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Nikitina E, Burk‐Körner A, Wiesenfarth M, Alwers E, Heide D, Tessmer C, Ernst C, Krunic D, Schrotz‐King P, Chang‐Claude J, von Winterfeld M, Herpel E, Brobeil A, Brenner H, Heikenwalder M, Hoffmeister M, Kopp‐Schneider A, Bund T. Bovine meat and milk factor protein expression in tumor-free mucosa of colorectal cancer patients coincides with macrophages and might interfere with patient survival. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1076-1092. [PMID: 36811271 PMCID: PMC11076986 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk and meat factors (BMMFs) are plasmid-like DNA molecules isolated from bovine milk and serum, as well as the peritumor of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. BMMFs have been proposed as zoonotic infectious agents and drivers of indirect carcinogenesis of CRC, inducing chronic tissue inflammation, radical formation and increased levels of DNA damage. Data on expression of BMMFs in large clinical cohorts to test an association with co-markers and clinical parameters were not previously available and were therefore assessed in this study. Tissue sections with paired tumor-adjacent mucosa and tumor tissues of CRC patients [individual cohorts and tissue microarrays (TMAs) (n = 246)], low-/high-grade dysplasia (LGD/HGD) and mucosa of healthy donors were used for immunohistochemical quantification of the expression of BMMF replication protein (Rep) and CD68/CD163 (macrophages) by co-immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemical scoring (TMA). Rep was expressed in the tumor-adjacent mucosa of 99% of CRC patients (TMA), was histologically associated with CD68+/CD163+ macrophages and was increased in CRC patients when compared to healthy controls. Tumor tissues showed only low stromal Rep expression. Rep was expressed in LGD and less in HGD but was strongly expressed in LGD/HGD-adjacent tissues. Albeit not reaching statistical significance, incidence curves for CRC-specific death were increased for higher Rep expression (TMA), with high tumor-adjacent Rep expression being linked to the highest incidence of death. BMMF Rep expression might represent a marker and early risk factor for CRC. The correlation between Rep and CD68 expression supports a previous hypothesis that BMMF-specific inflammatory regulations, including macrophages, are involved in the pathogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nikitina
- Division of Episomal‐persistent DNA in Cancer‐ and Chronic DiseasesGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Amelie Burk‐Körner
- Division of Episomal‐persistent DNA in Cancer‐ and Chronic DiseasesGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Manuel Wiesenfarth
- Division of BiostatisticsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elizabeth Alwers
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Claudia Tessmer
- Monoclonal Antibody Unit of the Genomics and Proteomics Core FacilityGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Claudia Ernst
- Division of Episomal‐persistent DNA in Cancer‐ and Chronic DiseasesGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy FacilityGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Petra Schrotz‐King
- Division of Preventive OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jenny Chang‐Claude
- Unit of Genetic EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfUniversity Cancer Center HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Moritz von Winterfeld
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergGermany
- Pathologie RosenheimGermany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergGermany
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) HeidelbergGermany
| | - Alexander Brobeil
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergGermany
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Preventive OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer ConsortiumGerman Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Timo Bund
- Division of Episomal‐persistent DNA in Cancer‐ and Chronic DiseasesGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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Mobaraki G, Shi S, Smits KM, Severens K, Lommen K, Rennspiess D, Chteinberg E, Winnepenninckx V, Samarska I, Klufah F, zur Hausen A. Bovine Meat and Milk Factor-like Sequences Are Frequently Detected in Renal Cell Carcinoma Tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1746. [PMID: 38730698 PMCID: PMC11083248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated a potential role of diet in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recently, circular bovine meat and milk factor (BMMF) DNAs have been identified in peritumoral tissues of human colon and breast cancers. Here, we investigated the prevalence of the DNA of these novel human pathogenic infectious agents in RCC and adjacent peritumoral renal tissues. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) RCC and peritumoral kidney tissues, including a test (n = 11) and a validation (n = 152) collection. BMMF1 and BMMF2 consensus primers were designed to screen for the presence of BMMF1- and BMMF2-like DNA. In addition, BMMF-specific PCR was performed on selected cases to test for the presence of additional regions of BMMF1 and BMMF2 genomes. A reference collection of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs; n = 60) and adjacent peritumoral liver tissues (n = 50) was also included. Our results demonstrated that BMMF1 and BMMF2 DNAs are frequently found in human RCC tissues and are particularly more prevalent in peritumoral kidney tissues. Of note, BMMF1 and BMMF2 genotype heterogeneity was higher in peritumoral kidney tissues compared to RCC tissues. This is the first study to directly test human FFPE tissues for BMMF1- and BMMF2-like DNA using consensus PCR and demonstrate BMMF DNA in neoplastic and peritumoral kidney tissues. The findings are in line with the recently proposed indirect etiopathogenetic role of BMMFs in, e.g., colorectal carcinogenesis. Follow-up studies are needed to explore the potential role of BMMFs in the etiopathogenesis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Kim M. Smits
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Kim Severens
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Kim Lommen
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Dorit Rennspiess
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Emil Chteinberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW—Institute for Oncology & Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (S.S.); (K.M.S.); (K.S.); (K.L.); (D.R.); (V.W.); (I.S.); (F.K.)
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Habermann D, Klempt M, Franz CMAP. Identification and Characterization of Novel SPHINX/BMMF-like DNA Sequences Isolated from Non-Bovine Foods. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1307. [PMID: 37510212 PMCID: PMC10378824 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen novel circular rep-encoding DNA sequences with high sequence homologies to previously described SPHINX and BMMF sequences were isolated for the first time from non-bovine foods (pork, wild boar, chicken meat, Alaska pollock, pangasius, black tiger shrimp, apple, carrot, and sprouts from alfalfa, radish, and broccoli). The phylogenetic analysis of the full-length circular genomes grouped these together with previously described representatives of SPHINX/BMMF group 1 and 2 sequences (eight in each group). The characterization of genome lengths, genes present, and conserved structures confirmed their relationship to the known SPHINX/BMMF sequences. Further analysis of iteron-like tandem repeats of SPHINX/BMMF group 1-related genomes revealed a correlation with both full-length sequence tree branches as well as Rep protein sequence tree branches and was able to differentiate subtypes of SPHINX/BMMF group 1 members. For the SPHINX/BMMF group 2 members, a distinct grouping of sequences into two clades (A and B) with subgroups could be detected. A deeper investigation of potential functional regions upstream of the rep gene of the new SPHINX/BMMF group 2 sequences revealed homologies to the dso and sso regions of known plasmid groups that replicate via the rolling circle mechanism. Phylogenetic analyses were accomplished by a Rep protein sequence analysis of different ssDNA viruses, pCRESS, and plasmids with the known replication mechanism, as this yielded deeper insights into the relationship of SPHINX/BMMF group 1 and 2 Rep proteins. A clear relation of these proteins to the Rep proteins of plasmids could be confirmed. Interestingly, for SPHINX/BMMF group 2 members, the relationship to rolling circle replication plasmids could also be verified. Furthermore, a relationship of SPHINX/BMMF group 1 Rep proteins to theta-replicating plasmid Reps is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Habermann
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Klempt
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Melnik BC, Stadler R, Weiskirchen R, Leitzmann C, Schmitz G. Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow’s Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076102. [PMID: 37047075 PMCID: PMC10094152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an association between cow’s milk consumption and the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. This narrative review intends to elucidate the potential impact of milk-related agents, predominantly milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) and their microRNAs (miRs) in lymphomagenesis. Upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling is a common feature of DLBCL. Increased expression of B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and suppression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1)/PR domain-containing protein 1 (PRDM1) are crucial pathological deviations in DLBCL. Translational evidence indicates that during the breastfeeding period, human MDE miRs support B cell proliferation via epigenetic upregulation of BCL6 (via miR-148a-3p-mediated suppression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and miR-155-5p/miR-29b-5p-mediated suppression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) and suppression of BLIMP1 (via MDE let-7-5p/miR-125b-5p-targeting of PRDM1). After weaning with the physiological termination of MDE miR signaling, the infant’s BCL6 expression and B cell proliferation declines, whereas BLIMP1-mediated B cell maturation for adequate own antibody production rises. Because human and bovine MDE miRs share identical nucleotide sequences, the consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk in adults with the continued transfer of bioactive bovine MDE miRs may de-differentiate B cells back to the neonatal “proliferation-dominated” B cell phenotype maintaining an increased BLC6/BLIMP1 ratio. Persistent milk-induced epigenetic dysregulation of BCL6 and BLIMP1 expression may thus represent a novel driving mechanism in B cell lymphomagenesis. Bovine MDEs and their miR cargo have to be considered potential pathogens that should be removed from the human food chain.
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Alt KW, Al-Ahmad A, Woelber JP. Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution–Past to Present. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173594. [PMID: 36079850 PMCID: PMC9460423 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anyone who wants to understand the biological nature of humans and their special characteristics must look far back into evolutionary history. Today’s way of life is drastically different from that of our ancestors. For almost 99% of human history, gathering and hunting have been the basis of nutrition. It was not until about 12,000 years ago that humans began domesticating plants and animals. Bioarchaeologically and biochemically, this can be traced back to our earliest roots. Modern living conditions and the quality of human life are better today than ever before. However, neither physically nor psychosocially have we made this adjustment and we are paying a high health price for it. The studies presented allow us to reconstruct food supply, lifestyles, and dietary habits: from the earliest primates, through hunter-gatherers of the Paleolithic, farming communities since the beginning of the Anthropocene, to the Industrial Age and the present. The comprehensive data pool allows extraction of all findings of medical relevance. Our recent lifestyle and diet are essentially determined by our culture rather than by our millions of years of ancestry. Culture is permanently in a dominant position compared to natural evolution. Thereby culture does not form a contrast to nature but represents its result. There is no doubt that we are biologically adapted to culture, but it is questionable how much culture humans can cope with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W. Alt
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 71906 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 71906 Freiburg, Germany
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de Villiers EM, zur Hausen H. Bovine Meat and Milk Factors (BMMFs): Their Proposed Role in Common Human Cancers and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215407. [PMID: 34771570 PMCID: PMC8582480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This manuscript emphasizes the mechanistic differences of infectious agents contributing to human cancers either by “direct” or “indirect” interactions. The epidemiology of cancers linked to direct carcinogens differs (e.g., response to immunosuppression) from those cancers linked with indirect infectious interactions. We discuss their role in colon, breast, and prostate cancers and type II diabetes mellitus. A brief discussion covers the potential role of BMMF (bovine meat and milk factor) infections in acute myeloid leukemia. Abstract Exemplified by infections with bovine meat and milk factors (BMMFs), this manuscript emphasizes the different mechanistic aspects of infectious agents contributing to human cancers by “direct” or “indirect” interactions. The epidemiology of cancers linked to direct carcinogens (e.g., response to immunosuppression) differs from those cancers linked with indirect infectious interactions. Cancers induced by direct infectious carcinogens commonly increase under immunosuppression, whereas the cancer risk by indirect carcinogens is reduced. This influences their responses to preventive and therapeutic interferences. In addition, we discuss their role in colon, breast and prostate cancers and type II diabetes mellitus. A brief discussion covers the potential role of BMMF infections in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Correspondence: (E.-M.d.V.); (H.z.H.); Tel.: +49-151-4312-3085 (E.-M.d.V.); +49-6221-423850 (H.z.H.)
| | - Harald zur Hausen
- Correspondence: (E.-M.d.V.); (H.z.H.); Tel.: +49-151-4312-3085 (E.-M.d.V.); +49-6221-423850 (H.z.H.)
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Identification and Characterization of Circular Single-Stranded DNA Genomes in Sheep and Goat Milk. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112176. [PMID: 34834982 PMCID: PMC8621823 DOI: 10.3390/v13112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and unclassified virus-like DNA elements have been discovered in a broad range of animal species and environmental samples. Key questions to be answered concern their presence in the human diet and their potential impact on disease emergence. Especially DNA elements termed bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are suspected to act as co-factors in the development of colon and breast cancer. To expand our knowledge on the occurrence of these potential pathogens in human nutrition, a total of 73 sheep and 40 goat milk samples were assayed by combining rolling circle amplification (RCA), PCR and Sanger sequencing. The present study further includes retail milk from the aforementioned species. We recovered 15 single stranded (ss) circular genomes. Of those, nine belong to the family Genomoviridae and six are members of the unclassified group of BMMF. Thus, dairy sheep and goats add to dispersal of CRESS viruses and circular ssDNA elements, which enter the food chain via milk. The presence of these entities is therefore more widespread in Bovidae than initially assumed and seems to be part of the common human nutrition.
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Analysis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the colon for BMMF Rep antigen expression and CD68 macrophage interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025830118. [PMID: 33723077 PMCID: PMC8000208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025830118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are routinely found in bovine sera and dairy products, predominantly of Eurasian dairy cattle. BMMF DNA and proteins are demonstrated in tissues of colon cancer patients, specifically interstitial macrophages of peritumor tissues. BMMF represent plasmid-like, zoonotic infectious agents with an indirect role in cancer formation by inducing chronic inflammation leading to oxidative stress and DNA mutation in nearby replicating cells, which may develop into polyps as progenitors for colon cancer. Detection of BMMF during long latency periods prior to symptoms developing allows for specific preventive and early therapeutic measures. Detection of BMMF might offer a prognostic tool for prediction of patient survival, preventive approaches, and therapy success. Consumption of Eurasian bovine meat and milk has been associated with cancer development, in particular with colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, zoonotic infectious agents from bovine products were proposed to cause colon cancer (zur Hausen et al., 2009). Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are small episomal DNA molecules frequently isolated from bovine sera and milk products, and recently, also from colon cancer (de Villiers et al., 2019). BMMF are bioactive in human cells and were proposed to induce chronic inflammation in precancerous tissue leading to increased radical formation: for example, reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and elevated levels of DNA mutations in replicating cells, such as cancer progenitor cells (zur Hausen et al., 2018). Mouse monoclonal antibodies against the replication (Rep) protein of H1MSB.1 (BMMF1) were used to analyze BMMF presence in different cohorts of CRC peritumor and tumor tissues and cancer-free individuals by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. BMMF DNA was isolated by laser microdissection from immunohistochemistry-positive tissue regions. We found BMMF Rep protein present specifically in close vicinity of CD68+ macrophages in the interstitial lamina propria adjacent to CRC tissues, suggesting the presence of local chronic inflammation. BMMF1 (modified H1MSB.1) DNA was isolated from the same tissue regions. Rep and CD68+ detection increased significantly in peritumor cancer tissues when compared to tissues of cancer-free individuals. This strengthens previous postulations that BMMF function as indirect carcinogens by inducing chronic inflammation and DNA damage in replicating cells, which represent progress to progenitor cells for adenoma (polyps) formation and cancer.
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Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA Sequences in Milk from Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus arnee f. bubalis). Viruses 2021; 13:v13061088. [PMID: 34200389 PMCID: PMC8228113 DOI: 10.3390/v13061088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation and characterization of circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (ss) DNA from animal, plant and environmental samples are rapidly evolving in virology. We detected 21 circular DNA elements, including one genomoviral sequence, in individual milk samples from domesticated Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus arnee f. bubalis). Most of the obtained genomes are related to Sphinx 1.76 and Sphinx 2.36 sequences and share a high degree of similarity to recently published circular DNAs—named BMMF (bovine meat and milk factors)—that have been isolated from commercial milk, as well as from bovine serum. Characteristic features such as rep genes, tandem repeats and inverted repeats were detected. These BMMF have recently been found to be present in taurine-type dairy cattle breeds descending from the aurochs (Bos primigenius). Importantly, the occurrence of BMMF has been linked to the higher incidence of colorectal and breast cancer in North America and Western Europe compared with Asia. This is the first report of circular ssDNA detected in milk from the domesticated form of the wild Asian water buffalo (B. arnee) belonging to the subfamily Bovinae. This novelty should be taken into account in view of the above-mentioned cancer hypothesis.
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Chronic intestinal inflammation drives colorectal tumor formation triggered by dietary heme iron in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2507-2522. [PMID: 33978766 PMCID: PMC8241717 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that heme iron as abundant constituent of red meat is responsible for its carcinogenic potential. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood and particularly the role of intestinal inflammation has not been investigated. To address this important issue, we analyzed the impact of heme iron (0.25 µmol/g diet) on the intestinal microbiota, gut inflammation and colorectal tumor formation in mice. An iron-balanced diet with ferric citrate (0.25 µmol/g diet) was used as reference. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary heme reduced α-diversity and caused a persistent intestinal dysbiosis, with a continuous increase in gram-negative Proteobacteria. This was linked to chronic gut inflammation and hyperproliferation of the intestinal epithelium as attested by mini-endoscopy, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Dietary heme triggered the infiltration of myeloid cells into colorectal mucosa with an increased level of COX-2 positive cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based phenotyping demonstrated an increased number of T cells and B cells in the lamina propria following heme intake, while γδ-T cells were reduced in the intraepithelial compartment. Dietary heme iron catalyzed formation of fecal N-nitroso compounds and was genotoxic in intestinal epithelial cells, yet suppressed intestinal apoptosis as evidenced by confocal microscopy and western blot analysis. Finally, a chemically induced CRC mouse model showed persistent intestinal dysbiosis, chronic gut inflammation and increased colorectal tumorigenesis following heme iron intake. Altogether, this study unveiled intestinal inflammation as important driver in heme iron-associated colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Frölich L. Alzheimer's disease - the 'microbial hypothesis' from a clinical and neuroimaging perspective. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 306:111181. [PMID: 32919870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is under debate since its first description in 1906. Extracellular senile plaques composed of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein characterize the histopathology of the disease. The 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' summarizes the molecular mechanisms leading to deposition of these proteins. However, treatments derived from this hypothesis have been unsuccessful. An infectious etiology for AD has been repeatedly proposed. Neurotropic viruses, gut and lung bacteriae, and Bovine Meat and Milk Factors have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including AD. These pathogens may act directly or as a trigger or co-factor for inducing neurodegeneration in AD. The antimicrobial properties of beta-amyloid have shifted the discussion of the etiological origin of AD towards an interaction hypothesis. Neuroimaging studies have added to the understanding of mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Antiviral agents and a bacterial protease inhibitor targeting Porphyromonas gingivalis toxins are currently tested in clinical trials. Further clinical studies are needed to test if strategies directly derived from the 'microbial hypothesis' or combination strategies including antimicrobial agents may be beneficial for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Frölich
- Dept of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Javed Z, Khan K, Iqbal MZ, Ahmad T, Raza Q, Sadia H, Raza S, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Cho WC. Long non-coding RNA regulation of TRAIL in breast cancer: A tangle of non-coding threads. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:37. [PMID: 32802161 PMCID: PMC7412712 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease posing a serious threat to the female population worldwide. A complex molecular landscape and tumor heterogeneity render breast cancer cells resistant to drugs and able to promote metastasis and invasiveness. Despite the recent advancements in diagnostics and drug discovery, finding an effective cure for breast cancer is still a major challenge. Positive and negative regulation of apoptosis has been a subject of extensive study over the years. Numerous studies have shed light on the mechanisms that impede the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling cascade. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the orchestration, development, proliferation, differentiation and metastasis of breast cancer. However, the roles of lncRNAs in fine-tuning apoptosis regulating machinery in breast cancer remain to be elucidated. The present review illuminates the roles of these molecules in the regulation of breast cancer and the interplay between lncRNA and TRAIL in breast cancer. The present review also attempts to reveal their role in the regulation of apoptosis in breast cancer appears a promising approach for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Javed
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab 54792, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Iqbal
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab 53700, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Raza
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan 87100, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab 54792, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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13
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de Villiers EM, Gunst K, Chakraborty D, Ernst C, Bund T, Zur Hausen H. A specific class of infectious agents isolated from bovine serum and dairy products and peritumoral colon cancer tissue. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1205-1218. [PMID: 31409221 PMCID: PMC6713099 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1651620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The in silico analyses of 109 replication-competent genomic DNA sequences isolated from cow milk and its products (97 in the bovine meat and milk factors 2 group – BMMF2, and additional 4 in BMMF1) seems to place these in a specific class of infectious agents spanning between bacterial plasmid and circular ssDNA viruses. Satellite-type small plasmids with partial homology to larger genomes, were also isolated in both groups. A member of the BMMF1 group H1MBS.1 was recovered in a distinctly modified form from colon tissue by laser microdissection. Although the evolutionary origin is unknown, it draws the attention to the existence of a hitherto unrecognized, broad spectrum of potential pathogens. Indirect hints to the origin and structure of our isolates, as well as to their replicative behaviour, result from parallels drawn to the Hepatitis deltavirus genome structure and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Karin Gunst
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Deblina Chakraborty
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Claudia Ernst
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Timo Bund
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Harald Zur Hausen
- a Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
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14
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Seiwert N, Heylmann D, Hasselwander S, Fahrer J. Mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis triggered by heme iron from red meat. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188334. [PMID: 31783067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major tumor entities worldwide, with an increasing incidence in younger people. CRC formation is causally linked to various genetic, life-style and dietary risk factors. Among the ladder, the consumption of red meat has emerged as important risk factor contributing to CRC. A large body of evidence shows that heme iron is the critical component of red meat, which promotes colorectal carcinogenesis. In this review, we describe the uptake and cellular fate of both heme and inorganic iron in intestinal epithelial cells. Next, an overview on the DNA damaging properties of heme iron is provided, highlighting the DNA adducts relevant for CRC etiology. Moreover, heme triggered mechanisms leading to colonic hyperproliferation are presented, which are intimately linked to changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by heme. A special focus was set on the impact of heme iron on innate and adaptive immune cells, which could be relevant in the context of CRC. Finally, we recapitulate in vivo studies providing evidence for the tumor-promoting potential of dietary heme iron. Altogether, heme iron affects numerous key pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Seiwert
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Heylmann
- Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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15
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Ferro A, Rosato V, Rota M, Costa AR, Morais S, Pelucchi C, Johnson KC, Hu J, Palli D, Ferraroni M, Zhang ZF, Bonzi R, Yu GP, Peleteiro B, López-Carrillo L, Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Hidaka A, Zaridze D, Maximovitch D, Vioque J, Navarrete-Munoz EM, Aragonés N, Martín V, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Bertuccio P, Ward MH, Malekzadeh R, Pourfarzi F, Mu L, López-Cervantes M, Persiani R, Kurtz RC, Lagiou A, Lagiou P, Boffetta P, Boccia S, Negri E, Camargo MC, Curado MP, La Vecchia C, Lunet N. Meat intake and risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) project. Int J Cancer 2019; 147:45-55. [PMID: 31584199 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of processed meat has been associated with noncardia gastric cancer, but evidence regarding a possible role of red meat is more limited. Our study aims to quantify the association between meat consumption, namely white, red and processed meat, and the risk of gastric cancer, through individual participant data meta-analysis of studies participating in the "Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project". Data from 22 studies, including 11,443 cases and 28,029 controls, were used. Study-specific odds ratios (ORs) were pooled through a two-stage approach based on random-effects models. An exposure-response relationship was modeled, using one and two-order fractional polynomials, to evaluate the possible nonlinear association between meat intake and gastric cancer. An increased risk of gastric cancer was observed for the consumption of all types of meat (highest vs. lowest tertile), which was statistically significant for red (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.00-1.53), processed (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06-1.43) and total meat (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09-1.55). Exposure-response analyses showed an increasing risk of gastric cancer with increasing consumption of both processed and red meat, with the highest OR being observed for an intake of 150 g/day of red meat (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.56-2.20). This work provides robust evidence on the relation between the consumption of different types of meat and gastric cancer. Adherence to dietary recommendations to reduce meat consumption may contribute to a reduction in the burden of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina Rosato
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Rota
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Rute Costa
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Samantha Morais
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Pelucchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kenneth C Johnson
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinfu Hu
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and Jonsson, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rossella Bonzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guo-Pei Yu
- Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, Peking, China
| | - Bárbara Peleteiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akihisa Hidaka
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Maximovitch
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jesus Vioque
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Miguel Hernandez University, FISABIO-ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva M Navarrete-Munoz
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Miguel Hernandez University, FISABIO-ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division, Department of Health of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group in Gene-Environment Interactions and Health, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Raúl Ulisses Hernández-Ramírez
- Mexico National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mary H Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Roberto Persiani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert C Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, NY
| | - Areti Lagiou
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health - Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Sezione di Igiene, Istituto di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- Centro Internacional de Pesquisa, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nuno Lunet
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Szigeti‐Buck K, Manuelidis L. Prokaryotic SPHINX replication sequences are conserved in mammalian brain and participate in neurodegeneration. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17687-17698. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Kilic T, Popov AN, Burk-Körner A, Koromyslova A, zur Hausen H, Bund T, Hansman GS. Structural analysis of a replication protein encoded by a plasmid isolated from a multiple sclerosis patient. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:498-504. [PMID: 31063152 PMCID: PMC6503762 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMFs) are circular, single-stranded episomal DNAs that have been detected in bovine meat and milk products. BMMFs are thought to have roles in human malignant and degenerative diseases. BMMFs encode a replication initiator protein (Rep) that is actively transcribed and translated in human cells. In this study, a Rep WH1 domain encoded on a BMMF (MSBI1.176) isolated from a multiple sclerosis human brain sample was determined to 1.53 Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. The overall structure of the MSBI1.176 WH1 domain was remarkably similar to other Rep structures, despite having a low (28%) amino-acid sequence identity. The MSBI1.176 WH1 domain contained elements common to other Reps, including five α-helices, five β-strands and a hydrophobic pocket. These new findings suggest that the MSBI1.176 Rep might have comparable roles and functions to other known Reps of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Kilic
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander N. Popov
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Amelie Burk-Körner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Timo Bund
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Dhar C, Sasmal A, Varki A. From "Serum Sickness" to "Xenosialitis": Past, Present, and Future Significance of the Non-human Sialic Acid Neu5Gc. Front Immunol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31057542 PMCID: PMC6481270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The description of "serum sickness" more than a century ago in humans transfused with animal sera eventually led to identification of a class of human antibodies directed against glycans terminating in the common mammalian sialic acid N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), hereafter called "Neu5Gc-glycans." The detection of such glycans in malignant and fetal human tissues initially raised the possibility that it was an oncofetal antigen. However, "serum sickness" antibodies were also noted in various human disease states. These findings spurred further research on Neu5Gc, and the discovery that it is not synthesized in the human body due to a human-lineage specific genetic mutation in the enzyme CMAH. However, with more sensitive techniques Neu5Gc-glycans were detected in smaller quantities on certain human cell types, particularly epithelia and endothelia. The likely explanation is metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources, especially red meat of mammalian origin. This incorporated Neu5Gc on glycans appears to be the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen," against which varying levels of "xeno-autoantibodies" are present in all humans. The resulting chronic inflammation or "xenosialitis" may have important implications in human health and disease, especially in conditions known to be aggravated by consumption of red meat. In this review, we will cover the early history of the discovery of "serum sickness" antibodies, the subsequent recognition that they were partly directed against Neu5Gc-glycans, the discovery of the genetic defect eliminating Neu5Gc production in humans, and the later recognition that this was not an oncofetal antigen but the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen." Further, we will present comments about implications for disease risks associated with red meat consumption such as cancer and atherosclerosis. We will also mention the potential utility of these anti-Neu5Gc-glycan antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and provide some suggestions and perspectives for the future. Other reviews in this special issue cover many other aspects of this unusual pathological process, for which there appears to be no other described precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Dhar
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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