1
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Tourneix F, Carron L, Jouffe L, Hoffmann S, Alépée N. Deriving a Continuous Point of Departure for Skin Sensitization Risk Assessment Using a Bayesian Network Model. TOXICS 2024; 12:536. [PMID: 39195638 PMCID: PMC11360414 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Regulations of cosmetic ingredients and products have been the most advanced in embracing new approach methodologies (NAMs). Consequently, the cosmetic industry has assumed a forerunner role in the development and implementation of animal-free next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) that incorporates defined approaches (DAs) to assess the skin sensitization potency of ingredients. A Bayesian network DA predicting four potency categories (SkinSens-BN) was constructed against reference Local Lymph Node Assay data for a total of 297 substances, achieving a predictive performance similar to that of other DAs. With the aim of optimally informing risk assessment with a continuous point of departure (PoD), a weighted sum of the SkinSens-BN probabilities for four potency classes (non-, weak, moderate, and strong/extreme sensitizer) was calculated, using fixed weights based on associated LLNA EC3-values. The approach was promising, e.g., the derived PoDs for substances classified as non-sensitizers did not overlap with any others and 77% of PoDs were similar or more conservative than LLNA EC3. In addition, the predictions were assigned a level of confidence based on the probabilities to inform the evaluation of uncertainty in an NGRA context. In conclusion, the PoD derivation approach can substantially contribute to reliable skin sensitization NGRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Tourneix
- L’Oréal, Research & Innovation, 1Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Leopold Carron
- L’Oréal, Research & Innovation, 1Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Lionel Jouffe
- Bayesia S.A.S., Parc Cérès, Bâtiment N 21, rue Ferdinand Buisson, 53810 Changé, France
| | | | - Nathalie Alépée
- L’Oréal, Research & Innovation, 1Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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2
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Daood NJ, Russo DP, Chung E, Qin X, Zhu H. Predicting Chemical Immunotoxicity through Data-Driven QSAR Modeling of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonism and Related Toxicity Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 2:474-485. [PMID: 39049897 PMCID: PMC11264268 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Computational modeling has emerged as a time-saving and cost-effective alternative to traditional animal testing for assessing chemicals for their potential hazards. However, few computational modeling studies for immunotoxicity were reported, with few models available for predicting toxicants due to the lack of training data and the complex mechanisms of immunotoxicity. In this study, we employed a data-driven quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling workflow to extensively enlarge the limited training data by revealing multiple targets involved in immunotoxicity. To this end, a probe data set of 6,341 chemicals was obtained from a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay testing for the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, a key event leading to immunotoxicity. Searching this probe data set against PubChem yielded 3,183 assays with testing results for varying proportions of these 6,341 compounds. 100 assays were selected to develop QSAR models based on their correlations to AhR agonism. Twelve individual QSAR models were built for each assay using combinations of four machine-learning algorithms and three molecular fingerprints. 5-fold cross-validation of the resulting models showed good predictivity (average CCR = 0.73). A total of 20 assays were further selected based on QSAR model performance, and their resulting QSAR models showed good predictivity of potential immunotoxicants from external chemicals. This study provides a computational modeling strategy that can utilize large public toxicity data sets for modeling immunotoxicity and other toxicity endpoints, which have limited training data and complicated toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada J. Daood
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Elena Chung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane
National Primate Research Center, Tulane
University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana 70433, United States
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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3
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Wang H, Huang Z, Lou S, Li W, Liu G, Tang Y. In Silico Prediction of Skin Sensitization for Compounds via Flexible Evidence Combination Based on Machine Learning and Dempster-Shafer Theory. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:894-909. [PMID: 38753056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is increasingly becoming a significant concern in the development of drugs and cosmetics due to consumer safety and occupational health problems. In silico methods have emerged as alternatives to traditional in vivo animal testing due to ethical and economic considerations. In this study, machine learning methods were used to build quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models on five skin sensitization data sets (GPMT, LLNA, DPRA, KeratinoSens, and h-CLAT), achieving effective predictive accuracies (correct classification rates of 0.688-0.764 on test sets). To address the complex mechanisms of human skin sensitization, the Dempster-Shafer theory was applied to merge multiple QSAR models, resulting in an evidence-based integrated decision model. Various evidence combinations and combination rules were explored, with the self-defined Q3 rule showing superior balance. The combination of evidence such as GPMT and KeratinoSens and h-CLAT achieved a correct classification rate (CCR) of 0.880 and coverage of 0.893 while maintaining the competitiveness of other combinations. Additionally, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to interpret important features and substructures related to skin sensitization. A comparative analysis of an external human test set demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed method. Finally, to enhance accessibility, the workflow was implemented into a user-friendly software named HSkinSensDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shang Lou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Browne P, Paul Friedman K, Boekelheide K, Thomas RS. Adverse effects in traditional and alternative toxicity tests. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105579. [PMID: 38309424 PMCID: PMC11062625 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemical safety assessment begins with defining the lowest level of chemical that alters one or more measured endpoints. This critical effect level, along with factors to account for uncertainty, is used to derive limits for human exposure. In the absence of data regarding the specific mechanisms or biological pathways affected, non-specific endpoints such as body weight and non-target organ weight changes are used to set critical effect levels. Specific apical endpoints such as impaired reproductive function or altered neurodevelopment have also been used to set chemical safety limits; however, in test guidelines designed for specific apical effect(s), concurrently measured non-specific endpoints may be equally or more sensitive than specific endpoints. This means that rather than predicting a specific toxicological response, animal data are often used to develop protective critical effect levels, without assuming the same change would be observed in humans. This manuscript is intended to encourage a rethinking of how adverse chemical effects are interpreted: non-specific endpoints from in vivo toxicological studies data are often used to derive points of departure for use with safety assessment factors to create recommended exposure levels that are broadly protective but not necessarily target-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Browne
- Environment Health and Safety Division Environmental Directorate, Organisation for Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD), 2 rue André Pascal, Paris Cedex 16, 75775, France.
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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5
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Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. Development of a hierarchical support vector regression-based in silico model for the prediction of the cysteine depletion in DPRA. Toxicology 2024; 503:153739. [PMID: 38307191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Topical and transdermal treatments have been dramatically growing recently and it is crucial to consider skin sensitization during the drug discovery and development process for these administration routes. Various tests, including animal and non-animal approaches, have been devised to assess the potential for skin sensitization. Furthermore, numerous in silico models have been created, providing swift and cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods such as in vivo, in vitro, and in chemico methods for categorizing compounds. In this study, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed using the innovative hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) scheme. The aim was to quantitatively predict the potential for skin sensitization by analyzing the percent of cysteine depletion in Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA). The results demonstrated accurate, consistent, and robust predictions in the training set, test set, and outlier set. Consequently, this model can be employed to estimate skin sensitization potential of novel or virtual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang H Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Respiratory Disease Department of Basic Medical Science Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan.
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6
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Ramadan Q, Hazaymeh R, Zourob M. Immunity-on-a-Chip: Integration of Immune Components into the Scheme of Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200312. [PMID: 36866511 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying the immune system in vitro aims to understand how, when, and where the immune cells migrate/differentiate and respond to the various triggering events and the decision points along the immune response journey. It becomes evident that organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has a superior capability to recapitulate the cell-cell and tissue-tissue interaction in the body, with a great potential to provide tools for tracking the paracrine signaling with high spatial-temporal precision and implementing in situ real-time, non-destructive detection assays, therefore, enabling extraction of mechanistic information rather than phenotypic information. However, despite the rapid development in this technology, integration of the immune system into OOC devices stays among the least navigated tasks, with immune cells still the major missing components in the developed models. This is mainly due to the complexity of the immune system and the reductionist methodology of the OOC modules. Dedicated research in this field is demanded to establish the understanding of mechanism-based disease endotypes rather than phenotypes. Herein, we systemically present a synthesis of the state-of-the-art of immune-cantered OOC technology. We comprehensively outlined what is achieved and identified the technology gaps emphasizing the missing components required to establish immune-competent OOCs and bridge these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Hazaymeh
- Almaarefa University, Diriyah, 13713, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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de Ávila RI, Aleksic M, Zhu B, Li J, Pendlington R, Valadares MC. Non-animal approaches for photoallergenicity safety assessment: Needs and perspectives for the toxicology for the 21st century. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105499. [PMID: 37805107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals and/or their byproducts are photoactivated by UV/VIS and trigger a dermal allergenic response, clinically recognized as photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD). It is important to identify the chemicals which are potentially photoallergenic, not only for establishing the correct differential diagnosis between PACD and other photodermatoses, but also as causative agents which should be avoided as a preventative measure. Moreover, materials with photoallergenic properties need to be correctly identified to allow thorough safety assessments for their use in finished products (e.g. cosmetics). Development of methods for predicting photoallergenicity potential of chemicals has advanced at slow pace in recent years. To date, there are no validated methods for photosensitisation potential of chemicals for regulatory purposes, although it remains a required endpoint in some regions. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms potentially involved in the photosensitisation process and discuss the methods available in the literature for identification of photosensitisers. The review also explores the possibilities of further research investment required to develop human-relevant new approach methodologies (NAMs) and next generation risk assessment (NGRA) approaches, considering the current perspectives and needs of the Toxicology for the 21st Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK; Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Bin Zhu
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Ruth Pendlington
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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8
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Anceschi A, Patrucco A, Bhavsar P, Zoccola M, Tessari M, Erbazzi L, Zamboni P. Keratose Self-Cross-Linked Wound Dressing for Iron Sequestration in Chronic Wounds. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30118-30128. [PMID: 37636950 PMCID: PMC10448490 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wound diseases affect a large part of the world population, and therefore, novel treatments are becoming fundamental. People with chronic wounds show high iron and protease levels due to genetic disorders or other comorbidities. Since it was demonstrated that iron plays an important role in chronic wounds, being responsible for oxidative processes (ROS generation), while metalloproteinases prevent wound healing by literally "eating" the growing skin, it is crucial to design an appropriate wound dressing. In this paper, a novel bioactive dressing for binding iron in chronic wounds has been produced. Wool-derived keratose wound dressing in the form of films has been prepared by casting an aqueous solution of keratoses. These films are water-soluble; therefore, in order to increase their stability, they have been made insoluble through a thermal cross-link treatment. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) analyses clarified the structure and the properties of the keratose wound dressing films. The capability of this new biomaterial in iron sequestration has been investigated by testing the adsorption of Fe3+ by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results suggest that the keratose cross-linked films can adsorb a large amount of iron (about 85% of the average amount usually present in chronic wounds) following pseudo-second-order kinetics and an intraparticle diffusion model, thus opening new perspectives in chronic wound care. Furthermore, the QSAR Toolbox was applied for conducting in silico tests and for predicting the chemical behavior of the C-Ker-film. All of the data suggest that the keratose bioactive dressing can significantly contribute to wound healing by mechanisms such as iron depletion, acting as a radical scavenger, diminishing the proteolytic damage, acting as a substrate in place of skin, and, finally, promoting tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Anceschi
- CNR-STIIMA,
Italian National Research Council, Institute of Intelligent Industrial
Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Alessia Patrucco
- CNR-STIIMA,
Italian National Research Council, Institute of Intelligent Industrial
Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Parag Bhavsar
- CNR-STIIMA,
Italian National Research Council, Institute of Intelligent Industrial
Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Marina Zoccola
- CNR-STIIMA,
Italian National Research Council, Institute of Intelligent Industrial
Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Mirko Tessari
- Vascular
Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Erbazzi
- Vascular
Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Vascular
Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Böhme A, Ulrich N, Schüürmann G. Amino Chemoassay Profiling of Aromatic Aldehydes-Unraveling Drivers of Their Skin Sensitization Potency. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37315223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are ubiquitous in humans' everyday life. As aldehydes, they can form imines (Schiff bases) with amino groups of skin proteins, leading to immune response-triggered allergic contact dermatitis. Many known aromatic aldehydes are considered as weak or nonsensitizers, but others like atranol and chloratranol, two components of the fragrance oak moss absolute, show strong sensitization potency. This large discrepancy in potency and, in particular, the underlying reaction mechanisms are only little understood so far. To reduce this knowledge gap, our chemoassay employing glycine-para-nitroanilide (Gly-pNA) as an amino model nucleophile was applied to 23 aromatic aldehydes. The determined Gly-pNA second-order rate constants for imine formation (k1 ≤ 2.85 L·mol-1·min-1) and the imine stability constant (K ≤ 333 L·mol-1) are on the lower end of the known amino reactivity scale for aldehydes, confirming many aromatic aldehydes as less potent sensitizers in line with animal and human data. The substantially higher sensitization potency of atranol and chloratranol, in turn, is reflected by their unique reaction chemistry profiles, inter alia, identifying them as cross-linkers able to form thermodynamically more stable epitopes with skin proteins (despite low formation kinetics, k1). The discussion further includes a comparison of experimentally determined k1 values with computed reactivity data (Taft σ*), the impact of the substitution pattern of the aryl ring on the reactivity with Gly-pNA, and analytically determined adduct patterns. Overall, this work provides new insights into the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with amino groups under aqueous conditions and fosters a better understanding of the chemistry underlying skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Böhme
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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10
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Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs-An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041208. [PMID: 36831549 PMCID: PMC9954236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, clinical practice encounters the problem of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced by several drugs. Antineoplastic treatments are among the drugs which show an elevated proportion of DHT reactions, leading to the worsening of patients' quality of life. The range of symptoms in DHT reactions can vary from mild, such as self-limiting maculopapular eruptions, to severe, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. The development of these reactions supposes a negative impact, not only by limiting patients' quality of life, but also leading to economic loss due to market withdrawal of the affected drugs and high hospitalization costs. However, despite this problem, there are no available standard in vitro or in vivo methods that allow for the evaluation of the sensitizing potential of drugs in the preclinical phase. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the skin reactions caused by the different antineoplastic families, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo methods used to detect DTHs and that could be suitable to test antineoplastic hypersensitivity reactions.
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11
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Pemberton MA, Kimber I. Propylene glycol, skin sensitisation and allergic contact dermatitis: A scientific and regulatory conundrum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105341. [PMID: 36702195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) but poses an intriguing scientific and regulatory conundrum with respect to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the uncertainty being whether and to what extent PG has the potential to induce skin sensitisation. In this article we review the results of predictive tests for skin sensitisation with PG, and clinical evidence for ACD. Patch testing in humans points to PG having the potential to be a weak allergen under certain conditions, and an uncommon cause of ACD in subjects without underlying/pre-disposing skin conditions. In clear contrast PG is negative in predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitisation, including guinea pig and mouse models (e.g. local lymph node assay), validated in vitro test methods that measure various key events in the pathway leading to skin sensitisation, and predictive methods in humans (Human Repeat Insult Patch and Human Maximisation Tests). We here explore the possible scientific basis for this intriguing inconsistency, recognising there are arguably no known contact allergens that are universally negative in, in vitro, animal and human predictive tests methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Seo JA, Cho SA, Park CE, Seo DH, Choi M, An S, Kim BH. Pre-validation study of spectrophotometric direct peptide reactivity assay (Spectro-DPRA) as a modified in chemico skin sensitization test method. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:531-544. [PMID: 36277359 PMCID: PMC9532475 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization is induced when certain chemicals bind to skin proteins. Direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) has been adopted by the OECD as an alternative method to evaluate skin sensitization by assessing a substance's reaction to two model peptides. A modified spectrophotometric method, Spectro-DPRA, can evaluate skin sensitization, in a high throughput fashion, to obviate some limitations of DPRA. Pre-validation studies for Spectro-DPRA were conducted to determine transferability and proficiency, within- and between-laboratory reproducibility, and predictive ability based on GLP principles at three laboratories (AP, KTR, and KCL). All laboratories confirmed high (> 90%) concordance for evaluating the sensitivity induced by ten chemical substances. The concordance among the three tests performed by each laboratory was 90% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 100% for KCL. The mean accuracy of the laboratories was 93.3% [compared to the standard operating procedure (SOP)]. The reproducibility among the three laboratories was as high as 86.7%; the accuracy was 86.7% for AP, 100% for KTR, and 86.7% for KCL (compared to the SOP). An additional 54 substances were assessed in 3 separate labs to verify the prediction rate. Based on the result, 29 out of 33 substances were classified as sensitizers, and 19 out of 21 identified as non-sensitizers; the corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values were 87.9%, 90.5%, and 88.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the Spectro-DPRA can address the molecular initiating event with improved predictability and reproducibility, while saving time and cost compared to DPRA or ADRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Seo
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- Safety and Microbiology Lab, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eon Park
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Seo
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsuk Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- Safety and Microbiology Lab, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601 Republic of Korea
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13
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Roger I, Montero P, García A, Milara J, Ribera P, Pérez-Fidalgo JA, Cortijo J. Evaluation of Antineoplastic Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091111. [PMID: 36145332 PMCID: PMC9501359 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is caused by a broad number of drugs used in clinic, and antineoplastic drugs show an elevated proportion of DTH, which potentially affects the quality of life of patients. Despite the serious problem and the negative economic impact deriving from market withdrawal of such drugs and high hospitalization costs, nowadays, there are no standard validated methods in vitro or in vivo to evaluate the sensitizing potential of drugs in the preclinical phase. Enhanced predictions in preclinical safety evaluations are really important, and for that reason, the aim of our work is to adapt in vitro DPRA, ARE-Nrf2 luciferase KeratinoSensTM, and hCLAT assays for the study of the sensitizing potential of antineoplastic agents grouped by mechanism of action. Our results reveal that the above tests are in vitro techniques able to predict the sensitizing potential of the tested antineoplastics. Moreover, this is the first time that the inhibition of the VEGFR1 pathway has been identified as a potential trigger of DTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Roger
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (P.M.); Tel.: +34-963864631 (I.R.)
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (P.M.); Tel.: +34-963864631 (I.R.)
| | - Antonio García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Milara
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Ribera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Cancer (CIBERONC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Jeon B, Lim MH, Choi TH, Kang B, Kim S. A development of a graph‐based ensemble machine learning model for skin sensitization hazard and potency assessment. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1832-1842. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjun Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Min Hyuk Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | | | - Byeong‐cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
- Institute of Bioengineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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15
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Petersen EJ, Uhl R, Toman B, Elliott JT, Strickland J, Truax J, Gordon J. Development of a 96-Well Electrophilic Allergen Screening Assay for Skin Sensitization Using a Measurement Science Approach. TOXICS 2022; 10:257. [PMID: 35622670 PMCID: PMC9147637 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Electrophilic Allergen Screening Assay (EASA) has emerged as a promising in chemico method to detect the first key event in the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization. This assay functions by assessing the depletion of one of two probe molecules (4-nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) and pyridoxylamine (PDA)) in the presence of a test compound (TC). The initial development of EASA utilized a cuvette format resulting in multiple measurement challenges such as low throughput and the inability to include adequate control measurements. In this study, we describe the redesign of EASA into a 96-well plate format that incorporates in-process control measurements to quantify key sources of variability each time the assay is run. The data from the analysis of 67 TCs using the 96-well format had 77% concordance with animal data from the local lymph node assay (LLNA), a result consistent with that for the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), an OECD test guideline (442C) protein binding assay. Overall, the measurement science approach described here provides steps during assay development that can be taken to increase confidence of in chemico assays by attempting to fully characterize the sources of variability and potential biases and incorporate in-process control measurements into the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J. Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Richard Uhl
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Chemistry, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Blaza Toman
- Statistical Engineering Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - John T. Elliott
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Judy Strickland
- Inotiv-RTP., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - James Truax
- Inotiv-RTP., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - John Gordon
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
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16
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Lee I, Na M, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Alépée N, Westerink W, Eurlings I, Api AM. Assessment of the skin sensitization potential of fragrance ingredients using the U-SENS™ assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105298. [PMID: 34902536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The U-SENS™ assay was developed to address the third key event of the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and is described in OECD test guideline 442E, Annex II. A dataset of 68 fragrance ingredients comprised of 7 non-sensitizers and 61 sensitizers was tested in the U-SENS™ assay. The potential for fragrance ingredients to activate dendritic cells, measured by U-SENS™, was compared to the sensitization potential determined by weight of evidence (WoE) from historical data. Of the non-sensitizers, 4 induced CD86 cell surface marker ≥1.5-fold while 3 did not. Of the sensitizers, 50 were predicted to be positive in U-SENS™, while the remaining 11 were negative. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of U-SENS™ were 93% and 21%, respectively. No specific chemical property evaluated could account for misclassified ingredients. Assessment of parent and metabolite protein binding alerts in silico suggests that parent chemical metabolism may play a role in CD86 activation in U-SENS™. Combining the U-SENS™ assay in a "2 out of 3" defined approach with the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) and KeratinoSens™ predicted sensitization hazard with PPV and NPV of 97% and 24%, respectively. Combining complementary in silico and in vitro methods to the U-SENS™ assay should be integrated to define the hazard classification of fragrance ingredients, since a single NAM cannot replace animal-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake NJ-07677, United States of America.
| | - Mihwa Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake NJ-07677, United States of America
| | - Devin O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake NJ-07677, United States of America
| | - Rahul Parakhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake NJ-07677, United States of America
| | | | - Walter Westerink
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Eurlings
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake NJ-07677, United States of America
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17
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Böhme A, Moldrickx J, Schüürmann G. Amino Reactivity of Glutardialdehyde and Monoaldehydes─Chemoassay Profile vs Skin Sensitization Potency. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2353-2365. [PMID: 34726385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemoassay profiling of organic electrophiles through the direct peptide reactivity assay has become an OECD-accepted nonanimal component in the REACH evaluation of potential skin sensitizers. For aldehydes forming imines (Schiff bases), however, existing chemoassays yielded inconclusive results, indicating issues with their NH2 sensitivity and the reversibility of the reaction. In the present study, a new kinetic chemoassay employing the N terminus of glycine-para-nitroanilide, Gly-pNA, as a model nucleophile for protein NH2 groups is introduced and applied to nine aliphatic monoaldehydes and glutardialdehyde (1,5-pentanedial) that have log Kow (octanol/water partition coefficient) values from 0.63 to 3.99. The Gly-pNA second-order rate constants k1 range from 8.56 to 150 L·mol-1·min-1 for the monoaldehydes. Interestingly, glutardialdehyde with a k1 of 17 731 L·mol-1·min-1 is 170-fold more reactive than its monoaldehyde counterpart pentanal. This can be rationalized by hydration or tautomerization of the dialdehyde to monoaldehydic forms, now facilitating Schiff base formation through an intramolecular H bond. Comparison with murine local lymph node assay data from the literature reveals that adduct stability in terms of reaction thermodynamics (K = k1/k-1pseudo) rather than formation kinetics (k1) governs the skin sensitization potency of Schiff-base-forming aldehydes. The discussion includes analytically determined adduct patterns, and the impact of α- and β-carbon substitution as well as hydrophobicity on aldehyde reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Böhme
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Moldrickx
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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18
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Costa AF, Gonçalves KC, Bailão EFLC, Caramori SS, Valadares MC, Gonçalves PJ, Almeida LM. Hancornia speciosa serum latex fraction: a non-allergenic biomaterial. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e251075. [PMID: 34669807 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.251075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived products can assist in the healing process of dermal wounds. It has been demonstrated that Hancornia speciosa latex present angiogenic, osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Then, it could contribute to the wound healing process. However, natural products in contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allergic and irritant potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex using in vitro assays. The obtained results showed that the H. speciosa serum fraction latex has a slightly irritant potential and is not cytotoxic neither allergenic for human cells. Moreover, we identified a remarkable low amount of proteins in this material in comparison to Hevea brasiliensis latex. This result could explain the non-allergenic potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex because proteins present in latex are the main responsible for allergy. This biomaterial could be used as a non-allergenic source for development of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Costa
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anápolis, GO, Brasil
| | - K C Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação de Bioprodutos, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - E F L C Bailão
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anápolis, GO, Brasil
| | - S S Caramori
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anápolis, GO, Brasil
| | - M C Valadares
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação de Bioprodutos, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - P J Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Instituto de Física, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - L M Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anápolis, GO, Brasil
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19
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Frawley RP, Germolec DR, Johnson VJ, Gulledge T, Manheng W, White K, Shockley KR, Harris SF, Hooth M, Ryan K. Evaluation of skin sensitization induced by four ionic liquids. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:392-408. [PMID: 34453447 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are synthetic solvents used as replacements for volatile organic solvents. Human exposure occurs through dermal or oral routes. In rodents, several ILs were reported to induce dermal toxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Due to the potential for occupational exposure, and industrial use as nonvolatile solvents, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIM, 6.25% to 50% v/v), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM, 3.12% to 12.5% v/v), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMPY, 0.825% to 6.25% v/v), and N-butylpyridinium chloride (NBuPY, 0.825% to 12.5% v/v) were nominated to the National Toxicology Program and evaluated for skin sensitization. The test compound was applied to the ears of female BALB/c mice daily for 3 days in a primary irritancy (IRR)/local lymph node assay (LLNA). Sensitization was assessed in vitro in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™ assay, and human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). In the LLNA, the butylated ILs, BMIM, and BMPY were more potent than NBuPY (butylated) or EMIM (ethylated), which was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer. NBuPY induced skin irritation in vivo at ≥3.12% (p ≤ 0.01), and sensitization in vitro in the KeratinoSens™ assay and h-CLAT, but was negative for sensitization in vivo and in the DPRA. Although SI3 was not achieved, dermal treatment with 12.5% BMIM or 6.25% BMPY increased (p ≤ 0.01) lymph node cell proliferation in the LLNA. In vitro, BMIM was positive for sensitization in the h-CLAT, and BMPY was positive in the h-CLAT and KeratinoSens™ assay; both were negative in the DPRA. Integrated data analyses, weighted toward in vivo data, suggested that BMIM and BMPY may induce weak to mild sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA.,StrideBio, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wimolnut Manheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michelle Hooth
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Chipinda I, Anderson SE, Siegel PD. Laboratory Techniques for Identifying Causes of Allergic Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2021; 41:423-438. [PMID: 34225898 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the laboratory's role in identifying causes of chemical-induced allergic dermatitis. Several topics will be discussed. Allergen hazard identification refers to testing of chemicals for their sensitization potential. Animal-based, in silico, in chemico, and in vitro tests have been developed to identify the skin sensitization hazard of potential chemical allergens, but only a few of these are accepted by regulatory agencies. Laboratory investigations have also evaluated the stability of several commercially available allergic contact dermatitis patch tests. Such studies are considered product testing and are usually conducted in analytical chemistry laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Chipinda
- Global Product Stewardship & Toxicology, Phillips 66, Bartlesville, OK 74003, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Paul D Siegel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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21
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Wange RL, Brown PC, Davis-Bruno KL. Implementation of the principles of the 3Rs of animal testing at CDER: Past, present and future. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104953. [PMID: 33984412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The safety testing of pharmaceutical candidates has traditionally relied on data gathered from studies in animals, and these sources of information remain a vital component of the safety assessment for new drug and biologic products. However, there are clearly ethical implications that attend the use of animals for safety testing, and FDA fully supports the principles of the 3Rs, as it relates to animal usage; these being to replace, reduce and refine. We provide an overview of some of the events and activities (legal and programmatic) that have had, and continue to have, the greatest impact on animal use in pharmaceutical development, and highlight some ongoing efforts to further meet the challenge of achieving our mission as humanely as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Wange
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Paul C Brown
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Davis-Bruno
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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22
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Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. In silico Prediction of Skin Sensitization: Quo vadis? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655771. [PMID: 34017255 PMCID: PMC8129647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin direct contact with chemical or physical substances is predisposed to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), producing various allergic reactions, namely rash, blister, or itchy, in the contacted skin area. ACD can be triggered by various extremely complicated adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) remains to be causal for biosafety warrant. As such, commercial products such as ointments or cosmetics can fulfill the topically safe requirements in animal and non-animal models including allergy. Europe, nevertheless, has banned animal tests for the safety evaluations of cosmetic ingredients since 2013, followed by other countries. A variety of non-animal in vitro tests addressing different key events of the AOP, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™, LuSens and human cell line activation test h-CLAT and U-SENS™ have been developed and were adopted in OECD test guideline to identify the skin sensitizers. Other methods, such as the SENS-IS are not yet fully validated and regulatorily accepted. A broad spectrum of in silico models, alternatively, to predict skin sensitization have emerged based on various animal and non-animal data using assorted modeling schemes. In this article, we extensively summarize a number of skin sensitization predictive models that can be used in the biopharmaceutics and cosmeceuticals industries as well as their future perspectives, and the underlined challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Huong Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Max K. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
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23
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Valadares MC, de Oliveira GAR, de Ávila RI, da Silva ACG. Strategy Combining Nonanimal Methods for Ocular Toxicity Evaluation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2240:175-195. [PMID: 33423234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1091-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the ocular toxicity of manufactured consumer materials has been evaluated using the rabbit in vivo Draize rabbit eye test. The animal data obtained were used by the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) to define the classification and labelling (C&L) for eye damage/irritation endpoint. However, the Draize test, a method which was never formally validated, has been widely criticized because of its technical limitations. In addition, ethical and economic issues and advances in scientific knowledge, and political and public pressures have made animal experimentation unsustainable. This scenario has consequently led to the development of nonanimal testing and protocols/approaches with considerable predictive value and relevance for humans. It is widely accepted that one single nonanimal method cannot cover all the criteria of damage/inflammation assessed by regulatory adopted in vivo animal testing. Thus, integrated testing strategies (ITS) have been proposed, including a tiered testing approach combining different nonanimal testing with different endpoints, which have been used for regulatory purposes, on a case-by-case basis and within integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA), to identify materials according to their ability to trigger eye damage. In particular, the top-down and bottom-up approaches have been recommended for the C&L of materials, which cause serious eye damage or eye irritation, respectively. This chapter describes detailed protocols for eye irritation testing based on cells (Short Time Exposure-STE, OECD No. 491/2017), a vascularized membrane (the Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane-HET-CAM) and corneal tissue (Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability-BCOP, OECD No. 437/2017), which can be applied using top-down or bottom-up approaches. In addition, it suggests making a corneal histomorphometric evaluation as an additional parameter in the BCOP method to differentiate materials that cause serious eye tissue damage (UN GHS Cat. 1) from materials that have reversible eye irritation effects (UN GHS Cat. 2).
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24
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Yang S, Heo Y, Gautam R, Lee J, Maharjan A, Jo J, Acharya M, Kim C, Kim H. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine and triclosan and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the human Cell Line Activation Test. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 37:1-8. [PMID: 33295265 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720974131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Household products often contain an antimicrobial agent such as biocides, polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), triclosan (TCS), and propylene glycol (PG) as an excipient to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potentials of each of these substances or mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG have not been investigated through in vitro alternative test methods. The in vitro alternative assay called human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) served to address these issues. The h-CLAT assay was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 442E. On three independent runs, all the three substances were predicted to be sensitizers according to the SS positivity with relative fluorescence intensity of CD86 ≥ 150% and/or CD54 ≥ 200% at any tested concentrations. Mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, or 1:4 weight/volume were all positive in terms of SS potential. Since humans can be occupationally or environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients of biocides, the present study may give insights into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The 37128Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kimber I. The activity of methacrylate esters in skin sensitisation test methods II. A review of complementary and additional analyses. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104821. [PMID: 33186628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is an important occupational health issue, and there is a need to identify accurately those chemicals that have the potential to induce skin sensitisation. Hazard identification was performed initially using animal (guinea pig and mouse) models. More recently, as a result of the drive towards non-animal methods, alternative in vitro and in silico approaches have been developed. Some of these new in vitro methods have been formally validated and have been assigned OECD Test Guideline status. The performance of some of these recently developed in vitro methods, and of 2 quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) approaches, with a series of methacrylate esters has been reviewed and reported previously. In this article that first review has been extended further with additional data and complementary analyses. Results obtained using in vitro methods (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, DPRA; ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test methods, KeratinoSens and LuSens; Epidermal Sensitisation Assay, EpiSensA; human Cell Line Activation Test, h-CLAT, and the myeloid U937 Skin Sensitisation test, U-SENS), and 2 QSAR approaches (DEREK™-nexus and TIMES-SS), with 11 methacrylate esters and methacrylic acid are reported here, and compared with existing data from the guinea pig maximisation test and the local lymph node assay. With this series of chemicals it was found that some in vitro tests (DPRA and ARE-Nrf2 luciferase) performed well in comparison with animal test results and available human skin sensitisation data. Other in vitro tests (EpiSensA and h-CLAT) proved rather more problematic. Results with DEREK™-nexus and TIMES-SS failed to reflect accurately the skin sensitisation potential of the methacrylate esters. The implications for assessment of skin sensitising activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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26
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Shang L, Deng D, Roffel S, Gibbs S. Differential influence of Streptococcus mitis on host response to metals in reconstructed human skin and oral mucosa. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:347-360. [PMID: 32677222 PMCID: PMC7693211 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin and oral mucosa are continuously exposed to potential metal sensitizers while hosting abundant microbes, which may influence the host response to sensitizers. This host response may also be influenced by the route of exposure that is skin or oral mucosa, due to their different immune properties. OBJECTIVE Determine how commensal Streptococcus mitis influences the host response to nickel sulfate (sensitizer) and titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide (questionable sensitizer) in reconstructed human skin (RHS) and gingiva (RHG). METHODS RHS/RHG was exposed to nickel or titanium, in the presence or absence of S. mitis for 24 hours. Histology, cytokine secretion, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression were assessed. RESULTS S. mitis increased interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL20 secretion in RHS but not in RHG; co-application with nickel further increased cytokine secretion. In contrast, titanium suppressed S. mitis-induced cytokine secretion in RHS and had no influence on RHG. S. mitis and metals differentially regulated TLR1 and TLR4 in RHS, and predominantly TLR4 in RHG. CONCLUSION Co-exposure of S. mitis and nickel resulted in a more potent innate immune response in RHS than in RHG, whereas titanium remained inert. These results indicate the important influence of commensal microbes and the route of exposure on the host's response to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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27
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Jiao Z, Hu P, Xu H, Wang Q. Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Chemical Health and Safety: A Systematic Review of Techniques and Applications. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeren Jiao
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Pingfan Hu
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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28
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Bloch D, Marx-Stoelting P, Martin S. Towards a tiered test strategy for plant protection products to address mixture toxicity by alternative approaches in human health assessment. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3326-3332. [PMID: 32770639 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant protection products (PPPs) consist of pesticide active substances and co-formulants. Generally, active substance effects are assumed to dominate in PPP toxicity. Nevertheless, co-formulants may well affect the toxicity of PPPs via toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic interaction. To account for potential mixture effects and improve PPP data requirements for application in risk assessment, a tiered test strategy is proposed. The strategy is based on a comparison of PPP and active substance toxicity, which enables the prioritisation of PPPs for further testing, adaptation of the toxicological threshold value or removal of toxic co-formulants from the PPP. Moreover, it focuses on the integrative assessment of existing information and newly generated data using alternative test methods. The proposed strategy will improve PPP toxicological assessment by accounting for mixture toxicity, providing a set of regulatory options for risk assessment and the necessary data for hazard assessment. The predictivity of alternative methods for PPPs will improve by evaluation of their reliability and uncertainty. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Martin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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29
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Kang JC, Valerio LG. Investigating DNA adduct formation by flavor chemicals and tobacco byproducts in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) using in silico approaches. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115026. [PMID: 32353386 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of flavors is one of the commonly cited reasons for use of e-cigarettes by youth; however, the potential harms from inhaling these chemicals and byproducts have not been extensively studied. One mechanism of interest is DNA adduct formation, which may lead to carcinogenesis. We identified two chemical classes of flavors found in tobacco products and byproducts, alkenylbenzenes and aldehydes, documented to form DNA adducts. Using in silico toxicology approaches, we identified structural analogs to these chemicals without DNA adduct information. We conducted a structural similarity analysis and also generated in silico model predictions of these chemicals for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and skin sensitization. The empirical and in silico data were compared, and we identified strengths and limitations of these models. Good concordance (80-100%) was observed between DNA adduct formation and models predicting mammalian mutagenicity (mouse lymphoma sassy L5178Y) and skin sensitization for both chemical classes. On the other hand, different prediction profiles were observed for the two chemical classes for the modeled endpoints, unscheduled DNA synthesis and bacterial mutagenicity. These results are likely due to the different mode of action between the two chemical classes, as aldehydes are direct acting agents, while alkenylbenzenes require bioactivation to form electrophilic intermediates, which form DNA adducts. The results of this study suggest that an in silico prediction for the mouse lymphoma assay L5178Y, may serve as a surrogate endpoint to help predict DNA adduct formation for chemicals found in tobacco products such as flavors and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueichuan Connie Kang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA; US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Luis G Valerio
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA
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30
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Lindberg T, de Ávila RI, Zeller KS, Levander F, Eriksson D, Chawade A, Lindstedt M. An integrated transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approach to evaluate the human skin sensitization potential of glyphosate and its commercial agrochemical formulations. J Proteomics 2020; 217:103647. [PMID: 32006680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the skin sensitization hazard of glyphosate, the surfactant polyethylated tallow amine (POEA) and two commercial glyphosate-containing formulations using different omics-technologies based on a human dendritic cell (DC)-like cell line. First, the GARD™skin assay, investigating changes in the expression of 200 transcripts upon cell exposure to xenobiotics, was used for skin sensitization prediction. POEA and the formulations were classified as skin sensitizers while glyphosate alone was classified as a non-sensitizer. Interestingly, the mixture of POEA together with glyphosate displayed a similar sensitizing prediction as POEA alone, indicating that glyphosate likely does not increase the sensitizing capacity when associated with POEA. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis identified differentially regulated protein groups and predicted molecular pathways based on a proteomic approach in response to cell exposures with glyphosate, POEA and the glyphosate-containing formulations. Based on the protein expression data, predicted pathways were linked to immunologically relevant events and regulated proteins further to cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis as well as to autophagy, identifying novel aspects of DC responses after exposure to xenobiotics. In summary, we here present an integrative analysis involving advanced technologies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind DC activation in the skin sensitization process triggered by the investigated agrochemical materials. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of glyphosate has increased worldwide, and much effort has been made to improve risk assessments and to further elucidate the mechanisms behind any potential human health hazard of this chemical and its agrochemical formulations. In this context, omics-based techniques can provide a multiparametric approach, including several biomarkers, to expand the mechanistic knowledge of xenobiotics-induced toxicity. Based on this, we performed the integration of GARD™skin and proteomic data to elucidate the skin sensitization hazard of POEA, glyphosate and its two commercial mixtures, and to investigate cellular responses more in detail on protein level. The proteomic data indicate the regulation of immune response-related pathways and proteins associated with cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis as well as to autophagy, identifying novel aspects of DC responses after exposure to xenobiotics. Therefore, our data show the applicability of a multiparametric integrated approach for the mechanism-based hazard evaluation of xenobiotics, eventually complementing decision making in the holistic risk assessment of chemicals regarding their allergenic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lindberg
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden; Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; SenzaGen AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathrin S Zeller
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Aakash Chawade
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden.
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31
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Tourneix F, Alépée N, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Ez-Zoubir M, Teissier SM, Noçairi H, Piroird C, Basketter D, Del Bufalo A. Skin sensitisation testing in practice: Applying a stacking meta model to cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104831. [PMID: 32198056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several non-animal approaches contributing to the identification of skin sensitisation hazard have been introduced. Their validation and acceptance has largely been directed towards regulatory classification. Considering the driving force for replacement of in vivo tests centred on cosmetics, it is reasonable to ask how well the new approaches perform in this respect. In the present study, 219 substances, largely cosmetic raw materials (including dyes, preservatives and fragrances), have been evaluated in our Defined Approach integrating a stacking meta model (version 5), incorporating the individual outcomes of 3 in vitro validated methods (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, Keratinosens™, U-SENS™), 2 in silico tools (TIMES SS, TOXTREE) and physicochemical parameters (volatility, pH). Stacking meta model outcomes were compared with existing local lymph node assay (LLNA) data. Non-sensitisers comprised 68/219; 86 were weak/moderate and 65 were stronger sensitisers. The model version revision demonstrate the gain to discriminate sensitizers to non-sensitiser when the in silico TIMES model is incorporated as input parameter. The 85% to 91% accuracy for the cosmetics categories, indicates the stacking meta model offers value for the next generation risk assessment framework. These results pinpoint the power of the stacking meta model relying on a confidence based on the probability given in any individual prediction.
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32
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Burgoon LD, Angrish M, Garcia-Reyero N, Pollesch N, Zupanic A, Perkins E. Predicting the Probability that a Chemical Causes Steatosis Using Adverse Outcome Pathway Bayesian Networks (AOPBNs). RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:512-523. [PMID: 31721239 PMCID: PMC7397752 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathway Bayesian networks (AOPBNs) are a promising avenue for developing predictive toxicology and risk assessment tools based on adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Here, we describe a process for developing AOPBNs. AOPBNs use causal networks and Bayesian statistics to integrate evidence across key events. In this article, we use our AOPBN to predict the occurrence of steatosis under different chemical exposures. Since it is an expert-driven model, we use external data (i.e., data not used for modeling) from the literature to validate predictions of the AOPBN model. The AOPBN accurately predicts steatosis for the chemicals from our external data. In addition, we demonstrate how end users can utilize the model to simulate the confidence (based on posterior probability) associated with predicting steatosis. We demonstrate how the network topology impacts predictions across the AOPBN, and how the AOPBN helps us identify the most informative key events that should be monitored for predicting steatosis. We close with a discussion of how the model can be used to predict potential effects of mixtures and how to model susceptible populations (e.g., where a mutation or stressor may change the conditional probability tables in the AOPBN). Using this approach for developing expert AOPBNs will facilitate the prediction of chemical toxicity, facilitate the identification of assay batteries, and greatly improve chemical hazard screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle D. Burgoon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
- Address correspondence to Lyle D. Burgoon, Ph.D., Environmental Laboratory, US Army Corps Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180;
| | - Michelle Angrish
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan Pollesch
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edward Perkins
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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33
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Joo SJ, Gautam R, Lee J, Kim H, Yang S, Jo J, Acharya M, Maharjan A, Kim Y, Lim YM, Kim C, Kim H, Heo Y. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride, triclosan, and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the local lymph node assay: BrdU-FCM. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:638-646. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719884853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The guanidine family of antimicrobial agents, which includes polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride (PGH), and chlorophenol biocidal chemicals such as 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (triclosan) are used in various occupational and environmental biocidal applications. The excipient propylene glycol (PG) is used to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potential of these substances has not been systemically investigated and is still debated. Moreover, mixtures of PHMG, PGH, or triclosan with PG have not been evaluated for SS potency. An in vivo assay known as the local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) was recently adopted as an alternative testing method and was used to address these issues. Via the LLNA: BrdU-FCM, PHMG, PGH, and triclosan were predicted to be sensitizers, while PG was predicted to be a nonsensitizer. In addition, d-limonene, which is used as a flavoring in various consumer products, was also predicted to be a sensitizer, although no unanimous conclusion has been reached regarding its SS potential. Mixtures of PHMG, PGH, triclosan, or d-limonene with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, and 1:4 (w/w) were all positive in terms of SS potential, indicating that the PG excipient does not influence the SS predictions of these chemicals. Since humans can be occupationally and environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients, the present study may give insight into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Joo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeonJi Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - YeonGyeong Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Lim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Cho A, Gautam R, Kim Y, Shin S, Song E, Kim H, Yang S, Acharya M, Jo J, Maharjan A, Shim I, Kim HM, Kim P, Kim T, Lee J, Kang M, Jeong T, Kim C, Kim H, Heo Y. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of didecyldimethylammonium chloride and 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient ethylene glycol through the human Cell Line Activation Test and the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:507-519. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719869514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In commercial products such as household deodorants or biocides, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) often serves as an antimicrobial agent, citral serves as a fragrance agent, and the excipient ethylene glycol (EG) is used to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potentials of each of these substances are still being debated. Moreover, mixtures of DDAC or citral with EG have not been evaluated for SS potency. The in vitro alternative assay called human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) and Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) served to address these issues. On three independent runs of h-CLAT, DDAC and citral were predicted to be sensitizers while EG was predicted to be a non-sensitizer and also by the DPRA. Mixtures of DDAC or citral with EG at ratios of 7:3 and 1:4 w/v were all positive by the h-CLAT in terms of SS potential but SS potency was mitigated as the proportion of EG increased. Citral and its EG mixtures were all positive but DDAC and its EG mixtures were all negative by the DPRA, indicating that the DPRA method is not suitable for chemicals with pro-hapten characteristics. Since humans can be occupationally or environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients, the present study may give insights into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeHee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - AhRang Cho
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - YeonGyeong Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - SoJung Shin
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - EunSeob Song
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeonJi Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHoon Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - IlSeob Shim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - PilJe Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeSung Kim
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, MFDS, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JongKwon Lee
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, MFDS, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - MiJeong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeCheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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35
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de Ávila RI, Lindstedt M, Valadares MC. The 21st Century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: From the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104445. [PMID: 31430506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a regulatory context, skin sensitization hazard and risk evaluations of manufactured products and their ingredients (e.g. cosmetics) are mandatory in several regions. Great efforts have been made within the field of 21st Century Toxicology to provide non-animal testing approaches to assess the skin allergy potential of materials (e.g. chemicals, mixtures, nanomaterials, particles). Mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization process through the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has promoted the development of in vitro methods, demonstrating accuracies superior to the traditional animal testing. These in vitro testing approaches are based on one of the four AOP key events (KE) of skin sensitization: formation of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes (KE-1 or the molecular initiating event, MIE), inflammatory keratinocyte responses (KE-2), dendritic cell activation (KE-3), and T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation (KE-4). This update provides an overview of the historically used in vivo methods as well as the current in chemico and in cell methods with and without OECD guideline designations to analyze the progress towards human-relevant in vitro test methods for safety assessment of the skin allergenicity potential of materials. Here our focus is to review 96 in vitro testing approaches directed to the KEs of the skin sensitization AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil.
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36
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Mertl E, Riegel E, Glück N, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Lin G, Auer S, Haller M, Wlodarczyk A, Steurer C, Kirchnawy C, Czerny T. A dual luciferase assay for evaluation of skin sensitizing potential of medical devices. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5089-5102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
In Brazil, efforts towards the regulatory acceptance and implementation of innovative methods to replace experimental animal use in various fields began to gather force in 2008, with the approval of Law No. 11,794/2008 (the Arouca Law). This law represented a milestone, as it created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) to deal with the ethical and legal issues related to the use of laboratory animals. In 2014, CONCEA put together a framework for expanding the implementation of non-animal methodologies for use in research and education. It also promoted the regulatory acceptance in Brazil of 24 test guidelines, including 15 in vitro approaches. It should be emphasised that, in Brazilian legislation, replacement is generally based on the toxicological endpoint and not on the category of product, as tends to be the case in other countries (e.g. cosmetics in the European Union). The resolution-dependent deadlines for the obligatory replacement of in vivo methods with the CONCEA-approved tests are 2019 and 2021. Brazil has advanced considerably towards the replacement of animal experimentation, and in certain aspects, this has been in a highly progressive manner. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, especially considering the current political scenario with reduced investment in research, development and innovation. The chronology of significant events following the approval of the Arouca Law, which have contributed to the promotion of the Three Rs alternatives in Brazil, will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil
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38
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Di P, Yin Y, Jiang C, Cai Y, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. Prediction of the skin sensitising potential and potency of compounds via mechanism-based binary and ternary classification models. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:204-214. [PMID: 31028860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitisation, one of the most frequent forms of human immune toxicity, is authenticated to be a significant endpoint in the field of drug discovery and cosmetics. Due to the drawbacks of traditional animal testing methods, in silico methods have advanced to study skin sensitisation. In this study, mechanism-based binary and ternary classification models were constructed with a comprehensive data set. 1007 compounds were collected to develop five series of local and global models based on mechanisms. In each series, compounds were classified into five groups according to EC3 values, and applied as training sets, test sets and external validation sets. For each of the five series, 81 binary classification models and 81 ternary classification models were acquired via 9 molecular fingerprints and 9 machine learning methods using a novel KNIME workflow. Meanwhile, the applicability domains for the best 10 models were figured out to certify the rationality of prediction effect. In addition, 8 toxic substructures probably causing skin sensitisation were identified to speculate whether a compound is a skin sensitiser. The mechanism-based prediction models and the toxic substructures can be applied to predict the skin sensitising potential and potency of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Di
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongmin Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Changsheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingchun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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39
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Gilmour N, Kimber I, Williams J, Maxwell G. Skin sensitization: Uncertainties, challenges, and opportunities for improved risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 80:195-200. [PMID: 30525211 PMCID: PMC6587935 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At the ESCD congress held in Manchester in 2016, a session was organized to encourage more dialogue between clinicians with expertise in skin sensitization and toxicologists seeking to provide effective risk assessment to prevent human health issues. That session focused on the remaining uncertainties regarding the induction and regulation of skin sensitization in humans, and the opportunities and challenges associated with the refinement and improvement of risk assessment methodologies. This short article, prompted by those discussions, debates what the authors regard as being among the most important and most intriguing uncertainties about skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis in humans, and the most significant opportunities for improving risk assessment. The aim has been to provide a basis for mapping out the areas that might benefit from a closer alignment between the relevant clinical community and toxicologists charged with the responsibility of ensuring that skin sensitization risks are understood and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gilmour
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreBedfordUK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jason Williams
- Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, Salford NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreBedfordUK
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40
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Kimber I. The activity of methacrylate esters in skin sensitisation test methods: A review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:14-20. [PMID: 30826317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitisation associated with allergic contact dermatitis is an important occupational and environmental disease. The identification of skin sensitisation hazards was traditionally performed using animal tests; originally guinea pig assays and subsequently the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). More recently there has, for a variety of reasons, been an increased interest in, and requirement for, non-animal assays. There are now available both validated in vitro assays and a variety of approaches based on consideration of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). With the increased availability and use of non-animal alternatives for skin sensitisation testing there is a continuing need to monitor the performance of these approaches using series of chemicals that do not normally form part of validation exercises. Here we report studies conducted with 11 methacrylate esters and methacrylic acid in which results obtained with 3 validated in vitro tests for which there are OECD guidelines (the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, DPRA; ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test methods, and - with some chemicals - a dendritic cell activation test, the myeloid U937 Skin Sensitisation test [U-SENS] assay) have been compared with QSAR approaches (DEREK and TIMES-SS), and with LLNA and guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) data. The conclusions drawn from these data are that - with this series of chemicals at least - there is a strong correlation between the results of animal tests and the in vitro assays considered, but not with either DEREK or TIMES-SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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41
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Schossleitner K, O'Mahony C, Brandstätter S, Haslinger MJ, Demuth S, Fechtig D, Petzelbauer P. Differences in biocompatibility of microneedles from cyclic olefin polymers with human endothelial and epithelial skin cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:505-512. [PMID: 30456923 PMCID: PMC6587957 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microneedles are promising devices for transdermal delivery and diagnostic applications, due to their minimally invasive and painless nature of application. However, so far, applications are limited to small scale research projects. Material selection and production for larger projects remain a challenge. In vitro testing using human cell culture could bridge the gap between cost effective screening of suitable materials and concerns for safety and ethics. In this study, materials were tested for effects on viability and morphology of human endothelial cells and keratinocytes. In addition, materials were assessed for their potential to influence cellular differentiation and barrier formation. Elution‐based testing of inflammatory markers revealed no negative effects in all applied tests, whereas the assessment of differentiation markers on cells in direct contact with the material showed differences and allowed the selection of candidate materials for future medical device applications. This study illustrates that elution‐based biocompatibility testing can paint an incomplete picture. Advanced staining techniques and cell types specific for the application of the medical device improve material selection to reduce and replace animal testing at an early stage in the development process. © 2018 The Authors. journal Of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published By Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 505–512, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Schossleitner
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Conor O'Mahony
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | | | - Michael J Haslinger
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Sabrina Demuth
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Fechtig
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Strickland J, Daniel AB, Allen D, Aguila C, Ahir S, Bancos S, Craig E, Germolec D, Ghosh C, Hudson NL, Jacobs A, Lehmann DM, Matheson J, Reinke EN, Sadrieh N, Vukmanovic S, Kleinstreuer N. Skin sensitization testing needs and data uses by US regulatory and research agencies. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:273-291. [PMID: 30377734 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
United States regulatory and research agencies may rely upon skin sensitization test data to assess the sensitization hazards associated with dermal exposure to chemicals and products. These data are evaluated to ensure that such substances will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health when used appropriately. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the US Department of Defense are member agencies of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). ICCVAM seeks to identify opportunities for the use of non-animal replacements to satisfy these testing needs and requirements. This review identifies the standards, test guidelines, or guidance documents that are applicable to satisfy each of these agency's needs; the current use of animal testing and flexibility for using alternative methodologies; information needed from alternative tests to fulfill the needs for skin sensitization data; and whether data from non-animal alternative approaches are accepted by these US federal agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cecilia Aguila
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFV-153, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Surender Ahir
- US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20210, USA
| | - Simona Bancos
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Evisabel Craig
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chandramallika Ghosh
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Naomi L Hudson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, White Oak Office Building 22, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Emily N Reinke
- US Army Public Health Center, 5158 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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43
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Braeuning C, Braeuning A, Mielke H, Holzwarth A, Peiser M. Evaluation and improvement of QSAR predictions of skin sensitization for pesticides. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:823-846. [PMID: 30251555 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1518261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo skin sensitization assays have to be provided by applicants to the competent authorities in the European Union for the approval of active substances (AS) in pesticides. This study aimed to test the practicability of in silico predictions for AS by freely available (Q)SAR tools to evaluate their use as a time- and cost-effective alternative to animal testing in the context of the 3R concept. Predictions of skin sensitization for 48 selected sensitizing and non-sensitizing AS by the software programs CAESAR, Toxtree, OECD (Q)SAR Toolbox, CASE Ultra, Leadscope and SciQSAR were collected and compared. Different data evaluation methodologies (score definition, mean, weighted mean, threshold score definition) were applied to optimize the predictions. The calculation methods were internally cross-validated and further validated with an additional validation set of 80 AS. Although the presented calculation methodologies are not suitable as a stand-alone method, this study has shown weaknesses and strengths of some prominent (Q)SAR programs and diverse combinatorial options in the prediction of skin sensitization by pesticidal AS. The present study will help to foster discussions on in silico alternatives to animal testing in the pesticide area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braeuning
- a Department of Pesticides Safety
- d Current address: BIMSB/BIH Genomics at Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine (MDC) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - H Mielke
- c Department of Exposure , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - A Holzwarth
- a Department of Pesticides Safety
- e Both authors contributed equally
| | - M Peiser
- a Department of Pesticides Safety
- e Both authors contributed equally
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44
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Corsini E, Engin AB, Neagu M, Galbiati V, Nikitovic D, Tzanakakis G, Tsatsakis AM. Chemical-induced contact allergy: from mechanistic understanding to risk prevention. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3031-3050. [PMID: 30097700 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical allergens are small molecules able to form a sensitizing complex once they bound to proteins. One of the most frequent manifestations of chemical allergy is contact hypersensitivity, which can have serious impact on quality of life. Allergic contact dermatitis is a predominantly CD8 + T cell-mediated immune disease, resulting in erythema and eczema. Chemical allergy is of considerable importance to the toxicologist, who has the responsibility of identifying and characterizing the allergenic potential of chemicals, and estimating the risk they pose to human health. This review aimed at exploring the phenomena of chemical-induced contact allergy starting from a mechanistic understanding, immunoregulatory mechanisms, passing through the potency of contract allergen until the hazard identification, pointing out the in vitro models for assessing contact allergen-induced cell activation and the risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ayşe Başak Engin
- Gazi Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Toksikoloji, Hipodrom, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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45
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da Silva ACG, Chialchia AR, de Ávila RI, Valadares MC. Mechanistic-based non-animal assessment of eye toxicity: Inflammatory profile of human keratinocytes cells after exposure to eye damage/irritant agents. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Kimber I, Poole A, Basketter DA. Skin and respiratory chemical allergy: confluence and divergence in a hybrid adverse outcome pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:586-605. [PMID: 30090609 PMCID: PMC6060610 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitisation of the respiratory tract to chemicals resulting in respiratory allergy and allergic asthma is an important occupational health problem, and presents toxicologists with no shortage of challenges. A major issue is that there are no validated or, even widely recognised, methods available for the identification and characterisation of chemical respiratory allergens, or for distinguishing respiratory allergens from contact allergens. The first objective here has been review what is known (and what is not known) of the mechanisms through which chemicals induce sensitisation of the respiratory tract, and to use this information to construct a hybrid Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) that combines consideration of both skin and respiratory sensitisation. The intention then has been to use the construction of this hybrid AOP to identify areas of commonality/confluence, and areas of departure/divergence, between skin sensitisation and sensitisation of the respiratory tract. The hybrid AOP not only provides a mechanistic understanding of how the processes of skin and respiratory sensitisation differ, buy also a means of identifying areas of uncertainty about chemical respiratory allergy that benefit from a further investment in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology , Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 161 275 1587
| | - Alan Poole
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) , 2 Av E Van Nieuwenhuyse , 1160 Brussels , Belgium
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47
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Kleinstreuer NC, Hoffmann S, Alépée N, Allen D, Ashikaga T, Casey W, Clouet E, Cluzel M, Desprez B, Gellatly N, Göbel C, Kern PS, Klaric M, Kühnl J, Martinozzi-Teissier S, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Strickland J, van Vliet E, Zang Q, Petersohn D. Non-animal methods to predict skin sensitization (II): an assessment of defined approaches *. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:359-374. [PMID: 29474122 PMCID: PMC7393691 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1429386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a toxicity endpoint of widespread concern, for which the mechanistic understanding and concurrent necessity for non-animal testing approaches have evolved to a critical juncture, with many available options for predicting sensitization without using animals. Cosmetics Europe and the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods collaborated to analyze the performance of multiple non-animal data integration approaches for the skin sensitization safety assessment of cosmetics ingredients. The Cosmetics Europe Skin Tolerance Task Force (STTF) collected and generated data on 128 substances in multiple in vitro and in chemico skin sensitization assays selected based on a systematic assessment by the STTF. These assays, together with certain in silico predictions, are key components of various non-animal testing strategies that have been submitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as case studies for skin sensitization. Curated murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and human skin sensitization data were used to evaluate the performance of six defined approaches, comprising eight non-animal testing strategies, for both hazard and potency characterization. Defined approaches examined included consensus methods, artificial neural networks, support vector machine models, Bayesian networks, and decision trees, most of which were reproduced using open source software tools. Multiple non-animal testing strategies incorporating in vitro, in chemico, and in silico inputs demonstrated equivalent or superior performance to the LLNA when compared to both animal and human data for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/NICEATM, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Stop K2-16, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA; NK, 1-919-541-7997,; WC, 1-919-316-4729,
| | - Sebastian Hoffmann
- seh consulting + services, Stembergring 15, 33106 Paderborn, Germany; +4952518700566;
| | - Nathalie Alépée
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; NA, ; SM-T,
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA, 1-919-281-1110; DA, ; JS, ; QZ,
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 224-8558, Japan. Current Address: Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS) 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Warren Casey
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/NICEATM, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Stop K2-16, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA; NK, 1-919-541-7997,; WC, 1-919-316-4729,
| | - Elodie Clouet
- Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100 Toulouse, France;
| | - Magalie Cluzel
- LVMH, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45804 St Jean de Braye, France;
| | - Bertrand Desprez
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann Debroux 40, 1160 Brussels, Belgium; BD, ; MK,
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, United Kingdom. Current address: NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Petra S. Kern
- Procter & Gamble Services Company NV, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium;
| | - Martina Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann Debroux 40, 1160 Brussels, Belgium; BD, ; MK,
| | - Jochen Kühnl
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastraße 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany;
| | | | - Karsten Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; KM, ; DP,
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA, 1-919-281-1110; DA, ; JS, ; QZ,
| | - Erwin van Vliet
- Services & Consultations on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Via Campagnora 1, 6983, Magliaso, Switzerland;
| | - Qingda Zang
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA, 1-919-281-1110; DA, ; JS, ; QZ,
| | - Dirk Petersohn
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; KM, ; DP,
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48
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Dempster-Shafer theory for combining in silico evidence and estimating uncertainty in chemical risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Parkinson E, Aleksic M, Cubberley R, Kaur-Atwal G, Vissers JPC, Skipp P. Determination of Protein Haptenation by Chemical Sensitizers Within the Complexity of the Human Skin Proteome. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:429-438. [PMID: 29267982 PMCID: PMC5889026 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis occurs via a number of specific key events at the cellular level. The molecular initiating event (MIE), the first in the sequence of these events, occurs after exposure of the skin to an electrophilic chemical, causing the irreversible haptenation of proteins within skin. Characterization of this MIE is a key step in elucidating the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway and is essential to providing parameters for mathematical models to predict the capacity of a chemical to cause sensitization. As a first step to addressing this challenge, we have exposed complex protein lysates from a keratinocyte cell line and human skin tissue with a range of well characterized sensitizers, including dinitrochlorobenzene, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one, cinnamaldehyde, and the non (or weak) sensitizer 6-methyl coumarin. Using a novel stable isotope labeling approach combined with ion mobility-assisted data independent mass spectrometry (HDMSE), we have characterized the haptenome for these sensitizers. Although a significant proportion of highly abundant proteins were haptenated, we also observed the haptenation of low abundant proteins by all 3 of the chemical sensitizers tested, indicating that within a complex protein background, protein abundance is not the sole determinant driving haptenation, highlighting a relationship to tertiary protein structure and the amino acid specificity of these chemical sensitizers and sensitizer potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Parkinson
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Del Bufalo A, Pauloin T, Alepee N, Clouzeau J, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Gomes C, Nocairi H, Piroird C, Rousset F, Tourneix F, Basketter D, Martinozzi Teissier S. Alternative Integrated Testing for Skin Sensitization: Assuring Consumer Safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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