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McGreevy O, Bosakhar M, Gilbert T, Quinn M, Fenwick S, Malik H, Goldring C, Randle L. The importance of preclinical models in cholangiocarcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024:108304. [PMID: 38653585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system with a grim prognosis. Incidence is rising globally and surgery is currently the only curative treatment, but is only available for patients who are fit and diagnosed in an early-stage of disease progression. Great importance has been placed on developing preclinical models to help further our understanding of CCA and potential treatments to improve therapeutic outcomes. Preclinical models of varying complexity and cost have been established, ranging from more simplistic in vitro 2D CCA cell lines in culture, to more complex in vivo genetically engineered mouse models. Currently there is no single model that faithfully recaptures the complexities of human CCA and the in vivo tumour microenvironment. Instead a multi-model approach should be used when designing preclinical trials to study CCA and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen McGreevy
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammed Bosakhar
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Timothy Gilbert
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc Quinn
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laura Randle
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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2
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Ding X, Zakharia K, Moser CD, Campbell NA, Hu C, Razumilava N, Chaiteerakij R, Shaleh HM, Greipp PT, Graham RP, Zou X, Chandan VS, Roberts LR. Establishment and Characterization of a New Human Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line LIV27. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5080. [PMID: 36291862 PMCID: PMC9600735 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal cancer arising from the biliary tract epithelium. The cancer biology of this neoplasm is not well understood. To date, only a few CCA cell lines have been reported, which were mostly developed from Asian patients. In this study, we report and characterize a new intrahepatic CCA cell line, LIV27, derived from a surgically resected tumor in a 67-year-old Caucasian woman with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). LIV27 cells grow well in collagen-coated flasks or plates with a doubling time of 57.8 h at passage 14. LIV27 cells have high tumorigenicity in nude mice and stain positive for CK7 and CK19, markers that differentiate CCA from hepatocellular carcinoma. Karyotype analysis showed that LIV27 is aneuploid. We established a single-locus short tandem repeat profile for the LIV27 cell line. This newly established cell line will be a useful model for studying the molecular pathogenesis of, and developing novel therapies for, cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Kais Zakharia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center, GI Associates, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Catherine D. Moser
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nellie A. Campbell
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chunling Hu
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nataliya Razumilava
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hassan M. Shaleh
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Patricia T. Greipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rondell P. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Vishal S. Chandan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Isidan A, Yenigun A, Soma D, Aksu E, Lopez K, Park Y, Cross-Najafi A, Li P, Kundu D, House MG, Chakraborty S, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Francis H, Zhang W, Alpini G, Ekser B. Development and Characterization of Human Primary Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1200-1217. [PMID: 35640676 PMCID: PMC9472155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver tumor and is associated with late diagnosis, limited treatment options, and a 5-year survival rate of around 30%. CCA cell lines were first established in 1971, and since then, only 70 to 80 CCA cell lines have been established. These cell lines have been essential in basic and translational research to understand and identify novel mechanistic pathways, biomarkers, and disease-specific genes. Each CCA cell line has unique characteristics, reflecting a specific genotype, sex-related properties, and patient-related signatures, making them scientifically and commercially valuable. CCA cell lines are crucial in the use of novel technologies, such as three-dimensional organoid models, which help to model the tumor microenvironment and cell-to-cell crosstalk between tumor-neighboring cells. This review highlights crucial information on CCA cell lines, including: i) type of CCA (eg, intra- or extrahepatic), ii) isolation source (eg, primary tumor or xenograft), iii) chemical digestion method (eg, trypsin or collagenase), iv) cell-sorting method (colony isolation or removal of fibroblasts), v) maintenance-medium choice (eg, RPMI or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), vi) cell morphology (eg, spindle or polygonal shape), and vii) doubling time of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Isidan
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ali Yenigun
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of General Surgery, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Daiki Soma
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Transplantation & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric Aksu
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kevin Lopez
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yujin Park
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Arthur Cross-Najafi
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ping Li
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael G House
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Kunst RF, de Waart DR, Wolters F, Duijst S, Vogels EW, Bolt I, Verheij J, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Systemic ASBT inactivation protects against liver damage in obstructive cholestasis in mice. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100573. [PMID: 36160754 PMCID: PMC9494276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Non-absorbable inhibitors of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; also called ileal bile acid transporter [IBAT]) are recently approved or in clinical development for multiple cholestatic liver disorders and lead to a reduction in pruritus and (markers for) liver injury. Unfortunately, non-absorbable ASBT inhibitors (ASBTi) can induce diarrhoea or may be ineffective if cholestasis is extensive and largely precludes intestinal excretion of bile acids. Systemically acting ASBTi that divert bile salts towards renal excretion may alleviate these issues. Methods Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed in ASBT-deficient (ASBT knockout [KO]) mice as a model for chronic systemic ASBT inhibition in obstructive cholestasis. Co-infusion of radiolabelled taurocholate and inulin was used to quantify renal bile salt excretion after BDL. In a second (wild-type) mouse model, a combination of obeticholic acid (OCA) and intestine-restricted ASBT inhibition was used to lower the bile salt pool size before BDL. Results After BDL, ASBT KO mice had reduced plasma bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase compared with wild-type mice with BDL and showed a marked reduction in liver necrotic areas at histopathological analysis, suggesting decreased BDL-induced liver damage. Furthermore, ASBT KO mice had reduced bile salt pool size, lower plasma taurine-conjugated polyhydroxylated bile salt, and increased urinary bile salt excretion. Pretreatment with OCA + ASBTi in wild-type mice reduced the pool size and greatly improved liver injury markers and liver histology. Conclusions A reduced bile salt pool at the onset of cholestasis effectively lowers cholestatic liver injury in mice. Systemic ASBT inhibition may be valuable as treatment for cholestatic liver disease by lowering the pool size and increasing renal bile salt output even under conditions of minimal faecal bile salt secretion. Lay summary Novel treatment approaches against cholestatic liver disease (resulting in reduced or blocked flow of bile) involve non-absorbable inhibitors of the bile acid transport protein ASBT, but these are not always effective and/or can cause unwanted side effects. In this study, we demonstrate that systemic inhibition/inactivation of ASBT protects mice against developing severe cholestatic liver injury after bile duct ligation, by reducing bile salt pool size and increasing renal bile salt excretion.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- ASBTi, ASBT inhibitors
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Alagille
- Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- BSEP
- Bile salt pool size
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CK7, cytokeratin 7
- Cholestasis
- FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer
- G-OCA, glycine-conjugated OCA
- HepG2 cell, hepatocarcinoma cell
- IBAT
- MDR2, multidrug resistance protein 2
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NGM282, non-tumorigenic fibroblast growth factor 19 analogue
- NTCP
- NTCP, Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- NucleoBAS, nuclear Bile Acid Sensor
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PFIC
- PentaOH, pentahydroxylated
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
- Renal excretion
- T-OCA, taurine-conjugated OCA
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TetraOH, tetrahydroxylated
- U2OS, osteosarcoma cell
- UHPLC-MS, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F. Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk R. de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Wolters
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Esther W. Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. Address: Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-020-5668832; Fax: +31-020-5669190.
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5
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Lobe C, Vallette M, Arbelaiz A, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Izquierdo L, Pellat A, Guedj N, Louis C, Paradis V, Banales JM, Coulouarn C, Housset C, Vaquero J, Fouassier L. Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 Promotes Cholangiocarcinoma Progression Through Tumor Dedifferentiation and Tumor-Stroma Paracrine Signaling. Hepatology 2021; 74:3194-3212. [PMID: 34297412 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a transcription factor that promotes metastatic and stem cell features, which has been associated with poor prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a desmoplastic cancer enriched in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We aimed to define ZEB1 regulatory functions in malignant and stromal compartments of CCA. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bioinformatic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine correlations between ZEB1 and markers of progressiveness in human intrahepatic CCA (iCCA). Gain-of-function and loss-of-function models were generated in CCA cells and liver myofibroblasts as a model of CAFs. Conditioned media (CM) was used to unravel tumor-stroma interplay. In vivo experiments were performed using a xenograft CCA model. ZEB1 expression in tumor cells of human iCCA was associated with undifferentiated tumor and vascular invasion. In vitro, ZEB1 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in tumor cells, leading to cell migration and spheroid formation. In vivo, ZEB1-overexpressing CCA cells formed larger tumors with more abundant stroma. Expression of cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2, encoding connective tissue growth factor [CTGF]) was increased in tumor cells from ZEB1-overexpressing xenografts and correlated with ZEB1 expression in human tumors. In vitro, CM from ZEB1-overexpressing tumor cells or recombinant CTGF induced myofibroblast proliferation. ZEB1 was also expressed by CAFs in human CCA, and its expression correlated with CCN2 in myofibroblasts and CCA stroma. In mice, cotransplantation of CCA cells with ZEB1-depleted myofibroblasts reduced CCA progressiveness compared to CCA cells/ZEB1-expressing myofibroblasts. Furthermore, ZEB1 controls the expression of paracrine signals (i.e., HGF and IL6) in tumor cells and myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS ZEB1 plays a key role in CCA progression by regulating tumor cell-CAF crosstalk, leading to tumor dedifferentiation and CAF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Lobe
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vallette
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Ander Arbelaiz
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Izquierdo
- National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Anna Pellat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Guedj
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Corentin Louis
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.,INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Jesus M Banales
- National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, ERN Rare-Liver, Paris, France
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,LPP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Sud, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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6
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Ghidini M, Ramai D, Facciorusso A, Singh J, Tai W, Rijavec E, Galassi B, Grossi F, Indini A. Metabolic disorders and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:999-1007. [PMID: 34423721 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1946393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy which arises from the biliary epithelium. Carcinogenesis of CCA is mainly linked to aberrant glucose metabolism and creation of an immunosuppressive environment around normal biliary epithelium. The incidence of CCA is higher in the East due to Opisthorchis viverrini, an endemic liver fluke. CCA has also be attributed to genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle risk factors.Areas covered: Differences in epidemiological risk factors are associated with varying phenotypes of CCA. Metabolic risk factors include diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Inherited metabolic risk factors include Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis. Metabolic disease is associated with a higher risk of CCA, with higher risk for the intrahepatic form. In this review, the authors provide an overview of available evidence regarding metabolic conditions associated with the development of CCA.Expert opinion: Metabolic disease is associated with a higher risk of intrahepatic CCA compared to its extrahepatic or hilar counterpart. As rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome increase, particularly in the West, it is conceivable that the incidence of CCA will also rise in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daryl Ramai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jameel Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mather Hospital, Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, New York, USA
| | - Waqqas Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Erika Rijavec
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Galassi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Grossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Oncology Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Alice Indini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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7
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Inhibition of T-cell-mediated immune response via the PD-1/ PD-L1 axis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173960. [PMID: 33617828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant biliary tract epithelium tumor. The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed receptor-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling pathway has been implicated as an immune escape mechanism in several cancers. The present study aimed to assess the expression of PD-L1 on human CCA cell lines and its potential role in suppressing CD8+ T- cell function. A panel of intrahepatic CCA cell lines was evaluated for immune regulatory checkpoint ligands and inflammation markers. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), on the expression of immune regulatory checkpoint ligands and inflammation markers were determined. The PD-L1 function was measured by co-culturing CCA cells with lymphocytes. Most of the selected Thai CCA cell lines, including HuCCA-1, RMCCA-1, KKU-100, and KKU-213, expressed higher PD-L1 than normal cholangiocyte MMNK-1 and ANK-1 cells. Both PD-L1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions were highest in HuCCA-1 cells. A 48 h treatment with IFN-γ increased the expression of PD-L1 and COX-2 in CCA cells. The expression of CTLA-4 ligands, including H7-1 and H7-2, did not change after IFN-γ treatment. Rofecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, mitigated IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression. After 48 h co-incubation, CD8+ T-cell apoptosis was increased as compared to the control group. Pretreatment of CCA cells with IFN-γ further increased CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, mitigated CCA cell escape phenomenon. The inhibition of T-cell-mediated immune response via the PD-L1/PD-1 axis are evidenced in intrahepatic CCA. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitor offers a potentially therapeutic strategy for CCA patients; however, further in vivo and clinical studies are required.
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8
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Thanaphongdecha P, Karinshak SE, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Chamgramol Y, Pairojkul C, Fox JG, Suttiprapa S, Sripa B, Brindley PJ. Infection with Helicobacter pylori Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Cholangiocytes. Pathogens 2020; 9:E971. [PMID: 33233485 PMCID: PMC7700263 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that the East Asian liver fluke infection, caused by Opisthorchis viverrini, which is implicated in opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma, serves as a reservoir of Helicobacter pylori. The opisthorchiasis-affected cholangiocytes that line the intrahepatic biliary tract are considered to be the cell of origin of this malignancy. Here, we investigated interactions in vitro among human cholangiocytes, Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC 11637, and the congeneric bacillus, Helicobacter bilis. Exposure to increasing numbers of H. pylori at 0, 1, 10, 100 bacilli per cholangiocyte of the H69 cell line induced phenotypic changes including the profusion of thread-like filopodia and a loss of cell-cell contact, in a dose-dependent fashion. In parallel, following exposure to H. pylori, changes were evident in levels of mRNA expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-encoding factors including snail, slug, vimentin, matrix metalloprotease, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox, and the cancer stem cell marker CD44. Analysis to quantify cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion in real-time by both H69 cholangiocytes and CC-LP-1 line of cholangiocarcinoma cells using the xCELLigence approach and Matrigel matrix revealed that exposure to 10 H. pylori bacilli per cell stimulated migration and invasion by the cholangiocytes. In addition, 10 bacilli of H. pylori stimulated contact-independent colony establishment in soft agar. These findings support the hypothesis that infection by H. pylori contributes to the malignant transformation of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prissadee Thanaphongdecha
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Shannon E. Karinshak
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Yaovalux Chamgramol
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
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9
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Saengboonmee C, Seubwai W, Lert-Itthiporn W, Sanlung T, Wongkham S. Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Cholangiocarcinoma: Update of Evidence and the Effects of Antidiabetic Medication. Can J Diabetes 2020; 45:282-290. [PMID: 33218924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for cancer in many organs and associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The molecular linkage between these diseases has been demonstrated in preclinical studies, which have highlighted the role of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in the carcinogenesis and progression of CCA. Recent studies on the emerging role of antidiabetic medication in the development and progression of CCA showed a subclass of antidiabetic drug with a therapeutic effect on CCA. Although associations between CCA, insulin analogues and sulfonylureas are unclear, incretin-based therapy is likely associated with an increased risk for CCA, and may lead to CCA progression, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In contrast, biguanides, especially metformin, exert an opposite effect, associated with a reduced risk of CCA and inhibited in vitro and in vivo CCA progression. The association between incretin-based therapy and the risk of CCA needs further clarification, as metformin is being studied in an ongoing clinical trial. Understanding the association between DM and CCA is critical for preventing the development of CCA in patients with DM, and for establishing the appropriateness of antidiabetic medication to treat CCA. Determining how metformin affects CCA can lead to repurposing this safe and well-known drug for improving CCA treatment, regardless of the diabetes status of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Worachart Lert-Itthiporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thanachai Sanlung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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10
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Massa A, Varamo C, Vita F, Tavolari S, Peraldo-Neia C, Brandi G, Rizzo A, Cavalloni G, Aglietta M. Evolution of the Experimental Models of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082308. [PMID: 32824407 PMCID: PMC7463907 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare, aggressive disease with poor overall survival. In advanced cases, surgery is often not possible or fails; in addition, there is a lack of effective and specific therapies. Multidisciplinary approaches and advanced technologies have improved the knowledge of CCA molecular pathogenesis, highlighting its extreme heterogeneity and high frequency of genetic and molecular aberrations. Effective preclinical models, therefore, should be based on a comparable level of complexity. In the past years, there has been a consistent increase in the number of available CCA models. The exploitation of even more complex CCA models is rising. Examples are the use of CRISPR/Cas9 or stabilized organoids for in vitro studies, as well as patient-derived xenografts or transgenic mouse models for in vivo applications. Here, we examine the available preclinical CCA models exploited to investigate: (i) carcinogenesis processes from initiation to progression; and (ii) tools for personalized therapy and innovative therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy and immune/targeted therapies. For each model, we describe the potential applications, highlighting both its advantages and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Massa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Chiara Varamo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, B3000 KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Vita
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Simona Tavolari
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Giuliana Cavalloni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.V.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kitchen P, Lee KY, Clark D, Lau N, Lertsuwan J, Sawasdichai A, Satayavivad J, Oltean S, Afford S, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS. A Runaway PRH/HHEX-Notch3-Positive Feedback Loop Drives Cholangiocarcinoma and Determines Response to CDK4/6 Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019; 80:757-770. [PMID: 31843982 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Notch and Wnt signaling are known drivers of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), but the underlying factors that initiate and maintain these pathways are not known. Here, we show that the proline-rich homeodomain protein/hematopoietically expressed homeobox (PRH/HHEX) transcription factor forms a positive transcriptional feedback loop with Notch3 that is critical in CCA. PRH/HHEX expression is elevated in CCA, and depletion of PRH reduces CCA tumor growth in a xenograft model. Overexpression of PRH in primary human biliary epithelial cells is sufficient to increase cell proliferation and produce an invasive phenotype. Interrogation of the gene networks regulated by PRH and Notch3 reveals that unlike Notch3, PRH directly activates canonical Wnt signaling. These data indicate that hyperactivation of Notch and Wnt signaling is independent of the underlying mutational landscape and has a common origin in dysregulation of PRH. Moreover, they suggest new therapeutic options based on the dependence of specific Wnt, Notch, and CDK4/6 inhibitors on PRH activity. SIGNIFICANCE: The PRH/HHEX transcription factor is an oncogenic driver in cholangiocarcinoma that confers sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kitchen
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ka Ying Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Lau
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jomnarong Lertsuwan
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anyaporn Sawasdichai
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Afford
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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12
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Antitumor Activity of a Novel Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2090-2101. [PMID: 31351075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) might have an important role in the pathogenesis and biology of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We examined FGFR expression in CCA tumor specimens obtained from patients and CCA cell lines, and then determined the effects of the novel FGFR inhibitor, derazantinib (DZB; formally, ARQ 087), which is currently in clinical phase 2 trials for intrahepatic CCA. DZB inhibited the growth of CCA cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT. It also activated apoptotic and cell growth arrest signaling. DZB reduced the in vitro invasiveness and the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes. The in vitro data correlated with the expression of FGFRs in human CCA specimens by immunohistochemistry (FGFR1, 30% positive; and FGFR2, 65% positive) and the CCA cell lines assayed by Western blot analysis. These correlated in vitro studies suggest that FGFR may play an important role in the pathogenesis and biology of CCA. Our findings support the notion that FGFR inhibitors, like DZB, should be further evaluated at the clinical stage as targeted therapy for CCA treatment.
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13
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Aghamaliyev U, Gaitantzi H, Thomas M, Simon-Keller K, Gaiser T, Marx A, Yagublu V, Araos J, Cai C, Valous NA, Halama N, Kiesslich T, Ebert M, Grützmann R, Rückert F, Breitkopf-Heinlein K. Downregulation of SPARC Is Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Low Differentiation State of Biliary Tract Cancer Cells. Eur Surg Res 2019; 60:1-12. [PMID: 30650425 DOI: 10.1159/000494734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) have a poor prognosis. BTCs are characterized by a prominent desmoplastic reaction which possibly contributes to the aggressive phenotype of this tumor. The desmoplastic reaction includes excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as periostin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), thrombospondin-1, as well as accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, secreting growth factors and cytokines including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In the present study, we investigated the expression of SPARC in BTC as well as its possible regulation by TGF-β. METHODS Expression levels of Sparc, TGF-β1 and its receptor ALK5 were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in 6 biliary tract cell lines as well as 1 immortalized cholangiocyte cell line (MMNK-1). RNAs from tumor samples of 7 biliary tract cancer patients were analyzed for expression of Sparc, TGF-β type II receptor (TbRII) as well as Twist and ZO-1. MMNK-1 cells were stimulated with TGF-β for 24 h, and Sparc, ZO-1 and E-Cadherin expressions were determined. The presence of SPARC protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimens from 10 patients. RESULTS When comparing basal Sparc transcript levels in diverse BTC cell lines to MMNK-1 cells, we found that it was strongly downregulated in all cancer cell lines. The remaining expression levels were higher in highly differentiated cell lines (CCSW1, MZChA1, MZChA2 and TFK-1) than in less differentiated and undifferentiated ones (BDC, SKChA1). Expression of Sparc in BTC patient samples showed a significant positive correlation with expression of the epithelial marker ZO-1. In contrast, the mesenchymal marker Twist and the TbRII showed a trend of negative correlation with expression of Sparc in these samples. TGF-β exposure significantly downregulated Sparc expression in MMNK-1 cholangiocytes in vitro in parallel to downregulation of epithelial markers (E-Cadherin and ZO-1). Finally, SPARC immunostaining was performed in 10 patient samples, and the correlation between absence of SPARC and survival times was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that a decrease in SPARC expression is correlated with dedifferentiation of BTC cells resulting in enhanced EMT being possibly mediated by TGF-β. Thereby SPARC levels might be a marker for individual prognosis of a patient, and strategies aiming at inhibition of SPARC downregulation might have potential for new future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ughur Aghamaliyev
- Department of Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haristi Gaitantzi
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vugar Yagublu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joaquin Araos
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nektarios A Valous
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Rückert
- Department of Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,
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14
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Shiao MS, Chiablaem K, Charoensawan V, Ngamphaiboon N, Jinawath N. Emergence of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: How High-Throughput Technologies Expedite the Solutions for a Rare Cancer Type. Front Genet 2018; 9:309. [PMID: 30158952 PMCID: PMC6104394 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and together with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), constitute the majority of primary liver cancers. ICC is a rare disorder as its overall incidence is < 1/100,000 in the United States and Europe. However, it shows much higher incidence in particular geographical regions, such as northeastern Thailand, where liver fluke infection is the most common risk factor of ICC. Since the early stages of ICC are often asymptomatic, the patients are usually diagnosed at advanced stages with no effective treatments available, leading to the high mortality rate. In addition, unclear genetic mechanisms, heterogeneous nature, and various etiologies complicate the development of new efficient treatments. Recently, a number of studies have employed high-throughput approaches, including next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry, in order to understand ICC in different biological aspects. In general, the majority of recurrent genetic alterations identified in ICC are enriched in known tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, such as mutations in TP53, KRAS, BAP1, ARID1A, IDH1, IDH2, and novel FGFR2 fusion genes. Yet, there are no major driver genes with immediate clinical solutions characterized. Interestingly, recent studies utilized multi-omics data to classify ICC into two main subgroups, one with immune response genes as the main driving factor, while another is enriched with driver mutations in the genes associated with epigenetic regulations, such as IDH1 and IDH2. The two subgroups also show different hypermethylation patterns in the promoter regions. Additionally, the immune response induced by host-pathogen interactions, i.e., liver fluke infection, may further stimulate tumor growth through alterations of the tumor microenvironment. For in-depth functional studies, although many ICC cell lines have been globally established, these homogeneous cell lines may not fully explain the highly heterogeneous genetic contents of this disorder. Therefore, the advent of patient-derived xenograft and 3D patient-derived organoids as new disease models together with the understanding of evolution and genetic alterations of tumor cells at the single-cell resolution will likely become the main focus to fill the current translational research gaps of ICC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khajeelak Chiablaem
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttapong Ngamphaiboon
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Natini Jinawath ;
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15
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Dengler M, Staufer K, Huber H, Stauber R, Bantel H, Weiss KH, Starlinger P, Pock H, Klöters-Plachky P, Gotthardt DN, Rauch P, Lackner C, Stift J, Brostjan C, Gruenberger T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Tada T, Weiss TS, Trauner M, Mikulits W. Soluble Axl is an accurate biomarker of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development: results from a large scale multicenter analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:46234-46248. [PMID: 28526812 PMCID: PMC5542263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis are at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current diagnostic tools for HCC detection include imaging techniques and serum biomarkers such as α-fetoprotein (AFP). Yet, these methods are limited in sensitivity and specificity to accurately detect early HCC. Here we focused on the potential of soluble Axl (sAxl) as a biomarker in CLD patients by analyzing serum samples of 1067 patients and healthy controls from centers in Europe and Asia. We show that serum concentrations of sAxl were significantly increased at early (82.57 ng/mL) and later stages of HCC (114.50 ng/mL) as compared to healthy controls (40.15 ng/mL). Notably, no elevated sAxl levels were detected in patients with CLD including chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease versus healthy controls. Furthermore, sAxl did not rise in liver adenomas or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Yet, patients with advanced fibrosis (F3) or cirrhosis (F4) showed enhanced sAxl concentrations (F3: 54.67 ng/mL; F4: 94.74 ng/mL). Hepatic myofibroblasts exhibited an increased release of sAxl, suggesting that elevated sAxl levels arise from these cells during fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of sAxl displayed a strongly increased sensitivity and specificity to detect both cirrhosis (80.8%/92.0%) and HCC (83.3%/86.7%) with an area under the curve of 0.935/0.903 as compared to AFP. In conclusion, sAxl shows high diagnostic accuracy at early stage HCC as well as cirrhosis, thereby outperforming AFP. Importantly, sAxl remains normal in most common CLDs, liver adenomas and CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Dengler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Staufer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannelore Pock
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Rauch
- Candor Bioscience GmbH, Wangen im Allgäu, Germany
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruenberger
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Martínez AK, Jensen K, Hall C, O'Brien A, Ehrlich L, White T, Meng F, Zhou T, Greene J, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Dostal DE, Lairmore T, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Nicotine Promotes Cholangiocarcinoma Growth in Xenograft Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1093-1105. [PMID: 28315314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main addictive substance in tobacco, is known to play a role in the development and/or progression of a number of malignant tumors. However, nicotine's involvement in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is controversial. Therefore, we studied the effects of nicotine on the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and the progression of cholangiocarcinoma in a mouse xenograft model. The predominant subunit responsible for nicotine-mediated proliferation in normal and cancer cells, the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), was more highly expressed in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines compared with normal human cholangiocytes. Nicotine also stimulated the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and promoted α7-nAChR-dependent activation of proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In addition, nicotine and PNU282987 (α7-nAChR agonist) accelerated the growth of the cholangiocarcinoma tumors in our xenograft mouse model and increased fibrosis, proliferation of the tumor cells, and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase activation. Finally, α7-nAChR was expressed at significantly higher levels in human cholangiocarcinoma compared with normal human control liver samples. Taken together, results of this study suggest that nicotine acts through α7-nAChR and plays a novel role in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Furthermore, nicotine may act as a mitogen in cholestatic liver disease processes, thereby facilitating malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kendal Jensen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - April O'Brien
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Tori White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - John Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Terry Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
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17
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Ling S, Xie H, Yang F, Shan Q, Dai H, Zhuo J, Wei X, Song P, Zhou L, Xu X, Zheng S. Metformin potentiates the effect of arsenic trioxide suppressing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: roles of p38 MAPK, ERK3, and mTORC1. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:59. [PMID: 28241849 PMCID: PMC5329912 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is commonly used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but does not benefit patients with solid tumors. When combined with other agents or radiation, ATO showed treatment benefits with manageable toxicity. Previously, we reported that metformin amplified the inhibitory effect of ATO on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cells more significantly than other agents. Here, we investigated the chemotherapeutic sensitization effect of metformin in ATO-based treatment in ICC in vitro and in vivo and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods ICC cell lines (CCLP-1, RBE, and HCCC-9810) were treated with metformin and/or ATO; the anti-proliferation effect was evaluated by cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and intracellular-reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. The in vivo efficacy was determined in nude mice with CCLP-1 xenografts. The active status of AMPK/p38 MAPK and mTORC1 pathways was detected by western blot. In addition, an antibody array was used screening more than 200 molecules clustered in 12 cancer-related pathways in CCLP-1 cells treated with metformin and/or ATO. Methods of genetic modulation and pharmacology were further used to demonstrate the relationship of the molecule. Seventy-three tumor samples from ICC patients were used to detect the expression of ERK3 by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between ERK3 and the clinical information of ICC patients were further analyzed. Results Metformin and ATO synergistically inhibited proliferation of ICC cells by promoting cell apoptosis, inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and increasing intracellular ROS. Combined treatment with metformin and ATO efficiently reduced ICC growth in an ICC xenograft model. Mechanistically, the antibody array revealed that ERK3 exhibited the highest variation in CCLP-1 cells after treatment with metformin and ATO. Results of western blot confirm that metformin and ATO cooperated to inhibit mTORC1, activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and upregulate ERK3. Metformin abrogated the activation of p38 MAPK induced by ATO, and this activity was partially dependent on AMPK activation. Inactivation of p38 MAPK by SB203580 or specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) promoted the inactivation of mTORC1 in ICC cells treated with metformin and ATO. Activation of p38 MAPK may be responsible for resistance to ATO in ICC. The relationship between p38 MAPK and ERK3 was not defined by our findings. Finally, AMPK is a newfound positive regulator of ERK3. Overexpression of EKR3 in ICC cells inhibited cell proliferation through inactivation of mTORC1. ERK3 expression is associated with a better prognosis in ICC patients. Conclusions Metformin sensitizes arsenic trioxide to suppress intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via the regulation of AMPK/p38 MAPK-ERK3/mTORC1 pathways. ERK3 is a newfound potential prognostic predictor and a tumor suppressor in ICC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0424-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaonan Shan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojiang Dai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Penghong Song
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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18
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Hall C, Ehrlich L, Venter J, O'Brien A, White T, Zhou T, Dang T, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Alpini G, Lairmore TC, Glaser S. Inhibition of the apelin/apelin receptor axis decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth. Cancer Lett 2017; 386:179-188. [PMID: 27894959 PMCID: PMC5510601 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy of the biliary epithelium that is associated with low five-year survival. The apelin receptor (APLNR), which is activated by the apelin peptide, has not been studied in CCA. The purpose of this study is to determine if inhibition of the apelin/APLNR axis can inhibit CCA growth. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, rtPCR, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and ELISA was used to measure APLNR expression in human CCA cells and tissues. Mz-ChA-1 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of apelin and ML221, an APLNR antagonist. Expression of proliferative and angiogenic genes were measured via rtPCR. In vivo, Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of nu/nu mice, which were treated with ML221 (150 μg/kg) via tail vein injection. RESULTS Expression of the apelin/APLNR axis was increased in CCA. In vitro, CCA proliferation and angiogenesis was inhibited by ML221 treatment. ML221 treatment significantly decreased tumor growth in nu/nu mice. CONCLUSION The apelin/APLNR axis regulates CCA proliferation and angiogenesis. Inhibition of the apelin/APLNR axis decreases tumor growth in our xenograft model. Targeting APLNR signaling has the potential to serve as a novel, tumor directed therapy for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Julie Venter
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - April O'Brien
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tori White
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tien Dang
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
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19
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Ehrlich L, Hall C, Venter J, Dostal D, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Meng F, Trzeciakowski JP, Zhou T, Standeford H, Alpini G, Lairmore TC, Glaser S. miR-24 Inhibition Increases Menin Expression and Decreases Cholangiocarcinoma Proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:570-580. [PMID: 28087162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Menin (MEN1) is a tumor-suppressor protein in neuroendocrine tissue. Therefore, we tested the novel hypothesis that menin regulates cholangiocarcinoma proliferation. Menin and miR-24 expression levels were measured in the following intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines, Mz-ChA-1, TFK-1, SG231, CCLP, HuCCT-1, and HuH-28, as well as the nonmalignant human intrahepatic biliary line, H69. miR-24 miRNA and menin protein levels were manipulated in vitro in Mz-ChA-1 cell lines. Markers of proliferation and angiogenesis (Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factors A/C, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 2/3, angiopoietin 1/2, and angiopoietin receptors 1/2) were evaluated. Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of nude mice and treated with miR-24 inhibitor or inhibitor scramble. Menin expression was decreased in advanced CCA specimens, whereas miR-24 expression was increased in CCA. Menin overexpression decreased proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Inhibition of miR-24 increased menin protein expression while decreasing proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. miR-24 was shown to negatively regulate menin expression by luciferase assay. Tumor burden and expression of proliferative and angiogenic markers was decreased in the miR-24 inhibited tumor group compared to controls. Interestingly, treated tumors were more fibrotic than the control group. miR-24-dependent expression of menin may be important in the regulation of nonmalignant and CCA proliferation and may be an additional therapeutic tool for managing CCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Division of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - David Dostal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Jerome P Trzeciakowski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Division of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas.
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20
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Raggi C, Correnti M, Sica A, Andersen JB, Cardinale V, Alvaro D, Chiorino G, Forti E, Glaser S, Alpini G, Destro A, Sozio F, Di Tommaso L, Roncalli M, Banales JM, Coulouarn C, Bujanda L, Torzilli G, Invernizzi P. Cholangiocarcinoma stem-like subset shapes tumor-initiating niche by educating associated macrophages. J Hepatol 2017; 66:102-115. [PMID: 27593106 PMCID: PMC5522599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A therapeutically challenging subset of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) clinical severity. Presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) has prognostic significance in CCA and other malignancies. Thus, we hypothesized that CSCs may actively shape their tumor-supportive immune niche. METHODS CCA cells were cultured in 3D conditions to generate spheres. CCA sphere analysis of in vivo tumorigenic-engraftment in immune-deficient mice and molecular characterization was performed. The in vitro and in vivo effect of CCA spheres on macrophage precursors was tested after culturing healthy donor cluster of differentiation (CD)14+ with CCA-sphere conditioned medium. RESULTS CCA spheres engrafted in 100% of transplanted mice and revealed a significant 20.3-fold increase in tumor-initiating fraction (p=0.0011) and a sustained tumorigenic potential through diverse xenograft-generations. Moreover, CCA spheres were highly enriched for CSC, liver cancer and embryonic stem cell markers both at gene and protein levels. Next, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that in the presence of CCA sphere conditioned medium, CD14+ macrophages expressed key markers (CD68, CD115, human leukocyte antigen-D related, CD206) indicating that CCA sphere conditioned medium was a strong macrophage-activator. Gene expression profile of CCA sphere activated macrophages revealed unique molecular TAM-like features confirmed by high invasion capacity. Also, freshly isolated macrophages from CCA resections recapitulated a similar molecular phenotype of in vitro-educated macrophages. Consistent with invasive features, the largest CD163+ set was found in the tumor front of human CCA specimens (n=23) and correlated with a high level of serum cancer antigen 19.9 (n=17). Among mediators released by CCA spheres, only interleukin (IL)13, IL34 and osteoactivin were detected and further confirmed in CCA patient sera (n=12). Surprisingly, a significant association of IL13, IL34 and osteoactivin with sphere stem-like genes was provided by a CCA database (n=104). In vitro combination of IL13, IL34, osteoactivin was responsible for macrophage-differentiation and invasion, as well as for in vivo tumor-promoting effect. CONCLUSION CCA-CSCs molded a specific subset of stem-like associated macrophages thus providing a rationale for a synergistic therapeutic strategy for CCA-disease. LAY SUMMARY Immune plasticity represents an important hallmark of tumor outcome. Since cancer stem cells are able to manipulate stromal cells to their needs, a better definition of the key dysregulated immune subtypes responsible for cooperating in supporting tumor initiation may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches. Considering that human cholangiocarcinoma represents a clinical emergency, it is essential to move to predictive models in order to understand the adaptive process of macrophage component (imprinting, polarization and maintenance) engaged by tumor stem-like compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Raggi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Margherita Correnti
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara, Italy
| | - Jesper B. Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, Biella, Italy
| | - Elisa Forti
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | | | - Francesca Sozio
- Leukocyte Migration Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Roncalli
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.
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21
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Guest RV, Boulter L, Dwyer BJ, Kendall TJ, Man TY, Minnis-Lyons SE, Lu WY, Robson AJ, Gonzalez SF, Raven A, Wojtacha D, Morton JP, Komuta M, Roskams T, Wigmore SJ, Sansom OJ, Forbes SJ. Notch3 drives development and progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12250-12255. [PMID: 27791012 PMCID: PMC5086988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600067113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is dismal. Notch has been identified as a potential driver; forced exogenous overexpression of Notch1 in hepatocytes results in the formation of biliary tumors. In human disease, however, it is unknown which components of the endogenously signaling pathway are required for tumorigenesis, how these orchestrate cancer, and how they can be targeted for therapy. Here we characterize Notch in human-resected CC, a toxin-driven model in rats, and a transgenic mouse model in which p53 deletion is targeted to biliary epithelia and CC induced using the hepatocarcinogen thioacetamide. We find that across species, the atypical receptor NOTCH3 is differentially overexpressed; it is progressively up-regulated with disease development and promotes tumor cell survival via activation of PI3k-Akt. We use genetic KO studies to show that tumor growth significantly attenuates after Notch3 deletion and demonstrate signaling occurs via a noncanonical pathway independent of the mediator of classical Notch, Recombinant Signal Binding Protein for Immunoglobulin Kappa J Region (RBPJ). These data present an opportunity in this aggressive cancer to selectively target Notch, bypassing toxicities known to be RBPJ dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Guest
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Luke Boulter
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Dwyer
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tak-Yung Man
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Minnis-Lyons
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Robson
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Ferreira Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Raven
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Davina Wojtacha
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Komuta
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom; The Scottish Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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22
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Han Y, Meng F, Venter J, Wu N, Wan Y, Standeford H, Francis H, Meininger C, Greene J, Trzeciakowski JP, Ehrlich L, Glaser S, Alpini G. miR-34a-dependent overexpression of Per1 decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1295-304. [PMID: 26923637 PMCID: PMC4874896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disruption of circadian rhythm is associated with cancer development and progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that trigger mRNA translation inhibition. We aimed to evaluate the role of Per1 and related miRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma growth. METHODS The expression of clock genes was evaluated in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue arrays and cholangiocarcinoma lines. The rhythmic expression of clock genes was evaluated in cholangiocarcinoma cells and H69 (non-malignant cholangiocytes) by qPCR. We measured cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in Mz-ChA-1 cells after Per1 overexpression. We examined tumor growth in vivo after injection of Per1 overexpressing cells. We verified miRNAs that targets Per1. The circadian rhythm of miR-34a was evaluated in cholangiocarcinoma and H69 cells. We evaluated cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion after inhibition of miR-34a in vitro, and the potential molecular mechanisms by mRNA profiling after overexpression of Per1. RESULTS Expression of Per1 was decreased in cholangiocarcinoma. The circadian rhythm of Per1 expression was lost in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Decreased cell proliferation, lower G2/M arrest, and enhanced apoptosis were shown in Per1 overexpressing cells. An in vivo study revealed decreased tumor growth, decreased proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis after overexpressing Per1. Per1 was verified as a target of miR-34a. miR-34a was rhythmically expressed in cholangiocarcinoma cells and H69. The inhibition of miR-34a decreased proliferation, migration and invasion in cholangiocarcinoma cells. mRNA profiling has shown that overexpression of Per1 inhibits cell growth through regulation of multiple cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle, cell growth and apoptosis pathways. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of circadian rhythms of clock genes contribute to the malignant phenotypes of human cholangiocarcinoma. LAY SUMMARY The current study is about how biological clock and its regulators affect the bile duct tumor growth. The disruption of biological clock has a negative impact in different cancers. Per1 is a gene that is involved in maintaining the biological clock and show 24h oscillation. Reduced levels of Per1 and disruption of 24h circadian rhythm was found in bile duct cancer cells. Therefore, a genetic modified bile duct cancer cells was created. It has a higher level of Per1 expression and partially recovered circadian rhythm. Those genetic modified cells also displayed slower cell growth or higher rate of cell death. We also used mice model that lack of immune system to show that our genetic modified bile duct cells form smaller tumor. In addition, we tried to see how Per1 is communicating with other genes in regarding of controlling the tumor growth. We found Per1 is regulated by microRNA-34a, a small non-coding RNA that directly binds to genes and inhibit gene expression. Decreased level of miR-34a has also significantly reduced tumor growth through controlling the cell growth and cell death balance. Therefore bile duct cancer patients may be treated with miR-34a inhibitor or Per1 stimulator in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Baylor Scott & White Academic Operations, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Ying Wan
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Baylor Scott & White Academic Operations, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Cynthia Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - John Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | | | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, United States; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, United States.
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23
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Mayr C, Wagner A, Loeffelberger M, Bruckner D, Jakab M, Berr F, Di Fazio P, Ocker M, Neureiter D, Pichler M, Kiesslich T. The BMI1 inhibitor PTC-209 is a potential compound to halt cellular growth in biliary tract cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:745-58. [PMID: 26623561 PMCID: PMC4808030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI1 is a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and is up-regulated in biliary tract cancer (BTC), contributing to aggressive clinical features. In this study we investigated the cytotoxic effects of PTC-209, a recently developed inhibitor of BMI1, in BTC cells. PTC-209 reduced overall viability in BTC cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion (0.04 - 20 µM). Treatment with PTC-209 led to slightly enhanced caspase activity and stop of cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PTC-209 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint. A comprehensive investigation of expression changes of cell cycle-related genes showed that PTC-209 caused significant down-regulation of cell cycle-promoting genes as well as of genes that contribute to DNA synthesis initiation and DNA repair, respectively. This was accompanied by significantly elevated mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitors. In addition, PTC-209 reduced sphere formation and, in a cell line-dependent manner, aldehyde dehydrogease-1 positive cells. We conclude that PTC-209 might be a promising drug for future in vitro and in vivo studies in BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mayr
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrej Wagner
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Magdalena Loeffelberger
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- 3 Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- 4 Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Membrane Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frieder Berr
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- 5 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- 6 Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- 7 Present address: Experimental Medicine Oncology, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- 8 Present address: Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- 9 Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- 10 Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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24
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Sakamoto T, Kobayashi S, Yamada D, Nagano H, Tomokuni A, Tomimaru Y, Noda T, Gotoh K, Asaoka T, Wada H, Kawamoto K, Marubashi S, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Mori M. A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Suppresses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Attenuates Chemoresistance in Biliary Tract Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145985. [PMID: 26726879 PMCID: PMC4699768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the characteristics of malignancy, such as invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. In biliary tract cancer (BTC), EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). The EMT is reversible; therefore, it is conceivable that it could be related to some epigenetic changes. We focused on histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as regulators of TGF-β1 signaling, and investigated their effect on EMT and chemoresistance. We employed four BTC cell lines (MzChA-1, gemcitabine-resistant MzChA-1, TFK-1, and gemcitabine-resistant TFK-1) and used vorinostat as the HDAC inhibitor. The relative mRNA expression of an epithelial marker (CDH1) and mesenchymal markers (CDH2, vimentin, SNAI1) were measured by qRT-PCR to evaluate factors associated with EMT. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the chemoresistance of each cell line. In addition, NOD/SCID mice were used to evaluate the effect of vorinostat in vivo. In the parent MzChA-1 and TFK-1 cell lines, TGF-β1 induced EMT and chemoresistance; while vorinostat inhibited the EMT and chemoresistance induced by TGF-β1. In gemcitabine-resistant cell lines that highly expressed TGF-β1, vorinostat inhibited EMT and attenuated chemoresistance. We showed that vorinostat inhibits nuclear translocation of SMAD4 which is a signaling factor of TGF-β1, and this is one of the mechanisms by which vorinostat regulates EMT. We also showed that vorinostat attenuates the binding affinity of SMAD4 to the CDH1-related transcription factors SNAI1, SNAI2, ZEB1, ZEB2, and TWIST. Furthermore, combination therapy with vorinostat and gemcitabine improved survival time in the mice xenografted with gemcitabine resistant MzChA-1 cells. In conclusion, vorinostat regulated TGF-β1-induced EMT and chemoresistance through inhibition of SMAD4 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular diseases, Nakamichi 1-3-3, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Osaka 537–8511, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Akira Tomokuni
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–2 (E2), Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
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25
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Cavalloni G, Peraldo-Neia C, Varamo C, Casorzo L, Dell'Aglio C, Bernabei P, Chiorino G, Aglietta M, Leone F. Establishment and characterization of a human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line derived from an Italian patient. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4041-52. [PMID: 26486326 PMCID: PMC4844644 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinoma is a rare malignancy with multiple causes, which underlie the different genetic and molecular profiles. Cancer cell lines are affordable models, reflecting the characteristics of the tumor of origin. They represent useful tools to identify molecular targets for treatment. Here, we established and characterized from biological, molecular, and genetic point of view, an Italian intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line (ICC), the MT-CHC01. MT-CHC01 cells were isolated from a tumor-derived xenograft. Immunophenotypical characterization was evaluated both at early and after stabilization passages. In vitro biological, genetic, and molecular features were also investigated. In vivo tumorigenicity was assessed in NOD/SCID mice. MT-CHC01cells retain epithelial cell markers, EPCAM, CK7, and CK19, and some stemness and pluripotency markers, i.e., SOX2, Nanog, CD49f/integrin-α6, CD24, PDX1, FOXA2, and CD133. They grow as a monolayer, with a population double time of about 40 h; they show a low migration and invasion potential. In low attachment conditions, they are able to form spheres and to growth in anchorage-independent manner. After subcutaneous injection, they retain in vivo tumorigenicity; the expression of biliary markers as CA19-9 and CEA were maintained from primary tumor. The karyotype is highly complex, with a hypotriploid to hypertriploid modal number (3n+/−) (52 to 77 chromosomes); low level of HER2 gene amplification, TP53 deletion, gain of AURKA were identified; K-RAS G12D mutation were maintained from primary tumor to MT-CHC01 cells. We established the first ICC cell line derived from an Italian patient. It will help to study either the biology of this tumor or to test drugs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cavalloni
- Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
| | - Caterina Peraldo-Neia
- Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Varamo
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Turin, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Casorzo
- Unit of Pathology FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine Dell'Aglio
- Unit of Pathology FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bernabei
- Flow Cytometry Center, (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Biella, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Turin, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Leone
- Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Turin, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3,95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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26
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Mayr C, Wagner A, Neureiter D, Pichler M, Jakab M, Illig R, Berr F, Kiesslich T. The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate induces cell cycle arrest and shows potential synergism with cisplatin in biliary tract cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:194. [PMID: 26100134 PMCID: PMC4477611 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was shown to effectively inhibit tumor growth in various types of cancer including biliary tract cancer (BTC). For most BTC patients only palliative therapy is possible, leading to a median survival of about one year. Chemoresistance is a major problem that contributes to the high mortality rates of BTC. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of EGCG alone or in combination with cisplatin on eight BTC cell lines and to investigate the cellular anti-cancer mechanisms of EGCG. Methods The effect of EGCG treatment alone or in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic cisplatin on cell viability was analyzed in eight BTC cell lines. Additionally, we analyzed the effects of EGCG on caspase activity, cell cycle distribution and gene expression in the BTC cell line TFK-1. Results EGCG significantly reduced cell viability in all eight BTC cell lines (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, respectively, for most cell lines and EGCG concentrations > 5 μM). Combined EGCG and cisplatin treatment showed a synergistic cytotoxic effect in five cell lines and an antagonistic effect in two cell lines. Furthermore, EGCG reduced the mRNA levels of various cell cycle-related genes, while increasing the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and the apoptosis-related death receptor 5 (p < 0.05). This observation was accompanied by an increase in caspase activity and cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle, indicating induction of apoptosis. EGCG also induced a down-regulation of expression of stem cell-related genes and genes that are associated with an aggressive clinical character of the tumor, such as cd133 and abcg2. Conclusions EGCG shows various anti-cancer effects in BTC cell lines and might therefore be a potential anticancer drug for future studies in BTC. Additionally, EGCG displays a synergistic cytotoxic effect with cisplatin in most tested BTC cell lines. Summary illustration ![]()
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27
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Nakashima S, Kobayashi S, Nagano H, Tomokuni A, Tomimaru Y, Asaoka T, Hama N, Wada H, Kawamoto K, Marubashi S, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Mori M. BRCA/Fanconi anemia pathway implicates chemoresistance to gemcitabine in biliary tract cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:584-91. [PMID: 25736055 PMCID: PMC4452159 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA/Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway plays a key role in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. We focused on this pathway to clarify chemoresistance mechanisms in biliary tract cancer (BTC). We also investigated changes in the CD24+/44+ population that may be involved in chemoresistance, as this population likely includes cancer stem cells. We used three BTC cell lines to establish gemcitabine (GEM)-resistant (GR) cells and evaluated the expression of BRCA/FA pathway components, chemoresistance, and the effect of BRCA/FA pathway inhibition on the CD24+/44+ population. FANCD2 and CD24 expression were evaluated in 108 resected BTC specimens. GR cells highly expressed the BRCA/FA components. The BRCA/FA pathway was upregulated by GEM and cisplatin (CDDP) exposure. Inhibition using siRNA and RAD51 inhibitor sensitized GR cells to GEM or CDDP. The CD24+/44+ population was increased in GR and parent BTC cells treated with GEM or CDDP and highly expressed BRCA/FA genes. FANCD2 was related to CD24 expression in resected BTC specimens. Inhibition of the BRCA/FA pathway under GEM reduced the CD24+/44+ population in MzChA1-GR cells. Thus, high expression of the BRCA/FA pathway is one mechanism of chemoresistance against GEM and/or CDDP and is related to the CD24+/44+ population in BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakashima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardio-Vascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tomokuni
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Boulter L, Guest RV, Kendall TJ, Wilson DH, Wojtacha D, Robson AJ, Ridgway RA, Samuel K, Van Rooijen N, Barry ST, Wigmore SJ, Sansom OJ, Forbes SJ. WNT signaling drives cholangiocarcinoma growth and can be pharmacologically inhibited. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1269-85. [PMID: 25689248 PMCID: PMC4362247 DOI: 10.1172/jci76452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage and is refractory to surgical intervention and chemotherapy. Despite a global increase in the incidence of CC, little progress has been made toward the development of treatments for this cancer. Here we utilized human tissue; CC cell xenografts; a p53-deficient transgenic mouse model; and a non-transgenic, chemically induced rat model of CC that accurately reflects both the inflammatory and regenerative background associated with human CC pathology. Using these systems, we determined that the WNT pathway is highly activated in CCs and that inflammatory macrophages are required to establish this WNT-high state in vivo. Moreover, depletion of macrophages or inhibition of WNT signaling with one of two small molecule WNT inhibitors in mouse and rat CC models markedly reduced CC proliferation and increased apoptosis, resulting in tumor regression. Together, these results demonstrate that enhanced WNT signaling is a characteristic of CC and suggest that targeting WNT signaling pathways has potential as a therapeutic strategy for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Boulter
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V. Guest
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Kendall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Davina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Robson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. Ridgway
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Samuel
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon T. Barry
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wigmore
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Yao L, Han C, Song K, Zhang J, Lim K, Wu T. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Upregulate 15-PGDH Expression in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Inhibiting miR-26a/b Expression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1388-98. [PMID: 25691459 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator that promotes cancer growth. The 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes oxidation of the 15(S)-hydroxyl group of PGE2, leading to its inactivation. Therefore, 15-PGDH induction may offer a strategy to treat cancers that are driven by PGE2, such as human cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we report that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) upregulate 15-PGDH expression by inhibiting miR-26a and miR-26b, thereby contributing to ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCLP1 and TFK-1) with ω-3 PUFA (DHA) or transfection of these cells with the Fat-1 gene (encoding Caenorhabditis elegans desaturase, which converts ω-6 PUFA to ω-3 PUFA) significantly increased 15-PGDH enzymes levels, but with little effect on the activity of the 15-PGDH gene promoter. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this increase in 15-PGDH levels in cells was mediated by a reduction in the expression of miR-26a and miR-26b, which target 15-PGDH mRNA and inhibit 15-PGDH translation. These findings were extended by the demonstration that overexpressing miR-26a or miR-26b decreased 15-PGDH protein levels, reversed ω-3 PUFA-induced accumulation of 15-PGDH protein, and prevented ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. We further observed that ω-3 PUFA suppressed miR-26a and miR-26b by inhibiting c-myc, a transcription factor that regulates miR-26a/b. Accordingly, c-myc overexpression enhanced expression of miR-26a/b and ablated the ability of ω-3 PUFA to inhibit cell growth. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism for ω-3 PUFA-induced expression of 15-PGDH in human cholangiocarcinoma and provide a preclinical rationale for the evaluation of ω-3 PUFA in treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling, Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Vasilieva LE, Papadhimitriou SI, Alexopoulou A, Pavlidis D, Kostopoulos I, Georgiakaki M, Xinopoulos D, Romanos A, Dourakis SP. An extended fluorescence in situ hybridization approach for the cytogenetic study of cholangiocarcinoma on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography brushing cytology preparations. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2173-9. [PMID: 23845469 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytological diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma has been significantly aided by applying a 4-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization system on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography brushing smears, aiming mainly at the detection of hyperdiploidy. However, this approach adds little to our understanding of the genetic background of the disease. With the prospect of obtaining additional data on chromosomal aberrations, we have extended the fluorescence in situ hybridization study, with the application of 4 independent 2-probe systems in 35 patients with documented cholangiocarcinoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assays were performed on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography brushing smears, with probes for the 7q31, 11q13 (CCND1), 17p53 (TP53), and 9p21 (INK4 locus) bands, together with the respective centromeric probe. Hyperdiploidy, involving at least 2 of the 4 chromosomes targeted, was found in 31 patients. 17p13 deletion was detected in 3, and 9p21 deletion, in 5 of the hyperdiploid cases, with the 2 aberrations concurrent in 1. CCND1 amplification was found in 1 case as the sole abnormality and in another together with hyperdiploidy, but in apparently unrelated clones. This work indicates that interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization is a practical and useful tool for the cytogenetic study of cholangiocarcinoma on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography brushing smears, which is often the only available tissue specimen of the tumor. Apart from hyperdiploidy, it provides additional data on the genetic profile of cholangiocarcinoma, especially regarding structural chromosomal aberrations and clonal diversity. This line of investigation may prove useful in the delineation of oncogenesis and the interpretation of the diverse clinical features of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa E Vasilieva
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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Lu D, Han C, Wu T. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-derived 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth through interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, SMAD2/3, and TAP63 proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19484-502. [PMID: 23687300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator that plays a key role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of the 15(S)-hydroxyl group of PGE2, which leads to PGE2 biotransformation. In this study, we showed that the 15-PGDH-derived 15-keto-PGE2 is an endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligand that causes PPAR-γ dissociation from Smad2/3, allowing Smad2/3 association with the TGF-β receptor I and Smad anchor for receptor activation and subsequent Smad2/3 phosphorylation and transcription activation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The 15-PGDH/15-keto-PGE2-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation resulted in the formation of the pSmad2/3-TAP63-p53 ternary complex and their binding to the TAP63 promoter, inducing TAP63 autotranscription. The role of TAP63 in 15-PGDH/15-keto-PGE2-induced inhibition of tumor growth was further supported by the observation that knockdown of TAP63 prevented 15-PGDH-induced inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration. These findings disclose a novel 15-PGDH-mediated 15-keto-PGE2 signaling cascade that interacts with PPAR-γ, Smad2/3, and TAP63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Wang B, Yang R, Wu Y, Li H, Hu Z, Chen Y, Zou S. Sodium valproate inhibits the growth of human cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:374593. [PMID: 24324485 PMCID: PMC3845332 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. None of treatment options for Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and ultimately liver transplantation, have been shown to substantially improve the survival rate in patients with CCA. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been shown to display potent antitumor effects. In this study, sodium valproate, the clinically available form of VPA, was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods. Cholangiocarcinoma cells (TFK-1, QBC939, and CCLP1) of different origins were treated with sodium valproate to determine their effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The in vivo effects of sodium valproate on cholangiocarcinoma growth were assessed using a xenograft mouse model injected with TFK-1 cells. Results. Sodium valproate inhibited cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis; sodium valproate effects were independent of autophagy. Tumor growth inhibition was also observed in vivo using TFK-1 xenografts. Conclusion. The in vitro and in vivo outcomes provide preclinical rationale for clinical evaluation of sodium valproate, alone or in combination with other drugs, to improve patient outcome in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zouxiao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shengquan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- *Shengquan Zou:
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Michelini E, Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Costantini M, Caporali C, Bonati ME, Bertolotti M, Iori R, Loria P. Is cholangiocarcinoma another complication of insulin resistance: a report of three cases. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 5:194-202. [PMID: 18370827 DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver cancer, and the number of cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have been steadily increasing worldwide. Although the reasons for this surge are unknown, insulin resistance (IR) could be a risk factor, similar to what has been reported for other cancers. CASE REPORT We report on 3 cases of ICC arising in subjects sharing IR as an underlying risk factor. Case 1 was an obese and dyslipidemic patient with NAFLD. The second and the third patients were affected by type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for a link between IR and onset of cholangiocarcinoma in our patients rests on three lines of evidence: epidemiological, biological, and exclusion of others risk factors. Studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis that IR is a risk factor for the development of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michelini
- Dipartimento Integrato di Medicina, Endocrinologia, Metabolismo, e Geriatria-Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
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Monoamine oxidase A expression is suppressed in human cholangiocarcinoma via coordinated epigenetic and IL-6-driven events. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1451-60. [PMID: 22906985 PMCID: PMC3959781 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of dopamine and serotonin is increased in cholangiocarcinoma, which has growth-promoting effects. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), the degradation enzyme of serotonin and dopamine, is suppressed in cholangiocarcinoma via an unknown mechanism. The aims of this study were to (i) correlate MAOA immunoreactivity with pathophysiological parameters of cholangiocarcinoma, (ii) determine the mechanism by which MAOA expression is suppressed and (iii) evaluate the consequences of restored MAOA expression in cholangiocarcinoma. MAOA expression was assessed in cholangiocarcinoma and nonmalignant controls. The control of MAOA expression by promoter hypermethylation was evaluated and the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling to the suppression of MAOA expression was determined. The effects of MAOA overexpression on cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion were also assessed. MAOA expression is correlated with differentiation, invasion and survival in cholangiocarcinoma. The MAOA promoter was hypermethylated immediately upstream of the start codon in cholangiocarcinoma samples and cell lines but not in nonmalignant counterparts. IL-6 signaling also decreased MAOA expression via a mechanism independent of hypermethylation, involving the regulation of the balance between SP-1 transcriptional activity and its inhibitor, R1 repressor. Inhibition of both IL-6 signaling and DNA methylation restored MAOA levels to those observed in cholangiocytes. Forced MAOA overexpression inhibited cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion. MAOA expression is suppressed by the coordinated control of promoter hypermethylation and IL-6 signaling. MAOA may be a useful prognostic marker in the management of cholangiocarcinoma, and therapies designed to increase MAOA expression might prove beneficial in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Lacoste C, Hervé J, Bou Nader M, Dos Santos A, Moniaux N, Valogne Y, Montjean R, Dorseuil O, Samuel D, Cassio D, Portulano C, Carrasco N, Bréchot C, Faivre J. Iodide transporter NIS regulates cancer cell motility and invasiveness by interacting with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor LARG. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5505-15. [PMID: 22962269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of solute carrier (SLC) proteins are subject to changes in expression and activity during carcinogenesis. Whether these changes play a role in carcinogenesis is unclear, except for some nutrients and ion carriers whose deregulation ensures the necessary reprogramming of energy metabolism in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the functional role in tumor progression of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS; aka SLC5A5), which is upregulated and mislocalized in many human carcinomas. Notably, we found that NIS enhanced cell migration and invasion without ion transport being involved. These functions were mediated by NIS binding to leukemia-associated RhoA guanine exchange factor, a Rho guanine exchange factor that activates the small GTPase RhoA. Sequestering NIS in intracellular organelles or impairing its targeting to the cell surface (as observed in many cancers) led to a further increase in cell motility and invasiveness. In sum, our results established NIS as a carrier protein that interacts with a major cell signaling hub to facilitate tumor cell locomotion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lacoste
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U785, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, France
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Zhang J, Han C, Wu T. MicroRNA-26a promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth by activating β-catenin. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:246-56.e8. [PMID: 22484120 PMCID: PMC3668336 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the development and progression of human cancers. We investigated the roles and mechanisms of miR-26a in human cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS We used in situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to measure expression of miR-26a in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines (eg, CCLP1, SG231, HuCCT1, TFK1). Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines were transduced with lentiviruses that expressed miR-26a1 or a scrambled sequence (control); proliferation and colony formation were analyzed. We analyzed growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cells that overexpress miR-26a or its inhibitor in severe combined immune-deficient mice. Immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, DNA pull-down, immunofluorescence, and luciferase reporter assays were used to measure expression and activity of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, β-catenin, and related signaling molecules. RESULTS Human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines had increased levels of miR-26a compared with the noncancerous biliary epithelial cells. Overexpression of miR-26a increased proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cells and colony formation in vitro, whereas miR-26 depletion reduced these parameters. In severe combined immune-deficient mice, overexpression of miR-26a by cholangiocarcinoma cells increased tumor growth and overexpression of the miR-26a inhibitor reduced it. GSK-3β messenger RNA was identified as a direct target of miR-26a by computational analysis and experimental assays. miR-26a-mediated reduction of GSK-3β resulted in activation of β-catenin and induction of several downstream genes including c-Myc, cyclinD1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ. Depletion of β-catenin partially prevented miR-26a-induced tumor cell proliferation and colony formation. CONCLUSIONS miR-26a promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth by inhibition of GSK-3β and subsequent activation of β-catenin. These signaling molecules might be targets for prevention or treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. The growth factor, progranulin, is overexpressed in a number of tumours. The study aims were to assess the expression of progranulin in cholangiocarcinoma and to determine its effects on tumour growth. METHODS The expression and secretion of progranulin were evaluated in multiple cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and in clinical samples from patients with cholangiocarcinoma. The role of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated signalling in the expression of progranulin was assessed using a combination of specific inhibitors and shRNA knockdown techniques. The effect of progranulin on proliferation and Akt activation and subsequent effects of FOXO1 phosphorylation were assessed in vitro. Progranulin knockdown cell lines were established, and the effects on cholangiocarcinoma growth were determined. RESULTS Progranulin expression and secretion were upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and tissue, which were in part via IL-6-mediated activation of the ERK1/2/RSK1/C/EBPβ pathway. Blocking any of these signalling molecules, by either pharmacological inhibitors or shRNA, prevented the IL-6-dependent activation of progranulin expression. Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cells with recombinant progranulin increased cell proliferation in vitro by a mechanism involving Akt phosphorylation leading to phosphorylation and nuclear extrusion of FOXO1. Knockdown of progranulin expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells decreased the expression of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferative capacity, and slowed tumour growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is presented for a role for progranulin as a novel growth factor regulating cholangiocarcinoma growth. Specific targeting of progranulin may represent an alternative for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Han Y, DeMorrow S, Invernizzi P, Jing Q, Glaser S, Renzi A, Meng F, Venter J, Bernuzzi F, White M, Francis H, Lleo A, Marzioni M, Onori P, Alvaro D, Torzilli G, Gaudio E, Alpini G. Melatonin exerts by an autocrine loop antiproliferative effects in cholangiocarcinoma: its synthesis is reduced favoring cholangiocarcinoma growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G623-33. [PMID: 21778461 PMCID: PMC3191557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00118.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating biliary cancer. Melatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland and peripheral organs from serotonin by two enzymes, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT). Cholangiocytes secrete neuroendocrine factors, including serotonin-regulating CCA growth by autocrine mechanisms. Melatonin exerts its effects by interaction with melatonin receptor type 1A/1B (MT1/MT2) receptors. We propose that 1) in CCA, there is decreased expression of AANAT and ASMT and secretion of melatonin, changes that stimulate CCA growth; and 2) in vitro overexpression of AANAT decreases CCA growth. We evaluated the 1) expression of AANAT, ASMT, melatonin, and MT1/MT2 in human nonmalignant and CCA lines and control and CCA biopsy samples; 2) melatonin levels in nonmalignant and CCA lines, and bile and serum from controls and patients with intrahepatic CCA; 3) effect of melatonin on the growth and expression of AANAT/ASMT and MT1/MT2 in CCA lines implanted into nude mice; and 4) effect of AANAT overexpression on the proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of MT1/MT2 in Mz-ChA-1 cells. The expression of AANAT, ASMT, and melatonin decreased, whereas MT1/MT2 expression increased in CCA lines and biopsy samples. Melatonin secretion decreased in the supernatant of CCA lines and bile of CCA patients. Melatonin decreased xenograft CCA tumor growth in nude mice by increased AANAT/ASMT and melatonin, along with reduced MT1/MT2 expression. Overexpression of AANAT in Mz-ChA-1 cells inhibited proliferation and MT1/MT2 expression and increased apoptosis. There is dysregulation of the AANAT/ASMT/melatonin → melatonin receptor axis in CCA, which inhibited melatonin secretion and subsequently enhanced CCA growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,6Department School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Qing Jing
- 6Department School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | | | - Fanyin Meng
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,4Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Julie Venter
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; ,10Department of Translational Medicine, and
| | | | - Heather Francis
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,4Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Ana Lleo
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; ,10Department of Translational Medicine, and
| | - Marco Marzioni
- 7Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti General Hospital of Ancona, Ancona;
| | - Paolo Onori
- 8Department of Experimental Medicine, State University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila;
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 9Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Rome, Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Latina;
| | - Guido Torzilli
- 11Liver Surgery Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano; and
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 12Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
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Do PPARgamma Ligands Suppress the Growth of Cholangiocarcinoma or the Cholangiohepatitis Induced by the Tumor? PPAR Res 2011; 2008:587401. [PMID: 18615198 PMCID: PMC2443545 DOI: 10.1155/2008/587401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a predominantly fatal cancer, which can be difficult to treat. It has been reported that the administration of pioglitazone temporarily improved not only diabetic control, but also bile duct carcinoma-induced cholangiohepatitis. Pioglitazone is considered to have both direct and indirect mechanisms of action on the tumor-related hepatitis. Several molecules induced by thiazolidinedione, including Smad pathway-related molecules, adipokines, and other lipid metabolism-related proteins, may directly or indirectly suppress tumor development and/or tumor-induced cholangiohepatitis. Although the most frequent and critical side effect of thiazolidinedione is drug-induced hepatitis, it can probably be avoided by careful monitoring of serum hepatic enzyme levels. Thiazolidinedione should be considered for management of tumor-induced hepatitis in the presence of diabetes unless severe side effects occur.
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Yeh CN, Lin KJ, Chen TW, Wu RC, Tsao LC, Chen YT, Weng WH, Chen MF. Characterization of a novel rat cholangiocarcinoma cell culture model-CGCCA. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2924-32. [PMID: 21734803 PMCID: PMC3129506 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i24.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize a culture model of rat CCA cells, which were derived from a transplantable TTA-induced CCA and designated as Chang Gung CCA (CGCCA).
METHODS: The CGCCA cells were cultured at in vitro passage 12 times on a culture dish in DMEM medium. To measure the doubling time, 103 cells were plated in a 96-well plate containing the growth medium. The cells were harvested 4 to 10 d after seeding, and a standard MTT assay was used to measure the growth. The phenotype of CACCA cell and xenograft was determined by immunohistochemical study. We also determine the chromosomal alterations of CGCCA, G-banding and spectral karyotyping studies were performed. The CGCCA cell line was transplanted into the nude mice for examining its tumorigenicity. 2-Deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) autoradiography was also performed to evaluate the FDG uptake of the tumor xenograft.
RESULTS: The doubling time for the CGCCA cell line was 32 h. After transplantation into nude mice, FDG autoradiography showed that the tumors formed at the cell transplantation site had a latency period of 4-6 wk with high FDG uptake excluding necrosis tissue. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining revealed prominent cytoplasmic expression of c-erb-B2, CK19, c-Met, COX-II, EGFR, MUC4, and a negative expression of K-ras. All data confirmed the phenotypic features of the CGCCA cell line coincide with the xenograft mice tumors, indicating cells containing the tumorigenicity of CCA originated from CCA. In addition, karyotypic banding analysis showed that the diploid (2n) cell status combines with ring and giant rod marker chromosomes in these clones; either both types simultaneously appeared or only one type of marker chromosome in a pair appeared in a cell. The major materials contained in the marker chromosome were primarily identified from chromosome 4.
CONCLUSION: The current CGCCA cell line may be used as a non-K-ras effect CCA model and to obtain information and reveal novel pathways for CCA. Further applications regarding tumor markers or therapeutic targeting of CCA should be addressed accordingly.
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DeMorrow S, Onori P, Venter J, Invernizzi P, Frampton G, White M, Franchitto A, Kopriva S, Bernuzzi F, Francis H, Coufal M, Glaser S, Fava G, Meng F, Alvaro D, Carpino G, Gaudio E, Alpini G. Neuropeptide Y inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and invasion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C1078-89. [PMID: 21270292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00358.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
No information exists on the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cholangiocarcinoma growth. Therefore, we evaluated the expression and secretion of NPY and its subsequent effects on cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion. Cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and nonmalignant cholangiocytes were used to assess NPY mRNA expression and protein secretion. NPY expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in human liver biopsies. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated in vitro by MTS assays and matrigel invasion chambers, respectively, after treatment with NPY or a neutralizing NPY antibody. The effect of NPY or NPY depletion on tumor growth was assessed in vivo after treatment with NPY or the neutralizing NPY antibody in a xenograft model of cholangiocarcinoma. NPY secretion was upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma compared with normal cholangiocytes. Administration of exogenous NPY decreased proliferation and cell invasion in all cholangiocarcinoma cell lines studied and reduced tumor cell growth in vivo. In vitro, the effects of NPY on proliferation were blocked by specific inhibitors for NPY receptor Y2, but not Y1 or Y5, and were associated with an increase in intracellular d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and PKCα activation. Blocking of NPY activity using a neutralizing antibody promoted cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo and increased the invasiveness of cholangiocarcinoma in vitro. Increased NPY immunoreactivity in human tumor tissue occurred predominantly in the center of the tumor, with less expression toward the invasion front of the tumor. We demonstrated that NPY expression is upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, which exerts local control on tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Modulation of NPY secretion may be important for the management of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon DeMorrow
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 702 SW H. K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504. or
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are devastating cancers that are resistant to chemotherapies. Resveratrol, a food-derived polyphenol with antitumorigenic properties, can regulate the expression of cytochrome p450 1b1 (Cyp1b1), which may confer chemoresistance in various cancers. Our aims were to assess the effects of resveratrol on the sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents and show an association between Cyp1b1 expression and chemosensitivity. Cholangiocarcinoma cell lines were treated with resveratrol before the addition of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, or mitomycin C. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by MTS assays and Annexin staining. Resveratrol effects on cholangiocarcinoma tumor sensitivity to 5-FU was assessed in an in vivo xenograft model using Mz-ChA-1 cells. After resveratrol treatment, Cyp1b1 expression was assessed by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Stable-transfected cell lines with Cyp1b1 expression knocked down (Mz-Cyp1b1) were used to assess sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents by MTS assays and Annexin staining and in a xenograft model using Mz-ChA-1 and Mz-Cyp1b1 cells, respectively. For each chemotherapeutic agent, co-treatment with resveratrol in vitro decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis to a greater extent than with the chemotherapeutic agent alone. In vivo, 5-FU+resveratrol decreased tumor size and increased TUNEL staining to a greater extent than 5-FU alone. In parallel, resveratrol decreased Cyp1b1 expression in Mz-ChA-1 cells and in cholangiocarcinoma tumors. Mz-Cyp1b1 cells were more sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro than mock-transfected cells, and Mz-Cyp1b1-induced tumors were more susceptible to 5-FU treatment. We suggest that resveratrol treatment may be a useful adjunct therapy to improve chemosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Coufal M, Invernizzi P, Gaudio E, Bernuzzi F, Frampton GA, Onori P, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Ramirez JC, Alvaro D, Marzioni M, Battisti G, Benedetti A, DeMorrow S. Increased local dopamine secretion has growth-promoting effects in cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2112-22. [PMID: 19795457 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. Symptoms are usually evident after blockage of the bile duct by the tumor, and at this late stage, they are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are explored. We have previously shown that serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma leading to an increased secretion of serotonin, which has growth-promoting effects. Because serotonin and dopamine share the degradation machinery, we evaluated the secretion of dopamine from cholangiocarcinoma and its effects on cell proliferation. Using 4 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and human biopsy samples, we demonstrated that there was an increase in mRNA and protein expression of the dopamine synthesis enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase in cholangiocarcinoma. There was increased dopamine secretion from cholangiocarcinoma cell lines compared to H69 and HIBEC cholangiocytes and increased dopamine immunoreactivity in human biopsy samples. Furthermore, administration of dopamine to all cholangiocarcinoma cell lines studied increased proliferation by up to 30%, which could be blocked by the pretreatment of the D2 and D4 dopamine receptor antagonists, whereas blocking dopamine production by alpha-methyldopa administration suppressed growth by up to 25%. Administration of alpha-methyldopa to nude mice also suppressed cholangiocarcinoma tumor growth. The data presented here represent the first evidence that dopamine metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma and that modulation of dopamine synthesis may represent an alternative target for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Coufal
- Department of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Wolf S, Lorenz J, Mössner J, Wiedmann M. Treatment of biliary tract cancer with NVP-AEW541: Mechanisms of action and resistance. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:156-66. [PMID: 20066734 PMCID: PMC2806553 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate in vitro treatment with NVP-AEW541, a small molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), in biliary tract cancer (BTC), since this disease is associated with a poor prognosis due to wide resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy.
METHODS: Cell growth inhibition by NVP-AEW541 was studied in vitro in 7 human BTC cell lines by automated cell counting. In addition, the anti-tumoral mechanism of NVP-AEW541 was studied by Western blotting, cell cycle analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Anti-tumoral drug effect in combination with gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor BI2536 was also studied.
RESULTS: In vitro treatment with NVP-AEW541 suppressed growth in all human BTC cell lines, however response was lower in gallbladder cancer. Treatment with NVP-AEW541 was associated with dephosphorylation of IGF-1R and AKT. In contrast, phosphorylation of p42/p44 and Stat3 and expression of Bcl-xL were inconsistently downregulated. In addition, treated cells showed cell cycle arrest at the G1/S-checkpoint and an increase in sub-G1 peak. Moreover, IGF-1R and its ligands IGF-1 and IGF-2 were co-expressed in RT-PCR, suggesting an autocrine loop of tumor cell activation. Combined with gemcitabine, NVP-AEW541 exerted synergistic effects, particularly at low concentrations, while effects of combination with 5-FU or BI 2536 were only additive.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that NVP-AEW541 is active against BTC in vitro and potentiates the efficacy of gemcitabine.
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Francis H, Onori P, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, DeMorrow S, Venter J, Kopriva S, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, White M, Meng F, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Alpini G. H3 histamine receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase Calpha inhibits the growth of cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1704-13. [PMID: 19825989 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histamine regulates functions via four receptors (HRH1, HRH2, HRH3, and HRH4). The d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))/Ca(2+)/protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates cholangiocarcinoma growth. We evaluated the role of HRH3 in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Expression of HRH3 in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cell lines, normal cholangiocytes, and human tissue arrays was measured. In Mz-ChA-1 cells stimulated with (R)-(alpha)-(-)-methylhistamine dihydrobromide (RAMH), we measured (a) cell growth, (b) IP(3) and cyclic AMP levels, and (c) phosphorylation of PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms. Localization of PKCalpha was visualized by immunofluorescence in cell smears and immunoblotting for PKCalpha in cytosol and membrane fractions. Following knockdown of PKCalpha, Mz-ChA-1 cells were stimulated with RAMH before evaluating cell growth and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo experiments were done in BALB/c nude mice. Mice were treated with saline or RAMH for 44 days and tumor volume was measured. Tumors were excised and evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of PKCalpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, VEGF receptor 2, and VEGF receptor 3. HRH3 expression was found in all cells. RAMH inhibited the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells. RAMH increased IP(3) levels and PKCalpha phosphorylation and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. RAMH induced a shift in the localization of PKCalpha expression from the cytosolic domain into the membrane region of Mz-ChA-1 cells. Silencing of PKCalpha prevented RAMH inhibition of Mz-ChA-1 cell growth and ablated RAMH effects on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, RAMH decreased tumor growth and expression of VEGF and its receptors; PKCalpha expression was increased. RAMH inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by PKCalpha-dependent ERK1/2 dephosphorylation. Modulation of PKCalpha by histamine receptors may be important in regulating cholangiocarcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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Onori P, DeMorrow S, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Mancinelli R, Venter J, Kopriva S, Ueno Y, Alvaro D, Savage J, Alpini G, Francis H. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth by inhibition of NF-kappaB and induction of apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:565-76. [PMID: 19358267 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) inhibits the growth of tumor cells and is a known inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappaB), which is constitutively active in cholangiocarcinoma (CCH) cells. We evaluated the effects of CAPE on CCH growth both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was confirmed in nuclear extracts treated with CAPE at 50, 40 and 20 microM. CAPE decreases the expression of NF-kappaB1 (p50) and RelA (p65). CAPE decreased the growth of a number of CCH cells but not normal cholangiocytes. Cell cycle decrease was seen by a decrease in PCNA protein expression and the number of BrdU-positive cells treated with CAPE at 20 microM compared to vehicle. Inhibition of growth and increased cell cycle arrest of Mz-ChA-1 cells by CAPE were coupled with increased apoptosis. Bax expression was increased, whereas Bcl-2 was decreased in cells treated with CAPE compared to vehicle. In vivo studies were performed in BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice implanted subcutaneously with Mz-ChA-1 cells and treated with daily IP injections of DMSO or CAPE (10 mg/kg body weight in DMSO) for 77 days. Tumor growth was decreased and tumor latency was increased 2-fold in CAPE compared to vehicle-treated nude mice. In tumor samples, decreased CCH growth by CAPE was coupled with increased apoptosis. CAPE both in vivo and in vitro decreases the growth of CCH cells by increasing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that CAPE might be an important therapeutic tool in the treatment of CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Onori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Simultaneous blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and rapamycin results in reduced cell growth and survival in biliary tract cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1547-56. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alpini G, Invernizzi P, Gaudio E, Venter J, Kopriva S, Bernuzzi F, Onori P, Franchitto A, Coufal M, Frampton G, Alvaro D, Lee SP, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, DeMorrow S. Serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, which has implications for tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9184-93. [PMID: 19010890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. Symptoms are usually evident after blockage of the bile duct by the tumor, and at this late stage, they are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are explored. We present novel data indicating that the metabolism of serotonin is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, compared with normal cholangiocytes, and tissue and bile from cholangiocarcinoma patients. Specifically, there was an increased expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and a suppression of monoamine oxidase A expression (enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of serotonin, respectively) in cholangiocarcinoma. This resulted in an increased secretion of serotonin from cholangiocarcinoma and increased serotonin in the bile from cholangiocarcinoma patients. Increased local serotonin release may have implications on cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Serotonin administration increased cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro, whereas inhibition of serotonin synthesis decreases tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. The data presented here represent the first evidence that serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma and that modulation of serotonin synthesis may represent an alternative target for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Bluethner T, Niederhagen M, Caca K, Serr F, Witzigmann H, Moebius C, Mossner J, Wiedmann M. Inhibition of histone deacetylase for the treatment of biliary tract cancer: A new effective pharmacological approach. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4761-70. [PMID: 17729398 PMCID: PMC4611198 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors NVP-LAQ824 and NVP-LBH589 on biliary tract cancer.
METHODS: Cell growth inhibition by NVP-LAQ824 and NVP-LBH589 was studied in vitro in 7 human biliary tract cancer cell lines by MTT assay. In addition, the anti-tumoral effect of NVP-LBH589 was studied in a chimeric mouse model. Anti-tumoral drug mechanism was assessed by immunoblotting for acH4 and p21WAF-1/CIP-1, PARP assay, cell cycle analysis, TUNEL assay, and immunhistochemistry for MIB-1.
RESULTS: In vitro treatment with both compounds significantly suppressed the growth of all cancer cell lines [mean IC50 (3 d) 0.11 and 0.05 μmol/L, respectively], and was associated with hyperacetylation of nucleosomal histone H4, increased expression of p21WAF-1/CIP-1, induction of apoptosis (PARP cleavage), and cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint. After 28 d, NVP-LBH589 significantly reduced tumor mass by 66% (bile duct cancer) and 87% (gallbladder cancer) in vivo in comparison to placebo, and potentiated the efficacy of gemcitabine. Further analysis of the tumor specimens revealed increased apoptosis by TUNEL assay and reduced cell proliferation (MIB-1).
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that NVP-LBH589 and NVP-LAQ824 are active against human biliary tract cancer in vitro. In addition, NVP-LBH589 demonstrated significant in vivo activity and potentiated the efficacy of gemcitabine. Therefore, further clinical evaluation of this new drug for the treatment of biliary tract cancer is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Bluethner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Egberts JH, Schniewind B, Schafmayer C, Kruse ML, Sipos B, Fändrich F, Kalthoff H, Tepel J. Establishment of a novel orthotopic xenograft model of human gallbladder carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:141-8. [PMID: 17406986 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gallbladder cancer is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. An appropriate human xenograft animal model could serve as a research tool to investigate new therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA To date, the few reports describing a xenograft animal model showed significant limitations. We improved a murine orthotopic human xenotransplantation model by implanting human gallbladder carcinoma cells directly into the lumen of the gallbladder. METHODS Mz-ChA-1 cells were orthotopically injected into the gallbladder of Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) beige mice inducing the growth of solid tumors. The natural course of the disease, tumor growth, and metastases were analyzed. The cytotoxic drug gemcitabine was tested in vitro and in vitro. RESULTS All animals revealed solid tumors in the inoculated area with liver infiltration. The median tumor volume in the untreated group was significantly higher than in the gemcitabine-treated group. Immunohistochemical staining revealed expression of human cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 8. To analyze tumor cell proliferation, the tumors were stained for the antigen Ki-67, and labeling indices were calculated for both groups. Animals receiving gemcitabine treatment showed significantly lower mean labeling indices. In vitro investigation revealed a significant reduction of DNA synthesis. DNA fragmentation, as a measure of apoptosis, was elevated by roughly 20% within 24 h of treatment. With this, we successfully established an orthotopic xenotransplant animal model and investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of gemcitabine in human xenografted Mz-ChA-1 gallbladder adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION This model resembles the clinical situation as closely as possible and offers a relevant option for the preclinical testing of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 7, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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