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He D, Chang Y, Jiang B, Yang M, Deng C, Zhu X. Downregulation of LOX Overexpression Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cells Survival in an Acute Ocular Hypertension Model. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38979820 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2371140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of reducing Lysyl oxidase (LOX) overexpression on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis in an acute ocular hypertension (AOH) rat model. METHODS AOH rat model was performed by anterior chamber perfusion and either received an intravitreal injection with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) or normal saline. After 2wk, Quantification of survival RGCs in the retina was performed using Retrograde FluoroGold labeling. The mRNA expression levels of LOX, LOXL1-4, collagen 1a1 (Col1a1), collagen 3a1 (Col3a1), collagen4a1 (Col4a1), elastin (Eln), fibronectin1 (Fbn1), fibronectin4 (Fbn4) were determined by RT-qPCR. LOX expression was determined by Western blot (WB) analysis and immunohistochemistry. The RNA expression of LOX, Eln and Col1a1 in RGCs retrograde-labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetra-methylindocarbocyanine perchlorate(DiI)that selected through FACS sorting were determined by RT-qPCR analysis. Changes of the retinal function were detected by Electroretinogram (ERG) analysis. RESULTS Results showed that significant LOX overexpression and loss of RGCs related to IOP exposure in AOH retinas. PCR analysis indicated significant increased mRNA level of Col1a1, Col3al and Eln in AOH retinas. Significant increase mRNA expression of LOX, Col1a1 and Eln in the RGCs were observed in AOH group compared with CON group. AOH rats injected with BAPN showed a significant decrease in LOX expression, reduced the loss of RGCs and retinal function damage. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that changes of LOX and specific ECM components in retina were correlated with AOH. Findings from this study indicated that preventing LOX over-expression may be protective against RGCs loss and retinal function damage in AOH animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengling He
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yun Chang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bingcai Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Man Yang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chengmin Deng
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Serra-Bardenys G, Blanco E, Escudero-Iriarte C, Serra-Camprubí Q, Querol J, Pascual-Reguant L, Morancho B, Escorihuela M, Tissera NS, Sabé A, Martín L, Segura-Bayona S, Verde G, Aiese Cigliano R, Millanes-Romero A, Jerónimo C, Cebrià-Costa JP, Nuciforo P, Simonetti S, Viaplana C, Dienstmann R, Oliveira M, Peg V, Stracker TH, Arribas J, Canals F, Villanueva J, Di Croce L, García de Herreros A, Tian TV, Peiró S. LOXL2-mediated chromatin compaction is required to maintain the oncogenic properties of triple-negative breast cancer cells. FEBS J 2024; 291:2423-2448. [PMID: 38451841 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4ox) is catalyzed by lysyl oxidase homolog 2 (LOXL2). This histone modification is enriched in heterochromatin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and has been linked to the maintenance of compacted chromatin. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this maintenance is still unknown. Here, we show that LOXL2 interacts with RuvB-Like 1 (RUVBL1), RuvB-Like 2 (RUVBL2), Actin-like protein 6A (ACTL6A), and DNA methyltransferase 1associated protein 1 (DMAP1), a complex involved in the incorporation of the histone variant H2A.Z. Our experiments indicate that this interaction and the active form of RUVBL2 are required to maintain LOXL2-dependent chromatin compaction. Genome-wide experiments showed that H2A.Z, RUVBL2, and H3K4ox colocalize in heterochromatin regions. In the absence of LOXL2 or RUVBL2, global levels of the heterochromatin histone mark H3K9me3 were strongly reduced, and the ATAC-seq signal in the H3K9me3 regions was increased. Finally, we observed that the interplay between these series of events is required to maintain H3K4ox-enriched heterochromatin regions, which in turn is key for maintaining the oncogenic properties of the TNBC cell line tested (MDA-MB-231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Serra-Bardenys
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Bonanova FP Sanitaria, Consorci Mar Parc de Salut de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | | | | | - Jessica Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pascual-Reguant
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anna Sabé
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luna Martín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gaetano Verde
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Millanes-Romero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Celia Jerónimo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Simonetti
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Canals
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tian V Tian
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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Szulc A, Woźniak M. Targeting Pivotal Hallmarks of Cancer for Enhanced Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment-In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Trials Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1483. [PMID: 38672570 PMCID: PMC11047913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explores innovative targeted therapies focused on specific hallmarks of cancer cells, aiming to revolutionize breast cancer treatment. TNBC, characterized by its lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), presents distinct features, categorizing these invasive breast tumors into various phenotypes delineated by key elements in molecular assays. This article delves into the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment and pivotal hallmarks of cancer: deregulating cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect, acidosis and hypoxia, the ability to metastasize and evade the immune system, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating systemic toxicity. Insights from in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials underscore the promising effectiveness and elucidate the mechanisms of action of these novel therapeutic interventions for TNBC, particularly in cases refractory to conventional treatments. The integration of targeted therapies tailored to the molecular characteristics of TNBC holds significant potential for optimizing clinical outcomes and addressing the pressing need for more effective treatment options for this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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4
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Singh P, Ramanathan V, Zhang Y, Georgakoudi I, Jay DG. Extracellular Hsp90 Binds to and Aligns Collagen-1 to Enhance Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5237. [PMID: 37958410 PMCID: PMC10648158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-secreted eHsp90 binds and activates proteins in the tumor microenvironment crucial in cancer invasion. Therefore, targeting eHsp90 could inhibit invasion, preventing metastasis-the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Previous eHsp90 studies have solely focused on its role in cancer invasion through the 2D basement membrane (BM), a form of extracellular matrix (ECM) that lines the epithelial compartment. However, its role in cancer invasion through the 3D Interstitial Matrix (IM), an ECM beyond the BM, remains unexplored. Using a Collagen-1 binding assay and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, we demonstrate that eHsp90 directly binds and aligns Collagen-1 fibers, the primary component of IM. Furthermore, we show that eHsp90 enhances Collagen-1 invasion of breast cancer cells in the Transwell assay. Using Hsp90 conformation mutants and inhibitors, we established that the Hsp90 dimer binds to Collagen-1 via its N-domain. We also demonstrated that while Collagen-1 binding and alignment are not influenced by Hsp90's ATPase activity attributed to the N-domain, its open conformation is crucial for increasing Collagen-1 alignment and promoting breast cancer cell invasion. These findings unveil a novel role for eHsp90 in invasion through the IM and offer valuable mechanistic insights into potential therapeutic approaches for inhibiting Hsp90 to suppress invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Varshini Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Daniel G. Jay
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
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5
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Xue JR, Mackay-Smith A, Mouri K, Garcia MF, Dong MX, Akers JF, Noble M, Li X, Lindblad-Toh K, Karlsson EK, Noonan JP, Capellini TD, Brennand KJ, Tewhey R, Sabeti PC, Reilly SK. The functional and evolutionary impacts of human-specific deletions in conserved elements. Science 2023; 380:eabn2253. [PMID: 37104592 PMCID: PMC10202372 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Conserved genomic sequences disrupted in humans may underlie uniquely human phenotypic traits. We identified and characterized 10,032 human-specific conserved deletions (hCONDELs). These short (average 2.56 base pairs) deletions are enriched for human brain functions across genetic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic datasets. Using massively parallel reporter assays in six cell types, we discovered 800 hCONDELs conferring significant differences in regulatory activity, half of which enhance rather than disrupt regulatory function. We highlight several hCONDELs with putative human-specific effects on brain development, including HDAC5, CPEB4, and PPP2CA. Reverting an hCONDEL to the ancestral sequence alters the expression of LOXL2 and developmental genes involved in myelination and synaptic function. Our data provide a rich resource to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms driving new traits in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Xue
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for System Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ava Mackay-Smith
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Michael X. Dong
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jared F. Akers
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - James P. Noonan
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Terence D. Capellini
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for System Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven K. Reilly
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Wang H, Poe A, Martinez Yus M, Pak L, Nandakumar K, Santhanam L. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 processing by factor Xa modulates its activity and substrate preference. Commun Biol 2023; 6:375. [PMID: 37029269 PMCID: PMC10082071 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has been identified as an essential mediator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in several disease processes including cardiovascular disease. Thus, there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which LOXL2 is regulated in cells and tissue. While LOXL2 occurs both in full length and processed forms in cells and tissue, the precise identity of the proteases that process LOXL2 and the consequences of processing on LOXL2's function remain incompletely understood. Here we show that Factor Xa (FXa) is a protease that processes LOXL2 at Arg-338. Processing by FXa does not affect the enzymatic activity of soluble LOXL2. However, in situ in vascular smooth muscle cells, LOXL2 processing by FXa results in decreased cross-linking activity in the ECM and shifts substrate preference of LOXL2 from type IV collagen to type I collagen. Additionally, processing by FXa increases the interactions between LOXL2 and prototypical LOX, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism to preserve total LOXs activity in the vascular ECM. FXa expression is prevalent in various organ systems and shares similar roles in fibrotic disease progression as LOXL2. Thus, LOXL2 processing by FXa could have significant implications in pathologies where LOXL2 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Lydia Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore MD, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore MD, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Copper Exposure Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Fibrotic Change via Autophagy and Increase Risk of Lung Fibrosis in Human. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020532. [PMID: 36830091 PMCID: PMC9952124 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element involved in several vital biological processes of the human body. However, excess exposure to copper caused by occupational hazards and environmental contamination, such as food, water, and air, damages human health. In this study, in vitro cell culture model and epidemiologic studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of copper on lung fibrosis. In vitro, treatment of CuSO4 in lung epithelial cells at 100 μM consistently decreases cell viability in alveolar type (A549) and human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. CuSO4 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as shown by increased cell migration and increased EMT marker and fibrotic gene expressions. Besides, CuSO4 induced cell autophagy, with an increased LC3, PINK, and decreased p62 expression. Inhibition of ROS by N-acetylcysteine reversed the CuSO4-induced PINK1, LC3, and Snail expressions. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine reverses the CuSO4-induced EMT changes. Nature flavonoids, especially kaempferol, and fustin, were shown to inhibit Copper-induced EMT. In humans, a unit increase in urinary copper concentration was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung fibrotic changes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.36, p = 0.038). These results indicated that Copper is a risk factor for lung fibrosis through activation of the ROS-autophagy-EMT pathway, which can be reversed by flavonoids.
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Giorello MB, Borzone FR, Labovsky V, Piccioni FV, Chasseing NA. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:135-155. [PMID: 33398516 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Years of investigation have shed light on a theory in which breast tumor epithelial cells are under the effect of the stromal microenvironment. This review aims to discuss recent findings concerning the phenotypic and functional characteristics of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their involvement in tumor evolution, as well as their potential implications for anti-cancer therapy. In this manuscript, we reviewed that CAFs play a fundamental role in initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer, and also serve as biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vivian Labovsky
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Valeria Piccioni
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos (IBYME) y Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Dinca SC, Greiner D, Weidenfeld K, Bond L, Barkan D, Jorcyk CL. Novel mechanism for OSM-promoted extracellular matrix remodeling in breast cancer: LOXL2 upregulation and subsequent ECM alignment. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:56. [PMID: 34011405 PMCID: PMC8132418 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a serious problem for patients as it metastasizes, decreasing 5-year patient survival from > 95 to ~ 27%. The breast tumor microenvironment (TME) is often saturated with proinflammatory cytokines, such as oncostatin M (OSM), which promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in IDC and increased metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) also plays an important role in promoting invasive and metastatic potential of IDC. Specifically, the reorganization and alignment of collagen fibers in stromal ECM leads to directed tumor cell motility, which promotes metastasis. Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) catalyzes ECM remodeling by crosslinking of collagen I in the ECM. We propose a novel mechanism whereby OSM induces LOXL2 expression, mediating stromal ECM remodeling of the breast TME. METHODS Bioinformatics was utilized to determine survival and gene correlation in patients. IDC cell lines were treated with OSM (also IL-6, LIF, and IL-1β) and analyzed for LOXL2 expression by qRT-PCR and immunolabelling techniques. Collagen I contraction assays, 3D invasion assays, and confocal microscopy were performed with and without LOXL2 inhibition to determine the impact of OSM-induced LOXL2 on the ECM. RESULTS Our studies demonstrate that IDC patients with high LOXL2 and OSM co-expression had worse rates of metastasis-free survival than those with high levels of either, individually, and LOXL2 expression is positively correlated to OSM/OSM receptor (OSMR) expression in IDC patients. Furthermore, human IDC cells treated with OSM resulted in a significant increase in LOXL2 mRNA, which led to upregulated protein expression of secreted, glycosylated, and enzymatically active LOXL2. The expression of LOXL2 in IDC cells did not affect OSM-promoted EMT, and LOXL2 was localized to the cytoplasm and/or secreted. OSM-induced LOXL2 promoted an increase in ECM collagen I fiber crosslinking, which led to significant fiber alignment between cells and increased IDC cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS Aligned collagen fibers in the ECM provide pathways for tumor cells to migrate more easily through the stroma to nearby vasculature and tissue. These results provide a new paradigm through which proinflammatory cytokine OSM promotes tumor progression. Understanding the nuances in IDC metastasis will lead to better potential therapeutics to combat against the possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simion C. Dinca
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Daniel Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Keren Weidenfeld
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Bond
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Dalit Barkan
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Cheryl L. Jorcyk
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
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10
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LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020312. [PMID: 33669630 PMCID: PMC7921998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source. However, novel synthetic compounds that act as LOX/LOXL2 selective inhibitors or as dual LOX/LOX-L inhibitors have been recently developed. In this review, we describe LOX enzymes and their role in promoting cancer development and metastases, with a special focus on LOXL2 and breast cancer progression. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of LOXL2 inhibitors are also addressed. Overall, this work contextualizes and explores the importance of LOXL2 inhibition as a promising novel complementary and effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment.
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11
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Bharti A, Urs AB, Kumar P. Significance of HIF-1α Expression and LOXL-2 Localization in Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:341-347. [PMID: 33639646 PMCID: PMC8190371 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: In the microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF-1) is a very important chemical mediator in the microenvironment of OSCC through which cells respond to hypoxia. LOXL-2 participates in ECM remodelling, and also in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, epithelial cell polarity and differentiation. Aim/material and methods: The present study was conducted on 90 histopathologically proven cases of OSCC to ascertain the role of HIF-1α and LOXL-2 in OSCC. Immunoexpression of both HIF-1α and LOXL-2 was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively and compared with tumor stage, nodal stage, clinical stage, and histological grade. Results: Tumor stages and nodal stages had significant correlation with HIF-1α expression and localization of LOXL-2 immunoexpression respectively. Conclusion: This is probably the first study to analyze LOXL-2 localization in OSCC. Alteration in the immunoexpression of LOXL-2 from nuclear to cytoplasmic and HIF-1α immunoexpression might be an important factor in progression of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aadithya B Urs
- Department of Oral Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, India.
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12
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Lelièvre P, Sancey L, Coll JL, Deniaud A, Busser B. The Multifaceted Roles of Copper in Cancer: A Trace Metal Element with Dysregulated Metabolism, but Also a Target or a Bullet for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3594. [PMID: 33271772 PMCID: PMC7760327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, copper (Cu) is a major and essential player in a large number of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The involvement of Cu in oxidation-reduction reactions requires close regulation of copper metabolism in order to avoid toxic effects. In many types of cancer, variations in copper protein levels have been demonstrated. These variations result in increased concentrations of intratumoral Cu and alterations in the systemic distribution of copper. Such alterations in Cu homeostasis may promote tumor growth or invasiveness or may even confer resistance to treatments. Once characterized, the dysregulated Cu metabolism is pinpointing several promising biomarkers for clinical use with prognostic or predictive capabilities. The altered Cu metabolism in cancer cells and the different responses of tumor cells to Cu are strongly supporting the development of treatments to disrupt, deplete, or increase Cu levels in tumors. The metallic nature of Cu as a chemical element is key for the development of anticancer agents via the synthesis of nanoparticles or copper-based complexes with antineoplastic properties for therapy. Finally, some of these new therapeutic strategies such as chelators or ionophores have shown promising results in a preclinical setting, and others are already in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lelièvre
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Lucie Sancey
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Aurélien Deniaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Busser
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France
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13
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Erasmus M, Samodien E, Lecour S, Cour M, Lorenzo O, Dludla P, Pheiffer C, Johnson R. Linking LOXL2 to Cardiac Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5913. [PMID: 32824630 PMCID: PMC7460598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. CVD pathophysiology is often characterized by increased stiffening of the heart muscle due to fibrosis, thus resulting in diminished cardiac function. Fibrosis can be caused by increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which is strongly linked to lifestyle and environmental factors such as diet, smoking, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. These factors can affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications. Lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) is responsible for collagen and elastin cross-linking in the heart, and its dysregulation has been pathologically associated with increased fibrosis. Additionally, studies have shown that, LOXL2 expression can be regulated by DNA methylation and histone modification. However, there is a paucity of data on LOXL2 regulation and its role in CVD. As such, this review aims to gain insight into the mechanisms by which LOXL2 is regulated in physiological conditions, as well as determine the downstream effectors responsible for CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisse Erasmus
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Martin Cour
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Institute de Investigación Sanitaria-FJD, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Phiwayinkosi Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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14
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Zou H, Wen B, Li RL, Zhan XH, Jiao JW, Liao LD, Wu BL, Xie WM, Xu LY, Li EM. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell migration independent of catalytic activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 125:105795. [PMID: 32580015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family that contributes to tumor cell metastasis. Our previous data identified two splice variants of LOXL2 (i.e., LOXL2 Δ72 and Δ13) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells that increased cell invasiveness and migration but had lower LOX activities than wild-type LOXL2 (LOXL2 WT). We generated a series of LOXL2 deletion mutants with different deleted biochemical domains and examined the relationship between the cell migration abilities and catalytic activities, as well as subcellular locations, of these deletion mutants compared with LOXL2 WT in ESCC cells to explore the mechanism of LOXL2-driven ESCC cell migration. Our results indicated that the deletion mutants of LOXL2 had impaired deamination enzymatic activity; LOXL2 ΔSRCR4, which lacks the fourth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain, had lower enzymatic activity; and LOXL2 Y689F had no catalytic activity compared with LOXL2 WT. However these two mutants stimulated greater cellular migration than LOXL2 WT. Furthermore, the degree of cell migration promoted by LOXL2 ΔLO (in which the LOX-like domain was deleted) was higher than that of LOXL2 WT, and LOXL2 ΔSRCR3, which does not have the third SRCR domain, had lower LOX activity and cellular migration ability than LOXL2 WT. These results suggested that LOXL2 promotes ESCC cell migration independent of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Run-Liu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Hui Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Wei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing-Li Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Ming Xie
- Medical Bioinformatics Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Ye M, Song Y, Pan S, Chu M, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Evolving roles of lysyl oxidase family in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107633. [PMID: 32693113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like proteins (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4), and mainly functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cross-linking of collagen and elastic fibers. Recently, a growing body of research has demonstrated that LOX family is critically involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of LOX family members in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. Furthermore, we also describe the potential inhibitors of LOX family proteins and highlight that LOX family might be an important therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China..
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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16
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Li M, Jiang M, Meng J, Tao L. Exosomes: Carriers of Pro-Fibrotic Signals and Therapeutic Targets in Fibrosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4496-4509. [PMID: 31814552 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191209161443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are released by a variety of cells. Exosomes contain cargo from cells they derived, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The bilayer lipid membrane structure of exosomes protects these contents from degradation, allowing them for intercellular communication. The role of exosomes in fibrotic diseases is increasingly being valued. Exosomes, as carriers of profibrotic signals, are involved in the development of fibrotic diseases, and also regulate fibrosis by transmitting signals that inhibit fibrosis or inflammation. Exosomes mobilize and activate a range of effector cells by targeted delivery of bioactive information. Exosomes can also reflect the condition of cells, tissues and organisms, and thus become potential biomarkers of fibrotic diseases. Exosomes from bone marrow stem cells support biological signaling that regulates and inhibits fibrosis and thus initially used in the treatment of fibrotic diseases. This article briefly summarizes the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrotic diseases and raises some issues that remain to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mao Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Yaghoubi S, Najminejad H, Dabaghian M, Karimi MH, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Rad F, Mahi-Birjand M, Mohammadi S, Mohseni F, Sobhani Lari M, Teymouri GH, Rigi Yousofabadi E, Salmani A, Bagheri N. How hypoxia regulate exosomes in ischemic diseases and cancer microenvironment? IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1286-1305. [PMID: 32196941 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, as natural occurring vesicles, play highly important roles in the behavior and fate of ischemic diseases and different tumors. Secretion, composition, and function of exosomes are remarkably influenced by hypoxia in ischemic diseases and tumor microenvironment. Exosomes secreted from hypoxic cells affect development, growth, angiogenesis, and progression in ischemic diseases and tumors through a variety of signaling pathways. In this review article, we discuss how hypoxia affects the quantity and quality of exosomes, and review the mechanisms by which hypoxic cell-derived exosomes regulate ischemic cell behaviors in both cancerous and noncancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Hamid Najminejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehran Dabaghian
- Research and Development Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Fariba Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shiva Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sobhani Lari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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18
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Chopra V, Sangarappillai RM, Romero‐Canelón I, Jones AM. Lysyl Oxidase Like‐2 (LOXL2): An Emerging Oncology Target. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vriddhi Chopra
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | | | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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19
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Almacellas-Rabaiget O, Monaco P, Huertas-Martinez J, García-Monclús S, Chicón-Bosch M, Maqueda-Marcos S, Fabra-Heredia I, Herrero-Martín D, Rello-Varona S, de Alava E, López-Alemany R, Giangrande PH, Tirado OM. LOXL2 promotes oncogenic progression in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma independently of its catalytic activity. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:1-14. [PMID: 31911079 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in childhood and adolescence. Patients with the most aggressive histological variant have an unfavorable prognosis due to a high metastasis incidence. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a lysyl oxidase, member of a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking enzymes that recently have emerged as important regulators of tumor progression and metastasis. We report that LOXL2 is overexpressed in RMS, suggesting a potential role for LOXL2 in RMS oncogenic progression. Consistently, transient and stable LOXL2 knockdown decreased cell migratory and invasive capabilities in two ARMS cell lines. Furthermore, introduction of LOXL2 in RMS non-expressing cells using wild type or mutated (catalytically inactive) constructs resulted in increased cell migration, cell invasion and number and incidence of spontaneous lung metastasis in vivo, independently of its catalytic activity. To further study the molecular mechanism associated with LOXL2 expression, a pull-down assay on LOXL2-transfected cells was performed and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The intermediated filament protein vimentin was validated as a LOXL2-interactor. Thus, our results suggest an oncogenic role of LOXL2 in RMS by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and cell motility capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Almacellas-Rabaiget
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Monaco
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Huertas-Martinez
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia García-Monclús
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Chicón-Bosch
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Maqueda-Marcos
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabra-Heredia
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Herrero-Martín
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rello-Varona
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique de Alava
- CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roser López-Alemany
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Oscar M Tirado
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Institut Català D'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Sun X, Nkennor B, Mastikhina O, Soon K, Nunes SS. Endothelium-mediated contributions to fibrosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:78-86. [PMID: 31791693 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by abnormal and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, results in compromised tissue and organ structure. This can lead to reduced organ function and eventual failure. Although activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts, are considered the central players in fibrosis, the contribution of endothelial cells to the inception and progression of fibrosis has become increasingly recognized. Endothelial cells can contribute to fibrosis by acting as a source of myofibroblasts via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), or by becoming senescent, by secretion of profibrotic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and exosomes, promoting the recruitment of immune cells, and by participating in vascular rarefaction and decreased angiogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different aspects of fibrosis in which endothelial cells have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Sun
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada
| | - Blessing Nkennor
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Olya Mastikhina
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kayla Soon
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Pulz LH, Barra CN, Alexandre PA, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Nishiya AT, de Freitas SH, Fukumasu H, Strefezzi RF. Identification of two molecular subtypes in canine mast cell tumours through gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217343. [PMID: 31216299 PMCID: PMC6583995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs and are usually regarded as potentially malignant. Several studies have attempted to identify biomarkers to better predict biological behaviours for this tumour. The aim of this study was to identify pathways connected to clinical and histopathological malignancies, shorter survival times, and poor prognoses associated with MCTs. We performed genome-wide gene expression analyses on tissues obtained from 15 dogs with single MCTs, and identified two distinct tumour subtypes—high-risk and low-risk—associated with differences in histological grades, survival times, Ki67 indices, and occurrence of death due the disease. Comparative analyses of RNA sequence profiles revealed 71 genes that were differentially expressed between high- and low-risk MCTs. In addition to these analyses, we also examined gene co-expression networks to explore the biological functions of the identified genes. The network construction revealed 63 gene modules, of which 4 were significantly associated with the more aggressive tumour group. Two of the gene modules positively correlated with high-risk MCTs were also associated with cell proliferation and extracellular matrix-related terms. At the top of the extracellular matrix module category, genes with functions directly related to those of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were identified. Immunohistochemical analyses also revealed a greater number of CAFs in high-risk MCTs. This study provides a method for the molecular characterisation of canine MCTs into two distinct subtypes. Our data indicate that proliferation pathways are significantly involved in malignant tumour behaviours, which are known to be relevant for the induction and maintenance of MCTs. Finally, animals presenting high-risk MCTs overexpress genes associated with the extracellular matrix that can be robustly linked to CAF functions. We suggest that CAFs in the MCT stroma contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia H. Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Camila N. Barra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela A. Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice C. Huete
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine G. Cadrobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana T. Nishiya
- Veterinary Hospital Anhembi Morumbi, R. Conselheiro Lafaiete, São Paulo—SP, Anhembi Morumbi University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Henrique de Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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22
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Kim IK, Lee YS, Kim HS, Dong SM, Park JS, Yoon DS. Specific protein 1(SP1) regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via lysyl oxidase-like 2(LOXL2) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5933. [PMID: 30976063 PMCID: PMC6459819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific protein 1 (SP1) is associated with aggressive behavior, invasive clinical phenotype and poor clinical outcomes in various cancers. We studied whether SP1 exerts its effect on invasiveness and promotion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. We showed that silencing of SP1 in MIA Paca-2 cell significantly decreased cell invasion and migration. In MIA Paca-2 cells, silencing of SP1 induced a reduction of LOXL2 expression, whereas LOXL2 silencing did not lead to a decrease in the expression of SP1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the binding of SP1 to LOXL2 promoter. Wound healing and transmigration assays also showed that transfection of both SP1 and LOXL2 siRNA induced most significant decrease of cell invasion and migration compared to either SP1 or LOXL2-only silenced cells. Finally, we investigated the prognostic value of SP1 in patients with PDAC and SP1/LOX2 expression was examined by immunochemistry. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor differentiation and co-expression of SP1 and LOXL2 were independent factors for disease-free survival. In summary, our study demonstrates that SP1 modulates EMT and is involved in tumor invasion and migration of PDAC cells through the regulation of LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Im-Kyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Sun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong Sup Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Okada K, Moon HJ, Finney J, Meier A, Mure M. Extracellular Processing of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 and Its Effect on Amine Oxidase Activity. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6973-6983. [PMID: 30499665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is associated with several hepatic and vascular fibrotic diseases and tumor progression in some aggressive cancers. Secreted LOXL2 promotes extracellular matrix cross-linking by catalyzing the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine. A great deal remains to be learned about the post-translational modifications of LOXL2, including whether such modifications modulate enzymatic and disease-promoting activities; such knowledge would inform the development of potential therapies. We discovered that upon secretion in cell culture, LOXL2 undergoes proteolytic processing of the first two of four scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains at the N-terminus. A similar pattern of processing was also evident in tissue extracts from an invasive ductal carcinoma patient. Processing occurred at 314Arg-315Phe-316Arg-317Lys↓-318Ala-, implicating proprotein convertases. siRNA-mediated knockdown of proprotein convertases (furin, PACE4, and PC5/6), as well as incubation with their recombinant forms, showed that PACE4 is the major protease that acts on extracellular LOXL2. Unlike LOX, which requires cleavage of its propeptide for catalytic activation, cleavage of LOXL2 was not essential for tropoelastin oxidation or for cross-linking of collagen type IV in vitro. However, in the latter case, processing enhanced the extent of collagen cross-linking ∼2-fold at ≤10 nM LOXL2. These results demonstrate an important difference in the regulatory mechanisms for LOX and LOXL2 catalytic activity. Moreover, they pave the way for further studies of potential differential functions of LOXL2 isoforms in fibrosis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Okada
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Alex Meier
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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24
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Chen L, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Combatting Fibrosis: Exosome-Based Therapies in the Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:180-192. [PMID: 30766956 PMCID: PMC6357832 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis results from chronic injury and inflammation in the liver and leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis has advanced the prospect of developing therapies for regression of the disease. Resolution of fibrosis requires a reduction of proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, a decrease in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production, an increase in collagenase activity, and finally, a disappearance of activated myofibroblasts. Exosomes are nanovesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types. They epigenetically reprogram and alter the phenotype of their recipient cells and hold great promise for the reversal of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that exosomes function as conduits for intercellular transfer and contain all the necessary components to induce resolution of fibrosis, including the ability to (1) inhibit macrophage activation and cytokine secretion, (2) remodel ECM production and decrease fibrous scars, and (3) inactivate hepatic stellate cells, a major myofibroblast population. Here, we discuss the research involving the regression of hepatic fibrosis. We focus on the newly discovered roles of exosomes during fibrogenesis and as a therapy for fibrosis reversal. We also emphasize the novel discoveries of exosome‐based antifibrotic treatments in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
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25
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Tjin G, White ES, Faiz A, Sicard D, Tschumperlin DJ, Mahar A, Kable EPW, Burgess JK. Lysyl oxidases regulate fibrillar collagen remodelling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1301-1312. [PMID: 29125826 PMCID: PMC5719253 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive scarring disease of the lung with few effective therapeutic options. Structural remodelling of the extracellular matrix [i.e. collagen cross-linking mediated by the lysyl oxidase (LO) family of enzymes (LOX, LOXL1-4)] might contribute to disease pathogenesis and represent a therapeutic target. This study aimed to further our understanding of the mechanisms by which LO inhibitors might improve lung fibrosis. Lung tissues from IPF and non-IPF subjects were examined for collagen structure (second harmonic generation imaging) and LO gene (microarray analysis) and protein (immunohistochemistry and western blotting) levels. Functional effects (collagen structure and tissue stiffness using atomic force microscopy) of LO inhibitors on collagen remodelling were examined in two models, collagen hydrogels and decellularized human lung matrices. LOXL1/LOXL2 gene expression and protein levels were increased in IPF versus non-IPF. Increased collagen fibril thickness in IPF versus non-IPF lung tissues correlated with increased LOXL1/LOXL2, and decreased LOX, protein expression. β-Aminoproprionitrile (β-APN; pan-LO inhibitor) but not Compound A (LOXL2-specific inhibitor) interfered with transforming growth factor-β-induced collagen remodelling in both models. The β-APN treatment group was tested further, and β-APN was found to interfere with stiffening in the decellularized matrix model. LOXL1 activity might drive collagen remodelling in IPF lungs. The interrelationship between collagen structural remodelling and LOs is disrupted in IPF lungs. Inhibition of LO activity alleviates fibrosis by limiting fibrillar collagen cross-linking, thereby potentially impeding the formation of a pathological microenvironment in IPF. Summary: Transforming growth factor-β-induced collagen remodelling is driven by enhanced lysyl oxidase expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Tjin
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales 2037, Australia .,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Eric S White
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alen Faiz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annabelle Mahar
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Eleanor P W Kable
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales 2037, Australia .,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.,Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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26
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a type of copper- and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) -dependent amine oxidase, catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine residues of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastins and collagens and generate aldehyde groups. The oxidative deamination of lysine represents the foundational step for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen and thus is crucial for ECM modeling. Despite their physiological significance, the structure of this important family of enzymes remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) at 2.4-Å resolution. Unexpectedly, the copper-binding site of hLOXL2 is occupied by zinc, which blocks LTQ generation and the enzymatic activity of hLOXL2 in our in vitro assay. Biochemical analysis confirms that copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports LTQ formation. Furthermore, the LTQ precursor residues in the structure are distanced by 16.6 Å, corroborating the notion that the present structure may represent a precursor state and that pronounced conformational rearrangements would be required for protein activation. The structure presented here establishes an important foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of LOX proteins and will facilitate LOX-targeting drug discovery.
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27
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Dormant tumor cells expressing LOXL2 acquire a stem-like phenotype mediating their transition to proliferative growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71362-71377. [PMID: 27655685 PMCID: PMC5342084 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of breast cancer disease years after treatment appears to arise from disseminated dormant tumor cells (DTC). The mechanisms underlying the outgrowth of DTC remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that dormant MCF-7 cells expressing LOXL2 acquire a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype, mediating their outgrowth in the 3D BME system that models tumor dormancy and outgrowth. Similarly, MCF-7-LOXL2 cells colonizing the lung transitioned from dormancy to metastatic outgrowth whereas MCF-7 cells remained dormant. Notably, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-7-LOXL2 cells was required for their CSC-like properties and their transition to metastatic outgrowth. These findings were further supported by clinical data demonstrating that increase in LOXL2 mRNA levels correlates with increase in the mRNA levels of EMT and stem cells markers, and is also associated with decrease in relapse free survival of breast cancer patients. Notably, conditional hypoxia induced expression of endogenous LOXL2 in MCF-7 cells promoted EMT and the acquisition of a CSC-like phenotype, while knockdown of LOXL2 inhibited this transition. Overall, our results demonstrate that expression of LOXL2 endowed DTC with CSC-like phenotype driving their transition to metastatic outgrowth and this stem-like phenotype is dependent on EMT that can be driven by the tumor microenvironment.
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28
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Park JS, Lee JH, Lee YS, Kim JK, Dong SM, Yoon DS. Emerging role of LOXL2 in the promotion of pancreas cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42539-42552. [PMID: 27285767 PMCID: PMC5173154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is associated with invasiveness and metastasis in cancer. We analyzed the prognostic impact of LOXL2 in pancreatic cancer patients and investigated the role of LOXL2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in samples from 80 patients and showed LOXL2 expression in 81.2% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Regarding recurrence patterns, LOXL2-positive tumors showed a significantly higher rate of distant recurrence. The 1-year and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 84.6% and 0.0%, respectively, for LOXL2-negative patients, and 27.8 % and 0.0 %, respectively, for LOXL2-positive patients. On univariate analysis, combined resection of major vessels, depth of invasion, tumor stage, and LOXL2- positive status were significant factors for poor prognosis. After identification of LOXL2 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, LOXL2-silenced and LOXL2-overexpressed cell lines were used to perform transwell invasion and transendothelial migration assays. In vitro studies indicated that LOXL2 silencing in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells induced a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET)-like process associated with decreased invasive and migratory properties. LOXL2 overexpression in AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process and increased migratory and invasive activity. These clinical and preclinical data confirm that higher LOXL2 expression is associated with the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and the low survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients. Our results suggest the clinical value of LOXL2 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seong Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Keun Kim
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Myung Dong
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Dong Sup Yoon
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Ye MF, Zhang JG, Guo TX, Pan XJ. MiR-504 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion by targeting LOXL2 in non small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1289-1295. [PMID: 29156517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in tumor initiation and development. The aim of the study was to explore the clinicopathological role and functional effects of miR-504 in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) was applied to detect the expression of miR-504 in 55 cases of NSCLC tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues in NSCLC patients. MTT, colony formation and transwell invasion assays were performed to evaluate the effects of miR-504 on cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify that LOXL2 was a direct target of miR-504. QRT-PCR and western blot analysis were performed to analyze mRNA and protein expression. RESULTS In the study, we demonstrated that miR-504 was notably downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Lower miR-504 expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage in patients. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-504 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion and EMT process of NSCLC. QRT-PCR, western blot and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-504 could bind to LOXL2 3'UTR region and regulate its expression. Moreover, ectopic expression of LOXL2 could rescue the inhibiting effects on cell proliferation and invasion induced by miR-504 in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that miR-504 functioned as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC and may serve as a target of NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fan Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, FuJian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, FuJian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Xing Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, FuJian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, FuJian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Jeong YJ, Park SH, Mun SH, Kwak SG, Lee SJ, Oh HK. Association between lysyl oxidase and fibrotic focus in relation with inflammation in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2431-2440. [PMID: 29434955 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that lysyl oxidase (LOX) contributes to the formation of fibrotic focus (FF) in association with inflammation and serves a significant role in breast carcinogenesis. In the present study, the association between the expression of LOX family members and FF with regards to with inflammation was analyzed, and the prognostic significance of LOX and FF in breast cancer was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for LOX, LOX-like protein (LOXL) 1, LOXL2 and LOXL3 was performed in primary breast cancer tissues. The status of FF within the tumor was assessed, including size and grade. Levels of inflammatory markers, intratumoral and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration were also evaluated. The clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated from the medical records of patients. In the present study, the expression of LOX family members was not associated with the presence of FF. FF was identified to be associated with intratumoral and peritumoral inflammation, tumor stage, larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, high histologic grade, and p53 expression. LOX and LOXL3 were associated with intratumoral, and peritumoral inflammation. Furthermore, LOXL1 was associated with intratumoral inflammation and interleukin-4. In addition, LOX was associated with cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells. LOXL3 was associated with expression of ER and PR, and molecular subtype. In the survival analysis, overall survival time was statistically significantly longer in the FF-negative compared with that in the FF-positive group. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that FF and the expression of LOX family members were associated with inflammation in breast cancer. FF was associated with poor prognostic markers of breast cancer. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between the LOX family, FF and inflammation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Mun
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
| | - Hoon Kyu Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Repulic of South Korea
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31
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Salvador F, Martin A, López-Menéndez C, Moreno-Bueno G, Santos V, Vázquez-Naharro A, Santamaria PG, Morales S, Dubus PR, Muinelo-Romay L, López-López R, Tung JC, Weaver VM, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein LOXL2 Promotes Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5846-5859. [PMID: 28720577 PMCID: PMC5656180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase-like protein LOXL2 has been suggested to contribute to tumor progression and metastasis, but in vivo evidence has been lacking. Here we provide functional evidence that LOXL2 is a key driver of breast cancer metastasis in two conditional transgenic mouse models of PyMT-induced breast cancer. LOXL2 ablation in mammary tumor cells dramatically decreased lung metastasis, whereas LOXL2 overexpression promoted metastatic tumor growth. LOXL2 depletion or overexpression in tumor cells does not affect extracellular matrix stiffness or organization in primary and metastatic tumors, implying a function for LOXL2 independent of its conventional role in extracellular matrix remodeling. In support of this likelihood, cellular and molecular analyses revealed an association of LOXL2 action with elevated levels of the EMT regulatory transcription factor Snail1 and expression of several cytokines that promote premetastatic niche formation. Taken together, our findings established a pathophysiologic role and new function for LOXL2 in breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5846-59. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia López-Menéndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Arturo Soria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Vázquez-Naharro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia G Santamaria
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre R Dubus
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM UMR1053, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael López-López
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jason C Tung
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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López-Jiménez AJ, Basak T, Vanacore RM. Proteolytic processing of lysyl oxidase-like-2 in the extracellular matrix is required for crosslinking of basement membrane collagen IV. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16970-16982. [PMID: 28864775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is an enzyme secreted into the extracellular matrix that crosslinks collagens by mediating oxidative deamination of lysine residues. Our previous work demonstrated that this enzyme crosslinks the 7S domain, a structural domain that stabilizes collagen IV scaffolds in the basement membrane. Despite its relevant role in extracellular matrix biosynthesis, little is known about the structural requirements of LOXL2 that enable collagen IV crosslinking. In this study, we demonstrate that LOXL2 is processed extracellularly by serine proteases, generating a 65-kDa form lacking the first two scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. Site-specific mutagenesis to prevent proteolytic processing generated a full-length enzyme that is active in vitro toward a soluble substrate, but fails to crosslink insoluble collagen IV within the extracellular matrix. In contrast, the processed form of LOXL2 binds to collagen IV and crosslinks the 7S domain. Together, our data demonstrate that proteolytic processing is an important event that allows LOXL2-mediated crosslinking of basement membrane collagen IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J López-Jiménez
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Trayambak Basak
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Roberto M Vanacore
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and .,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Blockhuys S, Wittung-Stafshede P. Roles of Copper-Binding Proteins in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040871. [PMID: 28425924 PMCID: PMC5412452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper ions are needed in several steps of cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanisms, and involved copper-binding proteins, are mainly elusive. Since most copper ions in the body (in and outside cells) are protein-bound, it is important to investigate what copper-binding proteins participate and, for these, how they are loaded with copper by copper transport proteins. Mechanistic information for how some copper-binding proteins, such as extracellular lysyl oxidase (LOX), play roles in cancer have been elucidated but there is still much to learn from a biophysical molecular viewpoint. Here we provide a summary of copper-binding proteins and discuss ones reported to have roles in cancer. We specifically focus on how copper-binding proteins such as mediator of cell motility 1 (MEMO1), LOX, LOX-like proteins, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) modulate breast cancer from molecular and clinical aspects. Because of the importance of copper for invasion/migration processes, which are key components of cancer metastasis, further insights into the actions of copper-binding proteins may provide new targets to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Blockhuys
- Department Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Department Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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34
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Peng DH, Ungewiss C, Tong P, Byers LA, Wang J, Canales JR, Villalobos PA, Uraoka N, Mino B, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Han RI, Wanna CA, Fahrenholtz M, Grande-Allen KJ, Creighton CJ, Gibbons DL. ZEB1 induces LOXL2-mediated collagen stabilization and deposition in the extracellular matrix to drive lung cancer invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:1925-1938. [PMID: 27694892 PMCID: PMC5378666 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, primarily due to distant metastatic disease. Metastatic lung cancer cells can undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulated by various transcription factors, including a double-negative feedback loop between the microRNA-200 (miR-200) family and ZEB1, but the precise mechanisms by which ZEB1-dependent EMT promotes malignancy remain largely undefined. Although the cell-intrinsic effects of EMT are important for tumor progression, the reciprocal dynamic crosstalk between mesenchymal cancer cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is equally critical in regulating invasion and metastasis. Investigating the collaborative effect of EMT and ECM in the metastatic process reveals increased collagen deposition in metastatic tumor tissues as a direct consequence of amplified collagen gene expression in ZEB1-activated mesenchymal lung cancer cells. In addition, collagen fibers in metastatic lung tumors exhibit greater linearity and organization as a result of collagen crosslinking by the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes. Expression of the LOX and LOXL2 isoforms is directly regulated by miR-200 and ZEB1, respectively, and their upregulation in metastatic tumors and mesenchymal cell lines is coordinated to that of collagen. Functionally, LOXL2, as opposed to LOX, is the principal isoform that crosslinks and stabilizes insoluble collagen deposition in tumor tissues. In turn, focal adhesion formation and FAK/SRC signaling is activated in mesenchymal tumor cells by crosslinked collagen in the ECM. Our study is the first to validate direct regulation of LOX and LOXL2 by the miR-200/ZEB1 axis, defines a novel mechanism driving tumor metastasis, delineates collagen as a prognostic marker, and identifies LOXL2 as a potential therapeutic target against tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Peng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christin Ungewiss
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren A. Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pamela A. Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Naohiro Uraoka
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara Mino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard I Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Charles A. Wanna
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | | | - Chad J. Creighton
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhan P, Lv XJ, Ji YN, Xie H, Yu LK. Increased lysyl oxidase-like 2 associates with a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2016; 12:712-720. [PMID: 27860390 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Nanjing Chest Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University; Nanjing 210029 China
- Clinical Center of Nanjing Respiratory Diseases and Imaging; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Xiao-Jing Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Affiliated Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Ya-Nan Ji
- Affiliated Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Haiyan Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Nanjing Chest Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University; Nanjing 210029 China
- Clinical Center of Nanjing Respiratory Diseases and Imaging; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Li-Ke Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Nanjing Chest Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University; Nanjing 210029 China
- Clinical Center of Nanjing Respiratory Diseases and Imaging; Nanjing 210029 China
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36
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Añazco C, López-Jiménez AJ, Rafi M, Vega-Montoto L, Zhang MZ, Hudson BG, Vanacore RM. Lysyl Oxidase-like-2 Cross-links Collagen IV of Glomerular Basement Membrane. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25999-26012. [PMID: 27770022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 7S dodecamer is recognized as an important structural cross-linking domain of collagen IV networks that provide mechanical stability to basement membranes, a specialized form of extracellular matrix essential for the development and maintenance of tissue architecture. Although the 7S dodecamer is stabilized by covalent cross-linking, the molecular mechanism by which such cross-links are formed has not been revealed. Here, we aimed to identify the enzyme(s) that cross-links the 7S dodecamer and characterize its expression in the kidney glomerulus. Pharmacological inhibition of candidate extracellular matrix enzymes revealed that lysyl oxidase activity is required for cross-linking of 7S polypeptides. Among all lysyl oxidase family members, lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) was identified as the isoform cross-linking collagen IV in mouse embryonal PFHR-9 cells. Biochemical analyses revealed that LOXL2 readily promoted the formation of lysyl-derived cross-links in the 7S dodecamer but not in the NC1 domain. We also established that LOXL2 is the main lysyl oxidase family member present in the glomerular extracellular matrix. Altogether, we demonstrate that LOXL2 is a novel component of the molecular machinery that forms cross-linked collagen IV networks, which are essential for glomerular basement membrane stability and molecular ultrafiltration function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Añazco
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alberto J López-Jiménez
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Mohamed Rafi
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Lorenzo Vega-Montoto
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Billy G Hudson
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Roberto M Vanacore
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and .,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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A simple method to induce hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in T24 human bladder cancer cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:272-276. [PMID: 27752923 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for the establishment, development, and dissemination of several malignant tumors including bladder cancer. The hypoxic condition promotes the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), which translocates to the nucleus to mediate angiogenic factors including the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). AnaeroGen system was developed for microbiology area to create a low oxygen tension required to the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Here, we hypothesized the use of AnaeroGen system to induce hypoxia in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells, in order to promote the overexpression of VEGF-A. T24 cells were cultured in six-well plates containing McCoy medium. Exposures of T24 cells to hypoxia for 1, 8, 24, and 48 h were performed using the Oxoid AnaeroGen system, while T24 cells under normoxia were used as control. The expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α was analyzed by real-time PCR. ELISA for HIF-1α was carried out. The VEGF-A expression increased significantly by Oxoid AnaeroGen-induced hypoxia in a time-depending manner, reaching the peak in 48 h of hypoxia. Although HIF-1α mRNA was not changed, HIF-1α protein was increased in the presence of hypoxia, reaching a peak at 8 h. These results demonstrated that the Oxoid AnaeroGen system is a simple method to expose T24 cells to hypoxia and efficiently to upregulate VEGF expression in T24 cells.
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38
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Zhang Y, Ding HG. Prevention and treatment of cirrhotic portal hypertension: New cellular and molecular targets. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2950-2956. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i19.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhotic portal hypertension results from a variety of pathological conditions including decreased expression of endothelial NO synthase and lysyl oxidase-like 2, newly formed vessels and pathological hepatic sinusoid reconstruction. Dark chocolate, coffee and green tea polyphenol can improve endothelial dysfunction and inhibit angiogenesis and thus may be new options for treating and preventing the progression of cirrhotic portal hypertension.
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39
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A truncated splice variant of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 promotes migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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40
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Trackman PC. Lysyl Oxidase Isoforms and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Fibrosis and Cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:935-45. [PMID: 26848785 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes is classically known as being required for connective tissue maturation by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen precursors. The resulting aldehydes then participate in cross-link formation, which is required for normal connective tissue integrity. These enzymes have biological functions that extend beyond this fundamental biosynthetic role, with contributions to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of lysyl oxidases occurs in multiple pathologies including fibrosis, primary and metastatic cancers, and complications of diabetes in a variety of tissues. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the major findings of novel roles for lysyl oxidases in pathologies, and highlights some of the potential therapeutic approaches that are in development and which stem from these new findings. EXPERT OPINION Fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanisms of novel biological functions of this family of proteins, and regarding functions that are independent of their catalytic enzyme activity. However, progress is underway in the development of isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibitors, potential therapeutic antibodies and gaining an increased understanding of both tumor suppressor and metastasis promotion activities. Ultimately, this is likely to lead to novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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41
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de Jong OG, van Balkom BWM, Gremmels H, Verhaar MC. Exosomes from hypoxic endothelial cells have increased collagen crosslinking activity through up-regulation of lysyl oxidase-like 2. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:342-50. [PMID: 26612622 PMCID: PMC4727569 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication. Additionally, they contain a variety of components capable of interacting with the extracellular matrix (ECM), including integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and members of the immunoglobin superfamily. Despite these observations, research on exosome-ECM interactions is limited. Here, we investigate whether the exosome-associated lysyl oxidase family member lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in ECM remodelling. We found that LOXL2 is present on the exterior of endothelial cell (EC)-derived exosomes, placing it in direct vicinity of the ECM. It is up-regulated twofold in EC-derived exosomes cultured under hypoxic conditions. Intact exosomes from hypoxic EC and LOXL2 overexpressing EC show increased activity in a fluorometric lysyl oxidase enzymatic activity assay as well as in a collagen gel contraction assay. Concordantly, knockdown of LOXL2 in exosome-producing EC in both normal and hypoxic conditions reduces activity of exosomes in both assays. Our findings show for the first time that ECM crosslinking by EC-derived exosomes is mediated by LOXL2 under the regulation of hypoxia, and implicate a role for exosomes in hypoxia-regulated focal ECM remodelling, a key process in both fibrosis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Martin A, Salvador F, Moreno-Bueno G, Floristán A, Ruiz-Herguido C, Cuevas EP, Morales S, Santos V, Csiszar K, Dubus P, Haigh JJ, Bigas A, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 represses Notch1 expression in the skin to promote squamous cell carcinoma progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:1090-109. [PMID: 25759215 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression, implicating intracellular and extracellular functions. To explore the specific in vivo role of LOXL2 in physiological and tumor contexts, we generated conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Germ-line deletion of Loxl2 promotes lethality in half of newborn mice mainly associated to congenital heart defects, while Loxl2 overexpression triggers male sterility due to epididymal dysfunction caused by epithelial disorganization, fibrosis and acute inflammation. Remarkably, when challenged to chemical skin carcinogenesis, Loxl2-overexpressing mice increased tumor burden and malignant progression, while Loxl2-deficient mice exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Loxl2 levels in premalignant tumors negatively correlate with expression of epidermal differentiation markers and components of the Notch1 pathway. We show that LOXL2 is a direct repressor of NOTCH1. Additionally, we identify an exclusive expression pattern between LOXL2 and members of the canonical NOTCH1 pathway in human HNSCC. Our data identify for the first time novel LOXL2 roles in tissue homeostasis and support it as a target for SCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Floristán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Universitie Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Anna Bigas
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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Chang J, Nicolau MM, Cox TR, Wetterskog D, Martens JWM, Barker HE, Erler JT. LOXL2 induces aberrant acinar morphogenesis via ErbB2 signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R67. [PMID: 23971878 PMCID: PMC3978831 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has been shown to play a key role in invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells. However, very little is known about its role in normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of LOXL2 expression in normal mammary epithelial cells to gain insight into how LOXL2 mediates cancer progression. METHODS LOXL2 was expressed in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells. The 3D acinar morphogenesis of these cells was assessed, as well as the ability of the cells to form branching structures on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated surfaces. Transwell-invasion assays were used to assess the invasive properties of the cells. Clinically relevant inhibitors of ErbB2, lapatinib and Herceptin (traztuzumab), were used to investigate the role of ErbB2 signaling in this model. A retrospective study on a previously published breast cancer patient dataset was carried out by using Disease Specific Genomic Analysis (DSGA) to investigate the correlation of LOXL2 mRNA expression level with metastasis and survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Fluorescence staining of the acini revealed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and disrupted polarity, leading to abnormal lumen formation in response to LOXL2 expression in MCF10A cells. When plated onto ECM, the LOXL2-expressing cells formed branching structures and displayed increased invasion. We noted that LOXL2 induced ErbB2 activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ErbB2 inhibition by using Herceptin or lapatinib abrogated the effects of LOXL2 on MCF10A cells. Finally, we found LOXL2 expression to be correlated with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression, and that these effects are driven by LOXL2-mediated activation of ErbB2. LOXL2 may also be a beneficial marker for breast cancer patients that could benefit most from anti-ErbB2 therapy.
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Kim BR, Dong SM, Seo SH, Lee JH, Lee JM, Lee SH, Rho SB. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) controls tumor-associated cell proliferation through the interaction with MARCKSL1. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1765-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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45
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Moon HJ, Finney J, Ronnebaum T, Mure M. Human lysyl oxidase-like 2. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:231-241. [PMID: 25146937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises Cu(2+)- and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidases. LOXL2 is proposed to function similarly to LOX in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting crosslinking of collagen and elastin. LOXL2 has also been proposed to regulate extracellular and intracellular cell signaling pathways. Dysregulation of LOXL2 has been linked to many diseases, including cancer, pro-oncogenic angiogenesis, fibrosis and heart diseases. In this review, we will give an overview of the current understandings and hypotheses regarding the molecular functions of LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Inhibition of BMP signaling suppresses metastasis in mammary cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:2437-49. [PMID: 24998846 PMCID: PMC4689138 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines/growth factors that play differing roles in cancer. BMPs are overexpressed in human breast cancers, but loss of BMP signaling in mammary carcinomas can accelerate metastasis. We show that human breast cancers display active BMP signaling, which is rarely downregulated or homozygously deleted. We hypothesized that systemic inhibition of BMP signaling in both the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment could prevent tumor progression and metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we used DMH1, a BMP antagonist, in MMTV.PyVmT expressing mice. Treatment with DMH1 reduced lung metastasis and the tumors were less proliferative and more apoptotic. In the surrounding tumor microenvironment, treatment with DMH1 altered fibroblasts, lymphatic vessels and macrophages to be less tumor promoting. These results indicate that inhibition of BMP signaling may successfully target both the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment to reduce tumor burden and metastasis.
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In-depth proteomic delineation of the colorectal cancer exoproteome: Mechanistic insight and identification of potential biomarkers. J Proteomics 2014; 103:121-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cuevas EP, Moreno-Bueno G, Canesin G, Santos V, Portillo F, Cano A. LOXL2 catalytically inactive mutants mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Biol Open 2014; 3:129-37. [PMID: 24414204 PMCID: PMC3925316 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl-oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase family that catalyzes the cross-linking of collagens or elastins in the extracellular matrix, thus regulating the tensile strength of tissues. However, many reports have suggested different intracellular roles for LOXL2, including the ability to regulate gene transcription and tumor progression. We previously reported that LOXL2 mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Snail1-dependent and independent mechanisms, related to E-cadherin silencing and downregulation of epidermal differentiation and cell polarity components, respectively. Whether or not the catalytic activity of LOXL2 is required to induce/sustain EMT is actually unknown. Here we show that LOXL2 catalytic inactive mutants collaborate with Snail1 in E-cadherin gene repression to trigger EMT and, in addition, promote FAK/Src pathway activation to support EMT. These findings reveal a non-conventional role of LOXL2 on regulating epithelial cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Fang M, Peng CW, Yuan JP, Zhang ZL, Pang DW, Li Y. Coevolution of the tumor microenvironment revealed by quantum dot-based multiplexed imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1029-37. [PMID: 23837765 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to provide new insights into the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasion by simultaneously imaging tumor cells and major components of the tumor microenvironment. MATERIALS & METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human HCC tissues were studied by conventional immunohistochemistry and quantum dot-based multiplexed imaging to reveal type IV collagen, LOX and tumor angiogenesis. RESULTS Type IV collagen degradation and repatterning in the extracellular matrix (ECM) was a continuous process, making the ECM harder, although more fragile and less resistant to cancer invasion. The distribution of LOX among cancer nests was heterogeneous, with higher expression in small cancer nests and lower expression in large cancer nests. LOX expression in cancer cells was associated with rigid stroma and tumor angiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis occurred with type IV collagen presence. At the cancer invasion front, the ECM was hydrolyzed, with the prominent linear reorientation of type IV collagen surrounding cancer nests adjacent to neovessels. CONCLUSION The visualization of the temporal-spatial relationship between type IV collagen, LOX and tumor angiogenesis revealed the coevolution process of HCC cells and their microenvironment, emphasizing an active role of the ECM during cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Number 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
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Finney J, Moon HJ, Ronnebaum T, Lantz M, Mure M. Human copper-dependent amine oxidases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 546:19-32. [PMID: 24407025 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a class of enzymes that contain Cu(2+) and a tyrosine-derived quinone cofactor, catalyze the conversion of a primary amine functional group to an aldehyde, and generate hydrogen peroxide and ammonia as byproducts. These enzymes can be classified into two non-homologous families: 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-dependent CAOs and the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the field of research concerning human CAOs and the LOX family of proteins. The aberrant expression of these enzymes is linked to inflammation, fibrosis, tumor metastasis/invasion and other diseases. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the functions of these proteins at the molecular level, so that strategies targeting these enzymes can be developed to combat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mason Lantz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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