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Mangiaterra T, Alonso-Alonso R, Rabinovich A, De Dios Soler M, Galluzzo L, Soria M, Colli S, De Matteo E, Rodriguez Pinilla SM, Chabay P. Presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens detected by sensitive methods has no influence on local immune environment in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:29. [PMID: 38280007 PMCID: PMC10821829 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
EBV+ diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified (NOS) is a new entity confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. In this new entity, the virus may contribute to a tolerogenic microenvironment. Traces of the virus have been described in DLBCL with more sensitive methods, in cases that were originally diagnosed as negative. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of immune response genes in the tumor microenvironment to disclose the role of the virus and its traces in DLBCL. In 48 DLBCL cases, the expression of immune response genes and the presence of molecules that induce tolerance, such as TIM3, LAG3 and PDL1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), were studied. To broaden the study of the microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TMAs) were also explored. No significant differences were observed in the expression of immune response genes in the EBV+ DLBCL and those cases that were EBV- DLBCL but that exhibited viral traces, assessed by ViewRNA assay. Only the EBV+ DLBCL cases displayed a significantly higher increase in the expression of CD8 and cytotoxic T cells detected by gene expression analysis, and of PDL1 in tumor cells and in the expression of CD68 in the tumor microenvironment detected by IHC, not observed in those cases with viral traces. The increase in CD8 and cytotoxic T cells, PDL1 and CD68 markers only in EBV+ DLBCL may indicate that traces of viral infection might not have influence in immune response markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mangiaterra
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Alonso-Alonso
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rabinovich
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M De Dios Soler
- Pathology Division, Marie Curie Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Galluzzo
- Pathology Division, Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Soria
- Hematology Division, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Colli
- Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E De Matteo
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - P Chabay
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Epstein-Barr Virus and the Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020521. [PMID: 36836878 PMCID: PMC9967091 DOI: 10.3390/life13020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), defined as a group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO), is present in the tumour cells of patients with different forms of B-cell lymphoma, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and, most recently, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Understanding how EBV contributes to the development of these different types of B-cell lymphoma has not only provided fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms of viral oncogenesis, but has also highlighted potential new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we describe the effects of EBV infection in normal B-cells and we address the germinal centre model of infection and how this can lead to lymphoma in some instances. We then explore the recent reclassification of EBV+ DLBCL as an established entity in the WHO fifth edition and ICC 2022 classifications, emphasising the unique nature of this entity. To that end, we also explore the unique genetic background of this entity and briefly discuss the potential role of the tumour microenvironment in lymphomagenesis and disease progression. Despite the recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms of this malignancy, much work remains to be done to improve patient stratification, treatment strategies, and outcomes.
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3
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Lv K, Yin T, Yu M, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Li F. Treatment Advances in EBV Related Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:838817. [PMID: 35515118 PMCID: PMC9063483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.838817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can affect 90% of the human population. It can invade B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells of the host and remain in the host for life. The long latency and reactivation of EBV can cause malignant transformation, leading to various lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs), including EBV-related B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-B-LPDs) (for example, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), and posttransplantation and HIV-related lymphoproliferative diseases) and EBV-related T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-T/NK-LPDs) (for example, extranodal nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), aggressive NK cell leukaemia (ANKL), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). EBV-LPDs are heterogeneous with different clinical features and prognoses. The treatment of EBV-LPDs is usually similar to that of EBV-negative lymphoma with the same histology and can include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, problems such as serious toxicity and drug resistance worsen the survival prognosis of patients. EBV expresses a variety of viral and lytic proteins that regulate cell cycle and death processes and promote the survival of tumour cells. Based on these characteristics, a series of treatment strategies for EBV in related malignant tumours have been developed, such as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and epigenetic therapy. These new individualized therapies can produce highly specific killing effects on tumour cells, and nontumour cells can be protected from toxicity. This paper will focus on the latest progress in the treatment of EBV-LPDs based on pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Lv
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Yin
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Yu
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Mande R, Roy Moulik N, Shet T, Narula G, Prasad M, Dhamne C, Bhat V, Cheriyalinkal Parambil B, Shah S, Shridhar E, Gujral S, Banavali S. Clinicopathologic Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Children With Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas: Experience From a Tertiary Cancer Center in India. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e760-e764. [PMID: 35129150 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathologic profile and outcome of 15 children (15 years or above) with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with MCP-842 protocol are reported. Eleven of 15 presented with advanced (stage-III/IV) disease. Post-2 cycles of chemotherapy, complete metabolic and morphologic response was documented in 10 (66%) and rest 5 (33%) with partial response achieved complete metabolic remission by end of treatment. At a median follow-up of 44 months (range: 16 to 79 mo), the 3-year event-free survival and overall-survival were 77.1%±11.7% and 85.7%±9.4%, respectively. Though majority of our patients had advanced disease, outcome on MCP-842 protocol was satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sneha Shah
- Nuclear Medicine, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
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5
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Bosch-Schips J, Granai M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. The Grey Zones of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030742. [PMID: 35159009 PMCID: PMC8833496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm with a minority of characteristic neoplastic cells of B cell origin, namely Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells immersed in a rich reactive inflammatory infiltrate in the background. Although CHL has always been set apart from non-Hodgkin lymphomas, cases with morphological and phenotypic features intermediate between CHL and other lymphomas have been described. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent morphological mimics, others exhibit mutational and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating that these cases, frequently termed grey zone lymphomas, reside on the biological boundary between CHL and large B-cell lymphomas. In the present review, we aim to describe the current knowledge of these rare lymphomas, address diagnostic issues and summarize today’s concepts on the classification of grey zone lymphomas and related tumors. Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined neoplasm characterized by the presence of a minority of pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in a reactive inflammatory background. Although genotypically of B cell origin, HRS cells exhibit a downregulated B cell program and therefore are set apart from other B cell lymphomas in the current WHO classification. However, cases with morphological and phenotypic features overlapping with CHL have been recognized, and the category of B cell lymphoma—unclassifiable—with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and CHL, also termed grey zone lymphoma, was first introduced into the WHO classification in 2008 as provisional entity. These cases, as well as others raising a differential diagnosis of CHL can present diagnostic problems, as well as therapeutic challenges. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent biologically unrelated morphological mimics, others, especially mediastinal grey zone lymphoma, exhibit genetic and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating a true biological relationship. In this review, we address areas of diagnostic difficulties between CHL and other lymphoma subtypes, discuss the biological basis of true grey zone lymphoma based on recent molecular studies and delineate current concepts for the classification of these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bosch-Schips
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Granai
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-2982266
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6
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Mason EF, Kovach AE. Update on Pediatric and Young Adult Mature Lymphomas. Clin Lab Med 2021; 41:359-387. [PMID: 34304770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
After acute leukemia and brain and central nervous system tumors, mature lymphomas represent the third most common cancer in pediatric patients. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for approximately 60% of lymphoma diagnoses in children, with the remainder representing Hodgkin lymphoma. Among non-Hodgkin lymphomas in pediatric patients, aggressive lymphomas, such as Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, predominate. This article summarizes the epidemiologic, histopathologic, and molecular features of selected mature systemic B-cell and T-cell lymphomas encountered in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mason
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4603A TVC, Nashville, TN 37232-5310, USA.
| | - Alexandra E Kovach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #32, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Advances in the Pathogenesis of EBV-Associated Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112717. [PMID: 34072731 PMCID: PMC8199155 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in adults. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive DLBCL of the elderly was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008, it was restricted only to patients older than 50 years old, and it was attributed to immunesenescence associated with physiological aging. After the description of EBV-associated DLBCL in children and young adults, the WHO redefined the definition, leading to the substitution of the modifier "elderly" with "not otherwise specified" (EBV + DLBCL, NOS) in the updated classification, and it is no more considered provisional. The incidence of EBV + DLBCL, NOS varies around the world, in particular influenced by the percentage of EBV+ cells used as cut-off to define a case as EBV-associated. EBV has effect on the genetic composition of tumor cells, on survival, and at the recruitment of immune cells at the microenvironment. In this review, the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of DLBCL is discussed.
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Chabay P, Lens D, Hassan R, Rodríguez Pinilla SM, Valvert Gamboa F, Rivera I, Huamán Garaicoa F, Ranuncolo SM, Barrionuevo C, Morales Sánchez A, Scholl V, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2166. [PMID: 32759793 PMCID: PMC7464376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Lens
- Flow Cytometry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Cancer Institute “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), Ministry of Health, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and National League against Cancer, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala;
| | - Iris Rivera
- Department of Hematology, Salvadoran Institute of Social Security, Medical Surgical and Oncological Hospital (ISSS), 1101 San Salvador, El Salvador;
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute—Society to Fight Cancer (ION-SOLCA), Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador;
| | - Stella Maris Ranuncolo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo” School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1417DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, National University of San Marcos, 15038 Lima, Peru;
| | - Abigail Morales Sánchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Vanesa Scholl
- Department of Integrated Genomic Medicine, Conciencia-Oncohematologic Institute of Patagonia, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina;
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ma. Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
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Distinctive EBV infection characteristics in children from a developing country. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 93:139-145. [PMID: 32004689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is mostly asymptomatic in early childhood. EBV persistence may lead to different malignancies, such as B cell derived lymphomas. In Argentina, most children are seropositive at three years and an increased association between EBV and lymphoma was proved in children under 10 years old by our group. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to characterize EBV infection at the site of entry and reactivation of viral infection -the tonsils- in order to better understand the mechanism of viral persistence in pediatric patients. METHODS A cohort of 54 patients was described. We assessed specific antibodies profiles in sera; viral proteins presence by IHC on FFPE samples and EBV type from fresh tissue. RESULTS EBV type 1 was prevalent, mostly in the youngest patients. Asymptomatic primary infected patients presented higher viral loads and Latency 0/I or II patterns, whereas the Latency III pattern was observed mostly in healthy carriers. There were no differences between groups in the expression of viral lytic antigens. This study discloses new features in patients undergoing primary infection from a developing population. Low viral inoculum and restricted viral antigen expression may be responsible for the lack of symptoms in children from our country.
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Vistarop A, Jimenez O, Cohen M, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Chabay P. Differences in Epstein-Barr Virus Characteristics and Viral-Related Microenvironment Could Be Responsible for Lymphomagenesis in Children. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010068. [PMID: 31963774 PMCID: PMC7169465 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) presence is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in patients younger than 10 years, suggesting a relationship between low age of EBV infection and HL. Given that HL is derived from germinal centers (GC), our aim was to compare EBV protein expression and microenvironment markers between pediatric HL patients and EBV+GC in children. Methods: EBV presence and immune cell markers were assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Viral latency II pattern was proved in all HL patients and in 81.8% of EBV+ tonsillar GCs. LMP1 and LMP2 co-expression were proved in 45.7% HL cases, but only in 7.7% EBV+ GC in pediatric tonsils. An increase in CD4+, IL10, and CD68+ cells was observed in EBV+ GC. In pediatric HL patients, only the mean of IL10+ cells was statistically higher in EBV+ HL. Conclusions: Our findings point us out to suggest that LMP1 expression may be sufficient to drive neoplastic transformation, that an immune regulatory milieu counteracts cytotoxic environment in EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma, and that CD4+ and CD68+ cells may be recruited to act in a local collaborative way to restrict, at least in part, viral-mediated lymphomagenesis in tonsillar GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana Vistarop
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; (A.V.); (O.J.); (M.C.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Oscar Jimenez
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; (A.V.); (O.J.); (M.C.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Melina Cohen
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; (A.V.); (O.J.); (M.C.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina;
| | - Maria Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; (A.V.); (O.J.); (M.C.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; (A.V.); (O.J.); (M.C.); (M.V.P.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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De Matteo E, García Lombardi M, Preciado MV, Chabay P. Changes in EBV Association Pattern in Pediatric Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma From a Single Institution in Argentina. Front Oncol 2019; 9:881. [PMID: 31620358 PMCID: PMC6759519 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) association varies worldwide. Aims: Our aim was to analyze EBV association with pediatric cHL for the last 28 years. Methods: EBV presence was evaluated by EBERs in situ hybridization and LMP1 immunohistochemistry. Results: Until 2008, we found in pediatric cHL a similar percentage of EBV presence to those observed in adult cHL from developed populations. Nevertheless, in the last 8 years, an unexpected difference in cHL EBV association was proven, along with a slight bias of EBV association with the nodular sclerosis (NS) subtype. Concerning histological subtype distribution, even though MC still prevailed in the whole series, those cases diagnosed as NS showed a sustained rise from 1989 until today. Conclusion: Variations of EBV association of cHL related to geography, age, ethnicity, and histological type have been largely described when compared with different world regions, but interestingly, this single-center revised series brought to light the dynamic process behind the evolution of this relationship over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria V Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jimenez O, Barros MH, De Matteo E, Garcia Lombardi M, Preciado MV, Niedobitek G, Chabay P. M1-like macrophage polarization prevails in young children with classic Hodgkin Lymphoma from Argentina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12687. [PMID: 31481738 PMCID: PMC6722052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) comprises a mixture of different types of cells, which are responsible for lymphoma pathogenesis and progression. Even though microenvironment composition in adult cHL has been largely studied, only few groups studied pediatric cHL, in which both Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection and age may display a role in their pathogenesis. Furthermore, our group described that EBV is significantly associated with cHL in Argentina in patients under the age of 10 years old. For that reason, our aim was to describe the microenvironment composition in 46 pediatric cHL patients. M1-like polarization status prevailed in the whole series independently of EBV association. On the other hand, in children older than 10 years, a tolerogenic environment illustrated by higher FOXP3 expression was proved, accompanied by a macrophage polarization status towards M2. In contrast, in children younger than 10 years, M1-like was prevalent, along with an increase in cytotoxic GrB+ cells. This study supports the notion that pediatric cHL exhibits a particular tumor microenvironment composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jimenez
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M H Barros
- Institute for Pathology, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - E De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Garcia Lombardi
- Oncology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Niedobitek
- Institute for Pathology, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Tumor Microenvironment and Cell Fusion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5013592. [PMID: 31380426 PMCID: PMC6657644 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5013592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is a highly regulated biological process that occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. The cellular and extracellular environment is critical for the induction of the cell-cell fusion. Aberrant cell fusion is initiated during tumor progression. Tumor microenvironment is a complex dynamic system formed by the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding cells. Cell-cell fusion mediates direct interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding cells and is associated with tumor initiation and progression. Various microenvironmental factors affect cell fusion in tumor microenvironment and generate hybrids that acquire genomes of both parental cells and exhibit novel characteristics, such as tumor stem cell-like properties, radioresistance, drug resistance, immune evasion, and enhanced migration and invasion abilities, which are closely related to the initiation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor. The phenotypic characteristics of hybrids are based on the phenotypes of parental cells, and the fusion of tumor cells with diverse types of microenvironmental fusogenic cells is concomitant with phenotypic heterogeneity. This review highlights the types of fusogenic cells in tumor microenvironment that can fuse with tumor cells and their specific significance and summarizes the various microenvironmental factors affecting tumor cell fusion. This review may be used as a reference to develop strategies for future research on tumor cell fusion and the exploration of cell fusion-based antitumor therapies.
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14
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Vockerodt M, Vrzalikova K, Ibrahim M, Nagy E, Margielewska S, Hollows R, Lupino L, Tooze R, Care M, Simmons W, Schrader A, Perry T, Abdullah M, Foster S, Reynolds G, Dowell A, Rudzki Z, Krappmann D, Kube D, Woodman C, Wei W, Taylor G, Murray PG. Regulation of S1PR2 by the EBV oncogene LMP1 in aggressive ABC-subtype diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Pathol 2019; 248:142-154. [PMID: 30666658 DOI: 10.1002/path.5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found almost exclusively in the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), yet its contribution to this tumour remains poorly understood. We have focused on the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), a constitutively activated CD40 homologue expressed in almost all EBV-positive DLBCLs and which can disrupt germinal centre (GC) formation and drive lymphomagenesis in mice. Comparison of the transcriptional changes that follow LMP1 expression with those that follow transient CD40 signalling in human GC B cells enabled us to define pathogenic targets of LMP1 aberrantly expressed in ABC-DLBCL. These included the down-regulation of S1PR2, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor that is transcriptionally down-regulated in ABC-DLBCL, and when genetically ablated leads to DLBCL in mice. Consistent with this, we found that LMP1-expressing primary ABC-DLBCLs were significantly more likely to lack S1PR2 expression than were LMP1-negative tumours. Furthermore, we showed that the down-regulation of S1PR2 by LMP1 drives a signalling loop leading to constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway. Finally, core LMP1-PI3-K targets were enriched for lymphoma-related transcription factors and genes associated with shorter overall survival in patients with ABC-DLBCL. Our data identify a novel function for LMP1 in aggressive DLBCL. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Databases, Genetic
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/mortality
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/genetics
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vockerodt
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Vrzalikova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maha Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandra Margielewska
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert Hollows
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lauren Lupino
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Care
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William Simmons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandra Schrader
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology & Oncology and GRK 1034 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tracey Perry
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maizaton Abdullah
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Stephen Foster
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander Dowell
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zbigniew Rudzki
- Department of Histopathology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Kube
- Department of Hematology & Oncology and GRK 1034 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ciaran Woodman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graham Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Mui UN, Haley CT, Vangipuram R, Tyring SK. Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention: Hepatitis viruses, human T-cell leukemia viruses, herpesviruses, and Epstein-Barr virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:23-41. [PMID: 30502415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1964, the first human oncovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, was identified in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since then, 6 other human oncoviruses have been identified: human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, and human herpesvirus-8. These viruses are causally linked to 12% of all cancers, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. In addition, oncoviruses are associated with multiple benign mucocutaneous diseases. Research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of oncoviruses and virus-specific treatment and prevention is rapidly evolving. Preventative vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus are already available. This review discusses the mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oncovirus-related diseases. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on diseases associated with human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, while the second article in the series focuses on diseases associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human herpesvirus-8, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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16
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Abstract
The contribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the development of specific types of benign lymphoproliferations and malignant lymphomas has been extensively studied since the discovery of the virus over the last 50 years. The importance and better understanding of the EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) of B, T or natural killer (NK) cell type has resulted in the recognition of new entities like EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer or the addition of chronic active EBV (CAEBV) infection in the revised 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) lymphoma classification. In this article, we review the definitions, morphology, pathogenesis, and evolving concepts of the various EBV-associated disorders including EBV+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS), EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer, DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, fibrin-associated DLBCL, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, the EBV+ T and NK-cell LPD of childhood, aggressive NK leukaemia, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and the new provisional entity of primary EBV+ nodal T- or NK-cell lymphoma. The current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas that can be EBV-associated including Burkitt lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma will be also explored.
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17
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Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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18
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Pediatric Pulmonary Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Pathol 2017; 2017:8946807. [PMID: 29119031 PMCID: PMC5651110 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8946807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a common malignancy of childhood; however, a lung primary presentation is an uncommon finding, as is finding an association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We report the case of a 23-month-old female who developed EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that was initially thought to be pneumonia. Extensive tissue necrosis, focal angioinvasion, and angiodestruction were observed. She was refractory to various therapy regimens, subsequently developed DLBCL in the central nervous system, and eventually expired. Although EBV+ DLBCL was initially considered to occur predominantly in elderly patients over 50 years of age, it is now increasingly recognized to occur in younger patients with primarily nodal involvement who have overall better prognoses. To our knowledge, this case is the first reported EBV+ DLBCL occurring in a patient below two years of age with lung involvement as the initial clinical presentation.
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19
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Shannon-Lowe C, Rickinson AB, Bell AI. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160271. [PMID: 28893938 PMCID: PMC5597738 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), originally discovered through its association with Burkitt lymphoma, is now aetiologically linked to a remarkably wide range of lymphoproliferative lesions and malignant lymphomas of B-, T- and NK-cell origin. Some occur as rare accidents of virus persistence in the B lymphoid system, while others arise as a result of viral entry into unnatural target cells. The early finding that EBV is a potent B-cell growth transforming agent hinted at a simple oncogenic mechanism by which this virus could promote lymphomagenesis. In reality, the pathogenesis of EBV-associated lymphomas involves a complex interplay between different patterns of viral gene expression and cellular genetic changes. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of EBV-associated lymphomagenesis in both the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew I Bell
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Cohen M, Vistarop AG, Huaman F, Narbaitz M, Metrebian F, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Chabay PA. Cytotoxic response against Epstein Barr virus coexists with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tolerogenic microenvironment: clinical features and survival impact. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10813. [PMID: 28883511 PMCID: PMC5589929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is present in neoplastic cells of 15% of Asian and Latin-American diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Even though a tolerogenic microenvironment was recently described in DLBCL, little is known concerning immunomodulatory features induced by EBV. As suggested in Hodgkin lymphoma, EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cells are increased but showing immune exhaustion features. Hence, host immunity suppression may play a critical role in tumor progression. This study aimed to investigate, whether an association between tumor microenvironment features and EBV presence is taking place, and its clinical correlate. The incidence of EBV+DLBCL NOS was 12.6% in this cohort. Cytokine and chemokine transcripts expression and immunophenotype analysis showed that EBV infection was associated with increased gene expression of immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10) together with increased CD8+ T-cells and granzyme B+ cytotoxic effector cells. However, this specific response coexists with a tolerogenic milieu, by PD-1 expression, in EBV+ and EBV-DLBCL cases. High PD-1+ cell counts, EBV presence and low CCL22 expression were associated with worse survival, supporting our hypothesis that EBV-specific response is mounted locally and its inhibition by, for example PD-1+ cells, may negatively affect outcome. The better understanding of the interplay between lymphoma cells and microenvironment in a viral framework could thereby facilitate the discovery of new targets for innovative anti-lymphoma treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Cohen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Aldana G Vistarop
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fuad Huaman
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Narbaitz
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Metrebian
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Preciado
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola A Chabay
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Cohen M, Vistarop AG, Huaman F, Narbaitz M, Metrebian F, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Chabay PA. Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle involvement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2017; 36:98-103. [PMID: 28707331 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated B cell transformation is achieved predominantly through the action of latent proteins, but recent evidence suggests that lytic EBV replication has also a certain pathogenic role in lymphomagenesis, at least in the early phases of cell transformation. Particularly, in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the EBV lytic cycle is by and large unexplored, so to disclose lytic cell contribution to lymphomagenesis, our aim was to evaluate viral early and late lytic gene expression in relation to several immune response markers in a series of EBV+ DLBCL from Argentina. An unexpected number of cells expressed lytic transcripts, being transcribed at the BZLF1, BHRF1, and BLLF1 locus, by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This lytic antigen expression was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for BMRF1 early lytic protein, and a positive correlation between lytic and latent genes was confirmed, revealing a close link between their expressions in EBV+ DLBCL pathogenesis. Remarkably, BZLF1 displayed a negative correlation with CD4 cell counts, and this could be in part justified by the restriction of antigen presentation previously reported. The direct correlation for the late lytic gene BLLF1 and IFNγ in this series could represent a specific response directed towards this antigen. Interleukin 10 transcripts also displayed a positive correlation with lytic expression, indicating that regulatory mechanisms could be also involved on EBV-associated DLBCL pathogenesis in our series. Complete lytic reactivation in EBV-positive tumours could potentially kill EBV-positive malignant cells, providing a tool to promote tumour cell killing mediated by EBV as a complementary treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Cohen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Georgina Vistarop
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fuad Huaman
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Narbaitz
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Metrebian
- Histopathological Laboratory, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Preciado
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Chabay
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Nakamura M, Nishikawa J, Saito M, Sakai K, Sasaki S, Hashimoto S, Okamoto T, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. Decitabine inhibits tumor cell proliferation and up-regulates e-cadherin expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. J Med Virol 2016; 89:508-517. [PMID: 27430892 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a DNA demethylating agent, decitabine, against Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Decitabine inhibited cell growth and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in EBVaGC cell lines. The expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated and cell motility was significantly inhibited in the cells treated with decitabine. The promoter regions of p73 and RUNX3 were demethylated, and their expression was up-regulated by decitabine. They enhanced the transcription of p21, which induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis through down-regulation of c-Myc. Decitabine also induced the expression of BZLF1 in SNU719. Induction of EBV lytic infection was an alternative way to cause apoptosis of the host cells. This study is the first report to reveal the effectiveness of a demethylating agent in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and up-regulation of E-cadherin in EBVaGC. J. Med. Virol. 89:508-517, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Mari Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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23
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The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in T Cell and NK Cell Lymphomas: Time for a Reassessment. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2016; 10:456-67. [PMID: 26449716 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-015-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was initially discovered and characterized as an oncogenic virus in B cell neoplasms, it also plays a complex and multifaceted role in T/NK cell lymphomas. In B cell lymphomas, EBV-encoded proteins have been shown to directly promote immortalization and proliferation through stimulation of the NF-κB pathway and increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes. In the context of mature T/NK lymphomas (MTNKL), with the possible exception on extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL), the virus likely plays a more diverse and nuanced role. EBV has been shown to shape the tumor microenvironment by promoting Th2-skewed T cell responses and by increasing the expression of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1. The type of cell infected, the amount of plasma EBV DNA, and the degree of viral lytic replication have all been proposed to have prognostic value in T/NK cell lymphomas. Latency patterns of EBV infection have been defined using EBV-infected B cell models and have not been definitively established in T/NK cell lymphomas. Identifying the expression profile of EBV lytic proteins could allow for individualized therapy with the use of antiviral medications. More work needs to be done to determine whether EBV-associated MTNKL have distinct biological and clinical features, which can be leveraged for risk stratification, disease monitoring, and therapeutic purposes.
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Long D, Mao J, Liu T, Fu C, Tan L, Ren X, Shi H, Su H, Ren J, Meng X. Highly stable microwave susceptible agents via encapsulation of Ti-mineral superfine powders in urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules for tumor hyperthermia therapy. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11044-51. [PMID: 27174624 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Ti-mineral superfine powders (Ti-MSP) encapsulated in urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules (Ti-MSP@UF-MC) were successfully prepared via a one-step microemulsion method for the first time. Because of the strong confinement effects, the Ti-MSP@UF-MC possessed perfect microwave heating effects. The temperature was 9.3 °C higher than that of the saline solution, superior to UF-MC (no significant microwave heating effect, 0 °C) and Ti-MSP (5.1 °C). The Ti-MSP@UF-MC showed low toxicity and good biocompatibility via a series of studies, including a hemolysis study and the MTT assay in vitro and in vivo. When the concentration was below 1000 μg mL(-1), the hemolysis rate was lower than 5% (hemolysis study). When the concentration was below 400 μg mL(-1), the cell activity was higher than 80% (MTT assay). Moreover, the Ti-MSP@UF-MC exhibited an ideal CT imaging effect in vivo owing to the large molecular weight of Ti-MSP. The Ti-MSP@UF-MC showed a favorable microwave therapy effect in vivo. Using mice bearing H22 tumor cells as an animal model, the tumor suppression rate could reach 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Long
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Center for Micro/nanomaterials and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection models in a series of pediatric carriers from a developing country. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23303. [PMID: 26988293 PMCID: PMC4796914 DOI: 10.1038/srep23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B lymphotropic human herpesvirus. Two models, germinal center (GC) and direct infection, describe how EBV infects B-cells. Since in Argentina primary infection is mostly subclinical at young ages, children represent an interesting population where to analyze EBV infection, especially considering that most studies are usually performed in adults. Tonsil biopsies from pediatric carriers were studied to describe infection characteristics. EBV+ lymphocytes at the interfollicular region were mainly observed. Latency III pattern in subepithelial (SubEp) lymphocytes was observed at young ages, probably indicating a recent infection. In older patients EBV was mostly detected in epithelial cells, suggesting that they could have been infected some time ago. This finding was sustained by tonsillar viral load, which was higher in cases with LMP1+SubEp cells vs. LMP1+nonSubEp cells (p = 0.0237, Mann-Whiney test). Latency III was prevalent and related to the GC, while latency II was associated with non-GC (p = 0.0159, χ2 test). EBERs+/IgD+ cells were statistically prevalent over EBERs+/CD27+ cells (p = 0.0021, χ2 test). These findings indicated that both EBV infection models are not mutually exclusive and provide some basis for further understanding of EBV infection dynamics. Moreover, we provide a more accurate explanation of EBV infection in pediatric asymptomatic carriers from a developing country.
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Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus-associated pediatric lymphomas from Argentina. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:47-54. [PMID: 29421233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of the population is infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which has sophisticatedly evolved to survive silently in B cells for the life of infected individuals. However, if the virus-host balance is disturbed, latent EBV infection could be associated with several lymphomas. The age at primary infection varies substantially worldwide, and exposure to EBV is likely to be due to socioeconomic factors. In Argentina, EBV infection is mostly subclinical and 90% of patients are seropositive by the age of 3 years; therefore, its epidemiological characteristics resemble those of an underdeveloped or developing population. EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in young adults from developed populations has been attributed to delayed primary EBV infection as suggested by the association with recent mononucleosis development. EBV-associated Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma in children from Argentina display frequencies similar to those observed in developed countries, whereas EBV presence in pediatric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is slightly increased compared to those populations. However, EBV presence is statistically associated particularly with patients < 10 years of age in all three entities. Therefore, a relationship between low age of EBV seroconversion and B-cell lymphoma development risk could be suggested in children from Argentina.
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent growth transforming ability of EBV means the virus has the potential to cause malignancies in infected individuals. Indeed, EBV is thought to cause 1% of human malignancies, equating to 200,000 malignancies each year. A clear factor as to why virus-induced disease is relatively infrequent in healthy infected individuals is the presence of a potent immune response to EBV, in particular, that mediated by T cells. Thus, patient groups with immunodeficiencies or whose cellular immune response is suppressed have much higher frequencies of EBV-induced disease and, in at least some cases, these diseases can be controlled by restoration of the T-cell compartment. In this chapter, we will primarily review the role the αβ subset of T cells in the control of EBV in healthy and diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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28
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Stromal immune infiltration in HIV-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with HIV disease history and patient survival. AIDS 2015; 29:1943-51. [PMID: 26355571 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding tumor microenvironment and its impact on prognosis of HIV-related lymphomas may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies. DESIGN We characterized the relationship between infiltrating immune cells with tumor characteristics, HIV disease history and survival in 80 patients with HIV-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) diagnosed in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (1996-2007) at Kaiser Permanente California. Eighty patients with HIV-unrelated DLBCL were included for comparison. METHODS Data on patients' clinical history were obtained from Kaiser Permanente's electronic health records. The density of stromal CD4, CD8 and FOXP3 T cells and CD68 macrophages, as well as tumor molecular characteristics were examined using immunohistochemistry. The associations between stromal immune infiltration and patient's clinical history or tumor characteristics were examined using Kruskal-Wallis tests or Pearson's correlation coefficient. The effect of stromal immune infiltration on 2-year mortality was evaluated in multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Compared with HIV-unrelated DLBCL, patients with HIV-related DLBCL had significantly reduced stromal CD4 and FOXP3 T cells, but increased density of macrophages. Increased density of stromal macrophages was correlated with lower circulating CD4 cell count at DLBCL diagnosis. Tumor molecular characteristics, including BCL6, p53 and cMYC expression, but not Epstein-Barr virus infection status, were significantly correlated with stromal immune infiltration, particularly FOXP3 T cells. A higher density of infiltrating CD8 T cell was significantly associated with reduced mortality in patients with HIV-related DLBCL (odds ratio = 0.30 [0.09-0.97] for ≥25 vs. <10%). CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for the prognostic significance of cytotoxic T cells in determining outcomes of HIV-related lymphoma.
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EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas in young patients: a nodal lymphoma with evidence for a tolerogenic immune environment. Blood 2015; 126:863-72. [PMID: 25999451 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-630632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have reported Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV(+)) large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) in young patients without immunodeficiency. We identified 46 such cases in patients ≤45 years of age and analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics. EBV(+) LBCLs affected predominantly males (male:female = 3.6:1), with a median age of 23 years (range, 4-45 years). All patients presented with lymphadenopathy and 11% also had extranodal disease. Morphologically, 3 patterns were identified: T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma-like (n = 36), gray zone lymphoma (n = 7), and diffuse LBCL-not otherwise specified (n = 3). Tumor cells (EBV(+) in >90% of cells) expressed B-cell antigens, were often CD30 and PD-L1 positive, and showed a nongerminal center immunophenotype. A total of 93% expressed EBV latency type II and 7% latency type III. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was expressed on background accessory cells. The most common treatment regimen was rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (58%), with local radiation therapy added in 21%. With a median follow-up of 22 months, 82% of patients are in clinical remission and only 8% died of disease. Younger patients achieved a significantly higher overall survival than prior series of EBV(+) LBCLs reported in the elderly (P < .0001). In conclusion, EBV(+) LBCLs are not restricted to the elderly. Young patients present with nodal disease and have a good prognosis.
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Uccini S, Al-Jadiry MF, Scarpino S, Ferraro D, Alsaadawi AR, Al-Darraji AF, Moleti ML, Testi AM, Al-Hadad SA, Ruco L. Epstein-Barr virus–positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in children: a disease reminiscent of Epstein-Barr virus–positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:716-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vockerodt M, Yap LF, Shannon-Lowe C, Curley H, Wei W, Vrzalikova K, Murray PG. The Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of lymphoma. J Pathol 2015; 235:312-22. [PMID: 25294567 DOI: 10.1002/path.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1964 of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in African Burkitt lymphoma, this virus has been associated with a remarkably diverse range of cancer types. Because EBV persists in the B cells of the asymptomatic host, it can easily be envisaged how it contributes to the development of B-cell lymphomas. However, EBV is also found in other cancers, including T-cell/natural killer cell lymphomas and several epithelial malignancies. Explaining the aetiological role of EBV is challenging, partly because the virus probably contributes differently to each tumour and partly because the available disease models cannot adequately recapitulate the subtle variations in the virus-host balance that exist between the different EBV-associated cancers. A further challenge is to identify the co-factors involved; because most persistently infected individuals will never develop an EBV-associated cancer, the virus cannot be working alone. This article will review what is known about the contribution of EBV to lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vockerodt
- Centre for Human Virology and the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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32
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Cohen M, Narbaitz M, Metrebian F, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Chabay PA. Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma association is not only restricted to elderly patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2816-24. [PMID: 24789501 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common group of malignant lymphomas, account for 30% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification included a new entity, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ DLBCL of the elderly, affecting patients aged 50 years or older. However, some reports of younger EBV+ DLBCL cases, without evidence of underlying immunosuppression, can be found. The role of EBV in tumor microenvironment composition in DLBCL is still not well understood. Our aim was to assess EBV presence and latency pattern as well as tumor T-cell population in an adult DLBCL series of Argentina. The study was conducted on biopsies from 75 DLBCL patients. EBERs expression was performed by in situ hybridization, while EBV gene expression was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. LMP1, LMP2A, EBNA2, EBNA3A, CD4, CD8 and Foxp3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Nine percent of cases showed EBV expression, with similar frequency among patients younger than 50 years and 50 years or older (13% and 8%, respectively). T-cell subsets were not altered by EBV presence. Latency type II was the most frequently observed, together with lytic gene expression in EBV+ DLBCL, with ≥20% of EBERs+ cells. These findings suggest that EBV+ DLBCL in our series was similar to the previously described in Asia and Latin-America, displaying latency II or III expression profile and no age-specific characteristics. Finally, EBV+ DLBCL may be an entity that is not only restricted to patients who are older than 50 years of age, in consequence the age cutoff revision may be a current goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cohen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Kato H, Karube K, Yamamoto K, Takizawa J, Tsuzuki S, Yatabe Y, Kanda T, Katayama M, Ozawa Y, Ishitsuka K, Okamoto M, Kinoshita T, Ohshima K, Nakamura S, Morishima Y, Seto M. Gene expression profiling of Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly reveals alterations of characteristic oncogenetic pathways. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:537-44. [PMID: 24581222 PMCID: PMC4317839 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the elderly (EBV[+]DLBCL-E) is classified as a subtype of DLBCL. Until now, its molecular pathogenesis has remained unknown. To identify pathways characteristic of EBV(+)DLBCL-E, gene expression profiling of five EBV(+)DLBCL-E and seven EBV-negative DLBCL (EBV[−]DLBCL) cases was undertaken using human oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis and gene ontology analysis showed that gene sets of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways were enriched in EBV(+)DLBCL-E cases. To confirm the results of the expression profiles, in vitro analysis was performed. Expression profiling analysis showed that high activation of the JAK-STAT and NF-κB pathways was induced by EBV infection into DLBCL cell lines. Activation of the NF-κB pathway was confirmed in EBV-infected cell lines using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Western blot analysis revealed an increased protein expression level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in an EBV-infected cell line. Protein expression of phosphorylated STAT3 was frequently observed in lymphoma cells of EBV(+)DLBCL-E clinical samples using immunohistochemistry (EBV[+]DLBCL-E: 80.0% [n = 20/25] versus EBV[−]DLBCL: 38.9% [n = 14/36]; P = 0.001). The results of the present study suggest that activation of the JAK-STAT and NF-κB pathways was characteristic of EBV(+)DLBCL-E, which may reflect the nature of EBV-positive tumor cells. Targeting these pathways as therapies might improve clinical outcomes of EBV(+)DLBCL-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Kato
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Cancer Genetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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34
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Bernasconi M, Ueda S, Krukowski P, Bornhauser BC, Ladell K, Dorner M, Sigrist JA, Campidelli C, Aslandogmus R, Alessi D, Berger C, Pileri SA, Speck RF, Nadal D. Early gene expression changes by Epstein-Barr virus infection of B-cells indicate CDKs and survivin as therapeutic targets for post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2341-50. [PMID: 23640782 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection cause significant morbidity and mortality in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. To gain insight into LPD pathogenesis and to identify potential effective therapeutic approaches, we investigated early molecular events leading to B-cell transformation by gene expression profiling of EBV-infected B-cells from tonsils by Affymetrix microarray 72 hr postinfection when the B-cells hyperproliferation phase starts. Cell cycle and apoptosis were the most significantly affected pathways and enriched gene sets. In particular, we found significantly increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 and CCNB1 (cyclin B1) and of one of their downstream targets BIRC5 (survivin). Importantly, the strong upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin was confirmed in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and 71% of EBV-positive post-transplant EBV-LPD lesions scored positive for survivin. The validity of early transforming events for the identification of therapeutic targets for EBV-LPD was confirmed by the marked antiproliferative effect of the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol on LCLs and by the strong induction of apoptosis by survivin inhibition with YM155 or terameprocol. Our results suggest that targeting of CDKs and/or survivin in post-transplant EBV-LPD by specific inhibitors might be an important approach to control and eliminate EBV-transformed B-cells that should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bernasconi
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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