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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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Cooke M, Zhang X, Zhang S, Eruslanov E, Lal P, Daniel RE, Feldman MD, Abba MC, Kazanietz MG. PROTEIN KINASE C ALPHA IS A CENTRAL NODE FOR TUMORIGENIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS IN HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1372-1387. [PMID: 36818489 PMCID: PMC9933888 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is a hallmark of cancer. The different members of the PKC family control cellular events associated with cancer development and progression. Whereas the classical/conventional PKCα isozyme has been linked to tumor suppression in most cancer types, here we demonstrate that this kinase is required for the mitogenic activity of aggressive human prostate cancer cells displaying aberrantly high PKCα expression. Immunohistochemical analysis showed abnormal up-regulation of PKCα in human primary prostate tumors. Interestingly, silencing PKCα expression from aggressive prostate cancer cells impairs cell cycle progression, proliferation and invasion, as well as their tumorigenic activity in a mouse xenograft model. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PKCα exerts a profound control of gene expression, particularly over genes and transcriptional networks associated with cell cycle progression and E2F transcription factors. PKCα RNAi depletion from PC3 prostate cancer cells led to a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, as well as a prominent down-regulation of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1. This PKCα-dependent gene expression profile was corroborated in silico using human prostate cancer databases. Our studies established PKCα as a multifunctional kinase that plays pleiotropic roles in prostate cancer, particularly by controlling genetic networks associated with tumor growth and progression. The identification of PKCα as a pro-tumorigenic kinase in human prostate cancer provides strong rationale for the development of therapeutic approaches towards targeting PKCα or its effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reba E. Daniel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D. Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin C. Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G. Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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4
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Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKCα) overexpression leads to a better response to retinoid acid therapy through Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta (RARβ) activation in mammary cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3241-3253. [PMID: 32865619 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoids have proved to be effective for hematologic malignancies treatment but till nowadays, their use as single agent for the solid tumor's management is still controversial. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the main active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts non-genomic interactions with different members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family, recognized modulators of different tumor progression pathways. To determine whether a group of patients could become benefited employing a retinoid therapy, in this study we have evaluated whether PKCα expression (a poor prognosis marker in breast cancer) could sensitizes mammary cells to ATRA treatment. METHODS PKCα overexpression was achieved by stable transfection and confirmed by western blot. Transfected PKC functionality was determined by nuclear translocation-induction and confocal microscopy. In vitro proliferation was evaluated by cell counting and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate orthotopic tumor growth and experimental lung colonization. Retinoic acid response elements (RARE) and AP1 sites-dependent activity was studied by gene reporter assays and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) were measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Our findings suggest that high PKCα levels improve the differentiation response to ATRA in a RAR signaling-dependent manner. Moreover, RARβ expression appears to be critical to induce ATRA sensitization, throughout AP1 trans-repression. CONCLUSION Here we propose that retinoids could lead a highly personalized anticancer treatment, bringing benefits to patients with aggressive breast tumors resulting from high PKCα expression but, an adequate expression of the RARβ receptor is required to ensure the effect on this process.
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Hsu AH, Lum MA, Shim KS, Frederick PJ, Morrison CD, Chen B, Lele SM, Sheinin YM, Daikoku T, Dey SK, Leone G, Black AR, Black JD. Crosstalk between PKCα and PI3K/AKT Signaling Is Tumor Suppressive in the Endometrium. Cell Rep 2018; 24:655-669. [PMID: 30021163 PMCID: PMC6118133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are commonly recognized as oncoproteins based on their activation by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. However, accumulating evidence indicates that PKCs can be inhibitory in some cancers, with recent findings propelling a shift in focus to understanding tumor suppressive functions of these enzymes. Here, we report that PKCα acts as a tumor suppressor in PI3K/AKT-driven endometrial cancer. Transcriptional suppression of PKCα is observed in human endometrial tumors in association with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. In murine models, loss of PKCα is rate limiting for endometrial tumor initiation. PKCα tumor suppression involves PP2A-family-dependent inactivation of AKT, which can occur even in the context of genetic hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling by coincident mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA, and/or PIK3R1. Together, our data point to PKCα as a crucial tumor suppressor in the endometrium, with deregulation of a PKCα→PP2A/PP2A-like phosphatase signaling axis contributing to robust AKT activation and enhanced endometrial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Hsu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michelle A Lum
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kang-Sup Shim
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J Frederick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Carl D Morrison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yuri M Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Regulation of PI3K by PKC and MARCKS: Single-Molecule Analysis of a Reconstituted Signaling Pathway. Biophys J 2017; 110:1811-1825. [PMID: 27119641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In chemotaxing ameboid cells, a complex leading-edge signaling circuit forms on the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane and directs both actin and membrane remodeling to propel the leading edge up an attractant gradient. This leading-edge circuit includes a putative amplification module in which Ca(2+)-protein kinase C (Ca(2+)-PKC) is hypothesized to phosphorylate myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and release phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), thereby stimulating production of the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) by the lipid kinase phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). We investigated this hypothesized Ca(2+)-PKC-MARCKS-PIP2-PI3K-PIP3 amplification module and tested its key predictions using single-molecule fluorescence to measure the surface densities and activities of its protein components. Our findings demonstrate that together Ca(2+)-PKC and the PIP2-binding peptide of MARCKS modulate the level of free PIP2, which serves as both a docking target and substrate lipid for PI3K. In the off state of the amplification module, the MARCKS peptide sequesters PIP2 and thereby inhibits PI3K binding to the membrane. In the on state, Ca(2+)-PKC phosphorylation of the MARCKS peptide reverses the PIP2 sequestration, thereby releasing multiple PIP2 molecules that recruit multiple active PI3K molecules to the membrane surface. These findings 1) show that the Ca(2+)-PKC-MARCKS-PIP2-PI3K-PIP3 system functions as an activation module in vitro, 2) reveal the molecular mechanism of activation, 3) are consistent with available in vivo data, and 4) yield additional predictions that are testable in live cells. More broadly, the Ca(2+)-PKC-stimulated release of free PIP2 may well regulate the membrane association of other PIP2-binding proteins, and the findings illustrate the power of single-molecule analysis to elucidate key dynamic and mechanistic features of multiprotein signaling pathways on membrane surfaces.
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Fang ZH, Wang SL, Zhao JT, Lin ZJ, Chen LY, Su R, Xie ST, Carter BZ, Xu B. miR-150 exerts antileukemia activity in vitro and in vivo through regulating genes in multiple pathways. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2371. [PMID: 27899822 PMCID: PMC5059860 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, a class of small noncoding RNAs, have been implicated to regulate gene expression in virtually all important biological processes. Although accumulating evidence demonstrates that miR-150, an important regulator in hematopoiesis, is deregulated in various types of hematopoietic malignancies, the precise mechanisms of miR-150 action are largely unknown. In this study, we found that miR-150 is downregulated in samples from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia, and normalized after patients achieved complete remission. Restoration of miR-150 markedly inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of leukemia cells, and reduced tumorigenicity in a xenograft leukemia murine model. Microarray analysis identified multiple novel targets of miR-150, which were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assay. Gene ontology and pathway analysis illustrated potential roles of these targets in small-molecule metabolism, transcriptional regulation, RNA metabolism, proteoglycan synthesis in cancer, mTOR signaling pathway, or Wnt signaling pathway. Interestingly, knockdown one of four miR-150 targets (EIF4B, FOXO4B, PRKCA, and TET3) showed an antileukemia activity similar to that of miR-150 restoration. Collectively, our study demonstrates that miR-150 functions as a tumor suppressor through multiple mechanisms in human leukemia and provides a rationale for utilizing miR-150 as a novel therapeutic agent for leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hong Fang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Si Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Jin Tao Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Zhi Juan Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Lin Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Si Ting Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
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Bell ES, Lammerding J. Causes and consequences of nuclear envelope alterations in tumour progression. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:449-464. [PMID: 27397692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes in the size and shape of the nucleus are highly prevalent in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the functional relevance remain poorly understood. Nuclear envelope proteins, which can modulate nuclear shape and organization, have emerged as key components in a variety of signalling pathways long implicated in tumourigenesis and metastasis. The expression of nuclear envelope proteins is altered in many cancers, and changes in levels of nuclear envelope proteins lamins A and C are associated with poor prognosis in multiple human cancers. In this review we highlight the role of the nuclear envelope in different processes important for tumour initiation and cancer progression, with a focus on lamins A and C. Lamin A/C controls many cellular processes with key roles in cancer, including cell invasion, stemness, genomic stability, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and resistance to mechanical stress. In addition, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating the changes in lamin levels observed in many cancers. A better understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between lamin expression and tumour progression could reveal important mechanisms for coordinated regulation of oncogenic processes, and indicate therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be exploited for improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bell
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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Poli A, Ramazzotti G, Matteucci A, Manzoli L, Lonetti A, Suh PG, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. A novel DAG-dependent mechanism links PKCɑ and Cyclin B1 regulating cell cycle progression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11526-40. [PMID: 25362646 PMCID: PMC4294327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the years, different studies showed the involvement of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in cell cycle control, in particular during G1/S transition. Little is known about their role at G2/M checkpoint. In this study, using K562 human erythroleukemia cell line, we found a novel and specific mechanism through which the conventional isoform PKC⍺ positively affects Cyclin B1 modulating G2/M progression of cell cycle. Since the kinase activity of this PKC isoform was not necessary in this process, we demonstrated that PKC⍺, physically interacting with Cyclin B1, avoided its degradation and stimulated its nuclear import at mitosis. Moreover, the process resulted to be strictly connected with the increase in nuclear diacylglycerol levels (DAG) at G2/M checkpoint, due to the activity of nuclear Phospholipase C β1 (PLCβ1), the only PLC isoform mainly localized in the nucleus of K562 cells. Taken together, our findings indicated a novel DAG dependent mechanism able to regulate the G2/M progression of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matteucci
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Guo FZ, Zhang LS, Wei JL, Li YB, Shi ZX, Yang YM, Zhou XQ, Sun ZW. Endosulfan induced the arrest of the cell cycle through inhibiting the signal pathway mediated by PKC-α and damaging the cytoskeleton in spermatogonial cells of mice in vitro. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle was firstly associated with endosulfan-induced spermatogonial cell toxicity through the signaling pathway mediated by PKC-α and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Zi Guo
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Lian-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Jia-Liu Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Yan-Bo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Zhi-Xiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Yu-Mei Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Xian-Qing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
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11
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Ravindran Menon D, Das S, Krepler C, Vultur A, Rinner B, Schauer S, Kashofer K, Wagner K, Zhang G, Bonyadi Rad E, Haass NK, Soyer HP, Gabrielli B, Somasundaram R, Hoefler G, Herlyn M, Schaider H. A stress-induced early innate response causes multidrug tolerance in melanoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:4448-59. [PMID: 25417704 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance constitutes a major challenge for effective cancer therapies with melanoma being no exception. The dynamics leading to permanent resistance are poorly understood but are important to design better treatments. Here we show that drug exposure, hypoxia or nutrient starvation leads to an early innate cell response in melanoma cells resulting in multidrug resistance, termed induced drug-tolerant cells (IDTCs). Transition into the IDTC state seems to be an inherent stress reaction for survival toward unfavorable environmental conditions or drug exposure. The response comprises chromatin remodeling, activation of signaling cascades and markers implicated in cancer stemness with higher angiogenic potential and tumorigenicity. These changes are characterized by a common increase in CD271 expression concomitantly with loss of differentiation markers such as melan-A and tyrosinase, enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and upregulation of histone demethylases. Accordingly, IDTCs show a loss of H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and gain of H3K9me3 suggesting activation and repression of differential genes. Drug holidays at the IDTC state allow for reversion into parental cells re-sensitizing them to the drug they were primarily exposed to. However, upon continuous drug exposure IDTCs eventually transform into permanent and irreversible drug-resistant cells. Knockdown of CD271 or KDM5B decreases transition into the IDTC state substantially but does not prevent it. Targeting IDTCs would be crucial for sustainable disease management and prevention of acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ravindran Menon
- Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Dermatology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Das
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Krepler
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Vultur
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Kashofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Wagner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - G Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Bonyadi Rad
- Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - N K Haass
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H P Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - B Gabrielli
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - G Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Schaider
- Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Dermatology Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Garg R, Benedetti LG, Abera MB, Wang H, Abba M, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and cancer: what we know and what we do not. Oncogene 2014; 33:5225-37. [PMID: 24336328 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes represent one of the most extensively studied signaling kinases. PKCs signal through multiple pathways and control the expression of genes relevant for cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastatic dissemination. Despite the vast amount of information concerning the mechanisms that control PKC activation and function in cellular models, the relevance of individual PKC isozymes in the progression of human cancer is still a matter of controversy. Although the expression of PKC isozymes is altered in multiple cancer types, the causal relationship between such changes and the initiation and progression of the disease remains poorly defined. Animal models developed in the last years helped to better understand the involvement of individual PKCs in various cancer types and in the context of specific oncogenic alterations. Unraveling the enormous complexity in the mechanisms by which PKC isozymes have an impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis is key for reassessing their potential as pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L G Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Abera
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Galea GL, Meakin LB, Williams CM, Hulin-Curtis SL, Lanyon LE, Poole AW, Price JS. Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) regulates bone architecture and osteoblast activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25509-22. [PMID: 25070889 PMCID: PMC4162157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bones' strength is achieved and maintained through adaptation to load bearing. The role of the protein kinase PKCα in this process has not been previously reported. However, we observed a phenotype in the long bones of Prkca−/− female but not male mice, in which bone tissue progressively invades the medullary cavity in the mid-diaphysis. This bone deposition progresses with age and is prevented by disuse but unaffected by ovariectomy. Castration of male Prkca−/− but not WT mice results in the formation of small amounts of intramedullary bone. Osteoblast differentiation markers and Wnt target gene expression were up-regulated in osteoblast-like cells derived from cortical bone of female Prkca−/− mice compared with WT. Additionally, although osteoblastic cells derived from WT proliferate following exposure to estradiol or mechanical strain, those from Prkca−/− mice do not. Female Prkca−/− mice develop splenomegaly and reduced marrow GBA1 expression reminiscent of Gaucher disease, in which PKC involvement has been suggested previously. From these data, we infer that in female mice, PKCα normally serves to prevent endosteal bone formation stimulated by load bearing. This phenotype appears to be suppressed by testicular hormones in male Prkca−/− mice. Within osteoblastic cells, PKCα enhances proliferation and suppresses differentiation, and this regulation involves the Wnt pathway. These findings implicate PKCα as a target gene for therapeutic approaches in low bone mass conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- From the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom and
| | - Lee B Meakin
- From the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom and
| | - Christopher M Williams
- the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Hulin-Curtis
- From the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom and
| | - Lance E Lanyon
- From the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom and
| | - Alastair W Poole
- the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna S Price
- From the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom and
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14
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Ziemba BP, Li J, Landgraf KE, Knight JD, Voth GA, Falke JJ. Single-molecule studies reveal a hidden key step in the activation mechanism of membrane-bound protein kinase C-α. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1697-713. [PMID: 24559055 PMCID: PMC3971957 DOI: 10.1021/bi4016082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
kinase C-α (PKCα) is a member of the conventional
family of protein kinase C isoforms (cPKCs) that regulate diverse
cellular signaling pathways, share a common activation mechanism,
and are linked to multiple pathologies. The cPKC domain structure
is modular, consisting of an N-terminal pseudosubstrate peptide, two
inhibitory domains (C1A and C1B), a targeting domain (C2), and a kinase
domain. Mature, cytoplasmic cPKCs are inactive until they are switched
on by a multistep activation reaction that occurs largely on the plasma
membrane surface. Often, this activation begins with a cytoplasmic
Ca2+ signal that triggers C2 domain targeting to the plasma
membrane where it binds phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Subsequently, the appearance of
the signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) activates the membrane-bound
enzyme by recruiting the inhibitory pseudosubstrate and one or both
C1 domains away from the kinase domain. To further investigate this
mechanism, this study has utilized single-molecule total internal
reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) to quantitate the binding
and lateral diffusion of full-length PKCα and fragments missing
specific domain(s) on supported lipid bilayers. Lipid binding events,
and events during which additional protein is inserted into the bilayer,
were detected by their effects on the equilibrium bound particle density
and the two-dimensional diffusion rate. In addition to the previously
proposed activation steps, the findings reveal a major, undescribed,
kinase-inactive intermediate. On bilayers containing PS or PS and
PIP2, full-length PKCα first docks to the membrane
via its C2 domain, and then its C1A domain embeds itself in the bilayer
even before DAG appears. The resulting pre-DAG intermediate with membrane-bound
C1A and C2 domains is the predominant state of PKCα while it
awaits the DAG signal. The newly detected, membrane-embedded C1A domain
of this pre-DAG intermediate confers multiple useful features, including
enhanced membrane affinity and longer bound state lifetime. The findings
also identify the key molecular step in kinase activation: because
C1A is already membrane-embedded in the kinase off state, recruitment
of C1B to the bilayer by DAG or phorbol ester is the key regulatory
event that stabilizes the kinase on state. More broadly, this study
illustrates the power of single-molecule methods in elucidating the
activation mechanisms and hidden regulatory states of membrane-bound
signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Ziemba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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15
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Wakao K, Watanabe T, Takadama T, Ui S, Shigemi Z, Kagawa H, Higashi C, Ohga R, Taira T, Fujimuro M. Sangivamycin induces apoptosis by suppressing Erk signaling in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:135-40. [PMID: 24434142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sangivamycin, a structural analog of adenosine and antibiotic exhibiting antitumor and antivirus activities, inhibits protein kinase C and the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive neoplasm caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in immunosuppressed patients and HIV-infected homosexual males. PEL cells are derived from post-germinal center B cells, and are infected with KSHV. Herein, we asked if sangivamycin might be useful to treat PEL. We found that sangivamycin killed PEL cells, and we explored the underlying mechanism. Sangivamycin treatment drastically decreased the viability of PEL cell lines compared to KSHV-uninfected B lymphoma cell lines. Sangivamycin induced the apoptosis of PEL cells by activating caspase-7 and -9. Further, sangivamycin suppressed the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, thus inhibiting activation of the proteins. Inhibitors of Akt and MEK suppressed the proliferation of PEL cells compared to KSHV-uninfected cells. It is known that activation of Erk and Akt signaling inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation in PEL cells. Our data therefore suggest that sangivamycin induces apoptosis by inhibiting Erk and Akt signaling in such cells. We next investigated whether sangivamycin, in combination with an HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) or valproate (valproic acid), potentiated the cytotoxic effects of the latter drugs on PEL cells. Compared to treatment with GA or valproate alone, the addition of sangivamycin enhanced cytotoxic activity. Our data thus indicate that sangivamycin may find clinical utility as a novel anti-cancer agent targeting PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Wakao
- Department of Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Takadama
- Department of Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Ui
- Department of Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu-shi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Zenpei Shigemi
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kagawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Chizuka Higashi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuoh-shi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Rie Ohga
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuoh-shi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takahiro Taira
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuoh-shi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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16
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Thorne AM, Jackson TA, Willis VC, Bradford AP. Protein Kinase C α Modulates Estrogen-Receptor-Dependent Transcription and Proliferation in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:537479. [PMID: 23843797 PMCID: PMC3703424 DOI: 10.1155/2013/537479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. The most prevalent endometrioid tumors are linked to excessive estrogen exposure and hyperplasia. However, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying their etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. We have shown that protein kinase C α (PKC α ) is aberrantly expressed in endometrioid tumors and is an important mediator of endometrial cancer cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of active, myristoylated PKC α conferred ligand-independent activation of estrogen-receptor- (ER-) dependent promoters and enhanced responses to estrogen. Conversely, knockdown of PKC α reduced ER-dependent gene expression and inhibited estrogen-induced proliferation of endometrial cancer cells. The ability of PKC α to potentiate estrogen activation of ER-dependent transcription was attenuated by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt. Evidence suggests that PKC α and estrogen signal transduction pathways functionally interact, to modulate ER-dependent growth and transcription. Thus, PKC α signaling, via PI3K/Akt, may be a critical element of the hyperestrogenic environment and activation of ER that is thought to underlie the development of estrogen-dependent endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. PKC α -dependent pathways may provide much needed prognostic markers of aggressive disease and novel therapeutic targets in ER positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Thorne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Twila A. Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Van C. Willis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Poli A, Faenza I, Chiarini F, Matteucci A, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. K562 cell proliferation is modulated by PLCβ1 through a PKCα-mediated pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1713-21. [PMID: 23656785 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C β1 (PLCβ1) is known to play an important role in cell proliferation. Previous studies reported an involvement of PLCβ1 in G 0-G 1/S transition and G 2/M progression in Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (FELC). However, little has been found about its role in human models. Here, we used K562 cell line as human homologous of FELC in order to investigate the possible key regulatory role of PLCβ1 during cell proliferation of this human cell line. Our studies on the effects of the overexpression of both these isoforms showed a specific and positive connection between cyclin D3 and PLCβ1 in K562 cells, which led to a prolonged S phase of the cell cycle and a delay in cell proliferation. In order to shed light on this mechanism, we decided to study the possible involvement of protein kinases C (PKC), known to be direct targets of PLC signaling and important regulators of cell proliferation. Our data showed a peculiar decrease of PKCα levels in cells overexpressing PLCβ1. Moreover, when we silenced PKCα, by RNAi technique, in order to mimic the effects of PLCβ1, we caused the same upregulation of cyclin D3 levels and the same decrease of cell proliferation found in PLCβ1-overexpressing cells. The key features emerging from our studies in K562 cells is that PLCβ1 targets cyclin D3, likely through a PKCα-mediated-pathway, and that, as a downstream effect of its activity, K562 cells undergo an accumulation in the S phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Identification of common molecular mechanisms is needed to facilitate the development of new treatment options for patients with ileal carcinoids. PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent profiling studies on ileal carcinoids were examined to obtain a comprehensive view of risk factors, genetic aberrations, and transcriptional alterations. Special attention was paid to mechanisms that could provide novel targets for therapy. RESULTS Genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at IL12A and DAD1 are associated with an increased risk of ileal carcinoids. Genomic profiling revealed distinct patterns of copy-number alterations in ileal carcinoids. Two groups of carcinoids could be identified by hierarchical clustering. A major group of tumors was characterized by loss on chromosome 18 followed by additional losses on chromosomes 3p, 11q, and 13. Three minimal common regions of deletions were identified at 18q21.1-q21.31, 18q22.1-q22.2, and 18q22.3-q23. A minor group of tumors was characterized by clustered gains on chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 14, and 20. Expression profiling identified three groups of ileal carcinoids by principal component analysis. Tumor progression was associated with changes in gene expression including downregulation of MIR133A. Candidate genes for targeted therapy included ERBB2/HER2, DAD1, PRKCA, RYBP, CASP1, CASP4, CASP5, VMAT1, RET, APLP1, OR51E1, GPR112, SPOCK1, RUNX1, and MIR133A. CONCLUSION Profiling of ileal carcinoids has revealed recurrent genetic alterations and distinct patterns of gene expression. Frequent alterations in cellular pathways and genes were identified, suggesting novel targets for therapy. Translational studies are needed to validate suggested molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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19
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Seng HL, Tiekink ERT. Anti-cancer potential of selenium- and tellurium-containing species: opportunities abound! Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ling Seng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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20
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Zhan Y, Gong K, Chen C, Wang H, Li W. P38 MAP kinase functions as a switch in MS-275-induced reactive oxygen species-dependent autophagy and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:532-43. [PMID: 22634147 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MS-275 is a synthetic benzamide derivative of the histone deacetylase inhibitor and is currently in phase I/II clinical trials. Many reports have shown that the anti-tumor activity of MS-275 in several types of cancer is mainly attributable to its capacity to induce the apoptotic death of tumor cells. It remains unclear if autophagy is involved in MS-275 treatment of cancer cells. Here, we first show that MS-275 induces human colon cancer cell HCT116 autophagy as well as apoptosis. Short-term treatment (24h) induced HCT116 cells to undergo autophagy with dependence on intracellular reactive oxygen species production and ERK activation. The activated reactive oxygen species/ERK signal promoted Atg7 protein expression, which triggered MS-275-induced cancer cell autophagy. However, after prolonged treatment with MS-275 (over 48h), autophagic cells turned apoptotic, which was also dependent on reactive oxygen species generation. Interestingly, we found that p38 MAP kinase played a vital role in the switch from autophagy to apoptosis in MS-275-induced human colon cancer cells. High expression of p38 induced cell autophagy, but low expression resulted in apoptosis. In addition, observations in vivo are strongly consistent with the in vitro results. Therefore, these findings extend our understanding of the action of MS-275 in inducing cancer cell death and suggest that it may be a promising clinical chemotherapeutic agent with multiple effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Kikumori M, Yanagita RC, Tokuda H, Suzuki N, Nagai H, Suenaga K, Irie K. Structure–Activity Studies on the Spiroketal Moiety of a Simplified Analogue of Debromoaplysiatoxin with Antiproliferative Activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5614-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300566h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kikumori
- Division of
Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Division of
Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological
Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Harukuni Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Suzuki
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Department
of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology,
Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of
Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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De Vita F, Riccardi M, Malanga D, Scrima M, De Marco C, Viglietto G. PKC-dependent phosphorylation of p27 at T198 contributes to p27 stabilization and cell cycle arrest. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1583-92. [PMID: 22441823 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we present experimental evidence that PKCs phosphorylate p27 at T198 in vitro and in vivo, resulting in p27 stabilization and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Our findings indicate that (1) recombinant PKCα, βII, δ, η and θ isoforms phosphorylate, in in vitro kinase assays, wild-type recombinant p27 protein expressed in E. coli and wild-type p27 protein immunoprecpitated from transfected HEK-293 cells but not the T198A mutant, (2) adoptive expressed PKCα and δ phosphorylate both transfected and endogenous p27 at T198 in HEK-293 cells, (3) T198 phosphorylation of transfected and endogenous p27 is increased by PKC activators [Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)] and suppressed by PKC inhibitors (Rottlerin A, G06976, Calphostin C), (4) in parallel with increased T198 phosphorylation, PMA induces stabilization of p27 protein in HeLa cells, whereas PKC inhibitors induce a decrease in p27 stability and, finally, (5) PMA-induced p27 upregulation is necessary for growth arrest of HeLa and MCF-7 cells induced by PKC activation by PMA. Overall, these results suggest that PKC-dependent upregulation of p27 induced by its phosphorylation at T198 represents a mechanism that mediates growth arrest promoted by PMA and provide novel insights on the ability of different PKC isoforms to play a role in controlling cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda De Vita
- Biogem S.C.A.R.L., Institute for Genetic Research, Avellino, Italy
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23
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CCL3 induced migration occurs independently of intracellular calcium release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Bijian K, Zhang Z, Xu B, Jie S, Chen B, Wan S, Wu J, Jiang T, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Synthesis and biological activity of novel organoselenium derivatives targeting multiple kinases and capable of inhibiting cancer progression to metastases. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 48:143-52. [PMID: 22204902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports synthesis and biological activity of novel benzoisoselenazolone compounds derived from ebselen and conjugated to a sugar molecule. Cell proliferation assay using cancer cells combined with in vitro biochemical assays revealed that benzoisoselenazolone 2d, 5a, and 6a exerted anti-proliferative activity, which correlated with selective in vitro inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, AKT-1, and protein kinase C-α. Active molecules were able to significantly inhibit cell migration and invasion in vitro compared to cells treated with the vehicle alone or ebselen. Moreover, in vivo anticancer activity focusing on lead compound 2d and using an invasive human breast cancer orthotopic mouse model revealed a potent anti-metastatic activity at well-tolerated doses. In summary, these novel benzoisoselenazolones we report herein target multiple kinases with established roles in cancer progression and possess anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity in preclinical models supporting a potential for therapeutic application for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krikor Bijian
- The Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute of the Sir Mortimer Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Rouette A, Parent S, Girouard J, Leblanc V, Asselin E. Cisplatin increases B-cell-lymphoma-2 expression via activation of protein kinase C and Akt2 in endometrial cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1755-67. [PMID: 21618512 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human carcinomas often show resistance to cisplatin and Bcl-2 is associated with resistance to cisplatin. However, Bcl-2 regulation on cisplatin treatment in human cancers is unknown. Here, we show a novel mechanism by which cisplatin treatment promotes resistance by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA. Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in cisplatin-resistant endometrial cancer cell lines (KLE and HEC-1-A), but not in cisplatin-sensitive cell line (Ishikawa). Cisplatin-mediated increase in Bcl-2 expression was blocked by combination with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide. In addition, Bcl-2 inhibition by HA14-1 led to increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis in KLE and HEC-1-A, whereas Bcl-2 overexpression in Ishikawa led to decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity prevented cisplatin-dependant increase in Bcl-2 mRNA, and induced apoptosis in KLE cells. Furthermore, PKC inhibition was associated with decreased Akt and NF-κB activity. Cells stably expressing shRNA for Akt isoforms revealed that Akt2 was involved in cisplatin-dependant increase in Bcl-2 and apoptosis. Overexpression of Akt2 in Akt2-deficient cells led to increased Bcl-2 expression on cisplatin treatment. Our data suggest a novel regulation pathway of Bcl-2 by cisplatin, via the activation of PKC and Akt2, which has a profound impact on resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Rouette
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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26
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Eichhoff OM, Weeraratna A, Zipser MC, Denat L, Widmer DS, Xu M, Kriegl L, Kirchner T, Larue L, Dummer R, Hoek KS. Differential LEF1 and TCF4 expression is involved in melanoma cell phenotype switching. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:631-42. [PMID: 21599871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest that melanoma cells drive disease progression by switching back and forth between phenotypic states of proliferation and invasion. Phenotype switching has been linked to changes in Wnt signalling, and we therefore looked for cell phenotype-specific differences in the levels and activity of β-catenin and its LEF/TCF co-factors. We found that while cytosolic β-catenin distribution is phenotype-specific (membrane-associated in proliferative cells and cytosolic in invasive cells), its nuclear distribution and activity is not. Instead, the expression patterns of two β-catenin co-factors, LEF1 and TCF4, are both phenotype-specific and inversely correlated. LEF1 is preferentially expressed by differentiated/proliferative phenotype cells and TCF4 by dedifferentiated/invasive phenotype cells. Knock-down experiments confirmed that these co-factors are important for the phenotype-specific expression of M-MITF, WNT5A and other genes and that LEF1 suppresses TCF4 expression independently of β-catenin. Our data show that melanoma cell phenotype switching behaviour is regulated by differential LEF1/TCF4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Protein kinase C: an attractive target for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:531-67. [PMID: 24212628 PMCID: PMC3756376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role during all stages of carcinogenesis and the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells may be due to their selective defects in the intracellular signaling proteins, central to apoptotic pathways. Consequently, many studies have focused on rendering the chemotherapy more effective in order to prevent chemoresistance and pre-clinical and clinical data has suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) may represent an attractive target for cancer therapy. Therefore, a complete understanding of how PKC regulates apoptosis and chemoresistance may lead to obtaining a PKC-based therapy that is able to reduce drug dosages and to prevent the development of chemoresistance.
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Nazarewicz RR, Salazar G, Patrushev N, San Martin A, Hilenski L, Xiong S, Alexander RW. Early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) is an obligate scaffold for angiotensin II-induced, PKC-alpha-dependent Akt activation in endosomes. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2886-95. [PMID: 21097843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) activation/phosphorylation by angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical signaling event in hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Conventional wisdom asserts that Akt activation occurs mainly in plasma membrane domains. Recent evidence that Akt activation may take place within intracellular compartments challenges this dogma. The spatial identity and mechanistic features of these putative signaling domains have not been defined. Using cell fractionation and fluorescence methods, we demonstrate that the early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1)-positive endosomes are a major site of Ang II-induced Akt activation. Akt moves to and is activated in EEA1 endosomes. The expression of EEA1 is required for phosphorylation of Akt at both Thr-308 and Ser-473 as well as for phosphorylation of its downstream targets mTOR and S6 kinase, but not for Erk1/2 activation. Both Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) interact with EEA1. We also found that PKC-α is required for organizing Ang II-induced, EEA1-dependent Akt phosphorylation in VSMC early endosomes. EEA1 expression enables PKC-α phosphorylation, which in turn regulates Akt upstream signaling kinases, PDK1 and p38 MAPK. Our results indicate that PKC-α is a necessary regulator of EEA1-dependent Akt signaling in early endosomes. Finally, EEA1 down-regulation or expression of a dominant negative mutant of PKC-α blunts Ang II-induced leucine incorporation in VSMCs. Thus, EEA1 serves a novel function as an obligate scaffold for Ang II-induced Akt activation in early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Robert Nazarewicz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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