1
|
Marino S, Bellido T. PTH receptor signalling, osteocytes and bone disease induced by diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01014-7. [PMID: 39020007 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Basic, translational and clinical research over the past few decades has provided new understanding on the mechanisms by which activation of the receptor of parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R)) regulates bone physiology and pathophysiology. A fundamental change in the field emerged upon the recognition that osteocytes, which are permanent residents of bone and the most abundant cells in bone, are targets of the actions of natural and synthetic ligands of PTH1R (parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, respectively), and that these cells drive essential actions related to bone remodelling. Among the numerous genes regulated by PTH1R in osteocytes, SOST (which encodes sclerostin, the WNT signalling antagonist and inhibitor of bone formation) has a critical role in bone homeostasis and changes in its expression are associated with several bone pathologies. The bone fragility syndrome induced by diabetes mellitus is accompanied by increased osteocyte apoptosis and changes in the expression of osteocytic genes, including SOST. This Review will discuss advances in our knowledge of the role of osteocytes in PTH1R signalling and the new opportunities to restore bone health in diabetes mellitus by targeting the osteocytic PTH1R-sclerostin axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lozano D, Gortazar AR, Portal-Núñez S. Osteostatin, a peptide for the future treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116177. [PMID: 38552853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases represents a major challenge in the developed world. Diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and arthritis have a high incidence and prevalence as a consequence of population aging, and they are also associated with a socioeconomic burden. Many efforts have been made to find a treatment for these diseases with various levels of success, but new approaches are still needed to deal with these pathologies. In this context, one peptide derived for the C-terminal extreme of the Parathormone related Peptide (PTHrP) called Osteostatin can be useful to treat musculoskeletal diseases. This pentapeptide (TRSAW) has demonstrated both in different in vitro and in vivo models, its role as a molecule with anti-resorptive, anabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-antioxidant properties. Our aim with this work is to review the Osteostatin main features, the knowledge of its mechanisms of action as well as its possible use for the treatment of osteoporosis, bone regeneration and fractures and against arthritis given its anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Grupo de Fisiopatología Ósea, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Aplicada de la Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe s/n, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Grupo de Fisiopatología Ósea, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Aplicada de la Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe s/n, 28925 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marino S, Ozgurel SU, McAndrews K, Cregor M, Villaseñor A, Mamani-Huanca M, Barbas C, Gortazar A, Sato AY, Bellido T. Abaloparatide is more potent than teriparatide in restoring bone mass and strength in type 1 diabetic male mice. Bone 2024; 181:117042. [PMID: 38360197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of the two FDA-approved bone anabolic ligands of the parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R), teriparatide or human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) and abaloparatide (ABL), to restoring skeletal health using a preclinical murine model of streptozotocin-induced T1-DM. Intermittent daily subcutaneous injections of equal molar doses (12 pmoles/g/day) of PTH (50 ng/g/day), ABL (47.5 ng/g/day), or vehicle, were administered for 28 days to 5-month-old C57Bl/6 J male mice with established T1-DM or control (C) mice. ABL was superior to PTH in increasing or restoring bone mass in control or T1-MD mice, respectively, which was associated with superior stimulation of trabecular and periosteal bone formation, upregulation of osteoclastic/osteoblastic gene expression, and increased circulating bone remodeling markers. Only ABL corrected the reduction in ultimate load, which is a measure of bone strength, induced by T1-DM, and it also increased energy to ultimate load. In addition, bones from T1-DM mice treated with PTH or ABL exhibited increased ultimate stress, a material index, compared to T1-DM mice administered with vehicle. And both PTH and ABL prevented the increased expression of the Wnt antagonist Sost/sclerostin displayed by T1-DM mice. Further, PTH and ABL increased to a similar extent the circulating bone resorption marker CTX and the bone formation marker P1NP in T1-DM after 2 weeks of treatment; however, only ABL sustained these increases after 4 weeks of treatment. We conclude that at equal molar doses, ABL is more effective than PTH in increasing bone mass and restoring the cortical and trabecular bone lost with T1-DM, due to higher and longer-lasting increases in bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Serra Ucer Ozgurel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Meloney Cregor
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maricuz Mamani-Huanca
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arancha Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bolger MW, Tekkey T, Kohn DH. Peripheral canalicular branching is decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and correlates with decreased whole-bone ultimate load and perilacunar elastic work. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad017. [PMID: 38505218 PMCID: PMC10945723 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant cell type in bone, play a crucial role in mechanosensation and signaling for bone formation and resorption. These cells reside within a complex lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN). Osteocyte signaling is reduced under diabetic conditions, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes lead to reduced bone turnover, perturbed bone composition, and increased fracture risk. We hypothesized that this reduced bone turnover, and altered bone composition with diabetes is associated with reduced OLCN architecture and connectivity. This study aimed to elucidate: (1) the sequence of OLCN changes with diabetes related to bone turnover and (2) whether changes to the OLCN are associated with tissue composition and mechanical properties. Twelve- to fourteen-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were administered streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days to induce hyperglycemia, sacrificed at baseline (BL), or after being diabetic for 3 (D3) and 7 (D7) wk with age-matched (C3, C7) controls (n = 10-12 per group). Mineralized femoral sections were infiltrated with rhodamine, imaged with confocal microscopy, then the OLCN morphology and topology were characterized and correlated against bone histomorphometry, as well as local and whole-bone mechanics and composition. D7 mice exhibited a lower number of peripheral branches relative to C7. The total number of canalicular intersections (nodes) was lower in D3 and D7 relative to BL (P < 0.05 for all), and a reduced bone formation rate (BFR) was observed at D7 vs C7. The number of nodes explained only 15% of BFR, but 45% of Ct.BV/TV, and 31% of ultimate load. The number of branches explained 30% and 22% of the elastic work at the perilacunar and intracortical region, respectively. Collectively, the reduction in OLCN architecture and association of OLCN measures with bone turnover, mechanics, and composition highlights the relevance of the osteocyte and the OLCN and a potential therapeutic target for treating diabetic skeletal fragility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Bolger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tara Tekkey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Milovanovic P, Busse B. Micropetrosis: Osteocyte Lacunar Mineralization in Aging and Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:750-757. [PMID: 37917286 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the importance of osteocytes for bone mineral homeostasis is increasingly recognized, there is growing interest in osteocyte cell death as a relevant indicator in various physiological and pathological conditions. Micropetrosis is an established term used to describe osteocyte lacunae that are filled with minerals following osteocyte death. While the early reports of micropetrosis were purely descriptive, there is now an increasing body of literature showing quantitative data on micropetrosis in various conditions such as aging, osteoporosis, immobilization, and diabetes, and in osteoporosis treatment (denosumab and bisphosphonates). This review summarizes quantitative findings on micropetrosis, with a particular emphasis on the recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing evidence that micropetrosis is more common in older, osteoporotic, and immobilized individuals, as well as in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Denosumab and bisphosphonates seem to affect lacunar mineralization differently, where specifically bisphosphonates have been shown to prolong osteocyte viability and reduce micropetrosis. Despite continuous proceedings in the field of osteocyte-lacunar-network characteristics, more studies are necessary to further clarify the mechanisms of lacunar mineralization, the inter-site variability of micropetrosis accumulation, the relevance of micropetrosis in various diseases and conditions, and whether micropetrosis could be an indicator of bone fragility or a target for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Milovanovic
- Center of Bone Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lewiecki EM, Bellido T, Bilezikian JP, Brown JP, Farooki A, Kovacs CS, Lee B, Leslie WD, McClung MR, Prasarn ML, Sellmeyer DE. Proceedings of the 2023 Santa Fe Bone Symposium: Progress and Controversies in the Management of Patients with Skeletal Diseases. J Clin Densitom 2023; 26:101432. [PMID: 37944445 PMCID: PMC10900844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2023.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Santa Fe Bone Symposium (SFBS) held its 23rd annual event on August 5-6, 2023, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Attendees participated in-person and remotely, representing many states and countries. The program included plenary presentations, panel discussions, satellite symposia, a Project ECHO workshop, and a session on healthcare policy and reimbursement for fracture liaison programs. A broad range of topics were addressed, including transitions of osteoporosis treatments over a lifetime; controversies in vitamin D; update on Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry; spine surgery and bone health; clinical applications of bone turnover markers; basic bone biology for clinicians; premenopausal-, pregnancy-, and lactation-associated osteoporosis; cancer treatment induced bone loss in patients with breast cancer and prostate cancer; genetic testing for skeletal diseases; and an update on nutrition and bone health. There were also sessions on rare bone diseases, including managing patients with hypophosphatasia; treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia; and assessment and treatment of patients with hypoparathyroidism. There were oral presentations of abstracts by endocrinology fellows selected from those who participated in the Santa Fe Fellows Workshop on Metabolic Bone Diseases, held the 2 days prior to the SFBS. These proceedings of the 2023 SFBS present the clinical highlights and insights generated from many formal and informal discussions in Santa Fe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Michael Lewiecki
- New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Azeez Farooki
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Brendan Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bolger MW, Tekkey T, Kohn DH. The Contribution of Perilacunar Composition and Mechanical Properties to Whole-Bone Mechanical Outcomes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:229-245. [PMID: 37261462 PMCID: PMC11144452 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in bone and remodel their local perilacunar matrix in response to a variety of stimuli and diseases. How the perilacunar composition and mechanical properties are affected by type 1 diabetes (T1D), and the contribution of these local changes to the decline in whole-bone functional properties that occurs with diabetes remains unclear. 12-14 week old C57/BL6 male mice were administered a series of low-dose streptozotocin injections and sacrificed at baseline (BL), 3 (D3) and 7 weeks (D7) following confirmation of diabetes, along with age-matched controls (C3, C7). Femora were then subjected to a thorough morphological (μCT), mechanical (four-point bending, nanoindentation), and compositional (HPLC for collagen cross-links, Raman spectroscopy) analysis at the whole-bone and local (perilacunar and intracortical) levels. At the whole-bone level, D7 mice exhibited 10.7% lower ultimate load and 26.4% lower post-yield work relative to C7. These mechanical changes coincided with 52.2% higher levels of pentosidine at D7 compared to C7. At the local level, the creep distance increased, while modulus and hardness decreased in the perilacunar region relative to the intracortical for D7 mice, suggesting a spatial uncoupling in skeletal adaptation. D7 mice also exhibited increased matrix maturity in the 1660/1690 cm-1 ratio at both regions relative to C7. The perilacunar matrix maturity was predictive of post-yield work (46%), but perilacunar measures were not predictive of ultimate load, which was better explained by cortical area (26%). These results show that diabetes causes local perilacunar composition perturbations that affect whole-bone level mechanical properties, implicating osteocyte maintenance of its local matrix in the progression of diabetic skeletal fragility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Bolger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tara Tekkey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Librizzi M, Naselli F, Abruscato G, Luparello C, Caradonna F. Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein (PTHrP)-Associated Molecular Signatures in Tissue Differentiation and Non-Tumoral Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:950. [PMID: 37508381 PMCID: PMC10376784 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is encoded by the PTHLH gene which, via alternative promoter usage and splicing mechanisms, can give rise to at least three isoforms of 139, 141, and 173 amino acids with distinct C-terminals. PTHrP is subjected to different post-translational processing that generates smaller bioactive forms, comprising amino terminus, mid-region (containing a nuclear/nucleolar targeting signal), and carboxy terminus peptides. Both the full-length protein and the discrete peptides are key controllers of viability, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in diverse normal and pathological biological systems via the reprogramming of gene expression and remodulation of PKA or PKC-mediated signalization mechanisms. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies on PTHrP-associated signatures as revealed by molecular profiling assays, focusing on the available data about exemplary differentiating, differentiated, or nontumoral cell and tissue models. In particular, the data presented relate to adipose, bone, dental, cartilaginous, and skin tissues, as well as intestinal, renal, hepatic, pulmonary, and pancreatic epithelia, with a focus on hepatic fibrosis-, pancreatitis-, and diabetes-related changes as diseased states. When reported, the biochemical and/or physiological aspects associated with the specific molecular modulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways in the target model systems under examination are also briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Flores Naselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Abruscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kitase Y, Prideaux M. Regulation of the Osteocyte Secretome with Aging and Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:48-67. [PMID: 37148298 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As the most numerous and long-lived of all bone cells, osteocytes have essential functions in regulating skeletal health. Through the lacunar-canalicular system, secreted proteins from osteocytes can reach cells throughout the bone. Furthermore, the intimate connectivity between the lacunar-canalicular system and the bone vasculature allows for the transport of osteocyte-secreted factors into the circulation to reach the entire body. Local and endocrine osteocyte signaling regulates physiological processes such as bone remodeling, bone mechanoadaptation, and mineral homeostasis. However, these processes are disrupted by impaired osteocyte function induced by aging and disease. Dysfunctional osteocyte signaling is now associated with the pathogenesis of many disorders, including chronic kidney disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis. In this review, we focus on the targeting of bone and extraskeletal tissues by the osteocyte secretome. In particular, we highlight the secreted osteocyte proteins, which are known to be dysregulated during aging and disease, and their roles during disease progression. We also discuss how therapeutic or genetic targeting of osteocyte-secreted proteins can improve both skeletal and systemic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kitase
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marino S, Akel N, Li S, Cregor M, Jones M, Perez B, Troncoso G, Meeks J, Stewart S, Sato AY, Nookaew I, Bellido T. Reversal of the diabetic bone signature with anabolic therapies in mice. Bone Res 2023; 11:19. [PMID: 37076478 PMCID: PMC10115794 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the bone disease induced by diabetes are complex and not fully understood; and antiresorptive agents, the current standard of care, do not restore the weakened bone architecture. Herein, we reveal the diabetic bone signature in mice at the tissue, cell, and transcriptome levels and demonstrate that three FDA-approved bone-anabolic agents correct it. Diabetes decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and bone formation, damaged microarchitecture, increased porosity of cortical bone, and compromised bone strength. Teriparatide (PTH), abaloparatide (ABL), and romosozumab/anti-sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) all restored BMD and corrected the deteriorated bone architecture. Mechanistically, PTH and more potently ABL induced similar responses at the tissue and gene signature levels, increasing both formation and resorption with positive balance towards bone gain. In contrast, Scl-Ab increased formation but decreased resorption. All agents restored bone architecture, corrected cortical porosity, and improved mechanical properties of diabetic bone; and ABL and Scl-Ab increased toughness, a fracture resistance index. Remarkably, all agents increased bone strength over the healthy controls even in the presence of severe hyperglycemia. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic value of bone anabolic agents to treat diabetes-induced bone disease and suggest the need for revisiting the approaches for the treatment of bone fragility in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nisreen Akel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shenyang Li
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Meloney Cregor
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Meghan Jones
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Betiana Perez
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gaston Troncoso
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jomeeka Meeks
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Scott Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dragoun Kolibová S, Wölfel EM, Hemmatian H, Milovanovic P, Mushumba H, Wulff B, Neidhardt M, Püschel K, Failla AV, Vlug A, Schlaefer A, Ondruschka B, Amling M, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M, Busse B, Jähn-Rickert K. Osteocyte apoptosis and cellular micropetrosis signify skeletal aging in type 1 diabetes. Acta Biomater 2023; 162:254-265. [PMID: 36878337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone fragility is a profound complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), increasing patient morbidity. Within the mineralized bone matrix, osteocytes build a mechanosensitive network that orchestrates bone remodeling; thus, osteocyte viability is crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis. In human cortical bone specimens from individuals with T1DM, we found signs of accelerated osteocyte apoptosis and local mineralization of osteocyte lacunae (micropetrosis) compared with samples from age-matched controls. Such morphological changes were seen in the relatively young osteonal bone matrix on the periosteal side, and micropetrosis coincided with microdamage accumulation, implying that T1DM drives local skeletal aging and thereby impairs the biomechanical competence of the bone tissue. The consequent dysfunction of the osteocyte network hampers bone remodeling and decreases bone repair mechanisms, potentially contributing to the enhanced fracture risk seen in individuals with T1DM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes hyperglycemia. Increased bone fragility is one of the complications associated with T1DM. Our latest study on T1DM-affected human cortical bone identified the viability of osteocytes, the primary bone cells, as a potentially critical factor in T1DM-bone disease. We linked T1DM with increased osteocyte apoptosis and local accumulation of mineralized lacunar spaces and microdamage. Such structural changes in bone tissue suggest that T1DM speeds up the adverse effects of aging, leading to the premature death of osteocytes and potentially contributing to diabetes-related bone fragility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Dragoun Kolibová
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petar Milovanovic
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Bone Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Herbert Mushumba
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Institute of Legal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Wulff
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Institute of Legal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Neidhardt
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Am-Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, Hamburg 21073, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Institute of Legal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, UKE microscopy Imaging facility, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annegreet Vlug
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Schlaefer
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Am-Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, Hamburg 21073, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Institute of Legal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Jähn-Rickert
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan X, Amin V, Zhu T, Kittaka M, Ueki Y, Bellido TM, Turkkahraman H. Type 1 diabetes mellitus leads to gingivitis and an early compensatory increase in bone remodeling. J Periodontol 2023; 94:277-289. [PMID: 35869905 PMCID: PMC9868190 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and periodontitis have long been thought to be biologically connected. Indeed, T1DM is a risk factor for periodontal disease. With the population of diabetic individuals growing, it is more important than ever to understand the negative consequences of diabetes on the periodontium and the mechanisms. The aim of this study was to find out the early effects of T1DM on the periodontium without any experimentally induced periodontitis. METHODS We established the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model and examined the periodontium 8 weeks later by histology, molecular and cellular assays. Microcomputed tomographic (𝜇CT) imaging and in vivo fluorochrome labeling were also used to quantify bone volume and mineral apposition rates (MAR). RESULTS The histologic appearance of epithelium tissue, connective tissue, and periodontal ligament in the diabetic condition was comparable with that of control mice. However, immune cell infiltration in the gingiva was dramatically elevated in the diabetic mice, which was accompanied by unmineralized connective tissue degeneration. Bone resorption activity was significantly increased in the diabetic mice, and quantitative 𝜇CT demonstrated the bone volume, the ratio of bone volume over tissue volume, and cemento-enamel junction to alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) in the diabetic condition were equivalent to those in the control group. In vivo fluorochrome labeling revealed increased MAR and bone remodeling in the diabetic mice. Further investigation found the diabetic mice had more osteoprogenitors recruited to the periodontium, allowing more bone formation to balance the enhanced bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS STZ-induced T1DM mice, at an early stage, have elevated gingival inflammation and soft tissue degeneration and increased bone resorption; but still the alveolar bone was preserved by recruiting more osteoprogenitor cells and increasing the rate of bone formation. We conclude that inflammation and periodontitis precede alveolar bone deterioration in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vedanshi Amin
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianli Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mizuho Kittaka
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yasuyoshi Ueki
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresita M. Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hakan Turkkahraman
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma Q, Miri Z, Haugen HJ, Moghanian A, Loca D. Significance of mechanical loading in bone fracture healing, bone regeneration, and vascularization. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231172573. [PMID: 37251734 PMCID: PMC10214107 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231172573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1892, J.L. Wolff proposed that bone could respond to mechanical and biophysical stimuli as a dynamic organ. This theory presents a unique opportunity for investigations on bone and its potential to aid in tissue repair. Routine activities such as exercise or machinery application can exert mechanical loads on bone. Previous research has demonstrated that mechanical loading can affect the differentiation and development of mesenchymal tissue. However, the extent to which mechanical stimulation can help repair or generate bone tissue and the related mechanisms remain unclear. Four key cell types in bone tissue, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, and osteocytes, play critical roles in responding to mechanical stimuli, while other cell lineages such as myocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes also exhibit mechanosensitivity. Mechanical loading can regulate the biological functions of bone tissue through the mechanosensor of bone cells intraosseously, making it a potential target for fracture healing and bone regeneration. This review aims to clarify these issues and explain bone remodeling, structure dynamics, and mechano-transduction processes in response to mechanical loading. Loading of different magnitudes, frequencies, and types, such as dynamic versus static loads, are analyzed to determine the effects of mechanical stimulation on bone tissue structure and cellular function. Finally, the importance of vascularization in nutrient supply for bone healing and regeneration was further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute
of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, School of
Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zahra Miri
- Department of Materials Engineering,
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute
of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Amirhossein Moghanian
- Department of Materials Engineering,
Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Dagnjia Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials
Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga,
Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of
Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang R, Qiao H, Qian Y, Zhen G, Zhao Z, Li Y. Abaloparatide and teriparatide enhance mandibular growth in adolescent rats with site-specific and mechano-related effects. Eur J Orthod 2022; 45:224-234. [PMID: 36576115 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Teriparatide (TPTD) and abaloparatide (ABL) are two osteoanabolic drugs targeting parathyroid hormone (PTH)1R signalling. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TPTD and ABL on the adolescent mandibular growth. METHOD In total, 70 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 14 groups, treated with intermittent TPDT or ABL at various doses, accompanied by mandibular advancement (MA) or not. 3D printing was used to fabricate an innovative splint for MA. After a 4-week treatment, morphological measurement, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. Mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCCs) were treated with TPTD or ABL, followed by CCK-8 assay, alcian blue staining, real time-PCR and immunofluorescent staining. RESULT In vivo, TPTD or ABL alone increased the condylar length and cartilage thickness, with up-regulated SOX9 and COL II, whilst down-regulated COL X; however, when combined with MA, the promotive effects were attenuated. TPTD or ABL alone increased the mandibular body height and mandibular angle width, whilst increased the mandibular body length and alveolar bone width when combined with MA. In vitro, TPTD or ABL enhanced the MCC proliferation, glycosaminoglycan synthesis, COL II and SOX9 expression, whilst down-regulated COL X, Ihh and PTH1R expression. CONCLUSION Both ABL and TPTD enhance mandibular growth in adolescent rats with site-specific and mechano-related effects, including propelling chondrogenesis at the condylar cartilage and promoting bone apposition at other mechano-responsive sites. They behave as promising drugs for mandibular growth modification, and in general ABL seems more potent than TPTD in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuran Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tirado‐Cabrera I, Martin‐Guerrero E, Heredero‐Jimenez S, Ardura JA, Gortázar AR. PTH1R translocation to primary cilia in mechanically-stimulated ostecytes prevents osteoclast formation via regulation of CXCL5 and IL-6 secretion. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3927-3943. [PMID: 35933642 PMCID: PMC9804361 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes respond to mechanical forces controlling osteoblast and osteoclast function. Mechanical stimulation decreases osteocyte apoptosis and promotes bone formation. Primary cilia have been described as potential mechanosensors in bone cells. Certain osteogenic responses induced by fluid flow (FF) in vitro are decreased by primary cilia inhibition in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTH1R) modulates osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte effects upon activation by PTH or PTH-related protein (PTHrP) in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, some actions of PTH1R seem to be triggered directly by mechanical stimulation. We hypothesize that PTH1R forms a signaling complex in the primary cilium that is essential for mechanotransduction in osteocytes and affects osteocyte-osteoclast communication. MLO-Y4 osteocytes were stimulated by FF or PTHrP (1-37). PTH1R and primary cilia signaling were abrogated using PTH1R or primary cilia specific siRNAs or inhibitors, respectively. Conditioned media obtained from mechanically- or PTHrP-stimulated MLO-Y4 cells inhibited the migration of preosteoclastic cells and osteoclast differentiation. Redistribution of PTH1R along the entire cilium was observed in mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells. Preincubation of MLO-Y4 cells with the Gli-1 antagonist, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor (SQ22536), or with the phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), affected the migration of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis. Proteomic analysis and neutralizing experiments showed that FF and PTH1R activation control osteoclast function through the modulation of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CXCL5) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in osteocytes. These novel findings indicate that both primary cilium and PTH1R are necessary in osteocytes for proper communication with osteoclasts and show that mechanical stimulation inhibits osteoclast recruitment and differentiation through CXCL5, while PTH1R activation regulate these processes via IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tirado‐Cabrera
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Martin‐Guerrero
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Sara Heredero‐Jimenez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Juan A. Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Arancha R. Gortázar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ucer Ozgurel S, Swallow EA, Metzger CE, Allen MR. Femoral Skeletal Perfusion is Reduced in Male Mice with Type 1 Diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:323-330. [PMID: 35704049 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The bone vasculature and blood flow are critical for bone modeling, remodeling, and regeneration. Vascular complications are one of the major health concerns of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Moreover, people with T1D have lower bone mineral density and increased bone fragility. The goal of this study was to understand whether bone perfusion was altered in a mouse model of T1D and how this related to changes in bone mass. T1D was induced via the administration of streptozotocin in 12-week-old C57BL/6NHsd male mice. The assessment of bone perfusion utilized the injection of fluorescent microspheres with assessment of levels in the bone. Femoral blood flow and VEGF-A expression in the cortical bone shafts were lower in the T1D mice, compared to healthy controls, in this pattern followed that of changes in bone mass. These data demonstrate a possible association between reduced skeletal perfusion and reduced bone mass in the setting of T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serra Ucer Ozgurel
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Swallow
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine - Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effect of chronic lithium on mechanical sensitivity and trabecular bone loss induced by type-1 diabetes mellitus in mice. Biometals 2022; 35:1033-1042. [PMID: 35849260 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic condition characterized by long-term hyperglycemia that results in several complications such as painful peripheral neuropathy, bone deterioration, and increased risk of bone fractures. Lithium, a first-line therapy for bipolar disorder, has become an attractive agent for attenuating peripheral neuropathy and menopause-induced bone loss. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effect of chronic lithium treatment on mechanical hypersensitivity and trabecular bone loss induced by T1DM in mice. T1DM was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day, for 5 consecutive days). 12 weeks after T1DM-induction, mice received a daily intraperitoneal injection of vehicle, 30 or 60 mg/kg lithium (as LiCl) for 6 weeks. Throughout the treatment period, blood glucose levels and mechanical sensitivity were evaluated every 2 weeks. After lithium treatment, the femur and L5 vertebra were harvested for microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis. T1DM mice showed significant hyperglycemia, mechanical hypersensitivity, and significant trabecular bone loss as compared with the control group. Chronic lithium treatment did not revert the hindpaw mechanical hypersensitivity nor hyperglycemia associated to T1DM induced by STZ. In contrast, microCT analysis revealed that lithium reverted, in a dose-dependent manner, the loss of trabecular bone associated to T1DM induced by STZ at both the distal femur and L5 vertebra. Lithium treatment by itself did not affect any trabecular bone parameter in non-diabetic mice.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang YW, Cao MM, Li YJ, Dai GC, Lu PP, Zhang M, Bai LY, Chen XX, Zhang C, Shi L, Rui YF. The regulative effect and repercussion of probiotics and prebiotics on osteoporosis: involvement of brain-gut-bone axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7510-7528. [PMID: 35234534 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2047005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by decreased bone mass and degeneration of bone microstructure. In recent years, more and more researches have focused on the close relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and the occurrence and progression of OP, and the regulation of probiotics and prebiotics on bone metabolism has gradually become a research hotspot. Based on the influence of brain-gut-bone axis on bone metabolism, this review expounds the potential mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics on OP from next perspectives: regulation of intestinal metabolites, regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function, involvement of neuromodulation, involvement of immune regulation and involvement of endocrine regulation, so as to provide a novel and promising idea for the prevention and treatment of OP in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Min Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Juan Li
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Chun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yong Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a recent update on bioenergetic pathways in osteocytes and identify potential future areas of research interest. Studies have identified a role for regulation of bone formation and bone resorption through osteocyte mechanosensing and osteocyte secreted factors. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of studies on the bioenergetics and energy metabolism of osteocytes, which are required for the regulation of bone remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS Osteocytes are cells of the osteoblast lineage embedded in bone. The osteocyte lacunocanalicular network within the skeletal matrix is exposed to a unique hypoxic environment. Therefore, the bioenergetic requirements of these cells could differ from other bone cells due to its location in the ossified matrix and its role in bone regulation transduced by mechanical signals. Recent findings highlighted in this review provide some evidence that metabolism of these cells is dependent on their location due to the substrates present in the microenvironment and metabolic cues from stress pathways. Both glycolysis (glucose metabolism) and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial dynamics, ROS generation) affect osteocyte function and viability. In this review, we provide evidence that is currently available about information regarding bioenergetics pathways in osteocytes. We discuss published studies showing a role for hypoxia-driven glucose metabolism in regulating osteocyte bioenergetics. We also provide information on various substrates that osteocytes could utilize to fuel energetic needs, namely pyruvate, amino acids, and fatty acids. This is based on some preliminary experimental evidence that is available in literature. The role of parathyroid hormone PTH and parathryoid hormone-related peptide PTHrP in bone anabolism and resorption, along with regulation of metabolic pathways in the cells of the skeletal niche, needs to be explored further. Mitochondrial metabolism has a role in osteocyte bioenergetics through substrate utilization, location of the osteocyte in the bone cortex, and mitochondrial biogenesis. While there are limitations in studying metabolic flux in traditional cell lines, there are now novel cell lines and sophisticated tools available to study osteocyte bioenergetics to help harness its potential in vivo in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivin Karthik
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shah M, Appuswamy AV, Rao SD, Dhaliwal R. Treatment of bone fragility in patients with diabetes: antiresorptive versus anabolic? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:377-382. [PMID: 34010225 PMCID: PMC8244995 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of bone fragility in diabetes has not been fully characterized. The antifracture efficacy of available therapies remains unproven in patients with diabetes. We aim to collate current evidence of the treatment of diabetic bone fragility, and to provide a rationale for considering optimal therapeutic option in patients with diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive and anabolic therapies is well established in patients without diabetes. Studies in patients with osteoporosis have shown that anabolic therapies lead to faster and larger benefits to bone mineral density and offer greater protection against fracture than antiresorptive therapies. Available data suggest that antiresorptive and anabolic therapies have similar effect on bone density and fracture risk reduction in patients with and without diabetes. However, the evidence in diabetes is limited to observational studies and post hoc analyses of osteoporosis studies. SUMMARY There are no specific guidelines for the treatment of bone fragility in patients with diabetes. We offer a rationale for use of anabolic therapies in diabetes which is a low bone formation state, in contrast to postmenopausal osteoporosis that is characterized by increased bone turnover. Prospective studies evaluating the effect of available therapies on bone quality and fracture outcomes in patients with diabetes are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Shah
- Metabolic Bone Disease Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, NY
| | | | - Sudhaker D. Rao
- Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Ruban Dhaliwal
- Metabolic Bone Disease Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, NY
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ekeuku SO, Chong PN, Chan HK, Mohamed N, Froemming GR, Okechukwu PN. Spirulina supplementation improves bone structural strength and stiffness in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:225-234. [PMID: 35493310 PMCID: PMC9039118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina (blue-green algae) contains a wide range of nutrients with medicinal properties which include β-carotene, chromium, and moderate amounts of vitamins B12. This study aims to determine the preventive effect of spirulina against bone fragility linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 6) and diabetes was induced using streptozocin. Rats with a plasma glucose level of 10 mmol/L and above were orally treated for twelve weeks with either a single dose of spirulina, metformin, or a combined dose of spirulina + metformin per day. After the treatment, blood and bones were taken for biochemical analysis, three-dimensional imaging, 3-point biomechanical analysis, histology imaging and gene expression using qPCR. Results showed that diabetes induction and treatment with metformin caused destruction in the trabecular microarchitecture of the femur bone, reduction in serum bone marker and expression of bone formation marker genes in the experimental rats. Spirulina supplementation showed improved trabecular microarchitecture with a denser trabecular network, increased 25-OH vitamin D levels, and lowered the level of phosphate and calcium in the serum. Biomechanical tests revealed increased maximum force, stress strain, young modulus and histology images showed improvement in regular mesh and an increase in osteoblasts and osteocytes. There was an increase in the expression of bone formation marker osteocalcin. The results suggest that spirulina supplementation was more effective at improving bone structural strength and stiffness in diabetic rats compared to metformin. Spirulina may be able to prevent T2DM-related brittle bone, lowering the risk of fracture.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zeng Y, Liang H, Guo Y, Feng Y, Yao Q. Adiponectin regulates osteocytic MLO-Y4 cell apoptosis in a high-glucose environment through the AMPK/FoxO3a signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7088-7096. [PMID: 33792917 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that persistent hyperglycemia following oxidative stress is associated with the apoptosis of osteocytes in diabetics. Adiponectin (APN) can ameliorate oxidative stress, and its receptors have been identified in bone-forming cells. However, the relationship between APN and osteocyte apoptosis has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether APN could prevent osteocyte apoptosis and regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a high-glucose environment. Hoechst staining and fluorescence microscopy were used to observe the apoptosis of osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Bcl-2. ROS generation was investigated with an active oxygen kit and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the expression of proteins in the AMPK/FoxO3A signaling pathway was also studied by Western blot analysis. In a high-glucose environment, APN promoted the proliferation of MLO-Y4 osteocytes and the expression of Bcl-2 but inhibited the expression of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and ROS in a dose-dependent manner. APN promoted the activation of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK, which reached their highest levels at 10 min and returned to baseline at 30 min. The expression of p-FoxO3A/FoxO3A in both the cytoplasm and nucleus peaked at 15 min, and this expression was returned to baseline at 60 min. In summary, APN has an antiapoptotic effect and regulates ROS generation in MLO-Y4 osteocytes in a high-glucose environment. The AMPK/FoxO3A signaling pathway might be a key signaling pathway that participates in the effect of APN on regulating osteocyte apoptosis in diabetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zeng
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Stomatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hengxing Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunzhi Feng
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gortázar AR, Ardura JA. Osteocytes and Diabetes: Altered Function of Diabetic Osteocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:796-802. [PMID: 33184775 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people in the world. Bone fragility is a complication found in diabetic patients. Although osteoblasts and osteoclasts are directly affected by diabetes, herein we focus on how the diabetic state-based on hyperglycemia and accumulation of advanced glycation end products among other features-impairs osteocyte functions exerting deleterious effects on bone. RECENT FINDINGS In the last years, several studies described that diabetic conditions cause morphological modifications on lacunar-canalicular system, alterations on osteocyte mechanoreceptors and intracellular pathways and on osteocyte communication with other cells through the secretion of proteins such as sclerostin or RANKL. This article gives an overview of events occurring in diabetic osteocytes. In particular, mechanical responses seem to be seriously affected in these conditions, suggesting that mechanical sensibility could be a target for future research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arancha R Gortázar
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU,CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU,CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang J, Chen S, Zong Z, Yang L, Liu D, Bao Q, Du W. The increase in bone resorption in early-stage type I diabetic mice is induced by RANKL secreted by increased bone marrow adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:433-439. [PMID: 32102755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has recently been found to induce osteoclastogenesis by secreting RANKL. Although Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been reported to be associated with increased BMAT and bone loss, little is known about the relationship between BMAT and osteoclasts in T1DM. We studied the role of BMAT in the alterations of osteoclast activities in early-stage T1DM, by using a streptozotocin-induced T1DM mouse model. Our results showed that osteoclast activity was enhanced in the long bones of T1DM mice, accompanied by increased protein expression of RANKL. However, RANKL mRNA levels in bone tissues of T1DM mice remained unchanged. Meanwhile, we found that BMAT was significantly increased in the long bones of T1DM mice, and both mRNA and protein levels of RANKL were elevated in the diabetic BMAT. More importantly, RANKL protein was mainly expressed on the cell membranes of the increased adipocytes, most of which were located next to the metaphyseal region. These results suggest that the enhanced bone resorption in early-stage diabetic mice is induced by RANKL derived from BMAT rather than the bone tissue itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, The 906th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Wenqiong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan Y, Wang L, Ge L, Pathak JL. Osteocyte-Mediated Translation of Mechanical Stimuli to Cellular Signaling and Its Role in Bone and Non-bone-Related Clinical Complications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:67-80. [PMID: 31953640 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes comprise > 95% of the cellular component in bone tissue and produce a wide range of cytokines and cellular signaling molecules in response to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteocyte-mediated translation of mechanical stimuli to cellular signaling, and discuss their role in skeletal (bone) diseases and extra-skeletal (non-bone) clinical complications. RECENT FINDINGS Two decades before, osteocytes were assumed as a dormant cells buried in bone matrix. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that osteocytes are pivotal not only for bone homeostasis but also for vital organ functions such as muscle, kidney, and heart. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates osteoblast and osteoclast function and maintains bone homeostasis. Mechanical stimuli modulate the release of osteocyte-derived cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular cellular vesicles that regulate not only the surrounding bone cell function and bone homeostasis but also the distant organ function in a paracrine and endocrine fashion. Mechanical loading and unloading modulate the osteocytic release of NO, PGE2, and ATPs that regulates multiple cellular signaling such as Wnt/β-catenin, RANKL/OPG, BMPs, PTH, IGF1, VEGF, sclerostin, and others. Therefore, the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of osteocyte mechanotransduction could unravel therapeutic targets for various bone and non-bone-related clinical complications such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cancer metastasis to bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun T, Yan Z, Cai J, Shao X, Wang D, Ding Y, Feng Y, Yang J, Luo E, Feng X, Jing D. Effects of mechanical vibration on cell morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine expression/secretion in osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells exposed to high glucose. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:216-228. [PMID: 31448865 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients exhibit significant bone deterioration. Our recent findings demonstrate that mechanical vibration is capable of resisting diabetic bone loss, whereas the relevant mechanism remains unclear. We herein examined the effects of mechanical vibration on the activities and functions of osteocytes (the most abundant and well-recognized mechanosensitive cells in the bone) exposed to high glucose (HG). The osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells were incubated with 50 mM HG for 24 h, and then stimulated with 1 h/day mechanical vibration (0.5 g, 45 Hz) for 3 days. We found that mechanical vibration significantly increased the proliferation and viability of MLO-Y4 cells under the HG environment via the MTT, BrdU, and Cell Viability Analyzer assays. The apoptosis detection showed that HG-induced apoptosis in MLO-Y4 cells was inhibited by mechanical vibration. Moreover, increased cellular area, microfilament density, and anisotropy in HG-incubated MLO-Y4 cells were observed after mechanical vibration via the F-actin fluorescence staining. The real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results demonstrated that mechanical vibration significantly upregulated the gene and protein expression of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and decreased the sclerostin, DKK1, and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in osteocytes exposed to HG. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays showed that mechanical vibration promoted the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and OPG, and inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and RANKL in the supernatant of HG-treated MLO-Y4 cells. Together, this study demonstrates that mechanical vibration improves osteocytic architecture and viability, and regulates cytokine expression and secretion in the HG environment, and implies the potential great contribution of the modulation of osteocytic activities in resisting diabetic osteopenia/osteoporosis by mechanical vibration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Diagnosis, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Diagnosis, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingyue Yang
- Department of Oncology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ardura JA, Portal-Núñez S, Alonso V, Bravo B, Gortazar AR. Handling Parathormone Receptor Type 1 in Skeletal Diseases: Realities and Expectations of Abaloparatide. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:756-766. [PMID: 31409530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders represent an elevated socioeconomic burden for developed aging societies. Osteoporosis (OP) has been treated with antiresorptive therapies or with teriparatide that was until recently the only anabolic therapy. However, approval of osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with abaloparatide, which is an analog of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), has created a new alternative for OP management. The success of this new treatment is related to differential mechanisms of activation of PTH receptor type 1 (PTH1R) by abaloparatide and PTH. Here, we address the distinguishing mechanisms of PTH1R activation; the effects of PTH1R stimulation in osteoblast, osteocytes, and chondrocytes; the differences between PTH and abaloparatide actions on PTH1R; potential safety concerns; and future perspectives about abaloparatide use in other musculoskeletal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bravo
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Papadopoulou A, Todaro A, Eliades T, Kletsas D. Effect of hyperglycaemic conditions on the response of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to mechanical stretching. Eur J Orthod 2019; 41:583-590. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Objectives
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of high glucose concentration on the response of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) to cyclic tensile strain.
Materials and Methods
Human PDLFs were incubated under normal or high glucose conditions, and then were subjected to cyclic tensile stretching (8 per cent extension, 1 Hz). Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by the 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was monitored by western analysis and osteoblastic differentiation was estimated with Alizarin Red-S staining.
Results
Cyclic tensile stretching of PDLF leads to an immediate activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), as well as to the increased expression of the transcription factor c-fos, known to regulate many osteogenesis-related genes. At later time points, the alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin genes were also upregulated. Hyperglycaemic conditions inhibited these effects. High glucose conditions were unable to increase ROS levels, but they increased the medium’s osmolality. Finally, increase of osmolality mimics the inhibitory effect of hyperglycaemia on MAPK activation, c-fos and osteoblast-specific gene markers’ upregulation, as well as osteogenic differentiation capacity.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that under high glucose conditions, human PDLFs fail to adequately respond to mechanical deformation, while their strain-elicited osteoblast differentiation ability is deteriorated. The aforementioned effects are most probably mediated by the increased osmolality under hyperglycaemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexia Todaro
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen S, Yang L, He S, Yang J, Liu D, Bao Q, Qin H, Du W, Zhong X, Chen C, Zong Z. Preactivation of β-catenin in osteoblasts improves the osteoanabolic effect of PTH in type 1 diabetic mice. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1480-1493. [PMID: 31301073 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is correlated with osteopenia primarily due to low bone formation. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a known anabolic agent for bone, the anabolic effects of which are partially mediated through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In the present study, we first determined the utility of intermittent PTH treatment in a streptozotocin-induced T1D mouse model. It was shown that the PTH-induced anabolic effects on bone mass and bone formation were attenuated in T1D mice compared with nondiabetic mice. Further, PTH treatment failed to activate β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts of T1D mice and was unable to improve osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Next, the Col1-3.2 kb-CreERTM; β-cateninfx(ex3) mice were used to conditionally activate β-catenin in osteoblasts by injecting tamoxifen, and we addressed whether or not preactivation of β-catenin boosted the anabolic action of PTH on T1D-related bone loss. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with activation of osteoblastic β-catenin followed by PTH treatment outperformed PTH or β-catenin activation monotherapy and led to greatly improved bone structure, bone mass, and bone strength in this preclinical model of T1DM. Further analysis demonstrated that osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, as well as osteoprogenitors in the marrow, were all improved in the combination treatment group. These findings indicated a clear advantage of developing β-catenin as a target to improve the efficacy of PTH in the treatment of T1D-related osteopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihao He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqiong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Villaseñor A, Aedo-Martín D, Obeso D, Erjavec I, Rodríguez-Coira J, Buendía I, Ardura JA, Barbas C, Gortazar AR. Metabolomics reveals citric acid secretion in mechanically-stimulated osteocytes is inhibited by high glucose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2295. [PMID: 30783155 PMCID: PMC6381120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the main cells of bone tissue and play a crucial role in bone formation and resorption. Recent studies have indicated that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects bone mass and potentially causes higher bone fracture risk. Previous work on osteocyte cell cultures has demonstrated that mechanotransduction is impaired after culture under diabetic pre-conditioning with high glucose (HG), specifically osteoclast recruitment and differentiation. The aim of this study was to analyze the extracellular metabolic changes of osteocytes regarding two conditions: pre-conditioning to either basal levels of glucose (B), mannitol (M) or HG cell media, and mechanical stimulation by fluid flow (FF) in contrast to static condition (SC). Secretomes were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis both coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS and CE-MS, respectively). Results showed the osteocyte profile was very similar under SC, regardless of their pre-conditioning treatment, while, after FF stimulation, secretomes followed different metabolic signatures depending on the pre-conditioning treatment. An important increment of citrate pointed out that osteocytes release citrate outside of the cell to induce osteoblast activation, while HG environment impaired FF effect. This study demonstrates for the first time that osteocytes increase citrate excretion under mechanical stimulation, and that HG environment impaired this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Villaseñor
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Aedo-Martín
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Obeso
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Erjavec
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Coira
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Buendía
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Ardura
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain. .,Basic Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hemmatian H, Jalali R, Semeins CM, Hogervorst JMA, van Lenthe GH, Klein-Nulend J, Bakker AD. Mechanical Loading Differentially Affects Osteocytes in Fibulae from Lactating Mice Compared to Osteocytes in Virgin Mice: Possible Role for Lacuna Size. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:675-685. [PMID: 30109376 PMCID: PMC6208961 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal changes during lactation are associated with profound changes in bone cell biology, such as osteocytic osteolysis, resulting in larger lacunae. Larger lacuna shape theoretically enhances the transmission of mechanical signals to osteocytes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence supporting this theory by comparing the mechanoresponse of osteocytes in the bone of lactating mice, which have enlarged lacunae due to osteocytic osteolysis, with the response of osteocytes in bone from age-matched virgin mice. The osteocyte mechanoresponse was measured in excised fibulae that were cultured in hormone-free medium for 24 h and cyclically loaded for 10 min (sinusoidal compressive load, 3000 µε, 5 Hz) by quantifying loading-related changes in Sost mRNA expression (qPCR) and sclerostin and β-catenin protein expression (immunohistochemistry). Loading decreased Sost expression by ~ threefold in fibulae of lactating mice. The loading-induced decrease in sclerostin protein expression by osteocytes was larger in lactating mice (55% decrease ± 14 (± SD), n = 8) than virgin mice (33% decrease ± 15, n = 7). Mechanical loading upregulated β-catenin expression in osteocytes in lactating mice by 3.5-fold (± 0.2, n = 6) which is significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the 1.6-fold increase in β-catenin expression by osteocytes in fibulae from virgin mice (± 0.12, n = 4). These results suggest that osteocytes in fibulae from lactating mice with large lacunae may respond stronger to mechanical loading than those from virgin mice. This could indicate that osteocytes residing in larger lacuna show a stronger response to mechanical loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rozita Jalali
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis M Semeins
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Harry van Lenthe
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bagi CM, Edwards K, Berryman E. Metabolic Syndrome and Bone: Pharmacologically Induced Diabetes has Deleterious Effect on Bone in Growing Obese Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:683-694. [PMID: 29196931 PMCID: PMC5956015 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis share similar risk factors. Also, patients with diabetes have a higher risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Liver manifestations, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), of metabolic syndrome are further aggravated in diabetics and often lead to liver failure. Our objective was to create a rat model of human metabolic syndrome and determine the long-term impact of early-onset T1D on bone structure and strength in obese growing rats. Male rats were given either standard chow and RO water (Controls) or a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet and sugar water containing 55% fructose and 45% glucose (HFD). A third group of rats received the HFD diet and a single dose of streptozotocin to induce type 1 diabetes (HFD/Sz). Body weight and glucose tolerance tests were conducted several times during the course of the study. Serum chemistry, liver enzymes, and biomarkers of bone metabolism were evaluated at 10 and 28 weeks. Shear wave elastography and histology were used to assess liver fibrosis. Cancellous bone structure and cortical bone geometry were evaluated by mCT and strength by the 3-point bending method. Body mass and fat accumulation was significantly higher in HFD and HFD/Sz rats compared to Controls. Rats in both the HFD and HFD/Sz groups developed NASH, although the change was more severe in diabetic rats. Although both groups of obese rats had larger bones, their cancellous structure and cortical thickness were reduced, resulting in diminished strength that was further aggravated by diabetes. The HFD and HFD/Sz rats recapitulate MeSy in humans with liver pathology consistent with NASH. Our data provide strong indication that obesity accompanied by type 1 diabetes significantly aggravates comorbidities of MeSy, including the development of osteopenia and weaker bones. The juvenile rat skeleton seems to be more vulnerable to damage imposed by obesity and diabetes and may offer a model to inform the underlying pathology associated with the unusually high fracture rates in obese adults with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedo M Bagi
- Pfizer WRD, Comparative Medicine, Global Science and Technology, 100 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
- Pfizer R&D, Global Science and Technology, 100 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Kristin Edwards
- Pfizer WRD, Comparative Medicine, Global Science and Technology, 100 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Edwin Berryman
- Pfizer WRD, Comparative Medicine, Global Science and Technology, 100 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Unraveling the compromised biomechanical performance of type 2 diabetes- and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass bone by linking mechanical-structural and physico-chemical properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5881. [PMID: 29651097 PMCID: PMC5897570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder associated with obesity and hyperglycemia. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is a common treatment for severely obese patients and T2DM. Both RYGB and T2DM are linked to increased skeletal fragility, though the exact mechanisms are poorly understood. Our aim was to characterize the structural, mechanical and compositional properties of bones from diet-induced obese and RYGB-treated obese (bypass) mice to elucidate which the exact factors are contributing to the increased skeletal fragility. To achieve this, a combinatory approach including microfocus X-ray computed tomography, 3-point bending, finite element modeling and Raman spectroscopy, was used. Compared to aged-matched lean controls, the obese mice displayed decreased cortical thickness, trabecular bone loss, decreased stiffness and increased Young’s modulus. For the bypass mice, these alterations were even more pronounced, and additionally they showed low mineral-to-matrix ratio in the cortical endosteal area. Accumulation of the advanced glycation end-product (AGE) pentosidine was found in the cortex of obese and bypass groups and this accumulation was correlated with an increased Young’s modulus. In conclusion, we found that the increased fracture risk in T2DM- and post-RYGB bones is mainly driven by accumulation of AGEs and macro-structural alterations, generating biomechanical dysfunctionality.
Collapse
|
35
|
Naringin prevents bone loss in a rat model of type 1 Diabetes mellitus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 637:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
36
|
Nyman JS, Kalaitzoglou E, Clay Bunn R, Uppuganti S, Thrailkill KM, Fowlkes JL. Preserving and restoring bone with continuous insulin infusion therapy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Bone Rep 2017; 7:1-8. [PMID: 28736738 PMCID: PMC5508511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Those with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are more likely to suffer a fracture than age- and sex-matched individuals without diabetes, despite daily insulin therapy. In rodent studies examining the effect of bone- or glucose-targeting therapies on preventing the T1D-related decrease in bone strength, insulin co-therapy is often not included, despite the known importance of insulin signaling to bone mass accrual. Therefore, working toward a relevant pre-clinical model of diabetic bone disease, we assessed the effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy at escalating doses on preserving bone and the effect of delayed CSII on rescuing the T1D-related bone deterioration in an established murine model of T1D. Osmotic minipumps were implanted in male DBA/2 J mice 2 weeks (prevention study) and 6 weeks (rescue study) after the first injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to deliver insulin at 0, 0.0625, 0.125, or 0.25 IU/day (prevention study; n = 4-5 per dose) and 0 or 0.25 IU/day (rescue study; n = 10 per group). CSII lasted 4 weeks in both studies, which also included age-matched, non-diabetic DBA/2 J mice (n = 8-12 per study). As the insulin dose increased, blood glucose decreased, body weight increased, a serum maker of bone resorption decreased, and a serum marker of bone formation increased such that each end-point characteristic was linearly correlated with dose. There were insulin dose-dependent relationships (femur diaphysis) with cross-sectional area of cortical bone and cortical thickness (micro-computed tomography) as well as structural strength (peak force endured by the mid-shaft during three-point bending). Likewise, trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), thickness, and number (distal femur metaphysis) increased as the insulin dose increased. Delayed CSII improved glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), but blood glucose levels remained relatively high (well above non-diabetic levels). Interestingly, it returned the resorption and formation markers to similar levels as those seen in non-T1D control mice. This apparent return after 4 weeks of CSII translated to a partial rescue of the structural strength of the femur mid-shaft. Delayed CSII also increased Tb.Th to levels seen in non-T1D controls but did not fully restore BV/TV. The use of exogenous insulin should be considered in pre-clinical studies investigating the effect of T1D on bone as insulin therapy maintains bone structure without necessarily lowering glucose below diabetic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S. Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Evangelia Kalaitzoglou
- University of Kentucky, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - R. Clay Bunn
- University of Kentucky, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - John L. Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dual roles of parathyroid hormone related protein in TGF-β1 signaling and fibronectin up-regulation in mesangial cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171061. [PMID: 28954822 PMCID: PMC5665616 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the cross-talk between parathyroid hormone (PTH) related protein (PTHrP) and TGF-β1 in mesangial cells (MCs). Our results showed that PTHrP treatment (≤3 h) induced internalization of PTH1R (PTH/PTHrP receptor)–TβRII (TGF-β type 2 receptor) complex and suppressed TGF-β1-mediated Smad2/3 activation and fibronectin (FN) up-regulation. However, prolonged PTHrP treatment (12–48 h) failed to induce PTH1R–TβRII association and internalization. Total protein levels of PTH1R and TβRII were unaffected by PTHrP treatment. These results suggest that internalization of PTH1R and TβRII after short PTHrP treatment might not lead to their proteolytic destruction, allowing the receptors to be recycled back to the plasma membrane during prolonged PTHrP exposure. Receptor re-expression at the cell surface allows PTHrP to switch from its initial inhibitory effect to promote induction of FN. Our study thus demonstrates the dual roles of PTHrP on TGF-β1 signaling and FN up-regulation for the first time in glomerular MCs. These data also provided new insights to guide development of therapy for diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
Collapse
|
38
|
Bertacchini J, Benincasa M, Checchi M, Cavani F, Smargiassi A, Ferretti M, Palumbo C. Expression and functional proteomic analyses of osteocytes from Xenopus laevis tested under mechanical stress conditions: preliminary observations on an appropriate new animal model. J Anat 2017; 231:823-834. [PMID: 28925539 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hitherto, the role of the osteocyte as transducer of mechanical stimuli into biological signals is far from settled. In this study, we used an appropriate model represented by the cortex of Xenopus laevis long bone diaphysis lacking (unlike the mammalian one) of vascular structures and containing only osteocytes inside the bone matrix. These structural features allow any change of protein profile that might be observed upon different experimental conditions, such as bone adaptation to stress/mechanical loading, to be ascribed specifically to osteocytes. The study was conducted by combining ultrastructural observations and two-dimensional electrophoresis for proteomic analysis. The osteocyte population was extracted from long bones of lower limbs of amphibian skeletons after different protocols (free and forced swimming). The experiments were performed on 210 frogs subdivided into five trials, each including free swimming frogs (controls) and frogs submitted to forced swimming (stressed). The stressed groups were obliged to swim (on movable spheres covering the bottom of a pool on a vibrating plate) continuously for 8 h, and killed 24 h later along with the control groups. Long bones free of soft tissues (periosteum, endosteum and bone marrow), as well as muscles of posterior limbs, were processed and analyzed for proteins differentially expressed or phosphorylated between the two sample groups. The comparative analysis showed that protein phosphorylation profiles differ between control and stressed groups. In particular, we found in long bones of stressed samples that both Erk1/2 and Akt are hyperphosphorylated; moreover, the different phosphorylation of putative Akt substrates (recognized by specific Akt phosphosubstrates-antibody) in stressed vs. control samples clearly demonstrated that Akt signaling is boosted by forced swimming (leading to an increase of mechanical stress) of amphibian long bones. In parallel, we found in posterior limb muscles that the expression of heat shock protein HSP27 and HSP70 stress markers increased upon the forced swimming condition. Because the cortexes of frog long bones are characterized by the presence of only osteocytes, all our results establish the suitability of the X. laevis animal model to study the bone response to stress conditions mediated by this cell type and pave the way for further analysis of the signaling pathways involved in these signal transduction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marta Benincasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marta Checchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Smargiassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marzia Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Morfologia umana. Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mechanosensitive miRNAs and Bone Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081684. [PMID: 28767056 PMCID: PMC5578074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are required for the maintenance of skeletal integrity and bone mass. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that multiple regulators (e.g., hormone, cytoskeleton proteins and signaling pathways) are involved in the mechanical stimuli modulating the activities of osteogenic cells and the process of bone formation. Significantly, recent studies have showed that several microRNAs (miRNAs) were sensitive to various mechanical stimuli and played a crucial role in osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. However, the functional roles and further mechanisms of mechanosensitive miRNAs in bone formation are not yet completely understood. This review highlights the roles of mechanosensitive miRNAs in osteogenic differentiation and bone formation and underlines their potential therapeutic application for bone loss induced by the altering of mechanical stimuli.
Collapse
|
40
|
Delgado-Calle J, Sato AY, Bellido T. Role and mechanism of action of sclerostin in bone. Bone 2017; 96:29-37. [PMID: 27742498 PMCID: PMC5328835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After discovering that lack of Sost/sclerostin expression is the cause of the high bone mass human syndromes Van Buchem disease and sclerosteosis, extensive animal experimentation and clinical studies demonstrated that sclerostin plays a critical role in bone homeostasis and that its deficiency or pharmacological neutralization increases bone formation. Dysregulation of sclerostin expression also underlies the pathophysiology of skeletal disorders characterized by loss of bone mass, as well as the damaging effects of some cancers in bone. Thus, sclerostin has quickly become a promising molecular target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other skeletal diseases, and beneficial skeletal outcomes are observed in animal studies and clinical trials using neutralizing antibodies against sclerostin. However, the anabolic effect of blocking sclerostin decreases with time, bone mass accrual is also accompanied by anti-catabolic effects, and there is bone loss over time after therapy discontinuation. Further, the cellular source of sclerostin in the bone/bone marrow microenvironment under physiological and pathological conditions, the pathways that regulate sclerostin expression and the mechanisms by which sclerostin modulates the activity of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts remain unclear. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on the regulation of Sost/sclerotin expression and its mechanism(s) of action, discuss novel observations regarding its role in signaling pathways activated by hormones and mechanical stimuli in bone, and propose future research needed to understand the full potential of therapeutic interventions that modulate Sost/sclerostin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|