EBV, resulting in accumulation of DNA damage. Taken together, we here demonstrate that up-regulated expression of TCAB1, induced by EBV in the development of NPC, is involved in stimulating telomerase activity and regulating the DNA damage response within the context of EBV infection.
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40
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Fang CY, Wu CC, Fang CL, Chen WY, Chen CL. Long-term growth comparison studies of FBS and FBS alternatives in six head and neck cell lines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178960. [PMID: 28591207 PMCID: PMC5462426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is depended upon by investigators as an indispensable supplement in cell and tissue culture systems. Due to increased demand and limited availability, the price of FBS has increased by greater than 300% in the past few years. In addition, there are ethical and scientific controversies about the collection and use of FBS in culture systems. In response to the shortage of FBS, many FBS alternative serum products have been developed. Although many have claimed comparable performance to FBS, their support of long-term cell growth and effects on cell phenotype have not been revealed. In this study, we examined the performances of six bovine calf serum-based FBS alternatives in six head and neck cell lines and compared them with FBS. The results indicate that some of these sera had growth promoting capabilities comparable or superior to that of FBS. Additionally, these alternative sera supported long-term (30 passages) growth of tested cells and exhibited plating efficiencies comparable to that of FBS. Cells cultured in alternative sera also exhibited comparable anchorage-independent growth and similar drug inhibition responses in FBS. Still, caution should be taken in choosing suitable sera given that changes in cell morphology and variations in chemotactic responses were noted for cells maintained in certain sera. These FBS alternatives are more readily available, cost less, and are associated with less ethical concerns, thus making them attractive alternatives to FBS in cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yeu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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41
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Huang D, Song SJ, Wu ZZ, Wu W, Cui XY, Chen JN, Zeng MS, Su SC. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced VEGF and GM-CSF Drive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis via Recruitment and Activation of Macrophages. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3591-3604. [PMID: 28484077 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by persistent microbial infection plays an essential role in tumor progression. Although it is well documented that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), how EBV-induced inflammation promotes NPC progression remains largely unknown. Here, we report that tumor infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and expression of CCL18, the cytokine preferentially secreted by TAM, closely correlate with serum EBV infection titers and tumor progression in two cohorts of NPC patients. In vitro, compared with EBV- NPC cell lines, EBV+ NPC cell lines exhibited superior capacity to attract monocytes and skew them to differentiate to a TAM-like phenotype. Cytokine profiling analysis revealed that NPC cells with active EBV replications recruited monocytes by VEGF and induced TAM by GM-CSF in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Reciprocally, TAM induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and furthered NF-κB activation of tumor cells by CCL18. In humanized mice, NPC cells with active EBV replications exhibited increased metastasis, and neutralization of CCL18, GM-CSF, and VEGF significantly reduced metastasis. Collectively, our work defines a feed-forward loop between tumor cells and macrophages in NPC, which shows how metastatic potential can evolve concurrently with virus-induced chronic inflammation. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3591-604. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Jian Song
- Guangdong Experimental High School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ning Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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42
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EBV reactivation as a target of luteolin to repress NPC tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18999-9017. [PMID: 26967558 PMCID: PMC4951347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy derived from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx. Although a combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy is effective for therapy, relapse and metastasis after remission remain major causes of mortality. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be one of causes of NPC development. We demonstrated previously that EBV reactivation is important for the carcinogenesis of NPC. We sought, therefore, to determine whether EBV reactivation can be a target for retardation of relapse of NPC. After screening, we found luteolin is able to inhibit EBV reactivation. It inhibited EBV lytic protein expression and repressed the promoter activities of two major immediate-early genes, Zta and Rta. Furthermore, luteolin was shown to reduce genomic instability induced by recurrent EBV reactivation in NPC cells. EBV reactivation-induced NPC cell proliferation and migration, as well as matrigel invasiveness, were also repressed by luteolin treatment. Tumorigenicity in mice, induced by EBV reactivation, was decreased profoundly following luteolin administration. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of EBV reactivation is a novel approach to prevent the relapse of NPC.
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Wu CC, Fang CY, Cheng YJ, Hsu HY, Chou SP, Huang SY, Tsai CH, Chen JY. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by the flavonoid apigenin. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:2. [PMID: 28056971 PMCID: PMC5217310 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lytic reactivation of EBV has been reported to play an important role in human diseases, including NPC carcinogenesis. Inhibition of EBV reactivation is considered to be of great benefit in the treatment of virus-associated diseases. For this purpose, we screened for inhibitory compounds and found that apigenin, a flavonoid, seemed to have the ability to inhibit EBV reactivation. Methods We performed western blotting, immunofluorescence and luciferase analyses to determine whether apigenin has anti-EBV activity. Results Apigenin inhibited expression of the EBV lytic proteins, Zta, Rta, EAD and DNase in epithelial and B cells. It also reduced the number of EBV-reactivating cells detectable by immunofluorescence analysis. In addition, apigenin has been found to reduce dramatically the production of EBV virions. Luciferase reporter analysis was performed to determine the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits EBV reactivation: apigenin suppressed the activity of the immediate-early (IE) gene Zta and Rta promoters, suggesting it can block initiation of the EBV lytic cycle. Conclusion Taken together, apigenin inhibits EBV reactivation by suppressing the promoter activities of two viral IE genes, suggesting apigenin is a potential dietary compound for prevention of EBV reactivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0313-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping Chou
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine National Health Research Institutes, National Taiwan University, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine National Health Research Institutes, National Taiwan University, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taipei, Taiwan.
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44
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Li H, Liu S, Hu J, Luo X, Li N, M Bode A, Cao Y. Epstein-Barr virus lytic reactivation regulation and its pathogenic role in carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1309-1318. [PMID: 27877083 PMCID: PMC5118777 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with several types of human cancers. In the host, EBV can establish two alternative modes of life cycle, known as latent or lytic and the switch from latency to the lytic cycle is known as EBV reactivation. Although EBV in cancer cells is found mostly in latency, a small number of lytically-infected cells promote carcinogenesis through the release of growth factors and oncogenic cytokines. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which EBV reactivation is controlled by cellular and viral factors, and discusses how EBV lytic infection contributes to human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Molecular Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Namei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
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45
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Al-hebshi NN, Nasher AT, Speicher DJ, Shaikh MH, Johnson NW. Possible interaction between tobacco use and EBV in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2016; 59:e4-e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Wu CC, Fang CY, Hsu HY, Chen YJ, Chou SP, Huang SY, Cheng YJ, Lin SF, Chang Y, Tsai CH, Chen JY. Luteolin inhibits Epstein-Barr virus lytic reactivation by repressing the promoter activities of immediate-early genes. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:99-110. [PMID: 27185626 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The lytic reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to be strongly associated with several human diseases, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Inhibition of the EBV lytic cycle has been shown to be of great benefit in the treatment of EBV-associated diseases. The administration of dietary compounds is safer and more convenient than other approaches to preventing EBV reactivation. We screened several dietary compounds for their ability to inhibit EBV reactivation in NPC cells. Among them, the flavonoid luteolin showed significant inhibition of EBV reactivation. Luteolin inhibited protein expression from EBV lytic genes in EBV-positive epithelial and B cell lines. It also reduced the numbers of EBV-reactivating cells detected by immunofluorescence analysis and reduced the production of virion. Furthermore, luteolin reduced the activities of the promoters of the immediate-early genes Zta (Zp) and Rta (Rp) and also inhibited Sp1-luc activity, suggesting that disruption of Sp1 binding is involved in the inhibitory mechanism. CHIP analysis revealed that luteolin suppressed the activities of Zp and Rp by deregulating Sp1 binding. Taken together, luteolin inhibits EBV reactivation by repressing the promoter activities of Zp and Rp, suggesting luteolin is a potential dietary compound for prevention of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping Chou
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yao Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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47
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Identification of Novel Small Organic Compounds with Diverse Structures for the Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Lytic Cycle in EBV-Positive Epithelial Malignancies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145994. [PMID: 26717578 PMCID: PMC4696655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phorbol esters, which are protein kinase C (PKC) activators, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which cause enhanced acetylation of cellular proteins, are the main classes of chemical inducers of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle in latently EBV-infected cells acting through the PKC pathway. Chemical inducers which induce EBV lytic cycle through alternative cellular pathways may aid in defining the mechanisms leading to lytic cycle reactivation and improve cells' responsiveness towards lytic induction. We performed a phenotypic screening on a chemical library of 50,240 novel small organic compounds to identify novel class(es) of strong inducer(s) of EBV lytic cycle in gastric carcinoma (GC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Five hit compounds were selected after three successive rounds of increasingly stringent screening. All five compounds are structurally diverse from each other and distinct from phorbol esters or HDAC inhibitors. They neither cause hyperacetylation of histone proteins nor significant PKC activation at their working concentrations, suggesting that their biological mode of action are distinct from that of the known chemical inducers. Two of the five compounds with rapid lytic-inducing action were further studied for their mechanisms of induction of EBV lytic cycle. Unlike HDAC inhibitors, lytic induction by both compounds was not inhibited by rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of PKCδ. Interestingly, both compounds could cooperate with HDAC inhibitors to enhance EBV lytic cycle induction in EBV-positive epithelial cancer cells, paving way for the development of strategies to increase cells' responsiveness towards lytic reactivation. One of the two compounds bears structural resemblance to iron chelators and the other strongly activates the MAPK pathways. These structurally diverse novel organic compounds may represent potential new classes of chemicals that can be used to investigate any alternative mechanism(s) leading to EBV lytic cycle reactivation from latency.
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48
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Ye YF, Xiang YQ, Fang F, Gao R, Zhang LF, Xie SH, Liu Z, Du JL, Chen SH, Hong MH, Qian CN, Ye W, Zeng YX, Liu Q, Cao SM. Hepatitis B virus infection and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in southern China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1766-73. [PMID: 26364160 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether or not hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection plays a role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is largely unknown. Our study aimed to assess the association between HBV infection and the risk of NPC in Southern China. METHODS We conducted a case-control study including 711 NPC cases and two groups of controls. The first control group consisted of 656 individuals with other benign tumors unrelated to HBV infection and the second group consisted of 680 healthy population controls. Multivariable ORs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NPC were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS Patients with NPC had higher prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen-positive [anti-HBc-(+); 47.26%] compared with either benign tumor controls (39.33%; P < 0.01) or healthy controls (41.18%; P = 0.04). In multivariable models adjusting for a set of risk factors for NPC, anti-HBc-(+) was significantly associated with a higher risk of NPC [adjusted OR (AOR), 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12-1.74 compared with the benign tumor controls and AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.08 compared with the healthy controls]. The association was not modified by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status. Finally, compared with the healthy controls, individuals with both anti-HBc-(+) and EBV antibodies had largely increased risk of NPC (AOR, 141.82; 95% CI, 68.73-292.62). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that HBV infection is associated with NPC risk in Southern China. IMPACT Prevention for HBV infection may play a role in the development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Ye
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Lin Du
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Sui-Hong Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Huang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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49
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Chiang CY, Wang TC, Lee CH, Chen CS, Wang SH, Lin YC, Juang SH. WTC-01, a novel synthetic oxime-flavone compound, destabilizes microtubules in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4671-83. [PMID: 26102991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dynamic polymerization of microtubules is essential for cancer cell growth and metastasis, and microtubule-disrupting agents have become the most successful anti-cancer agents in clinical use. Besides their antioxidant properties, flavonoids also exhibit strong microtubule-disrupting activity and inhibit tumour growth. We have designed, synthesized and tested a series of oxime/amide-containing flavone derivatives. Here we report the evaluation of one compound, WTC-01 for its anti-proliferative effects in human cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a range of cancer cell lines including two human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, measuring proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, along with caspase levels and mitochondrial membrane potentials. Assays of tubulin polymerisation in vitro and computer modelling of the colchicine binding site in tubulin were also used. In mice, pharmacokinetics and growth of NPC-derived tumours were studied. KEY RESULTS WTC-01 was most potent against proliferation of NPC cells (IC50 = 0.45 μM), inducing accumulation of cells in G2 /M and increasing apoptosis, time- and concentration-dependently. The colchicine competition-binding experiments and computer modelling results suggested that WTC-01 causes microtubule disruption via binding to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin resulting in mitochondrial membrane damage and cell apoptosis via activation of caspase-9/-3 without noticeable activation of the caspase-8. Notably, our in vivo studies demonstrated that at doses of 25 and 50 mg·kg(-1) , WTC-01 exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and completely inhibited the growth of NPC-TW01 cells in a xenograft nude mouse model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS WTC-01, a new synthetic oxime-containing flavone, exhibited potent anti-tumour activity against NPC cells and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tai-Chi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Choa-Hsun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hun Juang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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50
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Hui KF, Cheung AKL, Choi CK, Yeung PL, Middeldorp JM, Lung ML, Tsao SW, Chiang AKS. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases by romidepsin potently induces Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle and mediates enhanced cell death with ganciclovir. Int J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26205347 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which inhibit 11 HDAC isoforms, are widely used to induce Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle in EBV-associated cancers in vitro and in clinical trials. Here, we hypothesized that inhibition of one or several specific HDAC isoforms by selective HDAC inhibitors could potently induce EBV lytic cycle in EBV-associated malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC). We found that inhibition of class I HDACs, particularly HDAC-1, -2 and -3, was sufficient to induce EBV lytic cycle in NPC and GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Among a panel of selective HDAC inhibitors, the FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor romidepsin was found to be the most potent lytic inducer, which could activate EBV lytic cycle at ∼0.5 to 5 nM (versus ∼800 nM achievable concentration in patients' plasma) in more than 75% of cells. Upregulation of p21(WAF1) , which is negatively regulated by class I HDACs, was observed before the induction of EBV lytic cycle. The upregulation of p21(WAF1) and induction of lytic cycle were abrogated by a specific inhibitor of PKC-δ but not the inhibitors of PI3K, MEK, p38 MAPK, JNK or ATM pathways. Interestingly, inhibition of HDAC-1, -2 and -3 by romidepsin or shRNA knockdown could confer susceptibility of EBV-positive epithelial cells to the treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). In conclusion, we demonstrated that inhibition of class I HDACs by romidepsin could potently induce EBV lytic cycle and mediate enhanced cell death with GCV, suggesting potential application of romidepsin for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung King Choi
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Po Ling Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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