1
|
El-Taweel SH. Synergistic effect of TiO 2 nanoparticles and poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) on the morphology and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18142. [PMID: 39103411 PMCID: PMC11300595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of adding ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA 80) and 1 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles on the morphology and crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) blends was investigated using DSC, SEM, and POM. Thermal analysis revealed the enhancement of crystallinity of PLA in the presence of TiO2 and higher EVA 80 content in the blend. The PLA and EVA 80 components showed compatibility, as evidenced by the shift of the glass transition temperatures of the PLA phase in the blend to lower values compared to neat PLA. The lower temperature shift of the cold crystallization of the PLA and the formation of the small spherulites of the PLA in the blends indicated that the EVA 80 and TiO2 act as a nucleating agent for crystallization. The non-isothermal crystallization parameters of the composites were evaluated using Avrami's modified model, the MO approach, and Friedman's isoconversional method. The Avrami's modified rate constant (K) and the effective activation energy values significantly increased with the incorporation of EVA 80 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed improved thermal stability of PLA by adding EVA 80 and TiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa H El-Taweel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Orman-Giza, 12613, Egypt.
- Engineering and Materials Science Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kudryavtseva V, Sukhorukov GB. Features of Anisotropic Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307675. [PMID: 38158786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural materials are anisotropic. Delivery systems occurring in nature, such as viruses, blood cells, pollen, and many others, do have anisotropy, while delivery systems made artificially are mostly isotropic. There is apparent complexity in engineering anisotropic particles or capsules with micron and submicron sizes. Nevertheless, some promising examples of how to fabricate particles with anisotropic shapes or having anisotropic chemical and/or physical properties are developed. Anisotropy of particles, once they face biological systems, influences their behavior. Internalization by the cells, flow in the bloodstream, biodistribution over organs and tissues, directed release, and toxicity of particles regardless of the same chemistry are all reported to be factors of anisotropy of delivery systems. Here, the current methods are reviewed to introduce anisotropy to particles or capsules, including loading with various therapeutic cargo, variable physical properties primarily by anisotropic magnetic properties, controlling directional motion, and making Janus particles. The advantages of combining different anisotropy in one entity for delivery and common problems and limitations for fabrication are under discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Kudryavtseva
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mokrane N, Kaci M, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Dehouche N. Combined Effect of Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Halloysite Nanotubes on Morphology and Properties of Polylactide/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Blends. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6438. [PMID: 37834577 PMCID: PMC10573863 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the global challenge of plastic pollution, the development of new bioplastics to replace conventional polymers has become a priority. It is therefore essential to achieve a balance in the performances of biopolymers in order to improve their commercial availability. In this topic, this study aims to investigate the morphology and properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) (at a ratio of 75/25 (w/w)) blends reinforced with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and compatibilized with poly(lactic acid)-grafted maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA). HNTs and PLA-g-MA were added to the polymer blend at 5 and 10 wt.%, respectively, and everything was processed via melt compounding. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that HNTs are preferentially localized in PHBHHx nodules rather than in the PLA matrix due to its higher wettability. When HNTs are combined with PLA-g-MA, a finer and a more homogeneous morphology is observed, resulting in a reduction in the size of PHBHHx nodules. The presence of HNTs in the polymer blend improves the impact strength from 12.7 to 20.9 kJ/mm2. Further, with the addition of PLA-g-MA to PLA/PHBHHX/HNT nanocomposites, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength all improve significantly, rising from roughly 42 MPa, 14.5%, and 20.9 kJ/mm2 to nearly 46 MPa, 18.2%, and 31.2 kJ/mm2, respectively. This is consistent with the data obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The thermal stability of the compatibilized blend reinforced with HNTs is also improved compared to the non-compatibilized one. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of combining HNTs and PLA-g-AM for the properties enhancement of PLA/PHBHHx blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Mokrane
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - Mustapha Kaci
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - Nadjet Dehouche
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren ZW, Wang ZY, Ding YW, Dao JW, Li HR, Ma X, Yang XY, Zhou ZQ, Liu JX, Mi CH, Gao ZC, Pei H, Wei DX. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: the natural biopolyester for future medical innovations. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6013-6034. [PMID: 37522312 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of natural microbial biopolyesters with the same basic chemical structure and diverse side chain groups. Based on their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, thermoplastic properties and diversity, PHAs are highly promising medical biomaterials and elements of medical devices for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, due to the high cost of biotechnological production, most PHAs have yet to be applied in the clinic and have only been studied at laboratory scale. This review focuses on the biosynthesis, diversity, physical properties, biodegradability and biosafety of PHAs. We also discuss optimization strategies for improved microbial production of commercial PHAs via novel synthetic biology tools. Moreover, we also systematically summarize various medical devices based on PHAs and related design approaches for medical applications, including tissue repair and drug delivery. The main degradation product of PHAs, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), is recognized as a new functional molecule for cancer therapy and immune regulation. Although PHAs still account for only a small percentage of medical polymers, up-and-coming novel medical PHA devices will enter the clinical translation stage in the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Ze-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yan-Wen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Jin-Wei Dao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, 678400, China
| | - Hao-Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Xue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Jia-Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Chen-Hui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Zhe-Chen Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hua Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Carbon Neutral Technology, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Zigong Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Zigong Psychiatric Research Center, Zigong Institute of Brain Science, Zigong, 643002, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng C, Deng L, Yong YY, Wu JM, Qin DL, Yu L, Zhou XG, Wu AG. The Application of Biomaterials in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:816. [PMID: 36614259 PMCID: PMC9821025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord and the brain form the central nervous system (CNS), which is the most important part of the body. However, spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by external forces is one of the most difficult types of neurological injury to treat, resulting in reduced or even absent motor, sensory and autonomic functions. It leads to the reduction or even disappearance of motor, sensory and self-organizing nerve functions. Currently, its incidence is increasing each year worldwide. Therefore, the development of treatments for SCI is urgently needed in the clinic. To date, surgery, drug therapy, stem cell transplantation, regenerative medicine, and rehabilitation therapy have been developed for the treatment of SCI. Among them, regenerative biomaterials that use tissue engineering and bioscaffolds to transport cells or drugs to the injured site are considered the most promising option. In this review, we briefly introduce SCI and its molecular mechanism and summarize the application of biomaterials in the repair and regeneration of tissue in various models of SCI. However, there is still limited evidence about the treatment of SCI with biomaterials in the clinic. Finally, this review will provide inspiration and direction for the future study and application of biomaterials in the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramezani Dana H, Ebrahimi F. Synthesis, properties, and applications of polylactic
acid‐based
polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ramezani Dana
- Mechanics, Surfaces and Materials Processing (MSMP) – EA 7350 Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology Aix‐en‐Provence France
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimi
- PRISM Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing Technological University of the Shannon (TUS) Athlone Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Galperin L, Eylon B, Mizrahi B. Liquid
PEG
4
‐PLLA
copolymers: Effect of chirality and molecular weight on mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Galperin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion Haifa Israel
| | - Bat‐hen Eylon
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion Haifa Israel
| | - Boaz Mizrahi
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion Haifa Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kudryavtseva V, Bukatin A, Vyacheslavova E, Gould D, Sukhorukov GB. Printed asymmetric microcapsules: Facile loading and multiple stimuli-responsiveness. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212762. [PMID: 35929328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of colloidal particles and capsules despite substantial progress is still facing a number of unsolved issues including low loading capacity, non-uniform size and shape of carriers, tailoring different functionalities and versatility to encapsulated cargo. In this work, we propose a method for defined-shaped functionally asymmetric polymer capsule fabrication based on a soft lithography approach. The developed capsules consist of two classes of polymers - the main part "cup" is made out of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PAH-PSS) and "lid" is made of biodegradable polyether (PLGA). Asymmetric capsules combine advantages from both traditional layer-by-layer capsules and recently developed printed "pelmeni" capsules. This combination provides stimuli-responsiveness due to polyelectrolyte multilayer properties differing from PLGA. The inner volume of capsules can be loaded with a variety of active compounds and the capsule's geometry is defined due to the soft-lithography method. Capsules have a core-shell structure and monodisperse size distribution. Three methods to trigger cargo release have been demonstrated, namely temperature treatment, ultrasonication and pH shift. Steroidal drug dexamethasone was used to illustrate the applicability of the systems for triggered drug release. The application of proposed asymmetric capsules includes but is not limited to pharmacology, diagnostics, sensors, micro- and nanoreactors and chemical actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Kudryavtseva
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Bukatin
- Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8/3A Khlopina str, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia; Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31-33 A, Ivana Chernykh str., Saint Petersburg 198095, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Vyacheslavova
- Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8/3A Khlopina str, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - David Gould
- Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow 121205, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Moskovskiy Trakt, 2, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zouari M, Devallance DB, Marrot L. Effect of Biochar Addition on Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability, and Water Resistance of Hemp-Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2271. [PMID: 35329723 PMCID: PMC8950204 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of biochar (BC) addition on mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of PLA and hemp-PLA-based composites. BC was combined with variable concentration to PLA (5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 20 wt%) and hemp (30 wt%)-PLA (5 wt% and 10 wt%); then, composites were blended and injection molded. Samples were characterized by color measurements, tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water contact angle analysis. Experimental results showed that adding 5 wt% of BC enhanced the composite's tensile modulus of elasticity and strength. Hence, the use of optimized loading of BC improved the mechanical strength of the composites. However, after BC addition, thermal stability slightly decreased compared with that of neat PLA due to the catalytic effect of BC particles. Moreover, the water-repelling ability decreased as BC content increased due to the specific hydrophilic characteristics of the BC used and its great porosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Zouari
- Innorenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; (D.B.D.); (L.M.)
- Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - David B. Devallance
- Innorenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; (D.B.D.); (L.M.)
- Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Laetitia Marrot
- Innorenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; (D.B.D.); (L.M.)
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Aisyah HA, Asyraf MRM, Hassan SA, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Sharma S, Bangar SP, Jumaidin R, Nawab Y, Faudzi AAM, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid, Polylactic Acid Blends and Their Composites for Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:202. [PMID: 35012228 PMCID: PMC8747475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from lactic acid that has been chiefly utilized in biodegradable material and as a composite matrix material. PLA is a prominent biomaterial that is widely used to replace traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various applications owing environmental concerns. Green composites have gained greater attention as ecological consciousness has grown since they have the potential to be more appealing than conventional petroleum-based composites, which are toxic and nonbiodegradable. PLA-based composites with natural fiber have been extensively utilized in a variety of applications, from packaging to medicine, due to their biodegradable, recyclable, high mechanical strength, low toxicity, good barrier properties, friendly processing, and excellent characteristics. A summary of natural fibers, green composites, and PLA, along with their respective properties, classification, functionality, and different processing methods, are discussed to discover the natural fiber-reinforced PLA composite material development for a wide range of applications. This work also emphasizes the research and properties of PLA-based green composites, PLA blend composites, and PLA hybrid composites over the past few years. PLA's potential as a strong material in engineering applications areas is addressed. This review also covers issues, challenges, opportunities, and perspectives in developing and characterizing PLA-based green composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - S. A. Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Punjab 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - S. P. Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Y. Nawab
- Textile Composite Materials Research Group, National Center for Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - A. A. M. Faudzi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - H. Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - M. Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, Indonesia;
| | - E. Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, Indonesia;
| | - N. H. Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naser AZ, Deiab I, Defersha F, Yang S. Expanding Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Applications: A Review on Modifications and Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4271. [PMID: 34883773 PMCID: PMC8659978 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high price of petroleum, overconsumption of plastic products, recent climate change regulations, the lack of landfill spaces in addition to the ever-growing population are considered the driving forces for introducing sustainable biodegradable solutions for greener environment. Due to the harmful impact of petroleum waste plastics on human health, environment and ecosystems, societies have been moving towards the adoption of biodegradable natural based polymers whose conversion and consumption are environmentally friendly. Therefore, biodegradable biobased polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained a significant amount of attention in recent years. Nonetheless, some of the vital limitations to the broader use of these biopolymers are that they are less flexible and have less impact resistance when compared to petroleum-based plastics (e.g., polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)). Recent advances have shown that with appropriate modification methods-plasticizers and fillers, polymer blends and nanocomposites, such limitations of both polymers can be overcome. This work is meant to widen the applicability of both polymers by reviewing the available materials on these methods and their impacts with a focus on the mechanical properties. This literature investigation leads to the conclusion that both PLA and PHAs show strong candidacy in expanding their utilizations to potentially substitute petroleum-based plastics in various applications, including but not limited to, food, active packaging, surgical implants, dental, drug delivery, biomedical as well as antistatic and flame retardants applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheng Yang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.Z.N.); (I.D.); (F.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of Silane Functionalization on Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Palygorskite Nanocomposites. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/palygorskite (Paly) nanocomposites were prepared using the melt compounding technique. Paly modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) was used as nanofiller for PLA with concentrations in the 1–7 wt% range. It has been found that the functionalization allows a covalent bond between the hydroxyl groups of the Paly and the PLA matrix, evidenced by the improvement in mechanical properties. Paly modification with VTMS has better properties compared with Pale modification with APTES. This indicates a better adhesion between the Paly-VTMS and PLA matrix, and a good dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix.
Collapse
|
13
|
Brząkalski D, Sztorch B, Frydrych M, Pakuła D, Dydek K, Kozera R, Boczkowska A, Marciniec B, Przekop RE. Limonene Derivative of Spherosilicate as a Polylactide Modifier for Applications in 3D Printing Technology. Molecules 2020; 25:E5882. [PMID: 33322732 PMCID: PMC7763661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first report of using limonene derivative of a spherosilicate as a modifier of polylactide used for 3D printing and injection moulding is presented. The paper presents the use of limonene-functionalized spherosilicate derivative as a functional additive. The study compared the material characteristics of polylactide modified with SS-Limonene (0.25-5.0% w/w) processed with traditional injection moulding and 3D printing (FFF, FDM). A significant improvement in the processing properties concerning rheology, inter-layer adhesion, and mechanical properties was achieved, which translated into the quality of the print and reduction of waste production. Moreover, the paper describes the elementary stages of thermal transformations of the obtained hybrid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Brząkalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Frydrych
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Daria Pakuła
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Kamil Dydek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Wołoska, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Rafał Kozera
- Technology Partners Foundation, 5A Adolfa Pawińskiego, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Wołoska, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Bogdan Marciniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Impact of the Addition of Compatibilizers on Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) Properties after Extrusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112688. [PMID: 33202587 PMCID: PMC7697721 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability, is one of the most promising biobased polymers for replacing some of the petrol-based materials. Low flexibility of PLA is overcome, by blending it with olefin-based polymers, such as polypropylene (PP). However, the use of compatibilizing agents is required to attain final materials with suitable mechanical properties. Such agents, although essential, can affect PLA structure and, consequently, the mechanical properties of the PLA. To the best of our knowledge, this issue was never studied, and the results can contribute to achieving the best formulations of PLA-based blends according to their final applications. The thermal and mechanical properties of the extruded PLA, with three different commercial compatibilizing agents, were evaluated with the purpose of demonstrating how the compatibilizers can introduce structural differences into the PLA chain during the extrusion process. The combination of crystallinity, molecular weight, and the morphology of the samples after extrusion determines the final mechanical properties of PLA. Despite being a fundamental study, it is our aim to contribute to the sustainability of PLA-based industries. The addition of a 2.5% concentration of C1 compatibilizer seems to have less influence on the final morphology and mechanical properties of the blends.
Collapse
|
15
|
Photocurable Methacrylate Derivatives of Polylactide: A Two-Stage Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and 3D Laser Structuring. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112525. [PMID: 33138125 PMCID: PMC7692848 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-stage polylactide modification was performed in the supercritical carbon dioxide medium using the urethane formation reaction. The modification resulted in the synthesis of polymerizable methacrylate derivatives of polylactide for application in the spatial 3D structuring by laser stereolithography. The use of the supercritical carbon dioxide medium allowed us to obtain for the first time polymerizable oligomer-polymer systems in the form of dry powders convenient for further application in the preparation of polymer compositions for photocuring. The photocuring of the modified polymers was performed by laser stereolithography and two-photon crosslinking. Using nanoindentation, we found that Young’s modulus of the cured compositions corresponded to the standard characteristics of implants applied in regenerative medicine. As shown by thermogravimetric analysis, the degree of crosslinking and, hence, the local stiffness of scaffolds were determined by the amount of the crosslinking agent and the photocuring regime. No cytotoxicity was observed for the structures.
Collapse
|
16
|
Poly(lactic Acid)-Biochar Biocomposites: Effect of Processing and Filler Content on Rheological, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040892. [PMID: 32290601 PMCID: PMC7240653 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biochar (BC) particles derived from spent ground coffee were prepared using two different processing routes, namely melt mixing and solvent casting. The formulated biocomposites were characterized through rheological, thermal, and mechanical analyses, aiming at evaluating the effects of the filler content and of the processing method on their final properties. The rheological characterization demonstrated the effectiveness of both exploited strategies in achieving a good level of filler dispersion within the matrix, notwithstanding the occurrence of a remarkable decrease of the PLA molar mass during the processing at high temperature. Nevertheless, significant alterations of the PLA rheological behavior were observed in the composites obtained by melt mixing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated a remarkable influence of the processing method on the thermal behavior of biocomposites. More specifically, melt mixing caused the appearance of two melting peaks, though the structure of the materials remained almost amorphous; conversely, a significant increase of the crystalline phase content was observed for solvent cast biocomposites containing low amounts of filler that acted as nucleating agents. Finally, thermogravimetric analyses suggested a catalytic effect of BC particles on the degradation of PLA; its biocomposites showed decreased thermal stability as compared with the neat PLA matrix.
Collapse
|
17
|
Poly(lactic acid)/p-phenylenediamine functionalized graphene oxidized nanocomposites: Preparation, rheological behavior and biodegradability. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
18
|
Singhvi MS, Zinjarde SS, Gokhale DV. Polylactic acid: synthesis and biomedical applications. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1612-1626. [PMID: 31021482 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Social and economic development has driven considerable scientific and engineering efforts on the discovery, development and utilization of polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biopolymers as it can be produced from nontoxic renewable feedstock. PLA has emerged as an important polymeric material for biomedical applications on account of its properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength and process ability. Lactic acid (LA) can be obtained by fermentation of sugars derived from renewable resources such as corn and sugarcane. PLA is thus an eco-friendly nontoxic polymer with features that permit use in the human body. Although PLA has a wide spectrum of applications, there are certain limitations such as slow degradation rate, hydrophobicity and low impact toughness associated with its use. Blending PLA with other polymers offers convenient options to improve associated properties or to generate novel PLA polymers/blends for target applications. A variety of PLA blends have been explored for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, implants, sutures and tissue engineering. PLA and their copolymers are becoming widely used in tissue engineering for function restoration of impaired tissues due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The relationship between PLA material properties, manufacturing processes and development of products with desirable characteristics is described in this article. LA production, PLA synthesis and their applications in the biomedical field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Singhvi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - S S Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - D V Gokhale
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, NCIM Resource Centre, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Preparation and Characterization of Bletilla striata Polysaccharide/Polylactic Acid Composite. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112104. [PMID: 31163700 PMCID: PMC6600352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is limited in its application due to its high price, high brittleness and low glass-transition temperature. Modification methods are currently used to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) was blended with PLA by a solvent method. DMA data showed that the BSP/PLA film had a higher glass-transition temperature, and the glass-transition temperature of the film showed an extreme value of 68 °C when the proportion of the chalk polysaccharide was 0.8%. TG data indicates that the composite film material has good thermal stability. Tensile tests show that the composite film is improved in rigidity and elasticity compared to the pure PLA film. The blending modification of PLA with white peony polysaccharide not only reduces the cost of PLA, but also improves the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA.
Collapse
|
20
|
Study on Aging and Recover of Poly (Lactic) Acid Composite Films with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes Produced by Solution Blending and Extrusion. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aging, annealing, and reprocessing of the biodegradable poly (lactic) acid (PLA) based composite films incorporating graphene and carbon nanotubes were investigated in this work. Various monofiller and bifiller nanocomposite films with 6 wt.% filler content were produced by a solution-phase technique followed by extrusion. The freshly produced films were compared with the aged films after 18 months of shelf life in a room environment. The effects of aging, annealing, and melt reprocessing on the crystalline structure, the thermal stability, the hardness, and Young’s modulus were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA, and nanoindentation methods. The fresh and the aged samples were found to have semi-crystalline materials with 3%–7% crystallinity, while the crystallinity was significantly enhanced to 34%–38% by annealing at 80 °C and subsequent slow cooling. A good dispersion was observed in the bifiller films with filler ratios of 4.5:1.5 and 1.5:4.5 [graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) to carbon nanotubes (CNT)], which affected the crystallization processes. The reprocessing at 200 °C followed by fast cooling resulted in amorphous films, which significantly reduced the hardness and Young’s modulus. The nanoindentation properties were dependent on the dispersion of nanofillers at the surfaces. The efficiency of annealing and reprocessing for the recovery and the reuse of aged nanocomposite films is discussed herein. The paper underlines that properties of the nanocomposites under investigation were influenced not only by the composition, the chemical nature of the added filler, and the processing condition, but also by the aging processes, which in turn depended on the type of nanopartcles added to PLA and the compositions. The paper provides valuable information for selection of material and processing conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Surface Modification of 3D Printed PLA Objects by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Review. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments are very popular as a thermoplastic source used in the 3D printing field by the “Fused Deposition Modeling” method in the last decade. The PLA market is expected to reach 5.2 billion US dollars in 2020 for all of its industrial uses. On the other hand, 3D printing is an expanding technology that has a large economic potential in many industries where PLA is one of the main choices as the source polymer due to its ease of printing, environmentally friendly nature, glossiness and multicolor appearance properties. In this review, we first reported the chemical structure, production methods, general properties, and present market of the PLA. Then, the chemical modification possibilities of PLA and its use in 3D printers, present drawbacks, and the surface modification methods of PLA polymers in many different fields were discussed. Specifically, the 3D printing method where the PLA filaments are used in the extrusion-based 3D printing technologies is reviewed in this article. Many methods have been proposed for the permanent surface modifications of the PLA where covalent attachments were formed such as alkaline surface hydrolysis, atom transfer polymerization, photografting by UV light, plasma treatment, and chemical reactions after plasma treatment. Some of these methods can be applied for surface modifications of PLA objects obtained by 3D printing for better performance in biomedical uses and other fields. Some recent publications reporting the surface modification of 3D printed PLA objects were also discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mechanical and degradation properties in alkaline solution of poly(ethylene carbonate)/poly(lactic acid) blends. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fabrication of core-shell structured nanofibers of poly (lactic acid) and poly (vinyl alcohol) by coaxial electrospinning for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Liu X, Aho J, Baldursdottir S, Bohr A, Qu H, Christensen L, Rantanen J, Yang M. The effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid composition on the mechanical properties of electrospun fibrous mats. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:371-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
26
|
Arrington KJ, Waugh JB, Radzinski SC, Matson JB. Photo- and Biodegradable Thermoplastic Elastomers: Combining Ketone-Containing Polybutadiene with Polylactide Using Ring-Opening Polymerization and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Arrington
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Waugh
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Scott C. Radzinski
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Peng S, Wu B, Wu L, Li BG, Dubois P. Hydrolytic degradation of biobased poly(butylene succinate-co-furandicarboxylate) and poly(butylene adipate-co-furandicarboxylate) copolyesters under mild conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangbao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at ZJU; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - BinShuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at ZJU; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Linbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at ZJU; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at ZJU; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Philippe Dubois
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at ZJU; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM); Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) University of Mons; 7000 Belgium
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT); Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST); Esch-sur-Alzette 4362 Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castro-Aguirre E, Iñiguez-Franco F, Samsudin H, Fang X, Auras R. Poly(lactic acid)-Mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:333-366. [PMID: 27046295 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Global awareness of material sustainability has increased the demand for bio-based polymers like poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which are seen as a desirable alternative to fossil-based polymers because they have less environmental impact. PLA is an aliphatic polyester, primarily produced by industrial polycondensation of lactic acid and/or ring-opening polymerization of lactide. Melt processing is the main technique used for mass production of PLA products for the medical, textile, plasticulture, and packaging industries. To fulfill additional desirable product properties and extend product use, PLA has been blended with other resins or compounded with different fillers such as fibers, and micro- and nanoparticles. This paper presents a review of the current status of PLA mass production, processing techniques and current applications, and also covers the methods to tailor PLA properties, the main PLA degradation reactions, PLA products' end-of-life scenarios and the environmental footprint of this unique polymer.
Collapse
|
29
|
Synthesis of polylactide acrylate derivatives for the preparation of 3D structures by photo-curing. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Yin HM, Qian J, Zhang J, Lin ZF, Li JS, Xu JZ, Li ZM. Engineering Porous Poly(lactic acid) Scaffolds with High Mechanical Performance via a Solid State Extrusion/Porogen Leaching Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E213. [PMID: 30979308 PMCID: PMC6432203 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A knotty issue concerning the poor mechanical properties exists in the porogen leaching approach to porous scaffolds, despite its advantage in tuning pore structure. To address this hurdle, solid state extrusion (SSE) combined with porogen leaching was utilized to engineer porous scaffolds of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Advances introduced by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) caused the PLA ductile to be processed and, on the other hand, enabled the formation of interconnected pores. Thus, a well-interconnected porous architecture with high connectivity exceeding 97% and elevated porosity over 60% was obtained in the as-prepared PLA scaffolds with the composition of NaCl higher than 75.00 wt % and PEG beyond 1.25 wt %. More strikingly, the pore walls of macropores encompassed countless micropores and rough surface topography, in favor of transporting nutrients and metabolites as well as cell attachment. The prominent compressive modulus of the PLA scaffolds was in the range of 85.7⁻207.4 MPa, matching the normal modulus of human trabecular bone (50⁻250 MPa). By means of alkaline modification to improve hydrophilicity, biocompatible porous PLA scaffolds exhibited good cell attachment. These results suggest that the SSE/porogen leaching approach provides an eligible clue for fabricating porous scaffolds with high mechanical performance for use as artificial extracellular matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Mo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jing Qian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zai-Fu Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jian-Shu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Muller J, Jiménez A, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A. Influence of plasticizers on thermal properties and crystallization behaviour of poly(lactic acid) films obtained by compression moulding. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Muller
- Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo Camino de Vera; s/n Valencia Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez
- Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo Camino de Vera; s/n Valencia Spain
| | - Chelo González-Martínez
- Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo Camino de Vera; s/n Valencia Spain
| | - Amparo Chiralt
- Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo Camino de Vera; s/n Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wright C, Banerjee A, Yan X, Storms-Miller WK, Pugh C. Synthesis of Functionalized Poly(lactic acid) Using 2-Bromo-3-hydroxypropionic Acid. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wright
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Abhishek Banerjee
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Xiang Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | | | - Coleen Pugh
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Newly Developed Techniques on Polycondensation, Ring-Opening Polymerization and Polymer Modification: Focus on Poly(Lactic Acid). MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9030133. [PMID: 28773260 PMCID: PMC5456738 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization are two important polymer synthesis methods. Poly(lactic acid), the most typical biodegradable polymer, has been researched extensively from 1900s. It is of significant importance to have an up-to-date review on the recent improvement in techniques for biodegradable polymers. This review takes poly(lactic acid) as the example to present newly developed polymer synthesis techniques on polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization reported in the recent decade (2005–2015) on the basis of industrial technique modifications and advanced laboratory research. Different polymerization methods, including various solvents, heating programs, reaction apparatus and catalyst systems, are summarized and compared with the current industrial production situation. Newly developed modification techniques for polymer properties improvement are also discussed based on the case of poly(lactic acid).
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu Y, Daoud WA, Cheuk KKL, Lin CSK. Newly Developed Techniques on Polycondensation, Ring-Opening Polymerization and Polymer Modification: Focus on Poly(Lactic Acid). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016. [PMID: 28773260 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization are two important polymer synthesis methods. Poly(lactic acid), the most typical biodegradable polymer, has been researched extensively from 1900s. It is of significant importance to have an up-to-date review on the recent improvement in techniques for biodegradable polymers. This review takes poly(lactic acid) as the example to present newly developed polymer synthesis techniques on polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization reported in the recent decade (2005-2015) on the basis of industrial technique modifications and advanced laboratory research. Different polymerization methods, including various solvents, heating programs, reaction apparatus and catalyst systems, are summarized and compared with the current industrial production situation. Newly developed modification techniques for polymer properties improvement are also discussed based on the case of poly(lactic acid).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Hu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Walid A Daoud
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kevin Ka Leung Cheuk
- The Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maharana T, Pattanaik S, Routaray A, Nath N, Sutar AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(lactic acid) based graft copolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
36
|
Shayan M, Azizi H, Ghasemi I, Karrabi M. Effect of modified starch and nanoclay particles on biodegradability and mechanical properties of cross-linked poly lactic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
37
|
Dixit K, Athawale RB, Singh S. Quality control of residual solvent content in polymeric microparticles. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:107-22. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.995730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
38
|
Yu X, Liu F, Wang L, Xiong Z, Wang Y. Robust poly(lactic acid) membranes improved by polysulfone-g-poly(lactic acid) copolymers for hemodialysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel brush-like copolymer was synthesized to toughen and modify PLA membrane. Modified PLA membrane showed improved mechanical, thermal and filtration performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Fu Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Linghui Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Zhu Xiong
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Yunze Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
He Y, Hu Z, Ren M, Ding C, Chen P, Gu Q, Wu Q. Evaluation of PHBHHx and PHBV/PLA fibers used as medical sutures. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:561-571. [PMID: 24178983 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two types of fibers were prepared by using bio-based materials: a mono-filament made from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and a multi-filament made from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend. The two fibers were evaluated for mechanical properties, biocompatibility and degradability for the potential application as medical sutures. The PHBHHx fiber showed remarkable biocompatibility by H.E. Stainning, with very little impact to the surrounding tissues. The degradation of the fiber was observed by SEM after implantation for 36 weeks, and the major degradation product was detected after 96 weeks. Consistently, the PHBHHx fiber maintained more than half of the mechanical properties after 96 weeks. The other fiber was prepared by twisting PHBV/PLA blend strands to a bunch, and showed high biocompatibility and relatively high degradability. The bunched structure loosed after 36 weeks of implantation. These low-cost and easily prepared fibers have great potential in medical applications, since they could avoid the formation of fibrous capsule, reduce the size of scar, and degrade into non-toxic and even beneficial products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Abatract: The poly (L-lactide)/laponite composite films are prepared by the method of solution blending with polylactide (PLA) and laponite. The results show that when laponite content was lower than 0.2 %( mass w/w), laponite can be uniform dispersed in PLA and the composed material had good stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study demonstrates that PLA was successfully incorporated with laponite by Si-O bond. The mechanical measurement reveals that the tensile strength of PLA/laponite composite film has been increased with compared to pure PLA. The water contact angle (WCA) tests indicate that the hydrophobicity of the laponite modified PLA films can be improved. The present study reveals that the laponite as a complexing agent can improve the mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of PLA.
Collapse
|
41
|
Effect of organoclay on non-linear rheological properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(caprolactone) blends. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
Ren Z, Li H, Sun X, Yan S, Yang Y. Fabrication of High Toughness Poly(lactic acid) by Combining Plasticization with Cross-linking Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Yang
- Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martelo L, Jiménez A, Valente AJM, Burrows HD, Marques AT, Forster M, Scherf U, Peltzer M, Fonseca SM. Incorporation of polyfluorenes into poly(lactic acid) films for sensor and optoelectronics applications. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Qiang T, Yu D, Gao H. Wood flour/polylactide biocomposites toughened with polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Leu YY, Mohd Ishak ZA, Chow WS. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of injection molded poly(lactic acid)/SEBS-g-MAH/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
46
|
Yang G, Su J, Su R, Zhang Q, Fu Q, Na B. Toughening of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) by Annealing: The Effect of Crystal Morphologies and Modifications. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.565263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Su
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Na
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Qi R, Luo M, Huang M. Synthesis of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene triblock copolymer-g-polylactic acid copolymer and its potential application as a toughener for polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Rasal RM, Hirt DE. Micropatterning of Covalently Attached Biotin on Poly(lactic acid) Film Surfaces. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:989-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|