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Gong J, Kim DM, Freeman MR, Kim H, Ellis L, Smith B, Theodorescu D, Posadas E, Figlin R, Bhowmick N, Freedland SJ. Genetic and biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities in Black men. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:274-289. [PMID: 37964070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Black men with prostate cancer have historically had worse outcomes than white men with prostate cancer. The causes of this disparity in outcomes are multi-factorial, but a potential basis is that prostate cancers in Black men are biologically distinct from prostate cancers in white men. Evidence suggests that genetic and ancestral factors, molecular pathways involving androgen and non-androgen receptor signalling, inflammation, epigenetics, the tumour microenvironment and tumour metabolism are contributing factors to the racial disparities observed. Key genetic and molecular pathways linked to prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness have potential clinical relevance. Describing biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities could inform efforts to improve outcomes for Black men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel M Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyung Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethany Smith
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Posadas
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Tian P, Zhong M, Wei GH. Mechanistic insights into genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 522:155-163. [PMID: 34560228 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men and is a highly heritable disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Genome-wide association studies have to date discovered nearly 270 genetic loci harboring hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with PCa susceptibility. In contrast, the functional characterization of the mechanisms underlying PCa risk association is still growing. Given that PCa risk-associated SNPs are highly enriched in noncoding cis-regulatory genomic regions, accumulating evidence suggests a widespread modulation of transcription factor chromatin binding and allelic enhancer activity by these noncoding SNPs, thereby dysregulating gene expression. Emerging studies have shown that a proportion of noncoding variants can modulate the formation of transcription factor complexes at enhancers and CTCF-mediated 3D genome architecture. Interestingly, DNA methylation-regulated CTCF binding could orchestrate a long-range chromatin interaction between PCa risk enhancer and causative genes. Additionally, one-causal-variant-two-risk genes or multiple-risk-variant-multiple-genes are prevalent in some PCa risk-associated loci. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the general principles of SNP-mediated gene regulation, experimental advances, and functional evidence supporting the mechanistic roles of several PCa genetic loci with potential clinical impact on disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tian
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengjie Zhong
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Ghali F, Kane CJ. Re: Association of Black Race with Prostate Cancer-specific and Other-cause Mortality. Eur Urol 2021; 80:758-759. [PMID: 34535345 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fady Ghali
- UC San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
More than 40% of the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) is from genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of more than 140 variants associated with PCa risk. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) generated using these variants show promise in identifying individuals at much higher (and lower) lifetime risk than the average man. PCa PRS also improve the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen screening, may inform the age for starting PCa screening, and are informative for development of more aggressive tumors. Despite the promise, few clinical trials have evaluated the benefit of PCa PRS for clinical care.
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Batai K, Hooker S, Kittles RA. Leveraging genetic ancestry to study health disparities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:363-375. [PMID: 32935870 PMCID: PMC8246846 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research to understand human genomic variation and its implications in health has great potential to contribute in the reduction of health disparities. Biological anthropology can play important roles in genomics and health disparities research using a biocultural approach. This paper argues that racial/ethnic categories should not be used as a surrogate for sociocultural factors or global genomic clusters in biomedical research or clinical settings, because of the high genetic heterogeneity that exists within traditional racial/ethnic groups. Genetic ancestry is used to show variation in ancestral genomic contributions to recently admixed populations in the United States, such as African Americans and Hispanic/Latino Americans. Genetic ancestry estimates are also used to examine the relationship between ancestry-related biological and sociocultural factors affecting health disparities. To localize areas of genomes that contribute to health disparities, admixture mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often used. Recent GWAS have identified many genetic variants that are highly differentiated among human populations that are associated with disease risk. Some of these are population-specific variants. Many of these variants may impact disease risk and help explain a portion of the difference in disease burden among racial/ethnic groups. Genetic ancestry is also of particular interest in precision medicine and disparities in drug efficacy and outcomes. By using genetic ancestry, we can learn about potential biological differences that may contribute to the heterogeneity observed across self-reported racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Department of UrologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Stanley Hooker
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population SciencesCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
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7
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A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of multiple myeloma among men and women of African ancestry. Blood Adv 2021; 4:181-190. [PMID: 31935283 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons of African ancestry (AA) have a twofold higher risk for multiple myeloma (MM) compared with persons of European ancestry (EA). Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) support a genetic contribution to MM etiology in individuals of EA. Little is known about genetic risk factors for MM in individuals of AA. We performed a meta-analysis of 2 GWASs of MM in 1813 cases and 8871 controls and conducted an admixture mapping scan to identify risk alleles. We fine-mapped the 23 known susceptibility loci to find markers that could better capture MM risk in individuals of AA and constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess the aggregated effect of known MM risk alleles. In GWAS meta-analysis, we identified 2 suggestive novel loci located at 9p24.3 and 9p13.1 at P < 1 × 10-6; however, no genome-wide significant association was noted. In admixture mapping, we observed a genome-wide significant inverse association between local AA at 2p24.1-23.1 and MM risk in AA individuals. Of the 23 known EA risk variants, 20 showed directional consistency, and 9 replicated at P < .05 in AA individuals. In 8 regions, we identified markers that better capture MM risk in persons with AA. AA individuals with a PRS in the top 10% had a 1.82-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.11) increased MM risk compared with those with average risk (25%-75%). The strongest functional association was between the risk allele for variant rs56219066 at 5q15 and lower ELL2 expression (P = 5.1 × 10-12). Our study shows that common genetic variation contributes to MM risk in individuals with AA.
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Huynh-Le MP, Fan CC, Karunamuni R, Thompson WK, Martinez ME, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Muir K, Schleutker J, Pashayan N, Batra J, Grönberg H, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Wiklund F, Tangen CM, Giles GG, Wolk A, Albanes D, Travis RC, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Sanderson M, Stanford JL, Mucci LA, West CML, Kibel AS, Cussenot O, Berndt SI, Koutros S, Sørensen KD, Cybulski C, Grindedal EM, Menegaux F, Khaw KT, Park JY, Ingles SA, Maier C, Hamilton RJ, Thibodeau SN, Rosenstein BS, Lu YJ, Watya S, Vega A, Kogevinas M, Penney KL, Huff C, Teixeira MR, Multigner L, Leach RJ, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, John EM, Kaneva R, Logothetis CJ, Neuhausen SL, De Ruyck K, Pandha H, Razack A, Newcomb LF, Fowke JH, Gamulin M, Usmani N, Claessens F, Gago-Dominguez M, Townsend PA, Bush WS, Roobol MJ, Parent MÉ, Hu JJ, Mills IG, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Seibert TM. Polygenic hazard score is associated with prostate cancer in multi-ethnic populations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1236. [PMID: 33623038 PMCID: PMC7902617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic models for cancer have been evaluated using almost exclusively European data, which could exacerbate health disparities. A polygenic hazard score (PHS1) is associated with age at prostate cancer diagnosis and improves screening accuracy in Europeans. Here, we evaluate performance of PHS2 (PHS1, adapted for OncoArray) in a multi-ethnic dataset of 80,491 men (49,916 cases, 30,575 controls). PHS2 is associated with age at diagnosis of any and aggressive (Gleason score ≥ 7, stage T3-T4, PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL, or nodal/distant metastasis) cancer and prostate-cancer-specific death. Associations with cancer are significant within European (n = 71,856), Asian (n = 2,382), and African (n = 6,253) genetic ancestries (p < 10-180). Comparing the 80th/20th PHS2 percentiles, hazard ratios for prostate cancer, aggressive cancer, and prostate-cancer-specific death are 5.32, 5.88, and 5.68, respectively. Within European, Asian, and African ancestries, hazard ratios for prostate cancer are: 5.54, 4.49, and 2.54, respectively. PHS2 risk-stratifies men for any, aggressive, and fatal prostate cancer in a multi-ethnic dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Phuong Huynh-Le
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Karunamuni
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics and Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nora Pashayan
- University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Sorbonne Universite, GRC n°5, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, 4 Rue de la Chine, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Florence Menegaux
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif Cédex, France
- Paris-Sud University, UMRS 1018, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | | | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Department of Medicine and Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William S Bush
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler M Seibert
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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10
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Lewis DD, Cropp CD. The Impact of African Ancestry on Prostate Cancer Disparities in the Era of Precision Medicine. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1471. [PMID: 33302594 PMCID: PMC7762993 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer disproportionately affects men of African ancestry at nearly twice the rate of men of European ancestry despite the advancement of treatment strategies and prevention. In this review, we discuss the underlying causes of these disparities including genetics, environmental/behavioral, and social determinants of health while highlighting the implications and challenges that contribute to the stark underrepresentation of men of African ancestry in clinical trials and genetic research studies. Reducing prostate cancer disparities through the development of personalized medicine approaches based on genetics will require a holistic understanding of the complex interplay of non-genetic factors that disproportionately exacerbate the observed disparity between men of African and European ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana D. Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cheryl D. Cropp
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA;
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11
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Brandão A, Paulo P, Teixeira MR. Hereditary Predisposition to Prostate Cancer: From Genetics to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5036. [PMID: 32708810 PMCID: PMC7404100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) ranks among the top five cancers for both incidence and mortality worldwide. A significant proportion of PrCa susceptibility has been attributed to inherited predisposition, with 10-20% of cases expected to occur in a hereditary/familial context. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have uncovered several moderate- to high-penetrance PrCa susceptibility genes, most of which have previously been related to known hereditary cancer syndromes, namely the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2) and Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) genes. Additional candidate genes have also been suggested, but further evidence is needed to include them in routine genetic testing. Recommendations based on clinical features, family history, and ethnicity have been established for more cost-efficient genetic testing of patients and families who may be at an increased risk of developing PrCa. The identification of alterations in PrCa predisposing genes may help to inform screening strategies, as well as treatment options, in the metastatic setting. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis underlying hereditary predisposition to PrCa, the current genetic screening recommendations, and the implications for clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Brandão
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (P.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Ethnic variation in prostate cancer detection: a feasibility study for use of the Stockholm3 test in a multiethnic U.S. cohort. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 24:120-127. [PMID: 32641739 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Stockholm3 test improves Gleason Grade Group ≥2 (GG ≥ 2) prostate cancer (PC) detection, however it has not been evaluated in an American cohort where clinical practice patterns and ethnicity differ. We aimed to identify subgroups within a Stockholm population with PC risk profiles matching American ethnicity-specific subgroups and compare the detection of PC and describe Stockholm3 performance within these subgroups. METHODS All men age 49-70 years presenting for prostate biopsies were evaluated at UIC from 2016 to 2019, as well as men in Stockholm from 2012 to 2014 in the STHLM3 study. Propensity scores (PS) were estimated for each person using logistic regression for age, PSA, prostate volume, family history of PC, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use, and prior biopsy. 3:1 PS matching was performed for Stockholm to Chicago ethnicity-specific cohorts and odds ratios (OR) were computed to compare detection of GG ≥ 2 PC between groups. RESULTS 504 Chicago men and 6980 Stockholm men were included. In African American (AA) men, 51% had GG ≥ 2 PC detected, while in risk-matched Stockholm men, 34% had GG ≥ 2 PC detected (OR: 2.1, p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in GG ≥ 2 PC detected when matching Stockholm men to non-Hispanic Caucasian men (31% vs. 24%, OR: 0.7, p = 0.30) or Hispanic Caucasian men (31% vs. 27%, OR: 1.2, p = 0.42). The AUC for the Stockholm3 test of the matched Stockholm cohorts for AA, non-Hispanic Caucasian, and Hispanic Caucasian men was 0.85, 0.89, and 0.90, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using statistical techniques to simulate a multi-ethnic Chicago cohort within the STHLM3 population, we found an excess risk of GG ≥ 2 PC among AA men. Our hypothesis that the Stockholm3 may have good predictive value in a multiethnic cohort is strengthened, and that recalibration to at least AA men seems likely to be needed to obtain well-calibrated predictions.
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Yanes T, McInerney-Leo AM, Law MH, Cummings S. The emerging field of polygenic risk scores and perspective for use in clinical care. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:R165-R176. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic testing is used widely for diagnostic, carrier and predictive testing in monogenic diseases. Until recently, there were no genetic testing options available for multifactorial complex diseases like heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been invaluable in identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with increased or decreased risk for hundreds of complex disorders. For a given disease, SNPs can be combined to generate a cumulative estimation of risk known as a polygenic risk score (PRS). After years of research, PRSs are increasingly used in clinical settings. In this article, we will review the literature on how both genome-wide and restricted PRSs are developed and the relative merit of each. The validation and evaluation of PRSs will also be discussed, including the recognition that PRS validity is intrinsically linked to the methodological and analytical approach of the foundation GWAS together with the ethnic characteristics of that cohort. Specifically, population differences may affect imputation accuracy, risk magnitude and direction. Even as PRSs are being introduced into clinical practice, there is a push to combine them with clinical and demographic risk factors to develop a holistic disease risk. The existing evidence regarding the clinical utility of PRSs is considered across four different domains: informing population screening programs, guiding therapeutic interventions, refining risk for families at high risk, and facilitating diagnosis and predicting prognostic outcomes. The evidence for clinical utility in relation to five well-studied disorders is summarized. The potential ethical, legal and social implications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Yanes
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059, Australia
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14
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Marlin R, Créoff M, Merle S, Jean-Marie-Flore M, Rose M, Malsa S, Promeyrat X, Martin F, Comlan G, Rabia N, Taouil T, Issoufaly I, Escarmant P, Vinh-Hung V, Béra O. Mutation HOXB13 c.853delT in Martinican prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2020; 80:463-470. [PMID: 32040869 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Martinique, prostate cancer (Pca) incidence rates are nowadays among the highest worldwide with a high incidence of early-onset and familial forms. Despite the demonstration of a strong familial component, identification of the genetic basis for hereditary Pca is challenging. The HOXB13 germline variant G84E (rs138213197) was described in men of European descent with Pca risk. METHODS To investigate the potential involvement of HOXB13 mutations in Martinique, we performed sequencing of the HOXB13 coding regions of 46 index cases with early-onset Pca (before the age of 51). Additional breast cancers and controls were performed. All cancer cases analyzed in this study have been observed in the context of genetic counseling. RESULTS We identified a rare heterozygous germline variant c.853delT (p.Ter285Lysfs) rs77179853, reported only among patients of African ancestry with a minor allele frequency of 3.2%. This variant is a stop loss reported only among patients of African ancestry with a frequency of 0.2%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we think that this study provides supplementary arguments that HOXB13 variants are involved in Pca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régine Marlin
- Department of Molecular Cancer Genetic, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Morgane Créoff
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Sylvie Merle
- Department of Methodology, Methodology and Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Magalie Jean-Marie-Flore
- Department of Molecular Cancer Genetic, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Mickaelle Rose
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Sarah Malsa
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Xavier Promeyrat
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - François Martin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Georges Comlan
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Nicolas Rabia
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Taoufiq Taouil
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Irfane Issoufaly
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Patrick Escarmant
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Vincent Vinh-Hung
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Odile Béra
- Department of Molecular Cancer Genetic, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Urology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, France
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Woods-Burnham L, Stiel L, Martinez SR, Sanchez-Hernandez ES, Ruckle HC, Almaguel FG, Stern MC, Roberts LR, Williams DR, Montgomery S, Casiano CA. Psychosocial Stress, Glucocorticoid Signaling, and Prostate Cancer Health Disparities in African American Men. CANCER HEALTH DISPARITIES 2020; 4:https://companyofscientists.com/index.php/chd/article/view/169/188. [PMID: 35252767 PMCID: PMC8896511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of racial disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality that disproportionately affect African American (AA) men have provided important insights into the psychosocial, socioeconomic, environmental, and molecular contributors. There is, however, limited mechanistic knowledge of how the interplay between these determinants influences prostate tumor aggressiveness in AA men and other men of African ancestry. Growing evidence indicates that chronic psychosocial stress in AA populations leads to sustained glucocorticoid signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), with negative physiological and pathological consequences. Compelling evidence indicates that treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with anti-androgen therapy activates GR signaling. This enhanced GR signaling bypasses androgen receptor (AR) signaling and transcriptionally activates both AR-target genes and GR-target genes, resulting in increased prostate tumor resistance to anti-androgen therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Given its enhanced signaling in AA men, GR-together with specific genetic drivers-may promote CRPC progression and exacerbate tumor aggressiveness in this population, potentially contributing to PCa mortality disparities. Ongoing and future CRPC clinical trials that combine standard of care therapies with GR modulators should assess racial differences in therapy response and clinical outcomes in order to improve PCa health disparities that continue to exist for AA men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Laura Stiel
- Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shannalee R. Martinez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn S. Sanchez-Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Herbert C. Ruckle
- Department of Surgical Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Frankis G. Almaguel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C. Stern
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa R. Roberts
- Loma Linda University School of Nursing, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University School of Public Health
| | - Susanne Montgomery
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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16
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Badal S, Aiken W, Morrison B, Valentine H, Bryan S, Gachi A, Ragin C. Disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates: Solvable or not? Prostate 2020; 80:3-16. [PMID: 31702061 PMCID: PMC8378246 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is recognized as a disease possessing not only great variation in its geographic and racial distribution but also tremendous variation in its potential to cause morbidity and death and it, therefore, ought not to be considered a homogenous disease entity. Morbidity and death from PCa are disproportionately higher in men of African ancestry (MAA) who are generally observed to have more aggressive disease and worse outcomes following treatment compared to men of European ancestry (MEA). The higher rates of PCa among MAA relative to MEA appear to be multifactorial and related to inherent differences in biological aggressiveness; a continued lack of awareness of the disease and methods of prevention; a lower prevalence of screen-detected PCa; comparatively lower access to quality healthcare as well as systemic and institutionalized disparities in the administration of optimal care to MAA in developed countries such as the United States of America where high-quality care is available. Even when access to quality healthcare is assured in equal access settings, it appears that MAA still have worse outcomes after PCa treatment stage-for-stage and grade-for-grade compared to MEA, suggesting that, inherent racial, ethnic and biological differences are paramount in predicting poor outcomes. This review has explored the different contributing factors to the current disparities in PCa incidence and mortality rates with emphasis on the incongruence in how research has been conducted in understanding the disease towards developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Belinda Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Henkel Valentine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sophia Bryan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Andrew Gachi
- Department of pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, 3 Avenue, Parklands, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Camille Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium
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Mamidi TKK, Wu J, Hicks C. Mapping the Germline and Somatic Mutation Interaction Landscape in Indolent and Aggressive Prostate Cancers. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4168784. [PMID: 31814827 PMCID: PMC6878815 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4168784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A majority of prostate cancers (PCas) are indolent and cause no harm even without treatment. However, a significant proportion of patients with PCa have aggressive tumors that progress rapidly to metastatic disease and are often lethal. PCa develops through somatic mutagenesis, but emerging evidence suggests that germline genetic variation can markedly contribute to tumorigenesis. However, the causal association between genetic susceptibility and tumorigenesis has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to map the germline and somatic mutation interaction landscape in indolent and aggressive tumors and to discover signatures of mutated genes associated with each type and distinguishing the two types of PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We integrated germline mutation information from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with somatic mutation information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using gene expression data from TCGA on indolent and aggressive PCas as the intermediate phenotypes. Germline and somatic mutated genes associated with each type of PCa were functionally characterized using network and pathway analysis. RESULTS We discovered gene signatures containing germline and somatic mutations associated with each type and distinguishing the two types of PCa. We discovered multiple gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways enriched with germline and somatic mutations including axon guidance, RAR, WINT, MSP-RON, STAT3, PI3K, TR/RxR, and molecular mechanisms of cancer, NF-kB, prostate cancer, GP6, androgen, and VEGF signaling pathways for indolent PCa and MSP-RON, axon guidance, RAR, adipogenesis, and molecular mechanisms of cancer and NF-kB signaling pathways for aggressive PCa. CONCLUSION The investigation revealed germline and somatic mutated genes associated with indolent and aggressive PCas and distinguishing the two types of PCa. The study revealed multiple gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways dysregulated by germline and somatic alterations. Integrative analysis combining germline and somatic mutations is a powerful approach to mapping germline and somatic mutation interaction landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Karthik Kumar Mamidi
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3412, USA
| | - Jiande Wu
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar, New Orleans, LA-70112, USA
| | - Chindo Hicks
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar, New Orleans, LA-70112, USA
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Wagland R, Nayoan J, Matheson L, Rivas C, Brett J, Collaco N, Alexis O, Gavin A, Glaser AW, Watson E. Adjustment strategies amongst black African and black Caribbean men following treatment for prostate cancer: Findings from the Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2019; 29:e13183. [PMID: 31642565 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore adjustment strategies adopted by Black African (BA) and Black Caribbean (BC) men in the UK as a response to the impact of PCa diagnosis and treatment effects. METHODS Men were recruited through the UK-wide 'Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis' (LAPCD) survey. Telephone interviews were conducted with men (n = 14) with BA and BC backgrounds between 18 and 42 months post-diagnosis. Data were analysed using a Framework approach. RESULTS Most men (n = 12) were born outside the UK, were married (n = 9) and employed (n = 9). Median age was 66 years (range: 55-85). Six overarching themes emerged: a strong reliance upon faith beliefs; maintaining a 'positive' front; work as distraction; non-disclosure of diagnosis even amongst family members, influenced by stigma and masculinity concerns; active awareness-raising amongst a minority and support-seeking from close community. A few men emphasised a need to 'pitch' awareness-raising messages appropriately. Potential links existed between faith beliefs, presenting a positive front, community support-seeking and local awareness-raising. CONCLUSION The provision of patient-centred care requires cultural sensitivity. Interventions that challenge stigma and men's reluctance to disclose problems associated with PCa and treatment may encourage help-seeking for symptom support. Research is needed to determine how best awareness-raising messages should be conveyed to black men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johana Nayoan
- Health Psychology Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Matheson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol Rivas
- Social Science Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Brett
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Collaco
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Obrey Alexis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Adam W Glaser
- Leeds Institute of Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eila Watson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Qian Y, Zhang L, Cai M, Li H, Xu H, Yang H, Zhao Z, Rhie SK, Farnham PJ, Shi J, Lu W. The prostate cancer risk variant rs55958994 regulates multiple gene expression through extreme long-range chromatin interaction to control tumor progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw6710. [PMID: 31328168 PMCID: PMC6636982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs55958994 as a significant variant associated with increased susceptibility to prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms by which this SNP mediates increased risk to cancer are still unknown. In this study, we show that this variant is located in an enhancer active in prostate cancer cells. Deletion of this enhancer from prostate tumor cells resulted in decreased tumor initiation, tumor growth, and invasive migration, as well as a loss of stem-like cells. Using a combination of capture chromosome conformation capture (Capture-C) and RNA sequencing, we identified genes on the same and different chromosomes as targets regulated by the enhancer. Furthermore, we show that expression of individual candidate target genes in an enhancer-deleted cell line rescued different aspects of tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that the rs55958994-associated enhancer affects prostate cancer progression by influencing expression of multiple genes via long-range chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyang Cai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hongxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Heming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Suhn Kyong Rhie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Peggy J. Farnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jiandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Mitchell KA, Williams H. Emerging genomic biomarkers for improving kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer health disparities outcomes. Urol Oncol 2019; 40:126-132. [PMID: 31239186 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in genomic and genetic technologies have facilitated better health outcomes for urologic cancer patients. Genomic and genetic heterogeneity may contribute to differences in tumor biology and urologic cancer burden across various populations. OBJECTIVE To examine how emerging genomic and genetic biomarkers, self-reported race, and ancestry-informative markers are associated with kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer outcomes. RESULTS Genomic and genetic alterations found in African American kidney cancer patients included distinct somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations, chromosomal instability, germ-line risk alleles, and germ-line genetic variants. These changes correlated with improved risk prediction, prognosis, and survival; and a predicted decrease in response to targeted therapies. SNP risk alleles and ancestry-informative markers were associated with improved risk prediction in prostate cancer patients of both African and European descent. AKT activation suggest differential response to AKT-targeted therapies in African American, Asian American, and Tunisian bladder cancer patients. Both self-reported race and genetic ancestry predicted urologic cancer risk prediction. CONCLUSION Precision medicine approaches that integrate population-specific genomic and genetic information with other known urologic cancer-specific characteristics can improve outcomes and be leveraged to reduce cancer health disparities. Further investigations are necessary to identify novel genomic biomarkers with clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinric Williams
- Urology Department, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA; Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA.
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Matejcic M, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Wang K, Sheng X, Olama AAA, Schumacher FR, Ingles SA, Govindasami K, Benlloch S, Berndt SI, Albanes D, Koutros S, Muir K, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Tangen CM, Batra J, Clements J, Gronberg H, Pashayan N, Schleutker J, Wolk A, West C, Mucci L, Kraft P, Cancel-Tassin G, Sorensen KD, Maehle L, Grindedal EM, Strom SS, Neal DE, Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Travis RC, Hamilton RJ, Rosenstein B, Lu YJ, Giles GG, Kibel AS, Vega A, Bensen JT, Kogevinas M, Penney KL, Park JY, Stanford JL, Cybulski C, Nordestgaard BG, Brenner H, Maier C, Kim J, Teixeira MR, Neuhausen SL, De Ruyck K, Razack A, Newcomb LF, Lessel D, Kaneva R, Usmani N, Claessens F, Townsend PA, Gago-Dominguez M, Roobol MJ, Menegaux F, Khaw KT, Cannon-Albright LA, Pandha H, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, Wiklund F, Chanock SJ, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Germline variation at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4616. [PMID: 30397198 PMCID: PMC6218483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 8q24 is a susceptibility locus for multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we combine genetic data across the 8q24 susceptibility region from 71,535 prostate cancer cases and 52,935 controls of European ancestry to define the overall contribution of germline variation at 8q24 to prostate cancer risk. We identify 12 independent risk signals for prostate cancer (p < 4.28 × 10-15), including three risk variants that have yet to be reported. From a polygenic risk score (PRS) model, derived to assess the cumulative effect of risk variants at 8q24, men in the top 1% of the PRS have a 4-fold (95%CI = 3.62-4.40) greater risk compared to the population average. These 12 variants account for ~25% of what can be currently explained of the familial risk of prostate cancer by known genetic risk factors. These findings highlight the overwhelming contribution of germline variation at 8q24 on prostate cancer risk which has implications for population risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matejcic
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Tokhir Dadaev
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Mark N Brook
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7219, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Sara Benlloch
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
- Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharine West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lorelei Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- GRC N°5 ONCOTYPE-URO, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Tenon Hospital, F-75020, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, F-75020, Paris, France
| | - Karina D Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lovise Maehle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli M Grindedal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David E Neal
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Barry Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jeanette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02184, USA
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Maier
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Menegaux
- Cancer and Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94807, Villejuif Cédex, France
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | | | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Rebbeck TR. Prostate Cancer Disparities by Race and Ethnicity: From Nucleotide to Neighborhood. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030387. [PMID: 29229666 PMCID: PMC6120694 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates vary substantially by race and ethnicity, with African American men experiencing among the highest CaP rates in the world. The causes of these disparities are multifactorial and complex, and likely involve differences in access to screening and treatment, exposure to CaP risk factors, variation in genomic susceptibility, and other biological factors. To date, the proportion of CaP that can be explained by environmental exposures is small and differences in the role factors play by race or ethnicity is poorly understood. In the absence of additional data, it is likely that environmental factors do not contribute greatly to CaP disparities. In contrast, CaP has one of the highest heritabilities of all major cancers and many CaP susceptibility genes have been identified. Some CaP loci, including the risk loci found at chromosome 8q24, have consistent effects in all racial/ethnic groups studied to date. However, replication of many susceptibility loci across race or ethnicity remains limited. It is likely that inequities in health care access strongly influences CaP disparities. CaP is a disease with a complex multifactorial etiology, and therefore any approach attempting to address racial/ethnic disparities in CaP must consider the many sources that influence risk, outcomes, and disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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23
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Prostate Cancer Genomics: Recent Advances and the Prevailing Underrepresentation from Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041255. [PMID: 29690565 PMCID: PMC5979433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. Among African American (AA) men, CaP is the most prevalent malignancy, with disproportionately higher incidence and mortality rates. Even after discounting the influence of socioeconomic factors, the effect of molecular and genetic factors on racial disparity of CaP is evident. Earlier studies on the molecular basis for CaP disparity have focused on the influence of heritable mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most CaP susceptibility alleles identified based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were common, low-penetrance variants. Germline CaP-associated mutations that are highly penetrant, such as those found in HOXB13 and BRCA2, are usually rare. More recently, genomic studies enabled by Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technologies have focused on the identification of somatic mutations that contribute to CaP tumorigenesis. These studies confirmed the high prevalence of ERG gene fusions and PTEN deletions among Caucasian Americans and identified novel somatic alterations in SPOP and FOXA1 genes in early stages of CaP. Individuals with African ancestry and other minorities are often underrepresented in these large-scale genomic studies, which are performed primarily using tumors from men of European ancestry. The insufficient number of specimens from AA men and other minority populations, together with the heterogeneity in the molecular etiology of CaP across populations, challenge the generalizability of findings from these projects. Efforts to close this gap by sequencing larger numbers of tumor specimens from more diverse populations, although still at an early stage, have discovered distinct genomic alterations. These research findings can have a direct impact on the diagnosis of CaP, the stratification of patients for treatment, and can help to address the disparity in incidence and mortality of CaP. This review examines the progress of understanding in CaP genetics and genomics and highlight the need to increase the representation from minority populations.
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Ke W, Rand KA, Conti DV, Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Wilkens L, Le Marchand L, Assimes TL, Haiman CA. Evaluation of 71 Coronary Artery Disease Risk Variants in a Multiethnic Cohort. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:19. [PMID: 29740590 PMCID: PMC5931137 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death worldwide. Previous studies have identified numerous common CHD susceptibility loci, with the vast majority identified in populations of European ancestry. How well these findings transfer to other racial/ethnic populations remains unclear. Methods and Results We examined the generalizability of the associations with 71 known CHD loci in African American, Latino and Japanese men and women in the Multiethnic Cohort (6,035 cases and 11,251 controls). In the combined multiethnic sample, 78% of the loci demonstrated odds ratios that were directionally consistent with those previously reported (p = 2 × 10−6), with this fraction ranging from 59% in Japanese to 70% in Latinos. The number of nominally significant associations across all susceptibility regions ranged from only 1 in Japanese to 11 in African Americans with the most statistically significant association observed through locus fine-mapping noted for rs3832016 (OR = 1.16, p = 2.5×10−5) in the SORT1 region on chromosome 1p13. Lastly, we examined the cumulative predictive effect of CHD SNPs across populations with improved power by creating genetic risk scores (GRSs) that summarize an individual’s aggregated exposure to risk variants. We found the GRSs to be significantly associated with risk in African Americans (OR = 1.03 per allele; p = 4.1×10−5) and Latinos (OR = 1.03; p = 2.2 × 10−8), but not in Japanese (OR = 1.01; p = 0.11). Conclusions While a sizable fraction of the known CHD loci appear to generalize in these populations, larger fine-mapping studies will be needed to localize the functional alleles and better define their contribution to CHD risk in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjing Ke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Veronica W Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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25
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Woods-Burnham L, Basu A, Cajigas-Du Ross CK, Love A, Yates C, De Leon M, Roy S, Casiano CA. The 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell line carries mixed genetic ancestry: Implications for prostate cancer health disparities research using pre-clinical models. Prostate 2017; 77:1601-1608. [PMID: 29030865 PMCID: PMC5687283 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how biological factors contribute to prostate cancer (PCa) health disparities requires mechanistic functional analysis of specific genes or pathways in pre-clinical cellular and animal models of this malignancy. The 22Rv1 human prostatic carcinoma cell line was originally derived from the parental CWR22R cell line. Although 22Rv1 has been well characterized and used in numerous mechanistic studies, no racial identifier has ever been disclosed for this cell line. In accordance with the need for racial diversity in cancer biospecimens and recent guidelines by the NIH on authentication of key biological resources, we sought to determine the ancestry of 22RV1 and authenticate previously reported racial identifications for four other PCa cell lines. METHODS We used 29 established Ancestry Informative Marker (AIM) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to conduct DNA ancestry analysis and assign ancestral proportions to a panel of five PCa cell lines that included 22Rv1, PC3, DU145, MDA-PCa-2b, and RC-77T/E. RESULTS We found that 22Rv1 carries mixed genetic ancestry. The main ancestry proportions for this cell line were 0.41 West African (AFR) and 0.42 European (EUR). In addition, we verified the previously reported racial identifications for PC3 (0.73 EUR), DU145 (0.63 EUR), MDA-PCa-2b (0.73 AFR), and RC-77T/E (0.74 AFR) cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Considering the mortality disparities associated with PCa, which disproportionately affect African American men, there remains a burden on the scientific community to diversify the availability of biospecimens, including cell lines, for mechanistic studies on potential biological mediators of these disparities. This study is beneficial by identifying another PCa cell line that carries substantial AFR ancestry. This finding may also open the door to new perspectives on previously published studies using this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Anamika Basu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Christina K. Cajigas-Du Ross
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Arthur Love
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Clayton Yates
- Tuskegee University, Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee, AL
| | - Marino De Leon
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
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26
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Hicks C, Ramani R, Sartor O, Bhalla R, Miele L, Dlamini Z, Gumede N. An Integrative Genomics Approach for Associating Genome-Wide Association Studies Information With Localized and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Phenotypes. Biomark Insights 2017; 12:1177271917695810. [PMID: 28469398 PMCID: PMC5391982 DOI: 10.1177/1177271917695810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genotyping has enabled discovery of genetic variants associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The goal of this study was to associate GWAS information of patients with primary organ–confined and metastatic prostate cancer using gene expression data and to identify molecular networks and biological pathways enriched for genetic susceptibility variants involved in the 2 disease states. The analysis revealed gene signatures for the 2 disease states and a gene signature distinguishing the 2 patient groups. In addition, the analysis revealed molecular networks and biological pathways enriched for genetic susceptibility variants. The discovered pathways include the androgen, apoptosis, and insulinlike growth factor signaling pathways. This analysis established putative functional bridges between GWAS discoveries and the biological pathways involved in primary organ–confined and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chindo Hicks
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ritika Ramani
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ritu Bhalla
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Department of Biology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Gumede
- Department of Biology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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27
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Helfand BT, Kearns J, Conran C, Xu J. Clinical validity and utility of genetic risk scores in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:509-14. [PMID: 27297129 PMCID: PMC4955171 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.182981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current issues related to prostate cancer (PCa) clinical care (e.g., over-screening, over-diagnosis, and over-treatment of nonaggressive PCa) call for risk assessment tools that can be combined with family history (FH) to stratify disease risk among men in the general population. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 100 SNPs associated with PCa susceptibility. In this review, we discuss (1) the validity of these PCa risk-associated SNPs, individually and collectively; (2) the various methods used for measuring the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs, including genetic risk score (GRS); (3) the adequate number of SNPs needed for risk assessment; (4) reclassification of risk based on evolving numbers of SNPs used to calculate genetic risk, (5) risk assessment for men from various racial groups, and (6) the clinical utility of genetic risk assessment. In conclusion, data available to date support the clinical validity of PCa risk-associated SNPs and GRS in risk assessment among men with or without FH. PCa risk-associated SNPs are not intended for diagnostic use; rather, they should be used the same way as FH. Combining GRS and FH can significantly improve the performance of risk assessment. Improved risk assessment may have important clinical utility in targeted PCa testing. However, clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate this clinical utility as well as the acceptance of GRS by patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - James Kearns
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Carly Conran
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Conran CA, Na R, Chen H, Jiang D, Lin X, Zheng SL, Brendler CB, Xu J. Population-standardized genetic risk score: the SNP-based method of choice for inherited risk assessment of prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:520-4. [PMID: 27080480 PMCID: PMC4955173 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.179527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different approaches are available to clinicians for determining prostate
cancer (PCa) risk. The clinical validity of various PCa risk assessment methods
utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been established; however, these
SNP-based methods have not been compared. The objective of this study was to compare
the three most commonly used SNP-based methods for PCa risk assessment. Participants
were men (n = 1654) enrolled in a prospective study of PCa
development. Genotypes of 59 PCa risk-associated SNPs were available in this cohort.
Three methods of calculating SNP-based genetic risk scores (GRSs) were used for the
evaluation of individual disease risk such as risk allele count (GRS-RAC), weighted
risk allele count (GRS-wRAC), and population-standardized genetic risk score
(GRS-PS). Mean GRSs were calculated, and performances were compared using area under
the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and positive predictive value
(PPV). All SNP-based methods were found to be independently associated with PCa (all
P < 0.05; hence their clinical validity). The mean GRSs in
men with or without PCa using GRS-RAC were 55.15 and 53.46, respectively, using
GRS-wRAC were 7.42 and 6.97, respectively, and using GRS-PS were 1.12 and 0.84,
respectively (all P < 0.05 for differences between patients
with or without PCa). All three SNP-based methods performed similarly in
discriminating PCa from non-PCa based on AUC and in predicting PCa risk based on PPV
(all P > 0.05 for comparisons between the three methods), and
all three SNP-based methods had a significantly higher AUC than family history (all
P < 0.05). Results from this study suggest that while the
three most commonly used SNP-based methods performed similarly in discriminating PCa
from non-PCa at the population level, GRS-PS is the method of choice for risk
assessment at the individual level because its value (where 1.0 represents average
population risk) can be easily interpreted regardless of the number of
risk-associated SNPs used in the calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Conran
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Rong Na
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China,
| | - Haitao Chen
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Deke Jiang
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Charles B Brendler
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China; Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China,
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Abstract
Prostate cancer rates vary substantially by race, ethnicity, and geography. These disparities can be explained by variation in access to screening and treatment, variation in exposure to prostate cancer risk factors, and variation in the underlying biology of prostate carcinogenesis (including genomic propensity of some groups to develop biologically aggressive disease). It is clear that access to screening and access to treatment are critical influencing factors of prostate cancer rates; yet, even among geographically diverse populations with similar access to care (eg, low- and medium-income countries), African descent men have higher prostate cancer rates and poorer prognosis. To date, the proportion of prostate cancer that can be explained by environmental exposures is small, and the effect of these factors across different racial, ethnic, or geographical populations is poorly understood. In contrast, prostate cancer has one of the highest heritabilities of all major cancers. Numerous genetic susceptibility markers have been identified from family-based studies, candidate gene association studies, and genome-wide association studies. Some prostate cancer loci, including the risk loci found at chromosome 8q24, have consistent effects in all groups studied to date. However, replication of many susceptibility loci across race, ethnicity, and geography remains limited, and additional studies in certain populations (particularly in men of African descent) are needed to better understand the underlying genetic basis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Medical Oncology Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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30
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Rand KA, Song C, Dean E, Serie DJ, Curtin K, Sheng X, Hu D, Huff CA, Bernal-Mizrachi L, Tomasson MH, Ailawadhi S, Singhal S, Pawlish K, Peters ES, Bock CH, Stram A, Van Den Berg DJ, Edlund CK, Conti DV, Zimmerman T, Hwang AE, Huntsman S, Graff J, Nooka A, Kong Y, Pregja SL, Berndt SI, Blot WJ, Carpten J, Casey G, Chu L, Diver WR, Stevens VL, Lieber MR, Goodman PJ, Hennis AJM, Hsing AW, Mehta J, Kittles RA, Kolb S, Klein EA, Leske C, Murphy AB, Nemesure B, Neslund-Dudas C, Strom SS, Vij R, Rybicki BA, Stanford JL, Signorello LB, Witte JS, Ambrosone CB, Bhatti P, John EM, Bernstein L, Zheng W, Olshan AF, Hu JJ, Ziegler RG, Nyante SJ, Bandera EV, Birmann BM, Ingles SA, Press MF, Atanackovic D, Glenn MJ, Cannon-Albright LA, Jones B, Tricot G, Martin TG, Kumar SK, Wolf JL, Deming Halverson SL, Rothman N, Brooks-Wilson AR, Rajkumar SV, Kolonel LN, Chanock SJ, Slager SL, Severson RK, Janakiraman N, Terebelo HR, Brown EE, De Roos AJ, Mohrbacher AF, Colditz GA, Giles GG, Spinelli JJ, Chiu BC, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Levy J, Zonder JA, Orlowski RZ, Lonial S, Camp NJ, Vachon CM, Ziv E, Stram DO, Hazelett DJ, Haiman CA, Cozen W. A Meta-analysis of Multiple Myeloma Risk Regions in African and European Ancestry Populations Identifies Putatively Functional Loci. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1609-1618. [PMID: 27587788 PMCID: PMC5524541 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in European populations have identified genetic risk variants associated with multiple myeloma. METHODS We performed association testing of common variation in eight regions in 1,318 patients with multiple myeloma and 1,480 controls of European ancestry and 1,305 patients with multiple myeloma and 7,078 controls of African ancestry and conducted a meta-analysis to localize the signals, with epigenetic annotation used to predict functionality. RESULTS We found that variants in 7p15.3, 17p11.2, 22q13.1 were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) associated with multiple myeloma risk in persons of African ancestry and persons of European ancestry, and the variant in 3p22.1 was associated in European ancestry only. In a combined African ancestry-European ancestry meta-analysis, variation in five regions (2p23.3, 3p22.1, 7p15.3, 17p11.2, 22q13.1) was statistically significantly associated with multiple myeloma risk. In 3p22.1, the correlated variants clustered within the gene body of ULK4 Correlated variants in 7p15.3 clustered around an enhancer at the 3' end of the CDCA7L transcription termination site. A missense variant at 17p11.2 (rs34562254, Pro251Leu, OR, 1.32; P = 2.93 × 10-7) in TNFRSF13B encodes a lymphocyte-specific protein in the TNF receptor family that interacts with the NF-κB pathway. SNPs correlated with the index signal in 22q13.1 cluster around the promoter and enhancer regions of CBX7 CONCLUSIONS: We found that reported multiple myeloma susceptibility regions contain risk variants important across populations, supporting the use of multiple racial/ethnic groups with different underlying genetic architecture to enhance the localization and identification of putatively functional alleles. IMPACT A subset of reported risk loci for multiple myeloma has consistent effects across populations and is likely to be functional. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 1609-18. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Rand
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chi Song
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Karen Curtin
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xin Sheng
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Donglei Hu
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michael H Tomasson
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Seema Singhal
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
| | - Edward S Peters
- Louisiana State University School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cathryn H Bock
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alex Stram
- Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, California
| | - David J Van Den Berg
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher K Edlund
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David V Conti
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Amie E Hwang
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott Huntsman
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Graff
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ajay Nooka
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yinfei Kong
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Silvana L Pregja
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, U.S. NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William J Blot
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John Carpten
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Graham Casey
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa Chu
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - Michael R Lieber
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jayesh Mehta
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Adam B Murphy
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Sara S Strom
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Ravi Vij
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa B Signorello
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John S Witte
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Parveen Bhatti
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, U.S. NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Nyante
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brenda M Birmann
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael F Press
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Martha J Glenn
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Brandt Jones
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Thomas G Martin
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jeffrey L Wolf
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, U.S. NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Laurence N Kolonel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, U.S. NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Richard K Severson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann F Mohrbacher
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J Spinelli
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan Levy
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A Zonder
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicola J Camp
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Elad Ziv
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis J Hazelett
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Keck School of Medicine of USC and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Racial Differences in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:S112-119. [PMID: 27915474 PMCID: PMC5169094 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632722.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities between African American and Caucasian men in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment in the United States have been well established, with significant racial disparities documented at all stages of PCa management, from differences in the type of treatment offered to progression-free survival or death. These disparities appear to be complex in nature, involving biological determinants as well as socioeconomic and cultural aspects. We present a review of the literature on racial disparities in the diagnosis of PCa, treatment, survival, and genetic susceptibility. Significant differences were found among African Americans and whites in the incidence and mortality rates; namely, African Americans are diagnosed with PCa at younger ages than whites and usually with more advanced stages of the disease, and also undergo prostate-specific antigen testing less frequently. However, the determinants of the high rate of incidence and aggressiveness of PCa in African Americans remain unresolved. This pattern can be attributed to socioeconomic status, detection occurring at advanced stages of the disease, biological aggressiveness, family history, and differences in genetic susceptibility. Another risk factor for PCa is obesity. We found many discrepancies regarding treatment, including a tendency for more African American patients to be in watchful waiting than whites. Many factors are responsible for the higher incidence and mortality rates in African Americans. Better screening, improved access to health insurance and clinics, and more homogeneous forms of treatment will contribute to the reduction of disparities between African Americans and white men in PCa incidence and mortality.
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Anderson B, Marshall-Lucette S. Prostate cancer among Jamaican men: exploring the evidence for higher risk. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2016; 25:1046-1051. [PMID: 27792445 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2016.25.19.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, black men of African descent have been disproportionately affected by prostate cancer compared with Caucasian men. African-Caribbean men are generally at higher risk of prostate cancer, with Jamaican men noted to have the highest incidence in the world. No robust evidence exists for the increased incidence among Jamaican men, or indeed, a clear explanation for the reasons these men are at a greater risk of developing the disease in comparison with other African-Caribbean men. METHODS AND FINDINGS A literature review was undertaken. The findings indicated that black men of African descent, specifically Jamaican men, are at greater risk of prostate cancer and this finding applies to Africa, the Caribbean, the UK and USA. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence for the higher incidence of prostate cancer among Jamaican men remains inconclusive and does not provide a clear explanation for its prevalence. More comparative studies are required to identify any predisposing factors responsible for this anomaly, worldwide. The involvement of health professionals in these research undertakings is important to obtaining insight into prostate cancer and in devising strategies to improve management and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Anderson
- Macmillan Uro-Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist, Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust
| | - Sylvie Marshall-Lucette
- Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, St George's, University of London
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Abstract
Unprecedented progress has been made in genomic personalized medicine in the last several years, allowing for more individualized healthcare assessments and recommendations than ever before. However, most of this progress in prostate cancer (PCa) care has focused on developing and selecting therapies for late-stage disease. To address this issue of limited focus, we propose a model for incorporating genomic-based personalized medicine into all levels of PCa care, from prevention and screening to diagnosis, and ultimately to the treatment of both early-stage and late-stage cancers. We have termed this strategy the "Pyramid Model" of personalized cancer care. In this perspective paper, our objective is to demonstrate the potential application of the Pyramid Model to PCa care. This proactive and comprehensive personalized cancer care approach has the potential to achieve three important medical goals: reducing mortality, improving quality of life and decreasing both individual and societal healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Conran
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Charles B Brendler
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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34
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Wu X, Gu J. Heritability of prostate cancer: a tale of rare variants and common single nucleotide polymorphisms. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:206. [PMID: 27294245 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Bishop KS, Han DY, Karunasinghe N, Goudie M, Masters JG, Ferguson LR. An examination of clinical differences between carriers and non-carriers of chromosome 8q24 risk alleles in a New Zealand Caucasian population with prostate cancer. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1731. [PMID: 26966665 PMCID: PMC4782686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Prostate cancer makes up approximately 15% of all cancers diagnosed in men in developed nations and approximately 4% of cases in developing nations. Although it is clear that prostate cancer has a genetic component and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can contribute to prostate cancer risk, detecting associations is difficult in multi-factorial diseases, as environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role. In this study, specific clinical characteristics, environmental factors and genetic risk factors were assessed for interaction with prostate cancer. Methods. A total of 489 prostate cancer cases and 427 healthy controls were genotyped for SNPs found on chromosome 8q24 and a genetic risk score was calculated. In addition the SNPs were tested for an association with a number of clinical and environmental factors. Results. Age and tobacco use were positively associated, whilst alcohol consumption was negatively associated with prostate cancer risk. The following SNPs found on chromosome 8q24 were statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer: rs10086908, rs16901979; rs1447295and rs4242382. No association between Gleason score and smoking status, or between Gleason score and genotype were detected. Conclusion. A genetic risk score was calculated based on the 15 SNPs tested and found to be significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Smoking significantly contributed to the risk of developing prostate cancer, and this risk was further increased by the presence of four SNPs in the 8q24 chromosomal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Dug Yeo Han
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nishi Karunasinghe
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Megan Goudie
- Urology Department, Auckland District Health Board , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jonathan G Masters
- Urology Department, Auckland District Health Board , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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36
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Batai K, Murphy AB, Nonn L, Kittles RA. Vitamin D and Immune Response: Implications for Prostate Cancer in African Americans. Front Immunol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 26941739 PMCID: PMC4761841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men in the U.S. African American (AA) men have a higher incidence and mortality rate compared to European American (EA) men, but the cause of PCa disparities is still unclear. Epidemiologic studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with advanced stage and higher tumor grade and mortality, while its association with overall PCa risk is inconsistent. Vitamin D deficiency is also more common in AAs than EAs, and the difference in serum vitamin D levels may help explain the PCa disparities. However, the role of vitamin D in aggressive PCa in AAs is not well explored. Studies demonstrated that the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, has anti-inflammatory effects by mediating immune-related gene expression in prostate tissue. Inflammation also plays an important role in PCa pathogenesis and progression, and expression of immune-related genes in PCa tissues differs significantly between AAs and EAs. Unfortunately, the evidence linking vitamin D and immune response in relation to PCa is still scarce. This relationship should be further explored at a genomic level in AA populations that are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency and fatal PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Rand KA, Rohland N, Tandon A, Stram A, Sheng X, Do R, Pasaniuc B, Allen A, Quinque D, Mallick S, Le Marchand L, Kaggwa S, Lubwama A, Stram DO, Watya S, Henderson BE, Conti DV, Reich D, Haiman CA. Whole-exome sequencing of over 4100 men of African ancestry and prostate cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:371-81. [PMID: 26604137 PMCID: PMC4865031 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in males, with a ∼1.5-2-fold higher incidence in African American men when compared with whites. Epidemiologic evidence supports a large heritable contribution to prostate cancer, with over 100 susceptibility loci identified to date that can explain ∼33% of the familial risk. To explore the contribution of both rare and common variation in coding regions to prostate cancer risk, we sequenced the exomes of 2165 prostate cancer cases and 2034 controls of African ancestry at a mean coverage of 10.1×. We identified 395 220 coding variants down to 0.05% frequency [57% non-synonymous (NS), 42% synonymous and 1% gain or loss of stop codon or splice site variant] in 16 751 genes with the strongest associations observed in SPARCL1 on 4q22.1 (rs13051, Ala49Asp, OR = 0.78, P = 1.8 × 10(-6)) and PTPRR on 12q15 (rs73341069, Val239Ile, OR = 1.62, P = 2.5 × 10(-5)). In gene-level testing, the two most significant genes were C1orf100 (P = 2.2 × 10(-4)) and GORAB (P = 2.3 × 10(-4)). We did not observe exome-wide significant associations (after correcting for multiple hypothesis testing) in single variant or gene-level testing in the overall case-control or case-case analyses of disease aggressiveness. In this first whole-exome sequencing study of prostate cancer, our findings do not provide strong support for the hypothesis that NS coding variants down to 0.5-1.0% frequency have large effects on prostate cancer risk in men of African ancestry. Higher-coverage sequencing efforts in larger samples will be needed to study rarer variants with smaller effect sizes associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Rand
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arti Tandon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Ron Do
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Allen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dominique Quinque
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | - Alex Lubwama
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda and
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephen Watya
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda and Uro Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,
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Prostate cancer screening in men aged 50–69 years (STHLM3): a prospective population-based diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:1667-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tan DSW, Mok TSK, Rebbeck TR. Cancer Genomics: Diversity and Disparity Across Ethnicity and Geography. J Clin Oncol 2015; 34:91-101. [PMID: 26578615 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnic and geographic differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, and treatment outcomes can be attributed to diversity in the inherited (germline) and somatic genome. Although international large-scale sequencing efforts are beginning to unravel the genomic underpinnings of cancer traits, much remains to be known about the underlying mechanisms and determinants of genomic diversity. Carcinogenesis is a dynamic, complex phenomenon representing the interplay between genetic and environmental factors that results in divergent phenotypes across ethnicities and geography. For example, compared with whites, there is a higher incidence of prostate cancer among Africans and African Americans, and the disease is generally more aggressive and fatal. Genome-wide association studies have identified germline susceptibility loci that may account for differences between the African and non-African patients, but the lack of availability of appropriate cohorts for replication studies and the incomplete understanding of genomic architecture across populations pose major limitations. We further discuss the transformative potential of routine diagnostic evaluation for actionable somatic alterations, using lung cancer as an example, highlighting implications of population disparities, current hurdles in implementation, and the far-reaching potential of clinical genomics in enhancing cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. As we enter the era of precision cancer medicine, a concerted multinational effort is key to addressing population and genomic diversity as well as overcoming barriers and geographical disparities in research and health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S W Tan
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tony S K Mok
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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40
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Han Y, Hazelett DJ, Wiklund F, Schumacher FR, Stram DO, Berndt SI, Wang Z, Rand KA, Hoover RN, Machiela MJ, Yeager M, Burdette L, Chung CC, Hutchinson A, Yu K, Xu J, Travis RC, Key TJ, Siddiq A, Canzian F, Takahashi A, Kubo M, Stanford JL, Kolb S, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Stevens VL, Strom SS, Pettaway CA, Al Olama AA, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA, Yeboah ED, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Truelove A, Niwa S, Chokkalingam AP, Isaacs WB, Chen C, Lindstrom S, Le Marchand L, Giovannucci EL, Pomerantz M, Long H, Li F, Ma J, Stampfer M, John EM, Ingles SA, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Blot WJ, Signorello LB, Zheng W, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Weinstein S, Nemesure B, Carpten J, Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis AJM, Rybicki BA, Neslund-Dudas C, Hsing AW, Chu L, Goodman PJ, Klein EA, Zheng SL, Witte JS, Casey G, Riboli E, Li Q, Freedman ML, Hunter DJ, Gronberg H, Cook MB, Nakagawa H, Kraft P, Chanock SJ, Easton DF, Henderson BE, Coetzee GA, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Integration of multiethnic fine-mapping and genomic annotation to prioritize candidate functional SNPs at prostate cancer susceptibility regions. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5603-18. [PMID: 26162851 PMCID: PMC4572069 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of biological mechanisms underlying genetic risk associations for prostate cancer is complicated by the relatively large number of risk variants (n = 100) and the thousands of surrogate SNPs in linkage disequilibrium. Here, we combined three distinct approaches: multiethnic fine-mapping, putative functional annotation (based upon epigenetic data and genome-encoded features), and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses, in an attempt to reduce this complexity. We examined 67 risk regions using genotyping and imputation-based fine-mapping in populations of European (cases/controls: 8600/6946), African (cases/controls: 5327/5136), Japanese (cases/controls: 2563/4391) and Latino (cases/controls: 1034/1046) ancestry. Markers at 55 regions passed a region-specific significance threshold (P-value cutoff range: 3.9 × 10(-4)-5.6 × 10(-3)) and in 30 regions we identified markers that were more significantly associated with risk than the previously reported variants in the multiethnic sample. Novel secondary signals (P < 5.0 × 10(-6)) were also detected in two regions (rs13062436/3q21 and rs17181170/3p12). Among 666 variants in the 55 regions with P-values within one order of magnitude of the most-associated marker, 193 variants (29%) in 48 regions overlapped with epigenetic or other putative functional marks. In 11 of the 55 regions, cis-eQTLs were detected with nearby genes. For 12 of the 55 regions (22%), the most significant region-specific, prostate-cancer associated variant represented the strongest candidate functional variant based on our annotations; the number of regions increased to 20 (36%) and 27 (49%) when examining the 2 and 3 most significantly associated variants in each region, respectively. These results have prioritized subsets of candidate variants for downstream functional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI-DCEG, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kristin A Rand
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merideth Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI-DCEG, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI-DCEG, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI-DCEG, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Department of Urology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK, Royal Marsden National Health Services (NHS) Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yao Tettey
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard B Biritwum
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fugen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Rick A Kittles
- University of Arizona College of Medicine and University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William J Blot
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - John Carpten
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M Cristina Leske
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Suh-Yuh Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Ann W Hsing
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Chu
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA and
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Qiyuan Li
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | | | - David J Hunter
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Genome Sequencing Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center,
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Analysis of Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Variants in South African Men: Replicating Associations on Chromosomes 8q24 and 10q11. Prostate Cancer 2015; 2015:465184. [PMID: 26347821 PMCID: PMC4549549 DOI: 10.1155/2015/465184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosomes 2p15, 6q25, 7p15.2, 7q21, 8q24, 10q11, 10q26, 11q13, 17q12, 17q24, 19q13, and Xp11, with prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility and/or tumour aggressiveness, in populations of African, European, and Asian ancestry. The objective of this study was to confirm these associations in South African Mixed Ancestry and White men. We evaluated 17 prioritised GWAS SNPs in South African cases (331 Mixed Ancestry and 155 White) and controls (178 Mixed Ancestry and 145 White). The replicated SNP associations for the different South African ethnic groups were rs7008482 (8q24) (p = 2.45 × 10−5), rs6983267 (8q24) (p = 4.48 × 10−7), and rs10993994 (10q11) (p = 1.40 × 10−3) in Mixed Ancestry men and rs10993994 (p = 1.56 × 10−9) in White men. No significant associations were observed for the analyses stratified by disease aggressiveness in the individual and the combined population group analysis. The present study demonstrates that a number of known PCa susceptibility variants may contribute to disease susceptibility in South African men. Larger genetic investigations extended to other South African population groups are warranted to confirm the role of these and other SNPs in disease susceptibility.
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Hoffmann TJ, Van Den Eeden SK, Sakoda LC, Jorgenson E, Habel LA, Graff RE, Passarelli MN, Cario CL, Emami NC, Chao CR, Ghai NR, Shan J, Ranatunga DK, Quesenberry CP, Aaronson D, Presti J, Wang Z, Berndt SI, Chanock SJ, McDonnell SK, French AJ, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN, Li Q, Freedman ML, Penney KL, Mucci LA, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Seminara D, Kvale MN, Kwok PY, Schaefer C, Risch N, Witte JS. A large multiethnic genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies novel risk variants and substantial ethnic differences. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:878-91. [PMID: 26034056 PMCID: PMC4527942 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of prostate cancer in Kaiser Permanente health plan members (7,783 cases, 38,595 controls; 80.3% non-Hispanic white, 4.9% African-American, 7.0% East Asian, and 7.8% Latino) revealed a new independent risk indel rs4646284 at the previously identified locus 6q25.3 that replicated in PEGASUS (N = 7,539) and the Multiethnic Cohort (N = 4,679) with an overall P = 1.0 × 10(-19) (OR, 1.18). Across the 6q25.3 locus, rs4646284 exhibited the strongest association with expression of SLC22A1 (P = 1.3 × 10(-23)) and SLC22A3 (P = 3.2 × 10(-52)). At the known 19q13.33 locus, rs2659124 (P = 1.3 × 10(-13); OR, 1.18) nominally replicated in PEGASUS. A risk score of 105 known risk SNPs was strongly associated with prostate cancer (P < 1.0 × 10(-8)). Comparing the highest to lowest risk score deciles, the OR was 6.22 for non-Hispanic whites, 5.82 for Latinos, 3.77 for African-Americans, and 3.38 for East Asians. In non-Hispanic whites, the 105 risk SNPs explained approximately 7.6% of disease heritability. The entire GWAS array explained approximately 33.4% of heritability, with a 4.3-fold enrichment within DNaseI hypersensitivity sites (P = 0.004). SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our findings of independent risk variants, ethnic variation in existing SNP replication, and remaining unexplained heritability have important implications for further clarifying the genetic risk of prostate cancer. Our findings also suggest that there may be much promise in evaluating understudied variation, such as indels and ethnically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Laurel A Habel
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael N Passarelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Clinton L Cario
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nima C Emami
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chun R Chao
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Nirupa R Ghai
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Jun Shan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Dilrini K Ranatunga
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | | | - David Aaronson
- Department of Urology, Kaiser Oakland Medical Center, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Joseph Presti
- Department of Urology, Kaiser Oakland Medical Center, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Amy J French
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Qiyuan Li
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Matthew L Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mark N Kvale
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Neil Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Ao X, Liu Y, Bai XY, Qu X, Xu Z, Hu G, Chen M, Wu H. Association between EHBP1 rs721048(A>G) polymorphism and prostate cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 17 studies involving 150,678 subjects. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1671-80. [PMID: 26185455 PMCID: PMC4500625 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background EHBP1 rs721048(A) was first identified as a prostate cancer (PCa) risk in Caucasians by genome-wide association study, but subsequent replication studies involving Caucasian and other ethnicities did not produce consistent results. The aim of this study was to obtain a more definite association between rs721048(A) and PCa risk. Methods We comprehensively searched several databases updated to September 2014, including PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. Two authors independently screened and reviewed the eligibility of each study. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The association of rs721048(A) and PCa risk was assessed by pooling odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 17 studies, including 48,135 cases and 102,543 controls, published between 2008 and 2014 were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled analysis demonstrated that rs721048(A) was significantly associated with the risk of PCa under the allele model (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.11–1.17, P=0.000). Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity revealed a significant association between rs721048(A) and PCa in Caucasian (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.11–1.16, P=0.000), African descent (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.01–1.23, P=0.025), and Asian (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.12–1.64, P=0.002). Conclusion Our results provided strong evidence that rs721048(A) could be a risk factor for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Qu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowei Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaolei Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijian Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China ; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Basu S, Majumder S, Bhowal A, Ghosh A, Naskar S, Nandy S, Mukherjee S, Sinha RK, Basu K, Karmakar D, Banerjee S, Sengupta S. A study of molecular signals deregulating mismatch repair genes in prostate cancer compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125560. [PMID: 25938433 PMCID: PMC4418837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among aging males. There is an unmet requirement of clinically useful biomarkers for early detection of prostate cancer to reduce the liabilities of overtreatment and accompanying morbidity. The present population-based study investigates the factors disrupting expression of multiple functionally related genes of DNA mismatch repair pathway in prostate cancer patients to identify molecular attributes distinguishing adenocarcinoma from benign hyperplasia of prostate. Gene expression was compared between tissue samples from prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia using real-time-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Assessment of genotypes of seven single-nucleotide-polymorphisms of three MMR genes was conducted using PCR-coupled RFLP and sequencing. Promoter methylation was interrogated by methylation-specific-PCR and bisulfite-sequencing. Interaction between microRNAs and MMR genes was verified by 3'UTR-based dual luciferase assays. Concurrent reduction of three MMR genes namely hMLH1, hMSH6 and hMSH2 (34-85%, P<0.05) was observed in prostate cancer tissues. hMSH6 polymorphism rs1800932(Pro92Pro) conferred a borderline protection in cancer patients (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.15-0.75). Relative transcript level of hMLH1 was inversely related (r = -0.59, P<0.05) with methylation quotient of its promoter which showed a significantly higher methylation density (P = 0.008, Z = -2.649) in cancer patients. hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-141 and hsa-miR-21 gene expressions were significantly elevated (66-85%, P<0.05) in tumor specimens and negatively correlated (r = -0.602 to -0.527, P<0.05) with that of MMR genes. hsa-miR-155 & hsa-miR-141 and hsa-miR-155 & hsa-miR-21 were demonstrated to bind to their putative seed sequences in hMLH1 and hMSH6 3'UTRs respectively. Relatively higher expression of DNA methyl-transferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3b) and HIF-1α genes (34-50%, P<0.05) were also detected in tumor tissues. This study provides statistical evidence that MMR deficiency is correlated with hypermethylation of hMLH1 promoter and upregulation of hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-141 and hsa-miR-21 in prostate cancer. This comparative study reflects that microRNA expression level, particularly hsa-miR-155, exhibits predictive signature of prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmitra Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadipa Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankur Bhowal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alip Ghosh
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukla Naskar
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Nandy
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Sinha
- Department of Urology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Keya Basu
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dilip Karmakar
- Department of Urology, Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Bawa P, Zackaria S, Verma M, Gupta S, Srivatsan R, Chaudhary B, Srinivasan S. Integrative Analysis of Normal Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122143. [PMID: 25933431 PMCID: PMC4416928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, large numbers of normal human tissues have been profiled for non-coding RNAs and more than fourteen thousand long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are found expressed in normal human tissues. The functional roles of these normal lincRNAs (nlincRNAs) in the regulation of protein coding genes in normal and disease biology are yet to be established. Here, we have profiled two RNA-seq datasets including cancer and matched non-neoplastic tissues from 12 individuals from diverse demography for both coding genes and nlincRNAs. We find 130 nlincRNAs significantly regulated in cancer, with 127 regulated in the same direction in the two datasets. Interestingly, according to Illumina Body Map, significant numbers of these nlincRNAs display baseline null expression in normal prostate tissues but are specific to other tissues such as thyroid, kidney, liver and testis. A number of the regulated nlincRNAs share loci with coding genes, which are either co-regulated or oppositely regulated in all cancer samples studied here. For example, in all cancer samples i) the nlincRNA, TCONS_00029157, and a neighboring tumor suppressor factor, SIK1, are both down regulated; ii) several thyroid-specific nlincRNAs in the neighborhood of the thyroid-specific gene TPO, are both up-regulated; and iii) the TCONS_00010581, an isoform of HEIH, is down-regulated while the neighboring EZH2 gene is up-regulated in cancer. Several nlincRNAs from a prostate cancer associated chromosomal locus, 8q24, are up-regulated in cancer along with other known prostate cancer associated genes including PCAT-1, PVT1, and PCAT-92. We observe that there is significant bias towards up-regulation of nlincRNAs with as high as 118 out of 127 up-regulated in cancer, even though regulation of coding genes is skewed towards down-regulation. Considering that all reported cancer associated lincRNAs (clincRNAs) are biased towards up-regulation, we conclude that this bias may be functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpinder Bawa
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajna Zackaria
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohit Verma
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R Srivatsan
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibha Chaudhary
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhashini Srinivasan
- IBAB, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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Helfand BT, Roehl KA, Cooper PR, McGuire BB, Fitzgerald LM, Cancel-Tassin G, Cornu JN, Bauer S, Van Blarigan EL, Chen X, Duggan D, Ostrander EA, Gwo-Shu M, Zhang ZF, Chang SC, Jeong S, Fontham ETH, Smith G, Mohler JL, Berndt SI, McDonnell SK, Kittles R, Rybicki BA, Freedman M, Kantoff PW, Pomerantz M, Breyer JP, Smith JR, Rebbeck TR, Mercola D, Isaacs WB, Wiklund F, Cussenot O, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, Cannon-Albright L, Cooney KA, Chanock SJ, Stanford JL, Chan JM, Witte J, Xu J, Bensen JT, Taylor JA, Catalona WJ. Associations of prostate cancer risk variants with disease aggressiveness: results of the NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group analysis of 18,343 cases. Hum Genet 2015; 134:439-50. [PMID: 25715684 PMCID: PMC4586077 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PC). It remains unclear whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness. The NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group retrospectively collected clinicopathologic information and genotype data for 36 SNPs which at the time had been validated to be associated with PC risk from 25,674 cases with PC. Cases were grouped according to race, Gleason score (Gleason ≤ 6, 7, ≥ 8) and aggressiveness (non-aggressive, intermediate, and aggressive disease). Statistical analyses were used to compare the frequency of the SNPs between different disease cohorts. After adjusting for multiple testing, only PC-risk SNP rs2735839 (G) was significantly and inversely associated with aggressive (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.69-0.87) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.68-0.86) in European men. Similar associations with aggressive (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.58-0.89) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.69; 95 % CI 0.54-0.87) were documented in African-American subjects. The G allele of rs2735839 was associated with disease aggressiveness even at low PSA levels (<4.0 ng/mL) in both European and African-American men. Our results provide further support that a PC-risk SNP rs2735839 near the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13 may be associated with aggressive and high-grade PC. Future prospectively designed, case-case GWAS are needed to identify additional SNPs associated with PC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter Center for Urological Health, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
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Virlogeux V, Graff RE, Hoffmann TJ, Witte JS. Replication and heritability of prostate cancer risk variants: impact of population-specific factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:938-43. [PMID: 25809866 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates vary across populations, with African American men exhibiting the highest rates. To date, genome-wide association studies have identified 104 SNPs independently associated with prostate cancer in men of European ancestry. METHODS We investigated whether the ability to replicate findings for these 104 SNPs in African American, Asian, and Latino populations depends on variation in risk allele frequencies (RAF), strength of associations, and/or patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the associated loci. We extracted estimates of effect from the literature, and determined RAF and LD information across the populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. RESULTS Risk variants were largely replicated across populations. Relative to Europeans, 83% had smaller effect sizes among African Americans and 73% demonstrated smaller effect sizes among Latinos. Among Asians, however, 56% showed larger effect sizes than among Europeans. The largest difference in RAFs was observed between European and African ancestry populations, but this difference did not impact our ability to replicate. The extent of LD within 250 kb of risk loci in Asian ancestry populations was suggestively lower for variants that did not replicate (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Despite substantial overlap in prostate cancer risk SNPs across populations, the variation in prostate cancer incidence among different populations may still in part reflect unique underlying genetic architectures. IMPACT Studying different ancestral populations is crucial for deciphering the genetic basis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Virlogeux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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