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Taylor CA, Glover M, Maher J. CAR-T cell technologies that interact with the tumour microenvironment in solid tumours. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:849-871. [PMID: 39021098 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2380894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a ground-breaking therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies due to their capacity for rapid tumor-specific killing and long-lasting tumor immunity. However, the same success has not been observed in patients with solid tumors. Largely, this is due to the additional challenges imposed by safe and uniform target selection, inefficient CAR T-cell access to sites of disease and the presence of a hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. AREAS COVERED Literature was reviewed on the PubMed database from the first description of a CAR by Kuwana, Kurosawa and colleagues in December 1987 through to the present day. This literature indicates that in order to tackle solid tumors, CAR T-cells can be further engineered with additional armoring strategies that facilitate trafficking to and infiltration of malignant lesions together with reversal of suppressive immune checkpoints that operate within solid tumor lesions. EXPERT OPINION In this review, we describe a number of recent advances in CAR T-cell technology that set out to combat the problems imposed by solid tumors including tumor recruitment, infiltration, immunosuppression, metabolic compromise, and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Maher
- Leucid Bio Ltd, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK
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2
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Ene R, Dimitriu AL, Peride I, Țigliș M, Popescu EG, Georgescu EC, Neagu TP, Checherita IA, Niculae A. Giant Myxofibrosarcoma in the Lower Limb: An Overview of Diagnostic and Clinical Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1298. [PMID: 38928713 PMCID: PMC11202561 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS), an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma, is one of the undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas; it has a low incidence, affecting people in the sixth to eighth decades of life. It usually involves the extremities and is painless with a slow-growing pattern. Based on the case of a 52-year-old female patient who presented with a painful, massive, rapid-growing, ulcerated tumor of the anterior surface of the left thigh, we performed a literature review regarding the current standard of care for patients with MFS. Computed tomography examination, followed by magnetic resonance imaging and surgical biopsy with histopathological examination, confirmed the diagnosis and the presence of lung and inguinal lymph node metastases. Due to the rapid-growing pattern and the local aggressiveness, our tumor board team recommended emergency excisional surgery, with subsequent reconstructive procedures followed by referral to an oncological center. This review emphasizes the importance of proper and rapid diagnosis, followed by multidisciplinary management, for MFS cases with atypical presentation and distal metastases to improve overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Ene
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Lisias Dimitriu
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Peride
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mirela Țigliș
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency Clinical Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisa Georgiana Popescu
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eduard Cătălin Georgescu
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Paul Neagu
- Clinical Department No. 11, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Andrei Niculae
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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3
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Meo C, de Nigris F. Clinical Potential of YY1-Hypoxia Axis for Vascular Normalization and to Improve Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:491. [PMID: 38339244 PMCID: PMC10854702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal vasculature in solid tumors causes poor blood perfusion, hypoxia, low pH, and immune evasion. It also shapes the tumor microenvironment and affects response to immunotherapy. The combination of antiangiogenic therapy and immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to normalize vasculature and unlock the full potential of immunotherapy. However, the unpredictable and redundant mechanisms of vascularization and immune suppression triggered by tumor-specific hypoxic microenvironments indicate that such combination therapies need to be further evaluated to improve patient outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between tumor angiogenesis and immune modulation and review the function and mechanism of the YY1-HIF axis that regulates the vascular and immune tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of targeting YY1 and other strategies, such as nanocarrier delivery systems and engineered immune cells (CAR-T), to normalize tumor vascularization and re-establish an immune-permissive microenvironment to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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4
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The New Frontier of Immunotherapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell and Macrophage (CAR-M) Therapy against Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051597. [PMID: 36900394 PMCID: PMC10000829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents one of the most common tumor histologies. To date, based on the specific histotype, different therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies, capable of prolonging survival are used. More recently, the astonishing results that were obtained from CAR-T cell therapy in haematological neoplasms led to the application of this new therapeutic strategy in solid tumors as well. Our article will deal with chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapy (CAR-T cell and CAR-M therapy) in breast cancer.
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5
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Huynh D, Winter P, Märkl F, Endres S, Kobold S. Beyond direct killing-novel cellular immunotherapeutic strategies to reshape the tumor microenvironment. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:215-227. [PMID: 36167831 PMCID: PMC10121530 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of cellular immunotherapies is gaining momentum and the number of approved indications is steadily increasing. One class of cellular therapies-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells-has achieved impressive results in distinct blood cancer indications. These existing cellular therapies treating blood cancers face significant relapse rates, and their application beyond hematology has been underwhelming, especially in solid oncology. Major reasons for resistance source largely in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME in fact functionally suppresses, restricts, and excludes adoptive immune cells, which limits the efficacy of cellular immunotherapies from the onset. Many promising efforts are ongoing to adapt cellular immunotherapies to address these obstacles, with the aim of reshaping the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate function and to achieve superior efficacy against both hematological and solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Huynh
- Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Winter
- Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Märkl
- Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Einheit Für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit Für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Mohamed Khosroshahi L, Sarkesh A, Mardi A, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baradaran B. The current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: Mechanisms, research progress, challenges, and counterstrategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113882. [PMID: 37020537 PMCID: PMC10067596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful outcomes of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in treating hematologic cancers have increased the previously unprecedented excitement to use this innovative approach in treating various forms of human cancers. Although researchers have put a lot of work into maximizing the effectiveness of these cells in the context of solid tumors, few studies have discussed challenges and potential strategies to overcome them. Restricted trafficking and infiltration into the tumor site, hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen escape and heterogeneity, CAR T-cell exhaustion, and severe life-threatening toxicities are a few of the major obstacles facing CAR T-cells. CAR designs will need to go beyond the traditional architectures in order to get over these limitations and broaden their applicability to a larger range of malignancies. To enhance the safety, effectiveness, and applicability of this treatment modality, researchers are addressing the present challenges with a wide variety of engineering strategies as well as integrating several therapeutic tactics. In this study, we reviewed the antigens that CAR T-cells have been clinically trained to recognize, as well as counterstrategies to overcome the limitations of CAR T-cell therapy, such as recent advances in CAR T-cell engineering and the use of several therapies in combination to optimize their clinical efficacy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Leili Aghebati-Maleki, ; Behzad Baradaran,
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Leili Aghebati-Maleki, ; Behzad Baradaran,
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7
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Liu L, Qu Y, Cheng L, Yoon CW, He P, Monther A, Guo T, Chittle S, Wang Y. Engineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for solid tumour therapy. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1141. [PMID: 36495108 PMCID: PMC9736813 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy, for example, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy, has revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly for blood cancers. However, factors such as insufficient T cell tracking, tumour heterogeneity, inhibitory tumour microenvironment (TME) and T cell exhaustion limit the broad application of CAR-based immunotherapy for solid tumours. In particular, the TME is a complex and evolving entity, which is composed of cells of different types (e.g., cancer cells, immune cells and stromal cells), vasculature, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM), with each component playing a critical role in CAR-T immunotherapy. Thus, developing approaches to mitigate the inhibitory TME factors is critical for future success in applying CAR-T cells for solid tumour treatment. Accordingly, understanding the bilateral interaction of CAR-T cells with the TME is in pressing need to pave the way for more efficient therapeutics. In the following review, we will discuss TME-associated aspects with an emphasis on T cell trafficking, ECM barriers, abnormal vasculature, solid tumour heterogenicity and immune suppressive microenvironment. We will then summarize current engineering strategies to overcome the challenges posed by the TME-associated factors. Lastly, the future directions for engineering efficient CAR-T cells for solid tumour therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Liu
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yunjia Qu
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leonardo Cheng
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chi Woo Yoon
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peixiang He
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Abdula Monther
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tianze Guo
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Chittle
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Martín-Otal C, Lasarte-Cia A, Serrano D, Casares N, Conde E, Navarro F, Sánchez-Moreno I, Gorraiz M, Sarrión P, Calvo A, De Andrea CE, Echeveste J, Vilas A, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, San Miguel J, Prosper F, Hervas-Stubbs S, Lasarte JJ, Lozano T. Targeting the extra domain A of fibronectin for cancer therapy with CAR-T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004479. [PMID: 35918123 PMCID: PMC9351345 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main difficulties of adoptive cell therapies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in solid tumors is the identification of specific target antigens. The tumor microenvironment can present suitable antigens for CAR design, even though they are not expressed by the tumor cells. We have generated a CAR specific for the splice variant extra domain A (EDA) of fibronectin, which is highly expressed in the tumor stroma of many types of tumors but not in healthy tissues. METHODS EDA expression was explored in RNA-seq data from different human tumor types and by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies. Murine and human anti-EDA CAR-T cells were prepared using recombinant retro/lentiviruses, respectively. The functionality of EDA CAR-T cells was measured in vitro in response to antigen stimulation. The antitumor activity of EDA CAR-T cells was measured in vivo in C57BL/6 mice challenged with PM299L-EDA hepatocarcinoma cell line, in 129Sv mice-bearing F9 teratocarcinoma and in NSG mice injected with the human hepatocarcinoma cell line PLC. RESULTS EDA CAR-T cells recognized and killed EDA-expressing tumor cell lines in vitro and rejected EDA-expressing tumors in immunocompetent mice. Notably, EDA CAR-T cells showed an antitumor effect in mice injected with EDA-negative tumor cells lines when the tumor stroma or the basement membrane of tumor endothelial cells express EDA. Thus, EDA CAR-T administration delayed tumor growth in immunocompetent 129Sv mice challenged with teratocarcinoma cell line F9. EDA CAR-T treatment exerted an antiangiogenic effect and significantly reduced gene signatures associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix organization as well as IL-6-STAT5 and KRAS pathways. Importantly, the human version of EDA CAR, that includes the human 41BB and CD3ζ endodomains, exerted strong antitumor activity in NSG mice challenged with the human hepatocarcinoma cell line PLC, which expresses EDA in the tumor stroma and the endothelial vasculature. EDA CAR-T cells exhibited a tropism for EDA-expressing tumor tissue and no toxicity was observed in tumor bearing or in healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that targeting the tumor-specific fibronectin splice variant EDA with CAR-T cells is feasible and offers a therapeutic option that is applicable to different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Otal
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cia
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Serrano
- Programa de Tumores sólidos, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Conde
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Sánchez-Moreno
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Gorraiz
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Sarrión
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Programa de Tumores sólidos, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E De Andrea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Departamento de Patología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - José Echeveste
- Departamento de Patología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Amaia Vilas
- Programa de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Roberto Rodriguez-Madoz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús San Miguel
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas-Stubbs
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Departamento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Departamento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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9
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Martín-Otal C, Navarro F, Casares N, Lasarte-Cía A, Sánchez-Moreno I, Hervás-Stubbs S, Lozano T, Lasarte JJ. Impact of tumor microenvironment on adoptive T cell transfer activity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 370:1-31. [PMID: 35798502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. The use of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) such as those based on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or genetically modified cells (transgenic TCR lymphocytes or CAR-T cells), has shown impressive results in the treatment of several types of cancers. However, cancer cells can exploit mechanisms to escape from immunosurveillance resulting in many patients not responding to these therapies or respond only transiently. The failure of immunotherapy to achieve long-term tumor control is multifactorial. On the one hand, only a limited percentage of the transferred lymphocytes is capable of circulating through the bloodstream, interacting and crossing the tumor endothelium to infiltrate the tumor. Metabolic competition, excessive glucose consumption, the high level of lactic acid secretion and the extracellular pH acidification, the shortage of essential amino acids, the hypoxic conditions or the accumulation of fatty acids in the tumor microenvironment (TME), greatly hinder the anti-tumor activity of the immune cells in ACT therapy strategies. Therefore, there is a new trend in immunotherapy research that seeks to unravel the fundamental biology that underpins the response to therapy and identifies new approaches to better amplify the efficacy of immunotherapies. In this review we address important aspects that may significantly affect the efficacy of ACT, indicating also the therapeutic alternatives that are currently being implemented to overcome these drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Otal
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cía
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Sánchez-Moreno
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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10
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Cobb DA, de Rossi J, Liu L, An E, Lee DW. Targeting of the alpha v beta 3 integrin complex by CAR-T cells leads to rapid regression of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003816. [PMID: 35210306 PMCID: PMC8883284 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and glioblastoma (GBM) are two highly aggressive and generally incurable gliomas with little therapeutic advancements made in the past several decades. Despite immense initial success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, significant headway into the application of CAR-T cells against solid tumors, including gliomas, is still forthcoming. The integrin complex alphav beta3 (αvβ3) is present on multiple and diverse solid tumor types and tumor vasculature with limited expression throughout most normal tissues, qualifying it as an appealing target for CAR-T cell-mediated immunotherapy. Methods Patient-derived DIPG and GBM cell lines were evaluated by flow cytometry for surface expression of αvβ3. Second-generation CAR-T cells expressing an anti-αvβ3 single-chain variable fragment were generated by retroviral transduction containing either a CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory domain and CD3zeta. CAR-T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry for CAR expression, memory phenotype distribution, and inhibitory receptor profile. DIPG and GBM cell lines were orthotopically implanted into NSG mice via stereotactic injection and monitored with bioluminescent imaging to evaluate αvβ3 CAR-T cell-mediated antitumor responses. Results We found that patient-derived DIPG cells and GBM cell lines express high levels of surface αvβ3 by flow cytometry, while αvβ3 is minimally expressed on normal tissues by RNA sequencing and protein microarray. The manufactured CAR-T cells consisted of a substantial frequency of favorable early memory cells and a low inhibitory receptor profile. αvβ3 CAR-T cells demonstrated efficient, antigen-specific tumor cell killing in both cytotoxicity assays and in in vivo models of orthotopically and stereotactically implanted DIPG and GBM tumors into relevant locations in the brain of NSG mice. Tumor responses were rapid and robust with systemic CAR-T cell proliferation and long-lived persistence associated with long-term survival. Following tumor clearance, TCF-1+αvβ3 CAR-T cells were detectable, underscoring their ability to persist and undergo self-renewal. Conclusions These results highlight the potential of αvβ3 CAR-T cells for immunotherapeutic treatment of aggressive brain tumors with reduced risk of on-target, off-tumor mediated toxicity due to the restricted nature of αvβ3 expression in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Cobb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacopo de Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin An
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel W Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA .,University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Controlling Cell Trafficking: Addressing Failures in CAR T and NK Cell Therapy of Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040978. [PMID: 35205725 PMCID: PMC8870056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precision guiding of endogenous or adoptively transferred lymphocytes to the solid tumour mass is obligatory for optimal anti-tumour effects and will improve patient safety. The recognition and elimination of the tumour is best achieved when anti-tumour lymphocytes are proximal to the malignant cells. For example, the regional secretion of soluble factors, cytotoxic granules, and cell-surface molecule interactions are required for the death of tumour cells and the suppression of neovasculature formation, tumour-associated suppressor, or stromal cells. The resistance of individual tumour cell clones to cellular therapy and the hostile environment of the solid tumours is a major challenge to adoptive cell therapy. We review the strategies that could be useful to overcoming insufficient immune cell migration to the tumour cell mass. We argue that existing 'competitive' approaches should now be revisited as complementary approaches to improve CAR T and NK cell therapy.
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Akbari P, Katsarou A, Daghighian R, van Mil LW, Huijbers EJ, Griffioen AW, van Beijnum JR. Directing CAR T cells towards the tumor vasculature for the treatment of solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Antoñana-Vildosola A, Zanetti SR, Palazon A. Enabling CAR-T cells for solid tumors: Rage against the suppressive tumor microenvironment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 370:123-147. [PMID: 35798503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapies based on chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T) are emerging as genuine therapeutic options for the treatment of hematological malignancies. The observed clinical success has not yet been extended into solid tumor indications as a result of multiple factors including immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this context, an emerging strategy is to design CAR-T cells for the elimination of defined cellular components of the TME, with the objective of re-shaping the tumor immune contexture to control tumor growth. Relevant cell components that are currently under investigation as targets of CAR-T therapies include the tumor vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and immunosuppressive tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In this review, we recapitulate the rapidly expanding field of CAR-T cell therapies that directly target cellular components within the TME with the ultimate objective of promoting immune function, either alone or in combination with other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Antoñana-Vildosola
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Samanta Romina Zanetti
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asis Palazon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. Addressing the obstacles of CAR T cell migration in solid tumors: wishing a heavy traffic. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1079-1098. [PMID: 34957875 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1988509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has been recognized as one of the most prosperous treatment options against certain blood-based malignancies. However, the same clinical and commercial success have been out of range in the case of solid tumors. The main contributing factor in this regard is the hostile environment the tumor cells impose that results in the exhaustion of immune effector cells alongside the abrogation of their infiltration capacity. The discovery of the underlying mechanisms and the development of reliable counterstrategies to overcome the inaccessibility of CAR-Ts to their target cells might correlate with encouraging clinical outcomes in advanced solid tumors. Here, we highlight the successive physical and metabolic barriers that systemically administered CAR-Ts face on their journey toward their target cells. Moreover, we propose meticulously-devised countertactics and combination therapies that can be applied to maximize the therapeutic benefits of CAR-T therapies against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Lanitis E, Kosti P, Ronet C, Cribioli E, Rota G, Spill A, Reichenbach P, Zoete V, Dangaj Laniti D, Coukos G, Irving M. VEGFR-2 redirected CAR-T cells are functionally impaired by soluble VEGF-A competition for receptor binding. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002151. [PMID: 34389616 PMCID: PMC8365827 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has emerged as a potent immunotherapy against some hematological malignancies but not yet for epithelial-derived solid tumors. One critical issue is the paucity of broadly expressed solid tumor antigens (TAs), and another is the presence of suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can impair CAR-T cell homing, extravasation and effector functions. TAs expressed by endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature are of clinical interest for CAR therapy because of their genomic stability and accessibility to circulating T cells, as well as their expression across multiple tumor types. In this study, we sought to explore limitations to the efficacy of second-generation (2G) murine CAR-T cells redirected against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) with the well-characterized single-chain variable fragment DC101. Methods Primary murine T cells were retrovirally transduced to express a 2G anti-VEGFR-2-CAR, and the in vitro binding to VEGFR-2, as well as reactivity against TA-expressing cells, was evaluated in the absence versus presence of exogenous VEGF-A. The CAR-T cells were further tested in vivo for tumor control alone and in combination with anti-VEGF-A antibody. Finally, we performed ex vivo phenotypic analyses of tumor-infiltrating CAR-T cells for the two treatment groups. Results In line with previous reports, we observed poor control of B16 melanoma by the 2G anti-VEGFR-2 CAR-T cells as a monotherapy. We further showed that VEGFR-2 is not downregulated by B16 melanoma tumors post treatment, but that its soluble ligand VEGF-A is upregulated and furthermore competes in vitro with the CAR-T cells for binding to VEGFR-2. This competition resulted in impaired CAR-T cell adhesion and effector function in vitro that could be restored in the presence of anti-VEGF-A antibody. Finally, we demonstrated that coadministration of anti-VEGF-A antibody in vivo promoted CAR-T cell persistence and tumor control and was associated with reduced frequencies of PD-1+ Ki67- and LAG-3+ Ki67- CAR-T cells in the TME. Conclusions This study represents the first example of impaired function of a vasculature-targeted CAR by an angiogenic ligand and rationalizes the use of combinatorial therapies that target the tumor vasculature and augment CAR-T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evripidis Lanitis
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Paris Kosti
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cribioli
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Aodrenn Spill
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Computer-aided Molecular Engineering Group, Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Denarda Dangaj Laniti
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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Milone MC, Xu J, Chen SJ, Collins MA, Zhou J, Powell DJ, Melenhorst JJ. Engineering enhanced CAR T-cells for improved cancer therapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:780-793. [PMID: 34485921 PMCID: PMC8412433 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have evolved from a research tool to a paradigm-shifting therapy with impressive responses in B cell malignancies. This review summarizes the current state of the CAR T-cell field, focusing on CD19- and B cell maturation antigen-directed CAR T-cells, the most developed of the CAR T-cell therapies. We discuss the many challenges to CAR-T therapeutic success and innovations in CAR design and T-cell engineering aimed at extending this therapeutic platform beyond hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - McKensie A. Collins
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Daniel J. Powell
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. Novel antigens of CAR T cell therapy: New roads; old destination. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101079. [PMID: 33862524 PMCID: PMC8065293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has so far proved itself as a reliable therapeutic option for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), multiple myeloma (MM), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, this picture is not as colorful when it comes to the treatment of solid tumors mainly due to the lack of definitive tumor antigens, as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and poor CAR-T infiltration. The recent developments in bioinformatics and cell biology, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, have offered silver linings in the subject of tumor antigen discovery. In the current review, we summarize the development of some CAR-T therapies that target novel tumor antigens, rather than the traditionally CAR-T-targeted ones, and briefly discuss the clinical antitumor achievements of those evaluated in patients, so far. Furthermore, we propose some tumor antigens that might someday be therapeutically beneficial while targeted by CAR-Ts based on the experimental evaluations of their specific monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Enhancing CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1085-1095. [PMID: 33785843 PMCID: PMC8093220 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved successful outcomes against hematological malignancies and provided a new impetus for treating solid tumors. However, the efficacy of CAR-T cells for solid tumors remains unsatisfactory. The tumor microenvironment has an important role in interfering with and inhibiting the effector function of immune cells, among which upregulated inhibitory checkpoint receptors, soluble suppressive cytokines, altered chemokine expression profiles, aberrant vasculature, complicated stromal composition, hypoxia and abnormal tumor metabolism are major immunosuppressive mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory factors that affect the function of CAR-T cells in tumor microenvironment and discuss approaches to improve CAR-T cell efficacy for solid tumor treatment by targeting those barriers.
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Sivaganesh V, Promi N, Maher S, Peethambaran B. Emerging Immunotherapies against Novel Molecular Targets in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2433. [PMID: 33670942 PMCID: PMC7957700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a highly emerging form of breast cancer therapy that enables clinicians to target cancers with specific receptor expression profiles. Two popular immunotherapeutic approaches involve chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Briefly mentioned in this review as well is the mRNA vaccine technology recently popularized by the COVID-19 vaccine. These forms of immunotherapy can highly select for the tumor target of interest to generate specific tumor lysis. Along with improvements in CAR-T, bispecific antibody engineering, and therapeutic administration, much research has been done on novel molecular targets that can especially be useful for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) immunotherapy. Combining emerging immunotherapeutics with tumor marker discovery sets the stage for highly targeted immunotherapy to be the future of cancer treatments. This review highlights the principles of CAR-T and BsAb therapy, improvements in CAR and BsAb engineering, and recently identified human breast cancer markers in the context of in vitro or in vivo CAR-T or BsAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sivaganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Nazifa Promi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Salma Maher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.M.)
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Structural Insight into Integrin Recognition and Anticancer Activity of Echistatin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110709. [PMID: 33182321 PMCID: PMC7695343 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Echistatin (Ech) is a short disintegrin with a long 42NPHKGPAT C-terminal tail. We determined the 3-D structure of Ech by X-ray crystallography. Superimposition of the structures of chains A and B showed conformational differences in their RGD loops and C-termini. The chain A structure is consistent with our NMR analysis that the GPAT residues of the C-terminus cannot be observed due to high flexibility. The hydrogen bond patterns of the RGD loop and between the RGD loop and C-terminus in Ech were the same as those of the corresponding residues in medium disintegrins. The mutant with C-terminal HKGPAT truncation caused 6.4-, 7.0-, 11.7-, and 18.6-fold decreases in inhibiting integrins αvβ3, αIIbβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1. Mutagenesis of the C-terminus showed that the H44A mutant caused 2.5- and 4.4-fold increases in inhibiting αIIbβ3 and α5β1, and the K45A mutant caused a 2.6-fold decrease in inhibiting αIIbβ3. We found that Ech inhibited VEGF-induced HUVEC proliferation with an IC50 value of 103.2 nM and inhibited the migration of A375, U373MG, and Panc-1 tumor cells with IC50 values of 1.5, 5.7, and 154.5 nM. These findings suggest that Ech is a potential anticancer agent, and its C-terminal region can be optimized to improve its anticancer activity.
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Lanitis E, Rota G, Kosti P, Ronet C, Spill A, Seijo B, Romero P, Dangaj D, Coukos G, Irving M. Optimized gene engineering of murine CAR-T cells reveals the beneficial effects of IL-15 coexpression. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211522. [PMID: 33156338 PMCID: PMC7653685 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited clinical benefit has been demonstrated for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy of solid tumors, but coengineering strategies to generate so-called fourth-generation (4G) CAR-T cells are advancing toward overcoming barriers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for improved responses. In large part due to technical challenges, there are relatively few preclinical CAR therapy studies in immunocompetent, syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Here, we describe optimized methods for the efficient retroviral transduction and expansion of murine T lymphocytes of a predominantly central memory T cell (TCM cell) phenotype. We present a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding both a tumor vasculature–targeted CAR and murine interleukin-15 (mIL-15), conferring enhanced effector functions, engraftment, tumor control, and TME reprogramming, including NK cell activation and reduced presence of M2 macrophages. The 4G-CAR-T cells coexpressing mIL-15 were further characterized by up-regulation of the antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 and lower cell-surface expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1. Overall, this work introduces robust tools for the development and evaluation of 4G-CAR-T cells in immunocompetent mice, an important step toward the acceleration of effective therapies reaching the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evripidis Lanitis
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paris Kosti
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bili Seijo
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denarda Dangaj
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nasirmoghadas P, Mousakhani A, Behzad F, Beheshtkhoo N, Hassanzadeh A, Nikoo M, Mehrabi M, Kouhbanani MAJ. Nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapies: An innovative strategy. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3070. [PMID: 32829506 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been one of the most significant causes of mortality, worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a competent, cancer-fighting clinical strategy. Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of such treatments, costs, and off-target adverse effects, the implementation of cancer immunotherapy described by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) vaccine and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy ex vivo in large clinical trials have been limited. Nowadays, the nanoparticles theranostic system as a promising target-based modality provides new opportunities to improve cancer immunotherapy difficulties and reduce their adverse effects. Meanwhile, the appropriate engineering of nanoparticles taking into consideration nanoparticle characteristics, such as, size, shape, and surface features, as well as the use of these physicochemical properties for suitable biological interactions, provides new possibilities for the application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, we focus on the latest state-of-the-art nanoparticle-based antigen/adjuvant delivery vehicle strategies to professional APCs and engineering specific T lymphocyte required for improving the efficiency of tumor-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Nasirmoghadas
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Mousakhani
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Behzad
- Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Beheshtkhoo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nikoo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Helal Iran Pharmaceutical and Clinical Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhuang X, Maione F, Robinson J, Bentley M, Kaul B, Whitworth K, Jumbu N, Jinks E, Bystrom J, Gabriele P, Garibaldi E, Delmastro E, Nagy Z, Gilham D, Giraudo E, Bicknell R, Lee SP. CAR T cells targeting tumor endothelial marker CLEC14A inhibit tumor growth. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138808. [PMID: 33004686 PMCID: PMC7566713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for antigens on hematological cancers has yielded remarkable clinical responses, but with solid tumors, benefit has been more limited. This may reflect lack of suitable target antigens, immune evasion mechanisms in malignant cells, and/or lack of T cell infiltration into tumors. An alternative approach, to circumvent these problems, is targeting the tumor vasculature rather than the malignant cells directly. CLEC14A is a glycoprotein selectively overexpressed on the vasculature of many solid human cancers and is, therefore, of considerable interest as a target antigen. Here, we generated CARs from 2 CLEC14A-specific antibodies and expressed them in T cells. In vitro studies demonstrated that, when exposed to their target antigen, these engineered T cells proliferate, release IFN-γ, and mediate cytotoxicity. Infusing CAR engineered T cells into healthy mice showed no signs of toxicity, yet these T cells targeted tumor tissue and significantly inhibited tumor growth in 3 mouse models of cancer (Rip-Tag2, mPDAC, and Lewis lung carcinoma). Reduced tumor burden also correlated with significant loss of CLEC14A expression and reduced vascular density within malignant tissues. These data suggest the tumor vasculature can be safely and effectively targeted with CLEC14A-specific CAR T cells, offering a potent and widely applicable therapy for cancer. T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor specific for the tumor vascular marker CLEC14A inhibited tumor growth in three mouse cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Maione
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy, and Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Joseph Robinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Baksho Kaul
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Whitworth
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Jumbu
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Gabriele
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Garibaldi
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elena Delmastro
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gilham
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy, and Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roy Bicknell
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Lee
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Sanz-Ortega L, Rojas JM, Barber DF. Improving Tumor Retention of Effector Cells in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapies by Magnetic Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E812. [PMID: 32867162 PMCID: PMC7557387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer therapy is a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy in which effector immune cells are transferred to patients to treat tumors. However, one of its main limitations is the inefficient trafficking of inoculated effector cells to the tumor site and the small percentage of effector cells that remain activated when reaching the tumor. Multiple strategies have been attempted to improve the entry of effector cells into the tumor environment, often based on tumor types. It would be, however, interesting to develop a more general approach, to improve and facilitate the migration of specific activated effector lymphoid cells to any tumor type. We and others have recently demonstrated the potential for adoptive cell transfer therapy of the combined use of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded lymphoid effector cells together with the application of an external magnetic field to promote the accumulation and retention of lymphoid cells in specific body locations. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the recent findings in the field of magnetic accumulation and retention of effector cells in tumors after adoptive transfer, and to discuss the possibility of using this approach for tumor targeting with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA)-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Jo Y, Ali LA, Shim JA, Lee BH, Hong C. Innovative CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumor; Current Duel between CAR-T Spear and Tumor Shield. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082087. [PMID: 32731404 PMCID: PMC7464778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel engineered T cells containing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) that combine the benefits of antigen recognition and T cell response have been developed, and their effect in the anti-tumor immunotherapy of patients with relapsed/refractory leukemia has been dramatic. Thus, CAR-T cell immunotherapy is rapidly emerging as a new therapy. However, it has limitations that prevent consistency in therapeutic effects in solid tumors, which accounts for over 90% of all cancer patients. Here, we review the literature regarding various obstacles to CAR-T cell immunotherapy for solid tumors, including those that cause CAR-T cell dysfunction in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, such as reactive oxygen species, pH, O2, immunosuppressive cells, cytokines, and metabolites, as well as those that impair cell trafficking into the tumor microenvironment. Next-generation CAR-T cell therapy is currently undergoing clinical trials to overcome these challenges. Therefore, novel approaches to address the challenges faced by CAR-T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.J.); (L.A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Laraib Amir Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.J.); (L.A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Ju A Shim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.J.); (L.A.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- NeoImmuneTech, Inc., 2400 Research Blvd., Suite 250, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.J.); (L.A.A.); (J.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8041
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26
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Sambri A, De Paolis M, Spinnato P, Donati DM, Bianchi G. The Biology of Myxofibrosarcoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Oncol Res Treat 2020; 43:314-322. [PMID: 32450554 DOI: 10.1159/000507334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is among the most highly complex sarcoma types. Molecular cytogenetic studies have identified a high level of genomic complexity. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the current research related to MFS, with particular emphasis on emerging mechanisms of tumorigenesis and their potential therapeutic impact. Many novel possible molecular markers have been identified, not only for prognostication in MFS, but also to serve as possible therapeutic targets, and thereby improve clinical outcomes. However, the molecular pathogenesis of MFS remains incompletely understood. Key Messages: Patients suffering from advanced MFS might benefit from expanded molecular evaluation in order to detect specific expression profiles and identify drug-able targets. Moreover, immunotherapy represents an intriguingly perspective due to the presence of "T-cell inflamed" tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sambri
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy, .,University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
| | | | | | - Davide Maria Donati
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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27
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Roselli E, Frieling JS, Thorner K, Ramello MC, Lynch CC, Abate-Daga D. CAR-T Engineering: Optimizing Signal Transduction and Effector Mechanisms. BioDrugs 2020; 33:647-659. [PMID: 31552606 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown remarkable results against B cell malignancies. This immunotherapeutic approach has advanced and expanded rapidly from preclinical models to the recent approval of CAR-T cells to treat lymphomas and leukemia by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ongoing research efforts are focused on employing CAR-T cells as a therapy for other cancers, and enhancing their efficacy and safety by optimizing their design. Here we summarize modifications in the intracellular domain of the CAR that gave rise to first-, second-, third- and next-generation CAR-T cells, together with the impact that these different designs have on CAR-T cell biology and function. Further, we describe how the structure of the antigen-sensing ectodomain can be enhanced, leading to superior CAR-T cell signaling and/or function. Finally we discuss how tissue-specific factors may impact the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells for bone and the central nervous system, as examples of specific indications that may require further CAR signaling optimization to perform in such inhospitable microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Roselli
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jeremy S Frieling
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Konrad Thorner
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - María C Ramello
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Conor C Lynch
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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28
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Kimm MA, Tzoumas S, Glasl S, Omar M, Symvoulidis P, Olefir I, Rummeny EJ, Meier R, Ntziachristos V. Longitudinal imaging of T cell-based immunotherapy with multi-spectral, multi-scale optoacoustic tomography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4903. [PMID: 32184401 PMCID: PMC7078227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most imaging studies of immunotherapy have focused on tracking labeled T cell biodistribution in vivo for understanding trafficking and homing parameters and predicting therapeutic efficacy by the presence of transferred T cells at or in the tumour mass. Conversely, we investigate here a novel concept for longitudinally elucidating anatomical and pathophysiological changes of solid tumours after adoptive T cell transfer in a preclinical set up, using previously unexplored in-tandem macroscopic and mesoscopic optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging. We show non-invasive in vivo observations of vessel collapse during tumour rejection across entire tumours and observe for the first time longitudinal tumour rejection in a label-free manner based on optical absorption changes in the tumour mass due to cellular decline. We complement these observations with high resolution episcopic fluorescence imaging of T cell biodistribution using optimized T cell labeling based on two near-infrared dyes targeting the cell membrane and the cytoplasm. We discuss how optoacoustic macroscopy and mesoscopy offer unique contrast and immunotherapy insights, allowing label-free and longitudinal observations of tumour therapy. The results demonstrate optoacoustic imaging as an invaluable tool in understanding and optimizing T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stratis Tzoumas
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Murad Omar
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Symvoulidis
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Olefir
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Meier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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29
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Acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy: Role of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 65:13-27. [PMID: 31362073 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells are constantly evolving to reduce neoantigen generation and the mutational burden to escape the anti-tumor response. This will lower tumor reactivity to the adaptive immune response and give rise to tumor intrinsic factors, such as altered expression of immune regulatory molecules on tumor cells. Tumor-extrinsic factors, such as immunosuppressive cells, soluble suppressive molecules or inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells will alter the composition and activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (by increasing T regulatory cells:T effector cells ratio and inhibiting T effector cell function) and promote tumor growth and metastasis. Together, these factors limit the response rates and clinical outcomes to a particular cancer therapy. Within the TME, the cross-talks between immune and non-immune cells result in the generation of positive feedback loops, which augment immunosuppression and support tumor growth and survival (termed as tumor-mediated immunosuppression). Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell transfer (ACT), have shown therapeutic efficacy in hematologic cancers and different types of solid tumors. However, achieving durable response rates in some cancer patients remains a challenge as a result of acquired resistance and tumor immune evasion. This could be driven by the cellular and molecular suppressive network within the TME or due to the loss of tumor antigens. In this review, we describe the contribution of the immunosuppressive cellular and molecular tumor network to the development of acquired resistance against cancer immunotherapies. We also discuss potential combined therapeutic strategies which could help to overcome such resistance against cancer immunotherapies, and to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and improve clinical outcomes in patients.
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30
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Harjunpää H, Llort Asens M, Guenther C, Fagerholm SC. Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Roles and Regulation in the Immune and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31231358 PMCID: PMC6558418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and cancer have a complex relationship with the immune system playing a dual role in tumor development. The effector cells of the immune system can recognize and kill malignant cells while immune system-mediated inflammation can also promote tumor growth and regulatory cells suppress the anti-tumor responses. In the center of all anti-tumor responses is the ability of the immune cells to migrate to the tumor site and to interact with each other and with the malignant cells. Cell adhesion molecules including receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily and integrins are of crucial importance in mediating these processes. Particularly integrins play a vital role in regulating all aspects of immune cell function including immune cell trafficking into tissues, effector cell activation and proliferation and the formation of the immunological synapse between immune cells or between immune cell and the target cell both during homeostasis and during inflammation and cancer. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating integrin function and the role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in immune responses and in the tumor microenvironment. We also describe how malignant cells can utilize cell adhesion molecules to promote tumor growth and metastases and how these molecules could be targeted in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Harjunpää
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Llort Asens
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carla Guenther
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Hajari Taheri F, Hassani M, Sharifzadeh Z, Behdani M, Arashkia A, Abolhassani M. T cell engineered with a novel nanobody‐based chimeric antigen receptor against VEGFR2 as a candidate for tumor immunotherapy. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1259-1267. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Hassani
- Department of ImmunologyHybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
- Department of Molecular MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of ImmunologyHybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Behdani
- Department of Molecular MedicinePasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of a Molecular VirologyPasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Department of ImmunologyHybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
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32
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Tokarew N, Ogonek J, Endres S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Kobold S. Teaching an old dog new tricks: next-generation CAR T cells. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:26-37. [PMID: 30413825 PMCID: PMC6325111 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) refers to the therapeutic use of T cells. T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) constitute the most clinically advanced form of ACT approved to date for the treatment of CD19-positive leukaemias and lymphomas. CARs are synthetic receptors that are able to confer antigen-binding and activating functions on T cells with the aim of therapeutically targeting cancer cells. Several factors are essential for CAR T cell therapy to be effective, such as recruitment, activation, expansion and persistence of bioengineered T cells at the tumour site. Despite the advances made in CAR T cell therapy, however, most tumour entities still escape immune detection and elimination. A number of strategies counteracting these problems will need to be addressed in order to render T cell therapy effective in more situations than currently possible. Non-haematological tumours are also the subject of active investigation, but ACT has so far shown only marginal success rates in these cases. New approaches are needed to enhance the ability of ACT to target solid tumours without increasing toxicity, by improving recognition, infiltration, and persistence within tumours, as well as an enhanced resistance to the suppressive tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tokarew
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Long KB, Young RM, Boesteanu AC, Davis MM, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, DeGaramo DA, Levine BL, Fraietta JA. CAR T Cell Therapy of Non-hematopoietic Malignancies: Detours on the Road to Clinical Success. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2740. [PMID: 30559740 PMCID: PMC6287001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells represent a breakthrough in personalized medicine. In this strategy, a patient's own T lymphocytes are genetically reprogrammed to encode a synthetic receptor that binds a tumor antigen, allowing T cells to recognize and kill antigen-expressing cancer cells. As a result of complete and durable responses in individuals who are refractory to standard of care therapy, CAR T cells directed against the CD19 protein have been granted United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a therapy for treatment of pediatric and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Human trials of CAR T cells targeting CD19 or B cell maturation antigen in multiple myeloma have also reported early successes. However, a clear and consistently reproducible demonstration of the clinical efficacy of CAR T cells in the setting of solid tumors has not been reported to date. Here, we review the history and status of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, potential T cell-intrinsic determinants of response and resistance as well as extrinsic obstacles to the success of this approach for much more prevalent non-hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, we summarize recent strategies and innovations that aim to augment the potency of CAR T cells in the face of multiple immunosuppressive barriers operative within the solid tumor microenvironment. Advances in the field of CAR T cell biology over the coming years in the areas of safety, reliability and efficacy against non-hematopoietic cancers will ultimately determine how transformative adoptive T cell therapy will be in the broader battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Long
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan M Davis
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A DeGaramo
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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34
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Slaney CY, Wang P, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. CARs versus BiTEs: A Comparison between T Cell–Redirection Strategies for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:924-934. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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35
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Wallstabe L, Mades A, Frenz S, Einsele H, Rader C, Hudecek M. CAR T cells targeting α vβ 3 integrin are effective against advanced cancer in preclinical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 30420973 DOI: 10.1002/acg2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that convey cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Integrin αvβ3 is expressed in several tumour entities including melanoma, glioblastoma, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer, where it promotes tumour cell survival and metastasis. Here, we generated αvβ3-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and analysed their antitumour function in pre-clinical models in vitro and in vivo. Methods αvβ3-CARs comprising a super-humanised hLM609 targeting domain with either high or low affinity (hLM609v7, K d = 3 nM vs. hLM609v11, K d = 160 nM) and equipped with either a long or a short IgG4-Fc extracellular spacer (229 vs. 12 amino acids) were expressed in CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells through lentiviral transduction. Results αvβ3-CAR T-cells eliminated αvβ3-positive tumour cells rapidly and specifically, produced IFN-γ and IL-2 (CD4+ > CD8+) and exhibited productive proliferation. In vitro, we observed the strongest reactivity with the higher-affinity hLM609v7 αvβ3-CAR in the short spacer configuration, consistent with the tumour membrane-distal localization of the hLM609 epitope. In a murine xenograft model of metastatic A-375 melanoma, the strongest antitumour effect was mediated by the lower-affinity hLM609v11 αvβ3-CAR. Notably, a single administration of hLM609v11 αvβ3-CAR T-cells was able to induce complete elimination of melanoma lesions, leading to long-term tumour-free survival. Conclusions These data establish αvβ3 integrin as a novel target for CAR T-cell immunotherapy, and affirm our previous notion that binding domain affinity and spacer length can be calibrated to augment CAR reactivity. Clinical implications αvβ3-CAR T-cells have therapeutic potential in several prevalent solid tumours, including melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wallstabe
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mades
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Frenz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Manipulating the tumor microenvironment by adoptive cell transfer of CAR T-cells. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:739-756. [PMID: 29987406 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-cells expressing synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionized immuno-oncology and highlighted the use of adoptive cell transfer, for the treatment of cancer. The phenomenal clinical success obtained in the treatment of hematological malignancies with CAR T-cells has not been reproduced in the treatment of solid tumors, mainly due to the suppressive and hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). This review will address the immunosuppressive features of the TME, which include the stroma, cytokine and chemokine milieu, suppressive regulatory cells and hypoxic conditions, which can all pose formidable barriers for the effective anti-tumor function of CAR T-cells. Some of the novel next generation CARs that have been developed and tested against the TME, will be discussed, to highlight the status of current research in CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors.
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Schnittert J, Bansal R, Storm G, Prakash J. Integrins in wound healing, fibrosis and tumor stroma: High potential targets for therapeutics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:37-53. [PMID: 29414674 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process, which ultimately leads to fibrosis if not repaired well. Pathologically very similar to fibrosis is the tumor stroma, found in several solid tumors which are regarded as wounds that do not heal. Integrins are heterodimeric surface receptors which control various physiological cellular functions. Additionally, integrins also sense ECM-induced extracellular changes during pathological events, leading to cellular responses, which influence ECM remodeling. The purpose and scope of this review is to introduce integrins as key targets for therapeutics and drug delivery within the scope of wound healing, fibrosis and the tumor stroma. This review provides a general introduction to the biology of integrins including their types, ligands, means of signaling and interaction with growth factor receptors. Furthermore, we highlight integrins as key targets for therapeutics and drug delivery, based on their biological role, expression pattern within human tissues and at cellular level. Next, therapeutic approaches targeting integrins, with a focus on clinical studies, and targeted drug delivery strategies based on ligands are described.
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Zhang E, Gu J, Xu H. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell therapy for solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:7. [PMID: 29329591 PMCID: PMC5767005 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for adoptive cell immunotherapy as a treatment against cancers has been demonstrated by the remarkable response in some patients with hematological malignancies using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for CD19. Clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors, however, is rare due to physical and biochemical factors. This review focuses on different aspects of multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression in solid tumors. We characterize the current state of CAR-modified T cell therapy and summarize the various strategies to combat the immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, with the aim of promoting T cell cytotoxicity and enhancing tumor cell eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Gu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Human CD3+ T-Cells with the Anti-ERBB2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Exhibit Efficient Targeting and Induce Apoptosis in ERBB2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091797. [PMID: 28885562 PMCID: PMC5618474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignancy among women. The innate and adaptive immune responses failed to be activated owing to immune modulation in the tumour microenvironment. Decades of scientific study links the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2) antigen with aggressive tumours. The Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) coding for specific tumour-associated antigens could initiate intrinsic T-cell signalling, inducing T-cell activation, and cytotoxic activity without the need for major histocompatibility complex recognition. This renders CAR as a potentially universal immunotherapeutic option. Herein, we aimed to establish CAR in CD3+ T-cells, isolated from human peripheral blood mononucleated cells that could subsequently target and induce apoptosis in the ERBB2 overexpressing human breast cancer cell line, SKBR3. Constructed CAR was inserted into a lentiviral plasmid containing a green fluorescent protein tag and produced as lentiviral particles that were used to transduce activated T-cells. Transduced CAR-T cells were then primed with SKBR3 cells to evaluate their functionality. Results showed increased apoptosis in SKBR3 cells co-cultured with CAR-T cells compared to the control (non–transduced T-cells). This study demonstrates that CAR introduction helps overcome the innate limitations of native T-cells leading to cancer cell apoptosis. We recommend future studies should focus on in vivo cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells against ERBB2 expressing tumours.
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Wiese CB, Deal KK, Ireland SJ, Cantrell VA, Southard-Smith EM. Migration pathways of sacral neural crest during development of lower urogenital tract innervation. Dev Biol 2017; 429:356-369. [PMID: 28449850 PMCID: PMC5572097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The migration and fate of cranial and vagal neural crest-derived progenitor cells (NCPCs) have been extensively studied; however, much less is known about sacral NCPCs particularly in regard to their distribution in the urogenital system. To construct a spatiotemporal map of NCPC migration pathways into the developing lower urinary tract, we utilized the Sox10-H2BVenus transgene to visualize NCPCs expressing Sox10. Our aim was to define the relationship of Sox10-expressing NCPCs relative to bladder innervation, smooth muscle differentiation, and vascularization through fetal development into adulthood. Sacral NCPC migration is a highly regimented, specifically timed process, with several potential regulatory mileposts. Neuronal differentiation occurs concomitantly with sacral NCPC migration, and neuronal cell bodies are present even before the pelvic ganglia coalesce. Sacral NCPCs reside within the pelvic ganglia anlagen through 13.5 days post coitum (dpc), after which they begin streaming into the bladder body in progressive waves. Smooth muscle differentiation and vascularization of the bladder initiate prior to innervation and appear to be independent processes. In adult bladder, the majority of Sox10+ cells express the glial marker S100β, consistent with Sox10 being a glial marker in other tissues. However, rare Sox10+ NCPCs are seen in close proximity to blood vessels and not all are S100β+, suggesting either glial heterogeneity or a potential nonglial role for Sox10+ cells along vasculature. Taken together, the developmental atlas of Sox10+ NCPC migration and distribution profile of these cells in adult bladder provided here will serve as a roadmap for future investigation in mouse models of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B Wiese
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, United States
| | - Karen K Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, United States
| | - Sara J Ireland
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, United States
| | - V Ashley Cantrell
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, United States
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, United States.
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Aboubakr EM, Taye A, Aly OM, Gamal-Eldeen AM, El-Moselhy MA. Enhanced anticancer effect of Combretastatin A-4 phosphate when combined with vincristine in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:36-46. [PMID: 28214686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin targeting agents have received considerable interest as a potential tumor-selective vascular disrupting agents, which represent another avenue for cancer growing therapeutic opportunities. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the anti-tumor activity of Combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4-P) and vincristine against hepatocellular carcinoma in rats, by individual administration and in combination. In vitro study was conducted using human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, showed that CA4-P and vincristine have a potent cell cytotoxic and tubulin inhibitory effect. In addition, a remarkable synergistic effect was observed by the simultaneous application of both drugs. Whereas in vivo study was conducted using model of rat liver cancer initiated with DENA and promoted by CCl4, showed that CA4-P and vincristine were significantly decreased liver relative weight, number of hepatic nodules and there relative volumes, tubulin content of the hepatic tissue, GSH and AFP. On the other hand, co-administration of both drugs exhibited significant further decrements in these parameters. Whereas a marked increase in MDA, carbonyl content and TNF-α inside hepatic tissue were observed in the treated groups and these increments were more prominent by co-administration of both drugs. In conclusion CA4-P showed a potential anti-cancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma and this effect was greatly enhanced by co-administration with vincristine. Additionally, our new findings provided an important evidence that the anticancer activity of drugs with a narrow therapeutic window such as vincristine can be greatly improved by its co-administration with CA4-P providing more enhanced activity with less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam M Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, South Valley University, 6 Km, Qena Safaga Road, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Taye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Minia University, Ard Shalaby, Misr-Aswan Road, El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Omar M Aly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Minia University, Ard Shalaby, Misr-Aswan Road, El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Amira M Gamal-Eldeen
- Cancer Biology, Center of excellence for advanced sciences, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Minia University, Ard Shalaby, Misr-Aswan Road, El-Minia, Egypt.
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CAR T-cell therapy of solid tumors. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:356-363. [PMID: 28003642 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential for immunotherapy as a treatment option for cancer is clear from remarkable responses of some leukemia patients to adoptive cell transfer using autologous T cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). However, the vast majority of cancers, in particular the more common solid cancers, such as those of the breast, colon and lung, fail to respond significantly to infusions of CAR T cells. Solid cancers present some formidable barriers to adoptive cell transfer, including suppression of T-cell function and inhibition of T-cell localization. In this review, we discuss the current state of CAR T-cell therapy in solid cancers, the variety of concepts being investigated to overcome these barriers as well as approaches aimed at increasing the specificity and safety of adoptive cell transfer.
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Okada T, Lee AY, Qin LX, Agaram N, Mimae T, Shen Y, O'Connor R, López-Lago MA, Craig A, Miller ML, Agius P, Molinelli E, Socci ND, Crago AM, Shima F, Sander C, Singer S. Integrin-α10 Dependency Identifies RAC and RICTOR as Therapeutic Targets in High-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1148-1165. [PMID: 27577794 PMCID: PMC5050162 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myxofibrosarcoma is a common mesenchymal malignancy with complex genomics and heterogeneous clinical outcomes. Through gene-expression profiling of 64 primary high-grade myxofibrosarcomas, we defined an expression signature associated with clinical outcome. The gene most significantly associated with disease-specific death and distant metastasis was ITGA10 (integrin-α10). Functional studies revealed that myxofibrosarcoma cells strongly depended on integrin-α10, whereas normal mesenchymal cells did not. Integrin-α10 transmitted its tumor-specific signal via TRIO and RICTOR, two oncoproteins that are frequently co-overexpressed through gene amplification on chromosome 5p. TRIO and RICTOR activated RAC/PAK and AKT/mTOR to promote sarcoma cell survival. Inhibition of these proteins with EHop-016 (RAC inhibitor) and INK128 (mTOR inhibitor) had antitumor effects in tumor-derived cell lines and mouse xenografts, and combining the drugs enhanced the effects. Our results demonstrate the importance of integrin-α10/TRIO/RICTOR signaling for driving myxofibrosarcoma progression and provide the basis for promising targeted treatment strategies for patients with high-risk disease. SIGNIFICANCE Identifying the molecular pathogenesis for myxofibrosarcoma progression has proven challenging given the highly complex genomic alterations in this tumor type. We found that integrin-α10 promotes tumor cell survival through activation of TRIO-RAC-RICTOR-mTOR signaling, and that inhibitors of RAC and mTOR have antitumor effects in vivo, thus identifying a potential treatment strategy for patients with high-risk myxofibrosarcoma. Cancer Discov; 6(10); 1148-65. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Okada
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Ann Y Lee
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Li-Xuan Qin
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Narasimhan Agaram
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takahiro Mimae
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yawei Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachael O'Connor
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel A López-Lago
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amanda Craig
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Martin L Miller
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Phaedra Agius
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Evan Molinelli
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aimee M Crago
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Fumi Shima
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samuel Singer
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sarcoma Disease Management Program, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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Di S, Li Z. Treatment of solid tumors with chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells: current status and future prospects. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:360-9. [PMID: 26968709 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are artificial recombinant receptors that generally combine the antigen-recognition domain of a monoclonal antibody with T cell activation domains. Recent years have seen great success in clinical trials employing CD19-specific CAR-T cell therapy for B cell leukemia. Nevertheless, solid tumors remain a major challenge for CAR-T cell therapy. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies on the treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. The major hurdles for the success of CAR-T and the novel strategies to address these hurdles have also been described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmeng Di
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Arosio D, Casagrande C. Advancement in integrin facilitated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:111-43. [PMID: 26686830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research of integrin-targeted anticancer agents has recorded important advancements in ingenious design of delivery systems, based either on the prodrug approach, or on nanoparticle carriers, but for now, none of these has reached a clinical stage of development. Past work in this area has been extensively reviewed by us and others. Thus, the purpose and scope of the present review is to survey the advancement reported in the last 3years, with focus on innovative delivery systems that appear to afford openings for future developments. These systems exploit the labelling with conventional and novel integrin ligands for targeting the interface of cancer cells and of endothelial cells involved in cancer angiogenesis, with the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in the circulation, in tissues, and in tumour stroma, as the site of progression and metastatic evolution of the disease. Furthermore, these systems implement the expertise in the development of nanomedicines to the purpose of achieving preferential biodistribution and uptake in cancer tissues, internalisation in cancer cells, and release of the transported drugs at intracellular sites. The assessment of the value of controlling these factors, and their combination, for future developments requires support of biological testing in appropriate mechanistic models, but also imperatively demand confirmation in therapeutically relevant in vivo models for biodistribution, efficacy, and lack of off-target effects. Thus, among many studies, we have tried to point out the results supported by relevant in vivo studies, and we have emphasised in specific sections those addressing the medical needs of drug delivery to brain tumours, as well as the delivery of oligonucleotides modulating gene-dependent pathological mechanism. The latter could constitute the basis of a promising third branch in the therapeutic armamentarium against cancer, in addition to antibody-based agents and to cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cesare Casagrande
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
T cells are a crucial component of the immune response to infection and cancer. In addition to coordinating immunity in lymphoid tissue, T cells play a vital role at the disease site, which relies on their efficient and specific trafficking capabilities. The process of T-cell trafficking is highly dynamic, involving a series of distinct processes, which include rolling, adhesion, extravasation, and chemotaxis. Trafficking of T cells to the tumor microenvironment is critical for the success of cancer immunotherapies such as adoptive cellular transfer. Although this approach has achieved some remarkable responses in patients with advanced melanoma and hematologic malignancy, the success against solid cancers has been more moderate. One of the major challenges for adoptive immunotherapy is to be able to effectively target a higher frequency of T cells to the tumor microenvironment, overcoming hurdles associated with immunosuppression and aberrant vasculature. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of T-cell migration in solid cancer and immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of natural or genetically engineered tumor-specific T cells and discusses new strategies that may enhance the trafficking of these cells, leading to effective eradication of solid cancer and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Abstract
Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abdulkareem IH. Biomedical techniques in translational studies: The journey so far. Niger Med J 2014; 55:99-105. [PMID: 24791040 PMCID: PMC4003728 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.129634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical techniques have wide clinical application in many fields of medicine such as oncology, rheumatology, immunology, genomics, cardiology and diagnostics; among others. This has been made possible with the use of genetic engineering and a number of techniques like Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fluorescent Microscopy, Cell Culture, Genetically Modified (GM) Cells, Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The aim of this literature review is to explore the foundations and bases of the commonly used biomedical techniques, as well as their applications in biomedical research and clinical medicine in general. This review also aims to shed some light on more recent advances in genetic engineering, especially in relation to genetically modified cells and use of monoclonal antibodies which have found more increasing use and relevance in genomics, oncology, rheumatology, immunology, cardiology as well as diagnostics, and have revolutionised patient care, while at the same time resulting in improved standard of health care. Unfortunately, some of these new techniques are associated with unwanted side effects which may pose a risk to the people they are actually intended for. Therefore, there is need for strict regulations and guidelines to control the use and implementation of some of these novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Haruna Abdulkareem
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds University Teaching Hospitals, Leeds West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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